This is a timeline of the history and development of Serer religion and the Serer people of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania. The history of the Serer people dates back many thousands of years.[1] This timeline merely gives an overview of their history, consisting of calibrated archaeological discoveries in Serer countries, Serer religion, politics, royalty, etc. Dates are given according to the Common Era not the Serer calender. For a background to these events, see Serer religion, Serer ancient history, Lamane, States headed by ancient Serer Lamanes, Serer history (medieval era to present) and Serer people.
The Serer ancient culture of burying its death accompanied by grave goods, totemism, symbolism such as the serpent (the symbol of the Pangool in Serer religion, ancient Serer saints and ancestral spirits), etc., is not unique to the Serers, but may suggests the existence of the Serer religion, or Serer and African religious behaviour at least during the Middle Paleolithic Era or Middle Stone Age (roughly 300,000 to 30,000 BCE) if not much earlier.[11][12] According to scholars like Narr and McMahon, although religious behaviour may have occurred during this era, it was not until the succeeding era (Upper Paleolithic, roughly corresponding to the Later Stone Age) that there was undisputed evidence of signs of religious behaviour or religious development.[13][14] However, some of the earliest evidence of religious symbolism is attributed to the Middle Stone Age in Africa.[14] One of these being the historical site of Thiemassas and the Serer religious depictions especially on the Tassili n'Ajjer with the symbol of the Pangool.[1]
Left to right : « death » + « man » + « farming » + « hunting » + « fishing » signifies « The late honourable man devoted his life to farming, hunting and fishing ».
[26]
Symbol of
Kooh in Serer Raampa pictography.
- Some Serers were one of the original naitives living in the Adrar (part of present-day Mauritania). They were the inhabitants of the Western Sahara and were very settled during the Neolithic Era.[27]
- 10,000 BCE : Rupestral engravings of the Serer Pangool (ancient Serer saints and ancestral spirits in Serer religion) depicted on the Tassili n'Ajjer. This was probably a place of worship among the ancient Serers.[1] The Serer engravings represents the daily lives and concerns of these ancient Serers. They also depict religious concepts, magic and incarnation (not incarnation of "Rog", the Supreme Deity in Serer religion, but incarnation of the Pangool), concepts which are still prevalent among their descendants who adhere to Serer religion.[10][28]
- Linked to the Pangool since ancient times according to Serer religion and custom, it is probable that the Lamanic class sprang-up around this time, possibly earlier. They created shrines in honour of the Pangool and became guardians of Serer religion. They also became the landed gentry and the local chiefs among the Serer people. Serer periodization starts with the ancient Serer Lamanes. In this period, many of the Serer laws were created, such as the kucarla (the paternal inheritance law), ƭeen yaay (maternal inheritance law), the Serer land law such as the yal naay ("the master of the fire"),[29] the bakh ("right to cut)[30] and the yal bakh ("master of the cutting"),[31] etc.[32] Though they may have existed in the early part of this period, it is probable that Serer society was not highly stratified, but perhaps egalitarian as some of the sub-groups of the Serer race, such as some of the Cangin language speaker, who are ethnically Serers but do not speak the Serer language, neither do they speak a dialect of it. However, the Lamane was highly respected in the countries of these egalitarian Serers who was considered a figure head in their societies. As such, if the Lamanic class existed in the early part of this era, they probably concentrated most of their efforts on their religious role than their economic role, until the later part of the Neolithic Era, the era which shows evidence of a highly complex social structure.[33] That does not exclude the fact that Serer society and laws were not complex, as this era marked their development. The mere fact that a highly complex social strata did not exist in some societies does not mean it did not exist in Serer society. Some tribemen were highly organised and went on to form complex social structures.[33]
- Canonization and veneration of certain Pangool (singular : fangool), determined by the Lamanic class (the custodian of Serer religion, laws, ethics, rain priests, etc.,[34]).[1]
- The Saltigues assisting the Lamanes, became the "hereditary rain priests" forming the priestly class.[35] Their role was not political but religious and for the betterment of the land and her people.[36] It is probable that the Sene family (variations : Sène or Sain) were among the first to take up this religious vocation, and probably it was around this time or just after, it became customary to refer to the Supreme Deity of the Serer people (Rog) as "Rog Sene" (var : Roog Sene), in respect to the Sene family who had dominated this position for a long part of Serer ancient and medieval history. At present, there is no consensus regarding this issue among the scholars of Serer religion and history. According to Serer oral tradition, especially among the Cangin people, who are believed to be oldest of the Serer ethnique group, the supreme deity was called Kooh,[37] a name which they still used interchangeably with Rog (see : Noon people). The Saafi people in particular are believed to be among the oldest of the Serer group (see also : the history of the Palor people).
- Serer cosmology among the priestly class (the rain priests) with keen interest in the Star of Sirius called Yoonir in the Serer language among others. The Star of Yoonir is the symbol of the Universe in Serer cosmology.[21] In Serer medecine and the Serer Raampa pictography (a religious scripture used by the Serer-Saafi and the Serer-Sine among with the other Serer groups), it also mean "the star that heals" ("o xoor paÿ"). From a religious and nationalistic point of view, it is the symbol of the Serer-Sine people (also called the Seex or "Sine-Sine", inhabitants of Sine).[26]
- The Serer Raampa pictography among the priestly class with marks drawn on the ground, on the giant milkweed (calotropis procera), wooden slates, rock tablets, etc. before their later codification and accumulation of several other pictographs by the priestly class.[26]
- The Serer principle of Jom - a jurisprudence of values and beliefs governing Serer lives which encompasses economic, political, social and personal values.[38][39]
- c. 5000 years ago : yam domestication.[40]
- c. 2000 BCE : Animal, millet and sorghum domestication became an integral part of Serer culture as well as the use of wild crops.[40][41] With the advent of farming, offerings to the Serer Deities and ancestors in accordance with Serer religious doctrines, such as the Daqaar mboob ceremony probably developed around this time in order to appease the Deities and ancestors, and to ensure good harvest.[42]
- For the past two thousand years, the Serers dominated the Senegal River and the River Gambia to the west, and extends all the way to Kaabu, Khasso and encroaching on Manding territory. Prior to two thousand years ago, the land they inhabited was very vast, and extended from the Senegal River to the Nile, including parts of the Sahara, Tekrur and the Tassili n'Ajjer.[43] This may explain why the Serer people view the entire Senegambia Region as their home.[44]
- 20th century BCE : Stone Age tools dating from about 2000 BCE discovered in the sand dunes of Cape Point and Fajara (modern-day Gambia).[7]
- 4th century BCE : Appearance of shell middens in Serer countries particularly in the coast, in parts of northern to central Senegal. According to archaeologists, the ancient Serer villagers who made these along with the tumuli found in their excavations is of the Serer pottery style, and reveals religious and food practices among these ancient people.[45]
Discovery of pottery in an archaeological site in Serer country (present-day
Senegal).
- c. 1st century BCE : The Serers of Tekrur came together and formed the nation state of Tekrur. They became guardians of Serer religion and ruled the new state under the title Lamane, the title of the ancient Serer kings and landed gentry, linked to Serer religion through the Pangool. They also built civilisation there and advanced the Serer culture.[46][48][49] This era somewhat coincided with the migration of some of the indigenous Serers of Mauritania and the Western Sahara, and the nomadic Berber immigrants migrating from North Africa to Mauritania. The old Black tribes such as the Serers of Mauritania, the Gangara of Mauritania, the Bafours, etc., were probably defeated in battle which spearheaded their migration. The civilisations they have built in Mauritania were abandoned so was the domestication of animals and millet, a tradition still practiced by the Serer people. The Gangara (now known as the Soninke Wangara or Wangara) are the ancestors of the Soninke people who later founded the Ghana Empire (proper : Wagadou Empire). The Serers are still the Serers of the Senegambia Region who later founded the Kingdom of Sine, Saloum and Baol, etc. They are the ancestors of the Wolofs, Toucouleurs and Lebous.[46][50] The Bafours did not survive. The people who claim to be descended from them are merely remnants of the ancient Bafours. These Berbers should not be confused with the medieval Berber migrants from the North to Mauritania. Berber migration to present-day Mauritania is long and gradual. The Almoravid movement in the 11th century perhaps completed the last phase of their southward migration.[48][51] What became known as the Adrar of Mauritania was the ancestral home of many of the proto-Serers of Mauritania. The Berbers were migrants.[27][52]
Historical periodization terms such as medieval era and Dark Ages occurred in Europe (especially Western Europe), not in Africa. West Africa at that time (the Golden Age of West Africa) was developing, establishing new empires and trading with the known world when Europe was in "darkness" following the collapse of the Roman Empire.[53][54] This timeline is used only for the purposes of comprehensibility.
- c. 750 AD : The Joof family ruled the Kingdom of Baol along with other Serer paternal dynasties and the Wagadou maternal dynasty (Bagadou in Serer language), probably since 350 AD at the time of Kaya Magan Cissay (King Kaya or "Maad Kaya" in Serer[55]) original founder of the Kingdom of Wagadou later Ghana Empire (proper : Wagadou Empire),[56] reigned : c. 350 AD.[57] If one is to believe Maurice Delafosse, the term Kaya Magan (many variations in spelling : Kaya Maghan) means "King of Gold" in Wa'kore (Soninke language).[58] Delafosse's work as well as some of his scholarly work on the Mali Empire has been challenged and refuted.[59] According to Charles Monteil, the name Kaya means "original hunter" (or : first/initial hunter).[60] Dinga Cisse (descendant of Maad Kaya) and his followers were hunting people in both the Serer and the Soninke oral tradition. Dinga's descendants founded the Ghana Empire (see : History of the Soninke people). The reign of the Joof family and other Serer paternal dynasties lasted up to the early 16th century, until the Serer paternal dynasties were succeeded by the Faal (var : Fall) paternal dynasty following the Battle of Danki (1549), against the King of Jolof.[61] The Wagadou or Bagadou were royal princesses from what later became known as the Ghana Empire, who married into the Serer nobility. Their maternal clan was referred to as Wagadou (variation : Wagadu) or Bagadou (in Serer).[62][63]
| “ |
...the Serer traversed vast expanses of territory during pre-colonial times and saw the entire region [the Senegambia region] as their home, as their history of migration in the area clearly shows. |
” |
|
—Godfrey Mwakikagile, [44]
|
Many of the Serer village and town names they have founded still survives today. Sanghāna would continue to be the subject of many jihads launched against her by the Almoravids and the other African ethnic groups they have Islamized.
"Today, the Serer retain much of their old culture, customs and traditions. In fact, it's not uncommon to hear how Serer culture has survived through the centuries in spite of all the forces which tried to destroy it."
This era marks the exodus of the Serers of Tekrur. Those who survived the wars migrated southwards to what later became known as the Serer Kingdoms of Sine, Saloum and previously Baol, rather than convert to Islam. In the south, they were granted asylum by their distant Serer relatives, endorsed by the Great Council of Lamanes, the highest court in Serer country. Trimingham notes that, Tekrur was the first in the region to adopt Islam but lost completely its Serer identity.[71] War Jabi died in 1040 and was succeeded by his son Leb (or Labi), also a major ally of the Almoravids.[72] Leb is reported to have been fighting for the Almoravids in 1056[73] probably as a result of the subjugation of Tekrur by the Almoravids in 1042 and a well enforced Sharia law.[74] Economically, the Kingdom of Tekrur benefit with the introduction of Islam. It also created political ties with the North. Many Fulanis/Toucouleurs were part of the Almoravid army that conquered parts of Europe.
- 1335 : The Guelowar dynasty of Kaabu were defeated by the Ñaanco dynasty of Kaabu at the Battle of Troubang. Both descendants of Tiramakhan Traore who had conquered Kaabu in the 13th century and made himself Mansa Kaabu after defeating the last great Bainuk king (King Kikikor).[79][80] The Guelowar family granted asylum by the Serer nobility - the Great Council of Lamanes (the highest court in Serer country[79][81]).[79]
- 1350 - 1400 : The Kingdom of Sine renamed. The Guelowar period starts from 1350. Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh elected first Guelowar king to ever rule in one of the Serer countries (Kingdom of Sine). Nominated and elected by the Serers of Sine and the Great Council of Lamanes whose Council he served as legal adviser for 15 years and gave his sisters and nieces to in marriage. Maysa Wali ruled in 1350 - 1370. The marriages between the descendants of the ancient Serer Lamanic class and the Guelowar women created the Serer paternal dynasties and the Guelowar maternal dynasty which lasted for over 600 years. Some members of the Serer nobility were opposed to the nomination and election of Maysa Wali, in particular Lamane Pangha Yaya Sarr (many variations: Penga Yaye Sarr, etc.), because Maysa Wali did not have a Serer father nor a Serer mother in spite of his assimilation into Serer culture, long service to the Great Council and coming from royalty himself. None of Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali's descendants ruled in any of the Serer kingdoms after him. The children and descendants of the Serer men and Guelowar women became Serers with loyalty to Serer religion, the Serer people, the Serer countries, culture and language, and all ties with Kaabu were severed. In this period, the old Serer paternal dynasties survived but the old Wagadou maternal dynasty collapsed in Sine and later Saloum, except in Baol and other places. The Guelowar period is the last of Serer dynastic periodization[82]
- 1360 : Bourba Jolof Njajaan Njie founded the Jolof Empire, an empire founded by a voluntary confederation of states.[83][84][85] Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali was instrumental in the founding of this empire. He nominated Njajaan Njie to lead the Jolof Empire and called for the other states join this condederacy under Njajaan which they did according to the epics of Njajaan and Maysa Wali. The Maad a Sinig thus took the Kingdom of Sine to this confederacy. Though the establishment of this empire was voluntary, its disestablishment was not.[84] This era marks the deterioration of the Mali Empire as it began to loose some of its former vassal states. Although it did not collapse completely, Imperial Mali was not as powerful as it once was.[86]
- 1446 : The Portuguese slave trader Nuno Tristão and his party attempted a slave raiding expedition in Serer territory. They all succumbed to Serer poisoned arrows except five young Portuguese (or less). One of them was left to charter their caravel back to Portugal. Nuno was amongst those killed.[87][88]
- 1455 : the Venetian slave trader and chronicler Alvise Cadamosto having bought Wolof slaves in Cayor, decided to stop his ship at the Serer community living on the border of Wolof Cayor. Alvise wrote how these Serer community looked menacing and unwelcoming. He then went on to say that, after seeing their ship approaching, this Serer community stood guard at the beach. The captain of the ship gave the order for no one to come off the ship and the ship was parked further away from the beach. Alvise Cadamosto sent his Wolof interpreter to go and negotiate slave terms with this Serer community whilst he (Alvise) and his Portuguese party remained in the ship. The Wolof interpreter was killed on the spot by these Serers for bringing slave traders into their territory. None of Alvise's party came off, instead, the ship departed and headed towards the Gambia. Alvise also corrupted the Kingdom of Sine by calling it the Kingdom of Barbaçim and the Serer people of Sine as Barbacins among other names which many Europeans of this era referred to the Serer people as in their old maps (See : Kingdom of Sine).[89][90]
- 1493 : Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour, King of Saloum succeeded to the throne.[91]
- Renaming of Saloum. Previously known as Mbey in Serer.
- 1549 : The Battle of Danki, Amary Ngoneh Sobel Faal assisted by his first cousin Prince Manguinak Joof (var : Manguinak Diouf, a member of the old Joof dynasty of Baol), both nephews of Teigne Njuko Njie (the last member of the Serer paternal dynasty to rule Baol), defeated the King of Jolof Lele Fuuli Faak Njie and disestablished the Jolof Empire. Lele Fuuli was killed at Danki. Amari Ngoneh united the old Baol and Cayor temporarily,[92] Manguinak Joof was honoured with the title Ber Jak of Cayor (equivalent of Prime Minister). With the disestablishment of the Jolof Empire, member States of the confederacy such as the Kingdom of Sine, Kingdom of Saloum, Waalo, Baol, etc., returned back to independent States.[93][94] The Faal family are not Serers.[95] The Njie (or Ndiaye)[96] and Joof family are.
- 1567 : Maad Saloum Malawtan Joof, the longest reigning King of Saloum (45 years on the throne) succeeded to the throne.[91]
- 1678 : The Serers of Sine and Baol refused to welcome the French merchants who have settled on the Petite Côte and thus lodge a complaint to their respective kings (the Maad a Sinig (king of Sine) and the Teigne (king of Baol). That year, the king of Sine and Baol with their armies sacked the French post. The following year, Admiral du Casse launched a revenge attack and defeated them.[97]
19th century war drum called
junjung in
Serer language. Played when
Serer kings and warriors went to war. From the Kingdom of Sine.
-
- "The noble qualities are found in Serer countries, though they only lack Islam..."[97]
- 1857 : Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof (the King of Sine) granted Teigne Chai Yassin Faal (var : Thiés Yacine Fall, King of Baol) asylum after he was defeated and exiled by the French at the Battle of Pouri.[99]
- 18 May 1859 : The Battle of Logandème, Louis Faidherbe, the French governor of Senegal defeated the Serer people of Sine and Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof at Logandème.
- 1859-1865 : Faidherbe made Cayor and Baol (the former Serer State) protectorates.
- The Battle of Nandjigui (1859) : The King of Saloum - Maad Saloum Kumba Ndama Mbodj (var : Coumba Ndama) killed by the Muslim Marabout forces in a jihadic expedition in Saloum. The jihad led by Maba Diakhou Bâ.[100]
- 1861 : The great Jogomay Tine of Gorom[101] was displeased when Damel Majojo Faal[102] (the French-backed puppet king of Cayor[103]) conceded his province to the French governor - Louis Faidherbe. Damel-Teigne Lat Jorr Ngoneh Latir Jobe who had now form good relations with the French was invited by the French to occupy the region including Jogomay Tine's province. Majojo was declared too incompetent by the French.[103] Jogomay Tine refused to submit to neither Lat Jorr nor the French, and refused to authorise the Serer population of his province to part take in the 1863 census. In April 1863, governor Émile Pinet-Laprade of France authorized the French forces to enter his province. He was killed by the gun shot.[97]
- Disgruntled members of the Muslim jihadic movement (the Marabouts) such as Sambou Oumanneh Touray, assisted by Cheikhou Jobe and Manjie Khoreja led a jihad in Sabakh and Sanjal and killed the last Farank Sabakh and Farank Sanjal.[104] Sambou annexed both States and called it Sabakh-Sanjal. After the Muslims' victory in these two States, they launched jihad in Kaymor and killed the Buumi Kaymor - Biriama Jogop who refused to submit to Islam. Waly Nyang, the griot and advisor to the Buumi, beat his tam-tam and called for martyrdom in accordance with the Serer principle of Jom rather than succumbing to Islam. Jom in Serer means honour. Serer religion permits suicide only if it satisfies the Jom principle (see : Serer religion).[105][106][107]Maba Diakhou Bâ, leader of the Muslim marabouts was not involved in the attack of Kaymor. The attack on Kaymor was done by the disgruntled three without his authority.[105]
- 1862 : The Battle of Tchicat, Maba Diakhou Bâ launched jihad in the Serer Kingdom of Saloum at Tchicat against Maad Saloum Samba Laobe Latsouka Sira Jogop Faal.[100][108] That same year, he launched jihad against the Kingdom of Baol.
- 6 October 1862 : At the Battle of Gouye Ndiouli, the King of Saloum - Samba Laobe Latsouka Sira Jogop Faal (son of Princess Latsouka Sira Jogop Mbodj of Saloum) had to battle his own father Ma Kodu Joof Faal[109] the King of Cayor, who previously rejected the throne of Saloum in favour of Cayor until he was defeated and driven out of Cayor by the French. When he tried to reclaim the throne of Saloum after his defeated, the Great Jaraff[110] and his Noble Council refused to crown him king of Saloum. The young king of Saloum (Samba Laobe) defeated his father, paternal uncle and their armies, and drove them out of Saloum.[100]
- July 1863 : The Serers massacred the French soldiers at the garrison of Pout. The French sergeant barely escaped with his life. Pinet Laprade (the French governor in Senegal) within few days exercised reprisals for the massacres and built the first fort in Thies.[97]
- c. 12 January 1864 : Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof (King of Sine) granted asylum to Lat Jorr Ngoneh Latir Jobe (King of Cayor) after he was defeated and exiled by the French governor in Senegal (Émile Pinet-Laprade). According to Serer oral tradition, Lat Jorr was well received in Sine just as El Hadj Umar Tall was well received when he visited Sine. However, Lat Jorr they say betrayed the Kingdom of Sine when he sided with Maba Diakhou Ba at "The Surprise of Mbin o Ngor" and at The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune.[111][112]
- 1867 : The surprise of Mbin o Ngor - the Muslims surprised the Serer people of Mbin o Ngor, a small village in the Kingdom of Sine.
- 18 July 1867 : The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune (also known as the Battle of Somb), Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof (King of Sine) defeated the Muslim marabouts and Maba Diakhou Bâ the renowned jihadist was killed and dismembered.
- 1881 - 1914 (World War I) : The Scramble for Africa. the European imperialists divided Africa for their own benefit. The Serer countries affected and the old open borders seized to exist .
- July 1890 : The sacred stone of Mpal (also known as "the Stone of Mame Kantar") built and worshipped by the local Serer population as well as the Lebou people for many generation, destroyed by Limamou and his Muslim disciples.[113]
- c. 1905 / 1906 : The French assisted the Wolofs against the Serers at the Battle of Diobas. The Wolofs were victorious.[114]
- 1909 : At Rufisque, Galandou Diouf became the first African to be elected official during the colonial period.
- 28 January 1924 : The last king of Sine Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof succeeded to the throne.[115][116]
- 1929 : Emergence of négritude. In Senegal, led by Léopold Sédar Senghor.
- c. 1930 : Alioune Sarr, the historian and author developed his famous work "Histoire du Sine-Saloum". A work that has become one of the benchmarks of Serer medieval history.
- 1934 : Death of Blaise Diagne and the election of Galandou Diouf at the Assemblée nationale française
- 1938 : First strikes of railway workers in Thies.
- 1939 - 1945 : World War II, the French recruited many Senegalese and the British conscripted many Gambians. Many Serers and Africans fought and died in this war to defeat the Nazis.
- 1940 : Whilst fighting for France in the 2nd World War, the future president of Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor was captured by the Nazis and imprisoned for two years when they invaded France.
- 1946 : Alliance between Lamine Guèye and Léopold Sédar Senghor.
- October 1947 - March 1948 : Strike of railway workers in Thies
- 1948 : Political split of Léopold Sédar Senghor and Lamine Guèye and the foundation of Bloc démocratique sénégalais (BDS)
- 1958 : Dissolution of the Afrique occidentale française (AOF)
- 1959 : Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof the Gambian historian, author, nationalist and politician organized and led the Bread and Butter Demonstration in the Gambia against British colonialism.
- 4 April 1960 : Independence of Senegal from colonial France.[117]
- 6 September 1960 : Léopold Sédar Senghor became the first president of Senegal.
- 1 May 1963 : Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof, the Gambia's leading nationalist and Pan-Africanist in the colonial-era delivered a speech in the first ever conference of the Organization of African Unity held at Addis Ababa. In addressing the Member States, Cham Joof told them to endeavour their utmost to eradicate colonialism and neo-colonialism from Africa and ultimately from the world.[118]
- 18 February 1965 : The Gambia gained its independence from colonial Britain.
- 31 December 1980 : Léopold Sédar Senghor left office as president of Senegal.
- 1 January 1981 : Abdou Diouf succeeded Léopold Sédar Senghor as the second president of Senegal.
- 1986 : President Abdou Diouf's anti-AIDS program resulted in Senegal having one of the lowest HIV-AIDS infections in Africa.[119]
- 1989 : Ibrahima Moctar Sarr, the Mauritanian journalist, politician and co-founder of African Liberation Forces of Mauritania, released from prison after his imprisonment for defending the civil rights of the Black people of Mauritania.
- 16 December 1991 : Pap Saine, the Gambian publisher and editor, co-founded The Point Newspaper with Deyda Hydara and Babucarr Gaye.
- ^ a b c d e f (French) Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer - Pangool", vol.2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal, 1990. pp, 9, 20 & 77, ISBN 2-7236-1055-1
- ^ a b Price, Joan A., "Sacred Scriptures of the World Religions : An Introduction", Continuum International Publishing Group (2010), p 23, ISBN 082642354X
- ^ "Human Evolution by The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
- ^ Goodman M, Tagle D, Fitch D, Bailey W, Czelusniak J, Koop B, Benson P, Slightom J (1990). "Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids". J Mol Evol 30 (3): pp 260–266
- ^ Gravrand, Henry, "Cosaan", p 11
- ^ Gravrand, Henry, "Cosaan", p 130
- ^ a b Burke, Andrew, & Else, David, "The Gambia & Senegal", 2nd edition - September 2002, Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd, p 13
- ^ Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation Sereer, VOL.1, Cosaan : les origines", p 132, Nouvelles Editions africaines, 1983, ISBN 2723608778
- ^ Descamps, Cyr, "Contribution a la Préhistoire de l'Ouest-sénégalais, thèse, Paris, p 315. (inédit : unpublished version, p 126)
- ^ a b Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation Sereer, Cosaan", p 62
- ^ Price, Joan A., "Sacred Scriptures of the World Religions: An Introduction", Continuum International Publishing Group (2010), p 2, ISBN 082642354X
- ^ Harder, Ben, "Evolving in their graves: early burials hold clues to human origins" (about Middle Paleolithic and formation of religion) [1]
- ^ Narr, Karl J., "Prehistoric religion : The beliefs and practices of Stone Age peoples", (in) Britannica.com
- ^ a b McMahon, Robin,"On the Origin of Diversity", p 72, Filament Publishing Ltd, 2011, ISBN 1905493878
- ^ Descamps, Cyr, "Quelques réflexions sur le Néolithique du Sénégal, vol. 1, pp 145-151, West African Journal of Archaeology (1981)
- ^ Dagan, Th., Le Site préhistorique de Tiémassas (Sénégal), pp 432-438, Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire (1956)
- ^ UNESCO, "General history of Africa", vol.1, Methodology and African Prehistory, (UNESCO International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa), Heinemann Publishers, University of California Press, UNESCO, 1981 p 621, ISBN 0 435 94807-5 (cased)
- ^ See also : Gravrand, "Cosaan", pp 132-133
- ^ a b c Gravrand, Henry, "Cosaan", p 81
- ^ Gravrand, La civilisation sereer : Pangool p 20
- ^ a b Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji Madiya, "Tracing memory: a glossary of graphic signs and symbols in African art and culture", Canadian Museum of Civilization, Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, International Centre for African Language, Literature and Tradition (Louvain, Belgium). ISBN 0-660-15965-1. pp 27, 115
- ^ UNESCO, p 629
- ^ Gravrand, Henry, "Cosaan", p 80
- ^ Gravrand, Henry, "Cosaan", p 62-87
- ^ Gravrand, Henry, "Pangool", pp 150-172
- ^ a b c For more on Raampa, see : Professor Maranz, David , Ph.D., "Discovery of the Raampa pictograhic writing." in Phoenicia.org
- ^ a b c Rake, Alan, "New African yearbook", Volumes 1999-2000, Africa Book Centre Limited, 2000, p 391, ISBN 0905268636
- ^ Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation sereer, Pangool", vol. 2, Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar, 1990, p 21, ISBN 2-7236-1055-1
- ^ The one who first cleared the fields and lit the fire and thereby owns title to the land which only his direct paternal descendants can inherit. See Lamane Jegan Joof, Tukar and Joof family.
- ^ Right to cut and clear a certain parcel of the Lamane's land, granted by the original Lamane - "the master of the fire", to someone's ancestor or by the descendant of the original Lamane to someone else. Bakh means estate in Serer language.
- ^ The holder of the right to cut granted by the "master of the fire", however these new title holders are merely leasing and would never own title to the land nor will their descendants ever be title holders, and will continue to pay rent or tribute to the Lamane or his descendants for infinity or until the yal bakh title is revoked by the Lamane's descendants.
- ^ For Serer Lamanic land system, see Galvan, the entire book is dedicated to this subject. See also pp 108-200
- ^ a b Rigby, Leonard D. Katz, "Evolutionary Origins of Morality : Cross-disciplinary Perspectives", p 158, Imprint Academic, ISBN 0719056128 [2]
- ^ Galvan, p 42
- ^ Galvan, pp 86-135
- ^ Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986-1987. p 31
- ^ (French) Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou, "Diversité et unicité sérères : l’exemple de la région de Thiès", Éthiopiques, no 54, vol. 7, 2e semestre 1991 [3]
- ^ Gravrand, "La civilisation sereer", Pangool, p 40
- ^ (French) Gravrand, Henry : "L’HERITAGE SPIRITUEL SEREER : VALEUR TRADITIONNELLE D’HIER, D’AUJOURD’HUI ET DE DEMAIN" [in] Ethiopiques, numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine, 3e trimestre 1982
- ^ a b UNESCO, p 627
- ^ Diamond, Jared (1999). Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: Norton Press. ISBN 0-393-31755-2.
- ^ A. Secka, I. Sow and M. Niass. Collaborators: A.D. Ndoye, T. Kante, A. Thiam, P. Faye and T. Ndiaye. Senegal, "Horticonsult, The biodiversity of traditional leafy vegetables", pp 85-110
- ^ Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation Sereer, Pangool", p 10
- ^ a b Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa", p 136. (2010), ISBN 9987-16-023-9
- ^ a b University of Calgary. Dept. of Archaeology, Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Society of Africanist Archaeologists, "Newsletter of African archaeology, Issues 47-50", Dept. of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 1997, pp 27, 58
- ^ a b c (French) Becker, Charles: "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer". Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M
- ^ Stone Circles of Senegambia – UNESCO World Heritage Centre
- ^ a b (French) Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer, Pangool", Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), pp, 9, 20 & 77, ISBN 2-7236-1055-1
- ^ Joseph Ki-Zerbo [in] Hesseling, Gerti, "Histoire politique du Sénégal : institutions, droit et société", (translation : Catherine Miginiac), Karthala (2000), p 104, ISBN 2-86537-118-2
- ^ Foltz, William J., "From French West Africa to the Mali Federation, vol. 12 of Yale studies in political science", p 136, Yale University Press, (1965)
- ^ (French) Chavane, Bruno A., "Villages de l’ancien Tekrour", Vol.2. Hommes et sociétés. Archéologies africaines, p 28, KARTHALA Editions, 1985, ISBN 2865371433 [4]
- ^ a b Laude, Jean, "The Arts of Black Africa", University of California Press, 1973 (translated by : Jean Decock), p 50, ISBN 0520023587 [5]
- ^ Ben-Jochannan, Yosef, "Black Man of the Nile and His Family", p 19, ed. 2, Black Classic Press, 1972, ISBN 0933121261
- ^ Golden Age of West Africa
- ^ Maad means king in old Serer language (and some of the Cangin languages). See also Maad a Sinig and Maad Saloum.
- ^ Ghana means Emperor. The Empire itself is Wagadou. The familiar term "Ghana Empire" was a Berber-Arab corruption in their chronologies.
- ^ Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation Sereer, Cosaan : les origines", Nouvelles Editions africaines, 1983, pp 75-76, ISBN 2723608778 (reference to Kaya Magan)
- ^ (Delafosse [in]) Ajayi, J. F. Ade, Crowder, Michael, "History of West Africa, Volume 1", Longman, 1985, p 134, ISBN 0582646839
- ^ Regarding the Mali Empire, Delafossee previously proposed that, Soumaoro Kanté's grandfather was assisted by the Sosso nobility of Kaniaga and captured the saked Ghana Empire and by 1180, Soumaoro's father, whom he [Delafossee] creatively called Diara Kanté (var: Jara Kante), gained control of Koumbi Saleh and usurped the throne of a Muslim dynasty. There was no Diara Kanté in the oral sources. That was a creative insertion by Maurice Delafosse which was contrary to the original epos. Delafosse simply linked different legends (i.e. the Tautain story etc.) and prescribed Diara Kanté (1180) as the father of Soumaoro, in order to link the Sossos to the Diarisso Dynasty of Kaniaga (Jarisso). He also failed to cite the sources as to how he arrived to that conclusion and the genealogy he created. Charles Monteil describes his work as "unacceptable". The African Studies Association describe it as "...too creative to be useful to historians". See : (English) African Studies Association, History in Africa, Volume 11, African Studies Association., 1984, the University of Michigan, pp 42-51; (French) Monteil, Charles, "Fin de siècle à Médine" (1898-1899), Bulletin de l'lFAN, vol. 28, série B, n° 1-2, 1966, p 166; (French) Monteil, Charles, "La légende officielle de Soundiata, fondateur de l'empire manding", Bulletin du Comité d 'Etudes historiques et scientifiques de l 'AOF, tome VIII, n° 2, 1924; (French) Cornevin, Robert, "Histoire de l'Afrique", Tome I : des origines au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1962), 347-48,(ref. to Delafosse in Haut-Sénégal-Niger vol.1, pp 256-257); (English) Crowder, Michael, "West Africa: an introduction to its history", Longman, 1977, p 31 (based on Delafosse's work); (French) Delafosse, Maurice, "Haut-Sénégal-Niger: Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues"; "l'Histoire"; "les Civilizations". vols. 1-3, Paris: Émile Larose (1912), (editors: Marie François Joseph Clozel). See also : Sundiata Keita. As for Ghana, it is surprising how he overlooked the simple fact that the original founders were members of the hunting clans even when the oral epic clearly states so. See Monteil.
- ^ Monteil, Charles, "Mélanges ethnologiques", Memoires de IFAN (Dakar), l953, no. 23, pp 359-408
- ^ Ajayi, J. F. Ade & Crowder, Michael, "History of West Africa", Volume 1. Longman, 1985, p 515, ISBN 0582646839
- ^ Phillips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical dictionary of Senegal", Scarecrow Press, 1981, pp 52-71 ISBN 0-8108-1369-6
- ^ Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Volume 38. IFAN, 1976. pp 557-504
- ^ Trimingham, John Spencer, "A history of Islam in West Africa", Oxford University Press, USA, 1970, p 234
- ^ Gamble,David P., & Salmon, Linda K. (with Alhaji Hassan Njie), "Gambian Studies No. 17. People of The Gambia. I. The Wolof.with notes on the Serer and the Lebou", San Francisco 1985
- ^ Stride, G. T., Ifeka, Caroline, "Peoples and empires of West Africa: West Africa in history, 1000-1800", p 6, Africana Pub. Corp (1971)
- ^ Houtsma, M. Th., "L-Moriscos", p 561 (editor: M. Th. Houtsma), BRILL, 1993, ISBN 9004097910
- ^ The Dia Ogo was not only a Fula dynasty, but also Serer, whose imprint in Tekrur now Futa Toro was very significant. See : Becker, Charles, "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays Sereer". Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M; Serer ancient history and Serer history (medieval era to present).
- ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p 241, ISBN 9987932223
- ^ Page, Willie F., "Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)", p209. Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), ISBN 0-8160-4472-4
- ^ Trimingham, John Spencer, "A history of Islam in West Africa", pp 174, 176 & 234, Oxford University Press, USA (1970)
- ^ Page, Willie F., "Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)", p 676, Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), ISBN 0-8160-4472-4
- ^ Niane, Djibril Tamsir, "General History of Africa: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century", pp 119-120, UNESCO, 1984, ISBN 9231017101 [6]
- ^ Abdur Rahman I. Doi, "Islam in Nigeria", Gaskiya Corp., 1984, p 9
- ^ a b Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer, Pangool", Nouvelles éditions Africaines, Dakar, 1990, p. 13, ISBN 2-7236-1055-11990
- ^ a b (French) Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, vol. 26-27, 1964
- ^ Nnoli, Okwudiba, "Ethnic conflicts in Africa", p 241. CODESRIA, 1998. ISBN 2-86978-070-2
- ^ "La famille Juuf" [in] « L'épopée de Sanmoon Fay », in Éthiopiques, no 54, vol. 7, 2e semestre 1991
- ^ a b c Ngom, Biram (Babacar Sédikh Diouf), "La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin", Université de Dakar, Dakar, 1987, p. 69
- ^ Niane, Djibril Tamsir, "Histoire des Mandingues de l'Ouest: le royaume du Gabou", p 22, KARTHALA Editions, 1989, ISBN 2865372367
- ^ (French) Gravrand, Henry, La Civilisation Sereer - Cosaan, Les origines, Nouvelles éditions africaines, 1983, p. 295-6 & 303 ISBN 2723608778
- ^ For the old Serer paternal dynasties such as the Joof family or Diouf and the Wagadou maternal dynasty, see : (English) Phillips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical dictionary of Senegal", Scarecrow Press, 1981, pp 52-71 ISBN 0-8108-1369-6; (English) Clark, Andrew F. & Philips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical Dictionary of Senegal", Second Edition (1994); & (French) Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Volume 38. IFAN, 1976. pp 557-504. For the Guelowars, see : (French) Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986-1987, p 239 (p 21) - *
- ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine" par suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, 1972. p706
- ^ a b Ham, Anthony. West Africa. Lonely Planet. 2009. p 670. ISBN 1741048214
- ^ Charles, Eunice A., "Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800-1890", African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977. pp 1-3
- ^ Conrad, David C., "Empires of Medieval West Africa", p 12, Infobase Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1-4381-0319-0
- ^ Hair, Paul Edward Hedley, "The Use of African Languages in Afro-European contacts in Guinea : 1440-1560", [in] "Sierra Leone Language Review", no. 5, 1966, p. 13 [7]
- ^ Hair, Paul Edward Hedley, "Africa encountered: European contacts and evidence, 1450-1700", Variorum, 1997, pp 213-15 & 248, ISBN 0-86078-626-9
- ^ It was a corruption by Alvise, see : Boulègue, Jean, "Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe - XVIe Siècle)", (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 16
- ^ Alvise Cadamosto, the 15th century explorer in modern day Senegambia had never set foot in Serer country. His ship proceeded to the Gambia after one of his Wolof interpreters sent to negotiate slave terms with the local Serer community living in the Cayor border was killed on the spot by this Serer community. Neither Alvise nor any of his party left the ship. The ship proceeded to the Gambia. Since Alvise had never entered Serer country, most of his opinions about the Serers were coming from his Wolof interpreters. The Wolofs of Cayor were in constant war with Serer community living on their border and were fearful of these Serers as narrated by Alvise himself. In Kerr, Alvise refer to the Serers as without kings. However, these Serers were those living on the Wolof Cayor border and refused to submit to the kings of Cayor. Alvise did not know that the Kingdom of Sine was actually a Serer kingdom, where the Barbacini - (a corruption of the Wolof "Bur Ba Sine" which means "king of Sine") took residence. See : (French) Boulègue, Jean, "Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe - XVIe Siècle)", (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 16. Also : (English) Kerr, Robert, "A general history of voyages and travels to the end of the 18th century", p238-240, J. Ballantyne & Co. 1811; (French) Verrier, Frédérique, "Introduction. Voyages en Afrique noire d'Alvise Ca'da Mosto (1455 & 1456)", p 136, Chandeigne, Paris, 1994; (English) Russell, Peter E., "Prince Henry 'the Navigator" : a life, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2000, p-p 299-300
- ^ a b Ba, Abdou Bouri. Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip. Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Publié dans le Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire. pp 10-27
- ^ A mission which had eluded the Faal (var : Fall) dynasty from the 16th to the 19th centuries. See Fall.
- ^ Fall, Tanor Latsoukabé, Recueil sur la Vie des Damel, Introduit et commenté par Charles Becker et Victor. Martin, BIFAN, Tome 36, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1974
- ^ Boulègue, pp 169-180
- ^ They are not Wolofs either. They were originally Black Moors (Naari Kajoor meaning Moors of Cayor), however, they became Wolofized and adopted Wolof culture.
- ^ Diop, Cheikh Anta, Modum, Egbuna P., "Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development", 1946-1960, p 28
- ^ a b c d (French) Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou, "Diversité et unicité Sérères: L'exemple de la Région de Thiès", Ethiopiques, n°54, revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine, Nouvelle série volume 7, 2e semestre 1991 [8]
- ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp 722-733
- ^ a b (French) Diouf, Mahawa, "L’INFORMATION HISTORIQUE : L’EXEMPLE DU SIIN", Ethiopiques n°54. Revue semestrielle de culture négro-Africaine. Nouvelle série volume 7. 2e semestre 1991 [9]
- ^ a b c Sarr, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", pp 33-5
- ^ Variation : Diogomay (French spelling of Jogoymay in Senegal).
- ^ French spelling in Senegal : Madiodio Fall
- ^ a b Klein, Martin, "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum", p130
- ^ Titles of the Chief of Sabakh and Sanjal respective. Both States were tributary to the Kingdom of Saloum
- ^ a b Klein, pp 74-75
- ^ Joof, Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham, "Senegambia, the land of our heritage", (1995)
- ^ Camara, Alhaji Sait, [in] GRTS programmes, "Sunu Chossan"
- ^ Variations : Samba Laobé Fall or Samba Laobé Latsouck Sira Diogop Fall
- ^ Variation : Mang Codou
- ^ Head of the noble council of electors responsible for electing the kings from the royal family. He was equivalent to a Prime Minister in Serer country.
- ^ Sarr, pp 37-38
- ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye, pp 726-727
- ^ Kesteloot, Lilyan; Mbodj, Chérif; Ba, Seydou, Contes et mythes wolof (critic), (editors : Lilyan Kesteloot, Chérif Mbodj), Nouvelles Éditions Africaines, 1983, pp 15, 111,179-80
- ^ John D. Tuxill, Gary Paul Nabhan, World Wide Fund for Nature, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, "People, Plants, and Protected Areas: A Guide to in Situ Management", p 50
- ^ a b Klein, Martin A. "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914." Edinburgh University Press (1968). p XV
- ^ Le Soleil (Senegal)
- ^ Diallo,Ibrahima, "The Politics of National Languages in Postcolonial Senegal"
- ^ See Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof. Abstract printed on The Point Newspaper : "Message to the Founding Fathers of the OAU at their First Conference at Addis Ababa, 1st May 1963", (2006).
- ^ Meredith, "The Fate of Africa", p 367, Public Affaires (2005)
- Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer - Pangool", vol.2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal, 1990, ISBN 2-7236-1055-1
- Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation Sereer, VOL.1, Cosaan : les origines", Nouvelles Editions africaines, 1983, ISBN 2723608778
- Gravrand, Henry : "L’HERITAGE SPIRITUEL SEREER : VALEUR TRADITIONNELLE D’HIER, D’AUJOURD’HUI ET DE DEMAIN" [in] Ethiopiques, numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine, 3e trimestre 1982
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- Descamps, Cyr, "Contribution a la Préhistoire de l'Ouest-sénégalais, thèse, Paris, p 315. (inédit : p 126)
- Diouf, Mahawa, "L’INFORMATION HISTORIQUE : L’EXEMPLE DU SIIN", Ethiopiques n°54. Revue semestrielle de culture négro-Africaine. Nouvelle série volume 7. 2e semestre 1991
- Descamps, Cyr, "Quelques réflexions sur le Néolithique du Sénégal, vol. 1, pp 145-151, West African Journal of Archaeology (1981)
- Dagan, Th., Le Site préhistorique de Tiémassas (Sénégal), pp 432-438, Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire (1956)
- McMahon, Robin,"On the Origin of Diversity", Filament Publishing Ltd, 2011, ISBN 1905493878
- UNESCO, "General history of Africa", vol.1, Methodology and African Prehistory, (UNESCO International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa), Heinemann Publishers, University of California Press, UNESCO, 1981, ISBN 0 435 94807-5 (cased)
- Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji Madiya, Canadian Museum of Civilization, "Tracing memory: a glossary of graphic signs and symbols in African art and culture", Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, International Centre for African Language, Literature and Tradition (Louvain, Belgium). ISBN 0-660-15965-1. pp 27, 115
- Professor Maranz, David, Ph.D., "Discovery of the Raampa pictograhic writing." in Phoenicia.org
- Rake, Alan, "New African yearbook", Volumes 1999-2000, Africa Book Centre Limited, 2000, ISBN 0905268636
- Rigby, Leonard D. Katz, "Evolutionary Origins of Morality : Cross-disciplinary Perspectives", Imprint Academic, ISBN 0719056128
- Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987
- Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine" par suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, 1972
- Diamond, Jared (1999). Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: Norton Press. ISBN 0-393-31755-2.
- A. Secka, I. Sow and M. Niass. Collaborators: A.D. Ndoye, T. Kante, A. Thiam, P. Faye and T. Ndiaye. Senegal, "Horticonsult, The biodiversity of traditional leafy vegetables"
- Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa" (2010), ISBN 9987-16-023-9
- Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), ISBN 9987932223
- University of Calgary. Dept. of Archaeology, Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Society of Africanist Archaeologists, "Newsletter of African archaeology, Issues 47-50", Dept. of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 1997
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- Foltz, William J., "From French West Africa to the Mali Federation, vol. 12 of Yale studies in political science", p 136, Yale University Press, (1965)
- Chavane, Bruno A., "Villages de l’ancien Tekrour", Vol.2. Hommes et sociétés. Archéologies africaines, KARTHALA Editions, 1985, ISBN 2865371433
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- Monteil, Charles, "La légende officielle de Soundiata, fondateur de l'empire manding", Bulletin du Comité d 'Etudes historiques et scientifiques de l 'AOF, tome VIII, n° 2, 1924;
- Cornevin, Robert, "Histoire de l'Afrique", Tome I : des origines au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1962)
- Crowder, Michael, "West Africa: an introduction to its history", Longman, 1977,
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- Monteil, Charles, "Mélanges ethnologiques", Memoires de IFAN (Dakar), l953, no. 23
- Phillips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical dictionary of Senegal", Scarecrow Press, 1981, ISBN 0-8108-1369-6
- Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Volume 38. IFAN, 1976
- Clark, Andrew F. & Philips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical Dictionary of Senegal", Second Edition (1994)
- Trimingham, John Spencer, "A history of Islam in West Africa", Oxford University Press, USA, 1970
- Gamble, David P., & Salmon, Linda K. (with Alhaji Hassan Njie), "Gambian Studies No. 17. People of The Gambia. I. The Wolof.with notes on the Serer and the Lebou", San Francisco 1985
- Stride, G. T., Ifeka, Caroline, "Peoples and empires of West Africa: West Africa in history, 1000-1800", Africana Pub. Corp (1971)
- Houtsma, M. Th., "L-Moriscos", (editor: M. Th. Houtsma), BRILL, 1993, ISBN 9004097910
- Page, Willie F., "Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)", Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), ISBN 0-8160-4472-4
- Niane, Djibril Tamsir, "General History of Africa: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century", UNESCO, 1984, ISBN 9231017101
- Niane, Djibril Tamsir, "Histoire des Mandingues de l'Ouest: le royaume du Gabou", KARTHALA Editions, 1989, ISBN 2865372367
- Abdur Rahman I. Doi, "Islam in Nigeria", Gaskiya Corp., 1984, p 9
- Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, vol. 26-27, 1964
- Nnoli, Okwudiba, "Ethnic conflicts in Africa", CODESRIA, 1998. ISBN 2-86978-070-2
- La famille Juuf [in] « L'épopée de Sanmoon Fay », in Éthiopiques, no 54, vol. 7, 2e semestre
- Ngom, Biram (Babacar Sédikh Diouf), "La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin", Université de Dakar, Dakar, 1987
- Ham, Anthony, "West Africa", Lonely Planet (2009), ISBN 1741048214
- Charles, Eunice A., "Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800-1890", African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977
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- Hair, Paul Edward Hedley, "Africa encountered: European contacts and evidence, 1450-1700", Variorum, 1997 ISBN 0-86078-626-9
- Boulègue, Jean, "Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe - XVIe Siècle)", (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987)
- Kerr, Robert, "A general history of voyages and travels to the end of the 18th century", p238-240, J. Ballantyne & Co. 1811;
- Verrier, Frédérique, "Introduction. Voyages en Afrique noire d'Alvise Ca'da Mosto (1455 & 1456)", p 136, Chandeigne, Paris, 1994
- Russell, Peter E., "Prince Henry 'the Navigator" : a life, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2000, p-p 299-300
- Ba, Abdou Bouri, "Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip". Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Publié dans le Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire, pp 10–27
- Fall, Tanor Latsoukabé, "Recueil sur la Vie des Damel", Introduit et commenté par Charles Becker et Victor. Martin, BIFAN, Tome 36, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1974
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