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Puspa Kamal Dahal पुष्पकमल दाहाल
Leader of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
Incumbent
Assumed office May 1994
Preceded by	Position established
Prime Minister of Nepal
In office 18 August 2008 – 25 May 2009
President	Ram Baran Yadav
Preceded by	Girija Prasad Koirala
Succeeded by	Madhav Kumar Nepal
Personal details
Born	(1954-12-11) 11 December 1954 (age 57) Dhikur Pokhari, Nepal
Political party	Communist Party of Nepal (Fourth Convention) (Before 1983) Communist Party of Nepal (Masal) (1983–1984) Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal) (1984–1991) Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre) (1991–1994) Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (1994–present)
Alma mater	Tribhuvan University

Puspa Kamal Dahal (Nepali: पुष्पकमल दाहाल, born Chhabilal Dahal on 11 December 1954, also known as Prachanda (Nepali: प्रचण्ड [pɾətsəɳɖə] is a former guerrilla leader and chairman of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (CPN). Prachanda led the CPN (M) as it launched an insurgency on 13 February 1996. In 2008 the ensuing civil war culminated in the overthrow of the Shah dynasty in favor of a communist leadership. More than 15,000 Nepalese died in this conflict.^[1]

The Constituent Assembly elected Prachanda Prime Minister of Nepal on 16 August 2008.^[2] He was sworn in as Prime Minister on 18 August, 2008.^[3] Prachanda resigned from the post on 4 May, 2009 after his attempt to sack the army chief, General Rookmangud Katawal, was opposed by President Ram Baran Yadav.^[4] Prachanda remained in office until 23 May, 2009, when his successor was elected.^[5]

Personal life and early career[link]

Prachanda was born in Dhikur Pokhari, a village in Kaski District,^[6] some 140 kilometres (87 mi) west of Nepal's capital Kathmandu.^[7][8][9] Prachanda spent much of his childhood in Chitwan District. He is from a landlord family. He received a diploma of Science in Agriculture (ISc-Ag) from the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS) in Rampur, Chitwan, and was once employed at a rural development project sponsored by USAID: the project site was Jajarkot.^[10] Prachanda's brother, Dr. Ganga Ram Dahal, graduated from the University of Reading, UK and is currently a Research Scientist at 'Rights to Resources International' based in Bangkok.

Witnessing severe poverty among Nepalis since his youth, Prachanda was drawn to leftist political parties. He joined the underground Communist Party of Nepal (Fourth Convention) in 1981.^[11] He became General Secretary (party leader) of the Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal) in 1989. After several iterations, this party became the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). Prachanda lived in secret, even after the restoration of democracy in 1990. A little-known figure until then^[when?], he controlled the clandestine wing of the party, while Baburam Bhattarai represented the United People's Front in parliament. A biography written by Anirban Roy, the ex-Nepal correspondent of the Hindustan Times, covers Prachanda's 25 years living underground^[12] and has been translated into Nepali as Prachanda: Ek Agyat Bidhrohi. Anirban Roy's book is also getting translated into Hindi and Assamese. Since 1996 Prachanda has been internationally known as the leader of the CPN (M), presiding over its military and political wings.

Maoist insurrection[link]

Communism in Nepal Leaders Pushpa Lal Shrestha Mohan Bikram Singh Manmohan Adhikari Keshar Jung Rayamajhi Chandra Prakash Mainali Sahana Pradhan Madan Kumar Bhandari Madhav Kumar Nepal Prachanda Baburam Bhattarai Current groups CPN (Unified Marxist-Leninist) CPN (Maoist) CPN (United Marxist) CPN (Marxist-Leninist) CPN (Masal) CPN (United) CPN (Unified) Nepal Workers Peasants Party Defunct groups Communist Party of Nepal Nepal Communist League CPN (Burma) CPN (Pushpa Lal) CPN (4th Convention) CPN (Marxist-Leninist) CPN (Masal) CPN (Mashal) CPN (Manmohan) CPN (Marxist) (1st) CPN (Marxist) (2nd) CPN (Democratic) CPN (Unity Centre) CPN (MLM) CPN (Samyabadi) CPN (MLM Centre) CPN (United) CPN (Unity Centre-Masal) Related articles Communism History of Nepal Nepalese Civil War Politics of Nepal Political parties in Nepal Elections in Nepal Communism Portal This box: view talk edit

Prachanda speaking at a rally in Pokhara.

On 4 February, 1996, Bhattarai gave the government, led by Nepali Congress Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba, a list of 40 demands, threatening civil war if they were not met. The demands related to "nationalism, democracy and livelihood" and included such line items as the "domination of foreign capital in Nepali industries, business and finance should be stopped", and "discriminatory treaties, including the 1950 Nepal-India Treaty, should be abrogated" (referring here to the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship), and "land under the control of the feudal system should be confiscated and distributed to the landless and the homeless."^[13] After that, and until 26 April, 2006, Prachanda directed the military efforts of the CPN(M) towards establishing areas of control, particularly in the mountainous regions and in western Nepal.

The 40 demands were whittled down to 24 in subsequent political negotiations.^[14]

Relationship with Dr. Baburam Bhattarai[link]

In late 2004 or early 2005, relations between Prachanda and Baburam Bhattarai soured.^[15] This was reportedly due to disagreement on power sharing inside the party. Bhattarai was unhappy with the consolidation of power under Prachanda. At one point, Prachanda expelled Bhattarai from the party, though he was later reinstated.^[16] They later reconciled at least some of their differences.^[17][18]

After the king’s direct action over the government on 1 February, 2005, the CPN(Maoist) met in serious discussions over the future policy of the party. Until then, Comrade Prachanda, Comrade Kiran and others were convinced that they would be able to rise to power just by having a dialogue with the king’s government. Senior leader Dr. Bhattarai had rejected this idea of the party, ever since it came under discussion in the party. He insisted joining with other ‘mainstream’ parties. He proposed working with other parties to abolish the monarchy, and stressed that it was high time to work with other parties to establish a republic. He stated that the party should move ahead with a strategy of a democratic republic and a multiparty system for a time being, as the other parties would not accept a people’s republic immediately. The majority of the other senior leaders had rejected his opinion from the beginning, including Chairman Prachanda, and had made a decision to work together with the king.

Dr. Bhattarai and his supporters were punished and suspended for putting a view contrary to the party decision. But after the King’s proclamation on 1 February 2005, the party realized that the policy they were pursuing was wrong. Immediately Dr. Bhattarai was released from his punishment and, in a meeting held at Chunbang (a village in Rolpa), the party discussed Bhattarai’s ideas. After which, the party came forward with a strategy of a democratic republic rather than a people’s republic. Dr. Bhattarai’s strategy has worked until now; it put forward the party as a major stakeholder in the nation’s politics. Chairman Prachanda and Dr. Bhattarai seem to disagree with the strategy of the other senior leader—Mohan Vaidya alias Kiran. The two leaders agree to strengthening the newly established democratic republic, rather than implementing a people’s republic immediately.^{[citation needed]} They agree that the coming years, will be a ‘decade of economic revolution’, changing the country’s economic profile. The relationship came to a crisis when Dr. Bhattarai was not given second position in the government by Comrade Prachanda.^{[citation needed]} But it seems settled after Dr. Bhattarai agreed this decision by Chairman Prachanda.^{[citation needed]}

Recently the relation between the two Maoist leaders became public, when Prachanda blamed India for supporting Bhattarai as future prime minister, and for trying to use him to create a struggle inside the party.^{[citation needed]} Bhattarai claimed that this issue was raised with the intention of spoiling his reputation among the masses. Now Prachanda seems closer to Kiran, another prominent Maoist leader.^{[citation needed]} But the row ended when Prachanda clarified that it was just a tactical game played against India.

Twelve point agreement[link]

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On 22 November 2005, Prachanda and the Seven Party Alliance released a 'twelve-point agreement' that expressed areas of agreement between the CPN(M) and the parties that had won a large majority in the last parliamentary election in 1999. Among other points, this document stated that the dictatorial monarchy of King Gyanendra was the chief impediment to progress in Nepal. It claimed further that the Maoists were committed to human rights and press freedoms and a multi-party system of government. It pledged self-criticism and the intention of the Maoists and the Seven Parties to not repeat past mistakes.^[19]

Ceasefires[link]

Several ceasefires had occurred over the course of the Nepalese civil war.^[20] Most recently, on 26 April, 2006, Prachanda announced a ceasefire with a stated duration of 90 days. The move followed weeks of massive protests—the April 2006 Nepalese general strike— in Kathmandu and elsewhere that had forced King Gyanendra to give up the personal dictatorship he had established on February 1, 2005, and restore the parliament that had been dissolved in May 2002.

A new government was then established by the Seven-Party Alliance. The parliament and the new government supported the ceasefire and started negotiations with the Maoists on the basis of the twelve-point agreement. The two sides agreed that a new constituent assembly would be elected to write a new constitution, and decide on the fate of the monarchy. The Maoists want this process to end with Nepal becoming a republic.^[21]

Public appearance[link]

In the first week of May, 2006, Maoist chairman Prachanda along with another senior leader Dr. Baburam Bhattarai ^[22] entered Nepal through Birgunj, after presiding over a Maoist meet in Punjab, India. After this, they attended various programs organized by the party in different places. Prachanda refused to make a public appearance before there was a political settlement with the seven-party alliance. The Maoists were rigid in their demands that the monarchy was to be abolished, rather than just stripped of its powers. The Maoists looked at every activity of the new government with suspicion. Earlier, they had released a press statement that the king’s plan for reinstating the parliament was a betrayal of the people.

Maoist leader, Krishna Bahadur Mahara, claimed that there was a secret agreement between the seven party alliance and the king, on April 24, in which they would ensure the king would retain monarchy in some form in the future. On June 6, 2006, then Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala went to India for a four day visit seeking support from India for Nepal’s recent political changes. The Maoist chairman insisted they not ask for any economic assistance, without resolving the political disputes within the country, and demanded that the Maoist prisoners be released soon, who were languishing in Indian jails.

After the return of Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala to Nepal, he insisted on having high level talks with Prachanda and Baburam directly. But Chairman Prachanda and the other senior leader refused Koirala’s request. They showed no willingness to go to Kathmandu. Home Minister Krishna Sitaula said,

"After repeated persuasion, Prachanda and Baburam Bhattarai finally agreed. But before their public appearance, there was a lot more to do. So I flew in a helicopter without my security guards to meet them."^{[citation needed]}

On the morning of June 14, Sitaula flew in a private helicopter to Siklis, a mountainous village in Kaski district. When Sitaula reached there, the CPN(Maoist) was planning a mass meeting in the village. After having four hours of talks with the senior leaders, Sitaula finalized arrangements for their arrival in Kathmandu. On June 16, Sitaula flew to Pokhara to receive Prachanda and Bhattarai. Maoist chairman Prachanda, along with his wife and Dr. Baburam Bhattarai, were taken to the Prime Minister’s residence. Maoist chairman Prachanda said, "That day, the first day I appeared in public in Kathmandu, I wore a light blue suit. I like light blue the most". It was a turning point in Prachanda’s life after 25 years of life in hiding and 10 years of war.

There was an eight point understanding between the government and the Maoist rebels. After talks with the Prime Minister, Prachanda speaking to the media said that the peace talks were progressing despite the setbacks of the past. The public appearance of the rebel leader created a sensation in Nepal. The Maoist chief claimed that the understanding would give a new political direction to Nepal. Stating that the deal was "an historical one", Prachanda said that Nepal would soon be transformed into a republic after the Constituent Assembly elections. He was the first prime minister of Nepal after the monarchy was abolished.

Interim government[link]

Prachanda met for talks with Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala on 16 June 2006, which was thought to be his first visit to the capital Kathmandu in more than a decade.^[23][24] This meeting resulted in the Comprehensive Peace Accord to dissolve parliament, incorporate the CPN(M) into a new interim government, draft a new constitution, and disband the CPN(M)'s "people's governments" operating in rural Nepal. The two sides also agreed to disarm at a later date, under international supervision.^[25] On 18 September 2007, the CPN(M) left the coalition government ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, demanding the declaration of a republic by parliament, and a system of proportional representation in the election. The CPN(M) rejoined the government on 30 December 2007 after an agreement to abolish the monarchy following the election, and to have a system of partial proportional representation in the election.^[26]

During the February 3, 2011 election for a Prime Minister, Prachanda had filed candidacy on behalf of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal(Maoist), but later withdrew his candidacy and supported CPN-UML Prime Ministerial candidate, Jhalanath Khanal. With his support, Mr. Khanal was elected as the new prime minister, replacing Madhav Kumar's caretaker government of more than six months.

The path to power[link]

The decade-long war ultimately led the Maoists to Nepal’s parliament. After winning a remarkable majority in the Constitutional Assembly elections, Prachanda was nominated for the Prime Ministership by the party^[27]. In the April 2008 Constituent Assembly election, he was elected from Kathmandu constituency-10, winning by a large margin, and receiving nearly twice as many votes as his nearest rival, the candidate of the Nepali Congress. He also won overwhelmingly in Rolpa constituency-2, receiving 34,230 votes against 6,029 for Shanta Kumar Oli of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), CPN(UML)^[28]. With the CPN(M) appearing to have won the election, Prachanda pledged that the party would work together with other parties in crafting the new constitution, and he assured the international community, particularly India and China, that the party wanted good relations and cooperation. He also said that the party had expressed its commitment to multi-party democracy through the election^[29].

Following power-sharing discussions that lasted several months, Prachanda was elected as Prime Minister by the Constituent Assembly on 15 August 2008 and he was sworn in as a Prime Minister on 18 August 2008.

Fall from power[link]

Prachanda resigned from the post of Prime Minister on 4 May, 2009, after his move to sack the Nepalese Chief of the Army Staff Rookmangud Katawal was opposed by President Ram Baran Yadav.^[4]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Prachanda's address to the 63rd session of the United Nations General Assembly, September 26, 2008
• BBC news Video Interview with Prachanda
• Interview with Revolutionary Worker in 2000

v t e Prime Ministers of Nepal Kingdom of Nepal (19th century-1990) Damodar Pande Rana Bahadur Shah Deva Bhimsen Thapa Rana Jang Pande Ranga Nath Poudyal Puskar Shah Rana Jang Pande Ranga Nath Poudyal Fateh Jang Chautaria Mathabarsingh Thapa Fateh Jang Chautaria Jang Bahadur Bam Bahadur Kunwar Rana Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Rana Jang Bahadur Renaudip Singh Bahadur Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Dev Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Bhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Padma Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Matrika Prasad Koirala vacant (1952–1953) Matrika Prasad Koirala vacant (1955–1956) Tanka Prasad Acharya Kunwar Inderjit Singh Subarna Shamsher Rana Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala Tulsi Giri Surya Bahadur Thapa Tulsi Giri Surya Bahadur Thapa Kirti Nidhi Bista vacant (1970–1971) Kirti Nidhi Bista Nagendra Prasad Rijal Tulsi Giri Kirti Nidhi Bista Surya Bahadur Thapa Lokendra Bahadur Chand Nagendra Prasad Rijal Marich Man Singh Shrestha Lokendra Bahadur Chand Kingdom of Nepal (1990-2008) Krishna Prasad Bhattarai Girija Prasad Koirala Man Mohan Adhikari Sher Bahadur Deuba Lokendra Bahadur Chand Surya Bahadur Thapa Girija Prasad Koirala Krishna Prasad Bhattarai Sher Bahadur Deuba vacant (2002) Lokendra Bahadur Chand Surya Bahadur Thapa Sher Bahadur Deuba vacant (2005–2006) Girija Prasad Koirala Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (2008-present) Girija Prasad Koirala Prachanda Madhav Kumar Nepal Jhala Nath Khanal Baburam Bhattarai

Sushil Koirala
President of Nepali Congress
Incumbent
Assumed office 22 September 2010
Preceded by	Girija Prasad Koirala
Personal details
Born	1939 (age 72–73)
Political party	Nepali Congress

Sushil Koirala is a Nepalese politician and the 6th and current President of the Nepali Congress Party. He was elected to the post on September 22, 2010 at the 12th general convention of the party. Koirala joined the party in 1954 and served in various capacities prior to becoming it's president in 2010.^[1]

Early life[link]

Sushil Koirala was born to Bodh Prasad Koirala and Kuminidi Koirala in 1939.^[1]

Political career[link]

Koirala entered politics in 1954 inspired by the social-democratic ideals of the Nepali Congress. He was in political exile in India for 16 years following the royal takeover of 1960. While in exile, Koirala was the editor of Tarun, the official party publication. He has been a member of the Central Working Committee of the party since 1979 and was appointed General Secretary of the party in 1996 and Vice President in 1998.^[1]

Electoral History[link]

He was elected to the Pratinidhi Sabha from the Banke-2 constituency in 1991 and 1999 on a Nepali Congress ticket.^[2] Koirala contested the 2008 Constituent Assembly elections from Banke-3 and lost coming in third behind the candidates of the Madeshi People's Rights Forum and the CPN (Maoist)^[3]

1991 Pratinidhi Sabha Election Banke-2^[1]

1994 Pratinidhi Sabha Election Banke-2^[4]

1999 Pratinidhi Sabha Election Banke-2^[4]

2008 Constituent Assembly Election Banke-3^[5]

References[link]