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Alavid dynasty سلسله علویان طبرستان (Persian)
864–928
Map of the Alavid Emirate.
Capital	Amol
Language(s)	Persian, Arabic
Religion	Shia Islam
Government	Monarchy
Emir
- 864-884 (first)	Hasan ebne Zeid Hasani
- 916-928 (last)	Hasan ebne Ghasem Hasani
Historical era	Middle Ages
- Established	864
- Disestablished	928

Alavid era art: Bowl with white slip, incised design, colored, and glazed. Excavated at Sabz Pushan, Neishapur, Iran. 9th-early 10th centuey. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.

History of Greater Iran
until the rise of modern nation-states
Pre-modern
Pre-Islamic  BCE Prehistory Proto-Elamite civilization 3200–2800 Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Bactria-Margiana Complex 2200–1700 Kingdom of Mannai 10th–7th cent. Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire 550–330 Seleucid Empire 330–150 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 250-125 Parthian Empire 248–CE 224 CE Kushan Empire 30–275 Sassanid Empire 224–651 Hephthalite Empire 425–557 Kabul Shahi kingdom 565–879
Islamic  Patriarchal Caliphate 637–651 Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Alavid dynasty 864–928 Saffarid dynasty 861–1003 Samanid dynasty 819–999 Ziyarid dynasty 928–1043 Buyid dynasty 934–1055 Ghaznavid Empire 975–1187 Ghurid dynasty 1149–1212 Seljuq Empire 1037–1194 Khwarazmian dynasty 1077–1231 Ilkhanate 1256–353 Kartids dynasty 1231–389 Muzaffarid dynasty 1314–1393 Chupanid dynasty 1337–1357 Jalayerid dynasty 1339–1432 Timurid Empire 1370–1506 Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans 1407–1468 Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans 1378–1508 Safavid Empire 1501–1722 Mughal Empire 1526–1857 Hotaki dynasty 1722–1729 Afsharid dynasty 1736–1750 Zand Dynasty 1750–1794 Durrani Empire 1794–1826 Qajar Dynasty 1794–1925

The Alavids or Alavians (سلسله علویان طبرستان in Persian; also Alijds), also known as the Zaydids, were a Zaidi Shia emirate based in Mazandaran (Tabaristan) of Iran. They were descendants of the second Shi'a Imam (Imam Hasan ibn Ali) and brought Islam to the south Caspian Sea region of Iran. Their reign was ended when they were defeated by the Samanid empire in 928 AD. After their defeat some of the soldiers and generals of the Alavids joined the Samanid dynasty. Mardavij the son of Ziar was one of the generals that joined the Samanids. He later founded the Ziyarid dynasty. Ali, Hassan and Ahmad the sons of Buye [bu:je] (that were founders of the Buyid or Buwayhid dynasty) were also among generals of the Alavid dynasty who joined the Samanid army.

Their capital was the city of Amol.

List of Alavid Amirs[link]

• Hasan ebne Zeid Hasani "Da'i Kabir" "Great Missionary" (864-884)
• Mohammad ebne Zeid (884-900)
• Samanids capture Tabaristan Alavis flee to Gilan in exile (900-913)
• Hasan ebne Ali Hoseini “Nasir Kabir” “Great Defender” (913-916)

Split of Alavis: Anti-Samanid & Pro-Samanid:

Anti-Samanids:

• Hasan ebne Ghasem Hasani “Da’i Saqir” “Young Misionary” (916-928)

Pro-Samanids:

• Ahmad ibn Hassan “Nasir Kabir” (916-923)
• Jafar ibn Hasan “Nasir Kabir” (916-924)
• Mohammad ibn Ahmad (924-927)
• Hassan ibn Ahmad (927)

See also[link]

• History of mazandaran
• History of Iran
• List of kings of Persia
• List of Shi'a Muslims dynasties

v t e Iran topics History Pre-Islamic Prehistory Proto-Elamite civilization BCE 3200– BCE 2800 Elamite dynasties BCE 2800– BCE 550 Bactria-Margiana Complex BCE 2200– BCE 1700 Kingdom of Mannai BCE 10th– BCE 7th cent. Median Empire BCE 728– BCE 550 Achaemenid Empire BCE 550– BCE 330 Seleucid Empire BCE 330– BCE 150 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom BCE 250– BCE 125 Parthian Empire BCE 248–CE 224 Kushan Empire CE 30–CE 275 Sassanid Empire CE 224–CE 651 Hephthalite Empire CE 425–CE 557 Kabul Shahi kingdom CE 565–CE 879 Islamic Patriarchal Caliphate 637–651 Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Alavid dynasty 864–928 Saffarid dynasty 861–1003 Samanid dynasty 819–999 Ziyarid dynasty 928–1043 Buyid dynasty 934–1055 Ghaznavid Empire 975–1187 Ghori dynasty 1149–1212 Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Khwarezmid dynasty 1077–1231 Ilkhanate 1256–1335 Kartids dynasty 1231–1389 Ottoman Empire 1299–1923 Muzaffarid dynasty 1314–1393 Chupanid dynasty 1337–1357 Jalayerid dynasty 1339–1432 Timurid Empire 1370–1506 Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans 1375–1468 Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans 1378–1508 Safavid Empire 1501–1722 or 1736 Hotaki dynasty 1722–1729 Afsharid dynasty 1736–1750 Zand Dynasty 1750–1794 Durrani Empire 1794–1826 Qajar Dynasty 1794–1925 Modern Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979 Interim Government of Iran 1979 Islamic Republic of Iran 1979–present See also Ancient Iran Iranian Cultural Continent Indo-Iranians (languages) Jiroft civilization Aryans Persian peoples Tajik people Iranian peoples Kings of Persia Military history Years in Iran Politics Government Intellectual movements Women's movement Elections Constitution Supreme Leader President Judicial system Assembly of Experts Parliament Guardian Council Expediency Discernment Council Supreme National Security Council City and Village Councils Human rights LGBT Officials Provincial governors Reformists Principlists United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747 Ambassadors Foreign relations Ministry of Intelligence Terrorism Military Army Air Force Navy Censorship Nuclear program Allegations of state terrorism Iranian Green Revolution Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Operation Ajax White Revolution Iranian Revolution Embassy siege Iran-Iraq war Iran Air Flight 655 1987 massacre of Iranian pilgrims Chicago's Persian heritage crisis History of the Islamic Republic of Iran Iranian Presidential Election, 2009 Persian Constitutional Revolution Propaganda Demographics Iranian citizens abroad Religion Muslims Bahá'ís Christians Azerbaijanis Armenians Persian Jews Ethnic minorities Religious minorities Zoroastrians persecution Women Languages Persian language Iranian Languages Azerbaijani Language Armenian Language Indo-Iranian languages Geography Cities list Iranian Azerbaijan Iranian Balochistan Iranian Kurdistan Iranian Plateau Islands Mountains Provinces Earthquakes Wildlife Economy Economic history of Iran Agriculture Fruit Industry Water and sanitation Health care Central bank Companies automobile manufacturers Banks Research centers Brain drain Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) Military equipment IDRO National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) Space Milad Tower and complex Military exports Rial Tehran Stock Exchange Electronic banking Intellectual property International Oil Bourse Bonyad Asalouyeh industrial corridor Kish Island Free Trade Zone Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone Labor and tax laws Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Mining Construction Privatization Foreign Direct Investment Supreme Audit Court Communications Telecommunication Company of Iran (TCI) Transport Railways Metro Airlines Iran Shipping Lines Energy Petroleum industry Nuclear program Tourism Environmental issues Economic Reform Plan Middle East economy List of major economic laws in Iran Iran and WTO Economic history of Iran Society Culture Iranian nationality Iranology Education Higher Science Scientists and scholars Universities Philosophy List of Iranians Literature Media News agencies student newspapers Architecture architects Achaemenid architecture Art modern/contemporary Persian gardens Cinema Cuisine Public holidays National symbols Opium consumption Music Ey Iran Heavy metal Persian traditional music Folk Pop Rap and hip-hop Rock and alternative Blogs Mythology Folklore Islam Islamization Scouting Sport Football Other topics Calendar Persian New Year Crown jewels Anti-Iranianism Persian names Tehrangeles International rankings of Iran Sorood-e Shahanshahi Iran Portal

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Mercedes Sosa
Mercedes Sosa (1973)
Background information
Birth name	Haydée Mercedes Sosa
Born	(1935-07-09)July 9, 1935
Origin	Argentina
Died	October 4, 2009(2009-10-04) (aged 74)
Genres	Folk, Nueva canción
Occupations	Singer, Activist
Years active	1950–2009

Haydée Mercedes Sosa (9 July 1935^[1] – 4 October 2009), known as La Negra (literally: The Black One), was an Argentine singer who was popular throughout South America and many countries outside the continent. With her roots in Argentine folk music, Sosa became one of the preeminent exponents of nueva canción. She gave voice to songs written by both Brazilians and Cubans. She was best known as the "voice of the voiceless ones".^[2]

Sosa performed in venues such as the Lincoln Center in New York City, the Théâtre Mogador in Paris and the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City, as well as sell-out shows in New York's Carnegie Hall and the Roman Coliseum during her final decade of life. Her career spanned four decades and she has been the recipient of several Grammy awards and nominations, including three nominations which will be decided posthumously. She served as an ambassador for UNICEF.

Life[link]

Sosa was born on 9 July 1935, in San Miguel de Tucumán, in the northwestern Argentine province of Tucumán, of mestizo, French, and Quechua Amerindian ancestry.^[3] In 1950, at age fifteen, she won a singing competition organized by a local radio station and was given a contract to perform for two months.^[4] She recorded her first album, La Voz de la Zafra, in 1959.^[4] A performance at the 1965 Cosquín National Folklore Festival -where she was introduced and brought to the scene while seating among the public by fellow folk singer Jorge Cafrune-,^[5] brought her to the attention of her native countrypeople.^[4]

Sosa and her first husband, Manuel Óscar Matus, with whom she had one son, were key players in the mid-60s nueva canción movement (which was called nuevo cancionero in Argentina).^[6] Her second record was Canciones con Fundamento, a collection of Argentine folk songs.

In 1967, Sosa toured the United States and Europe with great success. In later years, she performed and recorded extensively, broadening her repertoire to include material from throughout Latin America.

In the early 1970s, Sosa released two concept albums in collaboration with composer Ariel Ramírez and lyricist Félix Luna: Cantata Sudamericana and Mujeres Argentinas (Argentine Women). She also recorded a tribute to Chilean poet Violeta Parra in 1971, including what was to become one of Sosa's signature songs, Gracias a la Vida.^[3][7] She also improved the popularity of songs written by Milton Nascimento of Brazil and Pablo Milanés and Silvio Rodríguez both from Cuba.^[3]

After the military junta of Jorge Videla came to power in 1976, the atmosphere in Argentina grew increasingly oppressive. At a concert in La Plata in 1979, Sosa was searched and arrested on stage, along with the attending crowd.^[6] Their release came about through international intervention.^[4] Banned in her own country, she moved to Paris and then to Madrid.^[4][6] Her second husband died in 1978.

Sosa returned to Argentina in 1982,^[6] several months before the military regime collapsed as a result of the Malvinas War, and gave a series of concerts at the Opera theatre in Buenos Aires, where she invited many of her younger colleagues to share the stage. A double album of recordings from these performances became an instant best seller. In subsequent years, Sosa continued to tour both in Argentina and abroad, performing in such venues as the Lincoln Center in New York and the Théâtre Mogador in Paris. In a poor condition of health for much of the 1990s, she performed a comeback show in Argentina in 1998.^[4] In 1994, she played the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City.^[3] In 2002, she sold out both Carnegie Hall in New York and the Coliseum in Rome in the same year.^[3]

A supporter of Perón in her youth, she favored leftist causes throughout her life. She opposed President Carlos Menem, who was in office from 1989 to 1999, and supported the election of Néstor Kirchner, who became president in 2003.^[8] Sosa was a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for Latin America and the Caribbean.^[6][9]

In a career consisting of four decades, she worked with performers across several genres and generations, folk, opera, pop, rock, including Lucio Dalla, Nana Mouskouri, Maria Farantouri, Andrea Bocelli, Holly Near, Silvio Rodríguez, Pablo Milanés, Milton Nascimento, Caetano Veloso,^[3] Joan Manuel Serrat,^[3] Chico Buarque, Gal Costa, Gian Marco, Konstantin Wecker, Lourdes Pérez, Nilda Fernández, Pata Negra, David Broza, Franco Battiato, Luz Casal, Ismael Serrano, Charly Garcia, Joan Baez, Luciano Pavarotti, Shakira, Lila Downs, Julieta Venegas, Martha Argerich, Francis Cabrel and Sting.^[6]

Sosa participated in a 1999 production of Ariel Ramírez's Misa Criolla.^[10] Her song Balderrama is featured in the 2008 movie Che, starring Benicio del Toro as the Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara.^[11]

Awards[link]

She won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2000 ("Misa Criolla"), 2003 ("Acústico") and 2006 ("Corazón Libre"), as well as many international awards.

Her album Cantora 1 won two awards at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2009. She won Best Folk Album and was nominated for Album of the Year. The album was also awarded Best Recording Package.

Death[link]

Mercedes Sosa lying in repose, with her family and President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner viewing.

Suffering from recurrent endocrine and respiratory problems in later years, the 74-year-old Sosa was hospitalized in Buenos Aires on September 18, 2009.^[12] She died from multiple organ failure on October 4, 2009, at 5:15 am.^[7] She is survived by one son, Fabian Matus, born during the first marriage.^[4][13] He said: "She lived her 74 years to the fullest. She had done practically everything she wanted, she didn't have any type of barrier or any type of fear that limited her".^[13] The hospital expressed its sympathies with her relations.^[14] Her website featured the following: "Her undisputed talent, her honesty and her profound convictions leave a great legacy to future generations".^[15]

Her body was placed on display at the National Congress building in Buenos Aires for the public to pay their respects, and President Fernández de Kirchner ordered three days of national mourning.^[13][16] Thousands had queued by the end of the day.^[15] She was cremated on October 5.^[15][17]

Sosa's obituary in The Daily Telegraph said she was "an unrivalled interpreter of works by her compatriot, the Argentinian Atahualpa Yupanqui, and Chile's Violeta Parra".^[4] Helen Popper of Reuters announced her death by saying she "fought South America's dictators with her voice and became a giant of contemporary Latin American music".^[17] Sosa received two Latin Grammy nominations for her album which is nominated for a total of three awards. She went on to win Best Folk Album about a month after her death.^[3][6]

Discography[link]

Mercedes Sosa in 2005, with Argentina's then-First Lady (now president), Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.

She recorded forty albums.^[3][6]

• La voz de la zafra (1962)
• Canciones con fundamento (1965)
• Yo no canto por cantar (1966)
• Hermano (1966)
• Para cantarle a mi gente (1967)
• Con sabor a Mercedes Sosa (1968)
• Mujeres argentinas (1969)
• Navidad con Mercedes Sosa (1970)
• El grito de la tierra (1970)
• Homenaje a Violeta Parra (1971)
• Hasta la victoria (1972)
• Cantata sudamericana (1972)
• Traigo un pueblo en mi voz (1973)
• Si se calla el cantor (1973) (with Gloria Martín, life in Venezuela)
• Niño de mañana (1975)
• A que florezca mi pueblo (1975)
• En dirección del viento (1976)
• O cio da terra (1977)
• Mercedes Sosa interpreta a Atahualpa Yupanqui (1977)
• Si se calla el cantor (1977) - Recopilacion
• Serenata para la tierra de uno (1979)
• A quién doy (1980)
• Gravado ao vivo no Brasil (1980)
• Mercedes Sosa en Argentina (1982)
• Mercedes Sosa (1983)
• Como un pájaro libre (1983)
• Recital (1983)
• ¿Será posible el sur? (1984)
• Vengo a ofrecer mi corazón (1985)
• Corazón americano (1985) (with Milton Nascimento and León Gieco)
• Mercedes Sosa ´86 (1986)
• Mercedes Sosa ´87 (1987)
• Amigos míos (1988)
• En vivo en Europa (1999)
• De mí (1991)
• 30 años (1993)
• Sino (1993)
• Gestos de amor (1994)
• Live in Argentina (1994)
• Live in Europe (1994)
• Sera Posible El Sur (1994)
• Vivir (1994)
• Oro (1995)
• Escondido en mi país (1996)
• Gracias a la Vida (1996)
• Alta fidelidad (1997) (with Charly García)
• Coleccion Mi Historia (1997)
• Al despertar (1998)
• Misa criolla (1999)
• Serie Millennium 21 (1999)
• La Negra (2000)
• Acústico (2002)
• Grandes Exitos, Vols. 1 & 2 (2002)
• 40 Obras Fundamentales (2003)
• Argentina quiere cantar (2003) (with Víctor Heredia and León Gieco)
• Voz Y Sentimiento (2003)
• Corazón libre (2005)
• Éxitos Eternos (2005)
• La Historia del Folklore (2007)
• Cantora 1 (2009)
• Cantora 2 (2009)

Filmography[link]

• Güemes, la tierra en armas (1971)
• Argentinísima (1972)
• Esta es mi Argentina (1974)
• Mercedes Sosa, como un pájaro libre (1983)
• Será posible el sur: Mercedes Sosa (1985)
• Historias de Argentina en vivo (2001)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mercedes Sosa

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mercedes Sosa

• Mercedes Sosa's website (in Spanish)
• Mercedes Sosa's News (in Spanish)
• Mercedes Sosa at the Internet Movie Database