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Train wreck at Montparnasse, France, 1895

The word error entails different meanings and usages relative to how it is conceptually applied. The concrete meaning of the Latin word "error" is "wandering" or "straying". Unlike an illusion, an error or a mistake can sometimes be dispelled through knowledge (knowing that one is looking at a mirage and not at real water does not make the mirage disappear). For example, a person who uses too much of an ingredient in a recipe and has a failed product can learn the right amount to use and avoid repeating the mistake. However, some errors can occur even when individuals have the required knowledge to perform a task correctly. Examples include forgetting to collect change after buying chocolate from a vending machine, forgetting the original document after making photocopies, and forgetting to turn the gas off after cooking a meal. Some errors occur when an individual is distracted by something else.

Human behavior[link]

One error and its catastrophic results: Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, painted by Adolph Northen in the 19th century

One reference differentiates between "error" and "mistake" as follows:

An 'error' is a deviation from accuracy or correctness. A 'mistake' is an error caused by a fault: the fault being misjudgment, carelessness, or forgetfulness. Now, say that I run a stop sign because I was in a hurry, and wasn't concentrating, and the police stop me, that is a mistake. If, however, I try to park in an area with conflicting signs, and I get a ticket because I was incorrect on my interpretation of what the signs meant, that would be an error. The first time it would be an error. The second time it would be a mistake since I should have known better.^[1]

In human behavior the norms or expectations for behavior or its consequences can be derived from the intention of the actor or from the expectations of other individuals or from a social grouping or from social norms. (See deviance.) Gaffes and faux pas can be labels for certain instances of this kind of error. More serious departures from social norms carry labels such as misbehavior and labels from the legal system, such as misdemeanor and crime. Departures from norms connected to religion can have other labels, such as sin.

Oral and written language[link]

An individual language user's deviations from standard language norms in grammar, syntax, pronunciation and punctuation are sometimes referred to as errors. However in light of the role of language usage in everyday social class distinctions, many feel that linguistics should be descriptive rather than prescriptive to avoid reinforcing dominant class value judgments about what linguistic forms should and should not be used. See also Error analysis.

Herzliya Airport (Israel) Runway location and Traffic pattern chart (left) was erroneously printed as a result of "black layer" 180° misplacement. The corrected chart is on the right.

[edit] Gaffe

A gaffe is a verbal mistake, usually made in a social environment. The mistake may come from saying something that is true, but inappropriate. It may also be an erroneous attempt to reveal a truth. Finally, gaffes can be malapropisms, grammatical errors or other verbal and gestural weaknesses or revelations through body language. Actually revealing factual or social truth through words or body language, however, can commonly result in embarrassment or, when the gaffe has negative connotations, friction between people involved.

As used by some journalists, particularly sportswriters, "gaffe" becomes an imagined synonym for any kind of mistake, e.g., a dropped ball by a player in a baseball game. Philosophers and psychologists interested in the nature of the gaffe include Freud and Gilles Deleuze. Deleuze, in his Logic of Sense, places the gaffe in a developmental process that can culminate in stuttering.

Medicine[link]

See medical error for a description of error in medicine.

Science and engineering[link]

Erroneous traffic sign in Israel. The correct sign is depicted on the lower-right corner.

Indication of an error; one clock not only "stopped". With is 12-o'clock position, it also indicates its failure

In statistics, an error (or residual) is not a "mistake" but rather a difference between a computed, estimated, or measured value and the accepted true, specified, or theoretically correct value. See also Observational error.

In science and engineering in general an error is defined as a difference between the desired and actual performance or behavior of a system or object. This definition is the basis of operation for many types of Control systems, in which error is defined as the difference between a set point and the process value. An example of this would be the thermostat in a home heating system—the operation of the heating equipment is controlled by the difference (the error) between the thermostat setting and the sensed air temperature. Another approach is related to considering a scientific hypothesis as true or false, giving birth to two types or errors: Type 1 and Type 2. The first one is when a true hypothesis is considered false, while the second is the reverse (a false one is considered true).

Engineers seek to design devices, machines and systems and in such a way as to mitigate or preferably avoid the effects of error, whether unintentional or not. Such errors in a system can be latent design errors that may go unnoticed for years, until the right set of circumstances arises that cause them to become active. Other errors in engineered systems can arise due to human error, which includes cognitive bias. Human factors engineering is often applied to designs in an attempt to minimize this type of error by making systems more forgiving or error-tolerant.

(In computational mechanics, when solving a system such as Ax = b there is a distinction between the "error" — the inaccuracy in x — and residual—the inaccuracy in Ax.)

Numerical analysis[link]

Numerical analysis provides a variety of techniques to compute approximations to mathematical numerical values. Errors arise from a trade-off between efficiency and precision, which is limited anyway, since (using floating-point arithmetic) only some rational numbers can be represented exactly. The discrepancy between the exact mathematical value and the computed value is called the approximation error.

Cybernetics[link]

The word cybernetics stems from the Greek Κυβερνήτης (kybernētēs, steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder — the same root as government). In applying corrections to the trajectory or course being steered cybernetics can be seen as the most general approach to error and its correction for the achievement of any goal. The term was suggested by Norbert Wiener to describe a new science of control and information in the animal and the machine. Wiener's early work was on noise.

The cybernetician Gordon Pask held that the error that drives a servomechanism can be seen as a difference between a pair of analogous concepts in a servomechanism: the current state and the goal state. Later he suggested error can also be seen as an innovation or a contradiction depending on the context and perspective of interacting (observer) participants. The founder of management cybernetics, Stafford Beer, applied these ideas most notably in his Viable System Model.

Biology[link]

In biology, an error is said to occur when perfect fidelity is lost in the copying of information. For example, in an asexually reproducing species, an error (or mutation) has occurred for each DNA nucleotide that differs between the child and the parent. Many of these mutations can be harmful, but unlike other types of errors, some are neutral or even beneficial. Mutations are an important force driving evolution. Mutations that make organisms more adapted to their environment increase in the population through natural selection as organisms with favorable mutations have more offspring.

Governmental policy[link]

Within United States government intelligence agencies, such as Central Intelligence Agency agencies, error refers to intelligence error, as previous assumptions that used to exist at a senior intelligence level within senior intelligence agencies, but has since been disproven, and is sometimes eventually listed as unclassified, and therefore more available to the American public and citizenry of the United States. The Freedom of information act provides American citizenry with a means to read intelligence reports that were mired in error. Per United States Central Intelligence Agency's website (as of August, 2008) intelligence error is described as:

"Intelligence errors are factual inaccuracies in analysis resulting from poor or missing data; intelligence failure is systemic organizational surprise resulting from incorrect, missing, discarded, or inadequate hypotheses."^[2]

Numismatics[link]

In numismatics, an error refers to a coin or medal that has a minting mistake, similar to errors found in philately. Because the U.S. Bureau of the Mint keeps a careful eye on all potential errors, errors on U.S. coins are very few and usually very scarce. Examples of numismatic errors: extra metal attached to a coin, a clipped coin caused by the coin stamp machine stamping a second coin too early, double stamping of a coin. A coin that has been overdated, e.g.: 1942/41, is considered an error.

Error correction[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Norman (1986, 1988) argued that because error is inevitable, ‘designers’ should minimize the causes of error, make it possible to undo erroneous actions and make it easier to discover and correct errors. Edmondson’s research focuses on pinpointing specific conditions on group levels which can influence the degree of errors caught and corrected. Although her study was in a specific sector (medicine) some of her conditions can be generalized: a) Unit Leader behaviours. b) Unit performance outcomes c) Unit shared beliefs.

Unit leader behaviours are crucial in creating a culture in which openness of discussing errors, through their open and stimulating behaviour, are used as an example for the others. The unit performance outcomes consist of factors such as quality of interpersonal relations, unit performance and detected error rates. The leader behaviour and the performance outcomes result in shared beliefs. The shared beliefs of error report that first of all, everybody should accept that making mistakes is normal and that it will not be used against one (Helmreich, 1988). Further, the more errors are reported and discussed, the bigger the incentive should be to report and solve other errors.

Jones (1999) adds that technocratic movements have a positive influence on error correction due improved communication. Technological improvements stimulate collaborate thinking and striving for optimalization of systems. Through this, error correction is maximalized. Tsuvijek (1988) implies how technology on one hand can improve error correction, but on the other hand cause more errors due to decreased human intervention.

In mathematics, computer science, telecommunication, and information theory, error correction has a very precise meaning discussed in the article about error detection and correction.

See also[link]

• Anomaly in software
• Blooper
• Blunder
• Error analysis
• Howler (error)
• Kinsley gaffe – politician inadvertently speaking the unspeakable truth
• Observational error
• Popular errors
• Refractive error
• Trial and error
• Uncertainty

Psychology of error

• Absent-mindedness
• Freudian slip
• Lapsus

Error in reasoning

• Cognitive bias
• Fallacy

Errors in language

• Faux pas
• Malapropism
• Spoonerism
• Typographical error

Errors on the Web

• Custom error page

Error diagnosis and prevention

• Forensic engineering
• Root cause
• Root cause analysis
• Spell checking
• Swiss cheese model of accident causation in human systems

Production quality terminology

• Defect
• Fault
• Flaw
• Nonconformity

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up error in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Errors contained in reference books – Internet Accuracy Project

Alejandra Guzmán
Background information
Birth name	Alejandra Gabriela Guzmán Pinal
Born	(1968-02-09) February 9, 1968 (age 44)
Origin	Mexico City, Mexico
Genres	Pop/ Pop rock Rock en español
Years active	1988–present
Website	[1]

Alejandra Gabriela Guzmán Pinal (born February 9, 1968 in Mexico City), better known as Alejandra Guzmán, is a Latin Grammy Award–winning Mexican pop singer and actress. She has had a dedicated fanbase throughout Latin America since the late 1980s, and is known as the "Queen of Rock" in the Hispanic world. She has sold 15 million albums.

Early life and career[link]

Guzmán is the daughter of Mexican actress Silvia Pinal and Venezuelan-born Mexican rock and roll singer Enrique Guzmán. She is the half-sister of actresses Sylvia Pasquel and Viridiana Alatriste. Her niece Stephanie Salas is also a well known entertainer in Mexico.

After traveling with her mother's theater troupe, Guzmán decided she wanted to focus on singing and recorded her debut album Bye Mama in 1988, which yielded "La plaga", the first of many hits.

In 1990, Guzmán scored one of the biggest hits of her career, the song "Eternamente Bella" ("Eternally Beautiful"), which became a number one hit in Mexico and other Latin countries. The song is considered a classic by many Spanish rock fans.

In 1991 she released Flor de Papel. One of the album singles, "Hacer El Amor Con Otro", became a smash hit for Guzmán, not only in Latin America and México, but also in the U.S. The album was well received by critics and fans, and received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Latin Pop Album in 1992. The albums Libre and Enorme followed in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Her musical output in the late 1990s was often overshadowed by the many controversies she was involved in.

In 2002, Guzmán won her first Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Solo Vocal Album for Soy.

In 2006, she released Indeleble. The first single was Volverte a amar, which became one of her biggest hits in Mexico and hit the Top 10 in the Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks, peaking number #6 and number #1 in Hot Latin Pop Airplay chart. The album (which reached the #1 spot in Mexico) has been certified double-platinum and won two awards at the Premios Oye! 2006 (Mexico's most important music awards), including Best Album of the Year and Pop Vocal Female. She was also nominated for two Latin Grammy Awards for Best Rock Vocal Album Indeleble and Best Rock Song for "Volverte a amar".

Personal life and controversy[link]

In 1992 Guzmán gave birth to daughter Frida Sofia (named after Frida Kahlo), from a relationship with Pablo Moctezuma.

In 1998 Guzmán married a Jewish businessman, Farrell Goodman, who was later convicted of drug trafficking in Germany; they later divorced.^[1]

Despite being constantly followed by paparazzi and being the source of multiple controversies, Guzmán still remains relatively accessible to her fans, and she signs autographs for them whenever she can. One of these controversies occurred in April 1993 when Guzmán suffered a miscarriage. She blamed the media for the tragic ending of her pregnancy. She has said on Don Francisco Presenta that she wants no more children. On July 1998 it was said on Escandalo TV that she was spotted in rehab although not confirmed.

Guzmán was hospitalized on October 7, 2009 because of a bad plastic surgery ^[2]

The operation has been described as a "botched bum job" and Guzmán is quoted as saying she had the buttocks injections to make herself "more beautiful"

Filmography[link]

• 1991: Verano peligroso .... Claudia Rosadon

Actress[link]

• 1987: Tiempo de amar
• 1995: Hoy con Daniela
• 2006: LATV en concierto
• 2007: Zorro: La espada y la rosa
• 2009-2010: Atrévete a soñar
• 2010: Una familia con suerteprotagonist

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

2010 no te qreo

^[3]

Compilation albums[link]

• Reina de Corazones (Alejandra Guzman album)
• 15 Exitos

Live albums[link]

• 20 Años de Éxitos En Vivo con Moderatto

Singles[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official web site
• AleGuzman.com
• Fan site

Bridgit Mendler
Mendler in July 2011
Background information
Birth name	Bridgit Claire Mendler
Born	(1992-12-18) December 18, 1992 (age 19) Washington, D.C., United States
Origin	Mill Valley, California, United States
Genres	Pop, pop rock, soul[1]
Occupations	Actress, musician, singer, songwriter
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, piano
Years active	2004–present
Labels	Walt Disney (2009–present) Hollywood (2011–present)

Bridgit Claire Mendler (born December 18, 1992) is an American actress, singer, musician and songwriter. She currently stars as Teddy Duncan on the Disney Channel Original Series Good Luck Charlie and starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Lemonade Mouth. She had a recurring role as Juliet van Heusen on Wizards of Waverly Place and has also appeared in the films Labor Pains, Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel, The Clique and Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2. She has signed with Hollywood Records, which plans to release her debut studio album in September 2012.She will be releasing her first single of her debut album, "Ready or Not" in June 30, 2012.

Early life[link]

Mendler was born in Washington, D.C. and attended Lafayette Elementary School.^[2] She then moved with her family to the San Francisco area town of Mill Valley at age eight. It was there where she first expressed interest in acting and began working in plays.^[3] She became the youngest performer in the San Francisco Fringe Festival.^[4]

Career[link]

[edit] 2006–10: Early work and Good Luck Charlie

Mendler in 2010

Mendler had a San Francisco agent when she was 11 years old.^[5] When she was thirteen, she began working in the Los Angeles market, landing her first L.A. role in the soap opera General Hospital in 2006. In that same year, she provided the voice of Thorn in the video game, Bone: The Great Cow Race. In 2007, Mendler played the role of Pamela Jones in the film Alice Upside Down and in 2008, Mendler played the role of Kristen Gregory in the film The Clique.

In 2009, she guest starred as Nick Jonas's love interest on the series premiere of Jonas. That same year, she co-starred with Lindsay Lohan in the film Labor Pains. She has also guest-starred in nine episodes of Wizards of Waverly Place as Juliet Van Heusen, a vampire that Justin Russo (David Henrie) falls in love with. In the same year, She was in the film Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel. She starred in the Disney Channel Original Series, Good Luck Charlie, which premiered on April 4, 2010.

In 2010, Mendler's credits as a singer include the theme song for Good Luck Charlie, entitled "Hang in There Baby". She also sang a cover of "When She Loved Me" from Toy Story 2 for the DisneyMania 7 album.^[6] She recorded a song for the Disney film Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue, called "How to Believe". In late 2010, Mendler wrote and performed the song "This Is My Paradise" for the motion picture Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2. It premiered on the Disney Channel on December 19, 2010.^[7]

[edit] 2011–present: Lemonade Mouth and first studio album

In 2011, she starred as Olivia White, the lead role in the Disney Channel Original Movie, Lemonade Mouth. She also starred as Teddy Duncan in the Disney Channel Original Movie, Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas!. In the same year, she appeared in Disney's Friends for Change Games (where she was the Yellow Team captain), So Random! (where she performed with Lemonade Mouth and participated in sketches), PrankStars and Extreme Makeover: Home Edition (where she made a cameo appearance with her Good Luck Charlie co-star Bradley Steven Perry).

Mendler performed songs in the film Lemonade Mouth, in which she played the lead singer in a high school band. Her first single, "Somebody" debuted and peaked at number 89 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and sold 6,000 copies in the first week in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan. Her second single, "Determinate" peaked at number 51 in US Billboard Hot 100 and charting in 2 more countries. Songs from the film, include "Somebody", "Determinate", and "Livin on a High Wire", were played on Radio Disney. The soundtrack to the film, which heavily features the fictional band with Mendler on lead vocals peaked at number 4 on the US Billboard 200 album chart. In 2011, she co-wrote and sang the Disney's Friends for Change Games anthem called "We Can Change the World". On August 21, 2011, Mendler was presented at The Fair at the PNE in Vancouver, Canada, and sang an original song titled, "Talk to Me". She also sang a duet with Shane Harper two songs "One Step Closer" and "Wait for Me", and performed a cover of the song "Stand by Me" by Ben E. King. Mendler co-wrote and performed the song "I'm Gonna Run to You", which is featured in the film Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas!. The song was released on iTunes on November 12, 2011.

In 2012, she guest starred in the television series, House.^[8] She provided the voice of Arrietty in The Secret World of Arrietty. Mendler played the role of Shane Harper's girlfriend in the music video, "Rocketship". She sang a song called "Summertime" for the movie, The Secret World of Arrietty. The song was released on February 2, 2012. As of March 31, 2011, Mendler was signed with Hollywood Records, which plans to release her debut studio album in Spring 2012.^[9] Mendler confirmed that her first studio album will be released on June/July 2012.^[10] Mendler will be releasing her first single of her debut album, "Ready or Not" in June 30, 2012. In an interview with Kidzworld about what the song is about, Mendler said: "It’s a fun song about a girl who is feeling like she has been the wallflower her whole life and she wants to go out there and take charge. It has the romantic element of her going for the guy rather than waiting for the world to come to her. I wrote it with some great writers and producers. We wrote most of the album together."^[11]

Filmography[link]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• 2012: Hello My Name Is^[12]

Soundtrack[link]

• 2011: Lemonade Mouth

Awards and nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Bridgit Mendler at the Internet Movie Database
• Bridgit Mendler on Twitter

v t e Bridgit Mendler Discography Filmography Studio albums Hello My Name Is Soundtrack albums Lemonade Mouth Singles "Somebody" "Determinate" "Ready or Not" Featured singles "Breakthrough" Promotional singles "This Is My Paradise" "We Can Change the World" "I'm Gonna Run to You" "Summertime" Filmography Alice Upside Down The Clique Labor Pains Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 Lemonade Mouth Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas! The Secret World of Arrietty Television Good Luck Charlie Wizards of Waverly Place Related articles Hollywood Records Adam Hicks Category