The Four Courts
The Four Courts along the River Liffey quayside
General information
Architectural style	Neoclassicism
Town or city	Inns Quay, Dublin
Country	Ireland
Construction started	1786
Completed	1802
Design and construction
Client	Kingdom of Ireland
Architect	Thomas Cooley, James Gandon

The Four Courts (Irish: Na Ceithre Cúirteanna^[1]) in Dublin is Ireland's main courts building. The Four Courts are the location of the Supreme Court, the High Court and the Dublin Circuit Court. The building until 2010 also formerly was the location for the Central Criminal Court.

Gandon's Building[link]

Part of the original Gandon-designed interior decoration of the dome, lost in the 1922 destruction

Work based on the design of Thomas Cooley for the Public Records Office of Ireland, began in 1776. After his death in 1784 renowned architect James Gandon was appointed to finish the building, which we recognise today as the Four Courts. It was built between 1786 and 1796, while the finishing touches to the arcades and wings were completed in 1802.^[2] The lands were previously used by the King's Inns. The building originally housed the four courts of Chancery, King's Bench, Exchequer and Common Pleas, hence the name of the building. A major revision in the court system in the late nineteenth century saw these courts merged into a new High Court of Ireland, but the building has retained its historic name. This courts system remained until 1924, when the new Irish Free State introduced a new courts structure, replacing the old High Court of Ireland, the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and the Lord Chancellor of Ireland with a new Supreme Court of Justice presided over by the Chief Justice and a High Court of Justice, presided over by the President of the High Court. In 1961 the words "of justice" were dropped from the names of both courts when they were belatedly re-established consequent upon the enactment of the 1937 Constitution.

Destruction in Civil War[link]

The Four Courts on fire during the Civil War

The Four Courts were seized by Commandant Ned Daly's 1st Battalion during the Easter Rising in 1916. They survived the bombardment by British artillery that destroyed large parts of the city centre.

On 14 April 1922 they were occupied by Republican forces led by Rory O'Connor who opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty. After several months of a stand-off, the new Provisional Government attacked the building to dislodge the rebels, on the advice of the Commander-in-Chief of the Irish Army, Michael Collins. This provoked a week of fighting in Dublin. In the process of the bombardment the historic building was destroyed. Most dramatically however, when the anti-Treaty contingent were surrendering, the west wing of the building was obliterated in a huge explosion, destroying the Irish Public Record Office which was located at the rear of the building. It has been alleged that the Republicans deliberately booby-trapped its priceless Irish archives, which were stored in the basement of the Four Courts. Nearly one thousand years of irreplaceable archives were destroyed by this act. However, the insurgents, who included future Taoiseach Seán Lemass, denied this accusation and argued that while they had used the archive as a store of their ammunition, they had not deliberately mined it. They suggest that the explosion was caused by the accidental detonation of their ammunition store during the fighting.

Reopened 1932[link]

The Four Courts at Inns Quay

For a decade, the old courts system (until 1924), then the new Free State courts system, was based in the old viceregal apartments in Dublin Castle. In 1932, a rebuilt and remodelled Four Courts was opened again. However, much of the decorative interior of the original building had been lost and, in the absence of documentary archives (some of which had been in the Public Records Office and others of which were among the vast amount of legal records lost also), and also because the new state did not have the funds, the highly decorative interior was not replaced. Two side wings were rebuilt further from the river to undo the problem caused by excessively narrow footpaths outside the building. However, that change, and the removal of chimney-stacks, has removed some of the architectural unity and effect planned by Gandon in 1796.

Though in the early 1990s, the then Chief Justice suggested building a new purpose-built building to house the Supreme Court, leaving the other courts in situ, the Supreme Court remains in the Four Courts.

Criminal Courts move[link]

The Criminal Court of Justice opened in January 2010, with criminal trials being held there since.^[3][4] The Four Courts will be used for civil cases.^[3]

References[link]

1. ^ Michal Boleslav Mechura (10 December 2006). "Uimhreacha Na Gaeilge" (in Irish). p. 12. http://www.cainteoir.com/cainteoir_files/gramadach/Uimhreacha.pdf. Retrieved 19 May 2011. "Original historic use of the plural form: use of the singular form is a relatively new habit. Even at the beginning of the twentieth century speakers had the choice of using the plural form also, and many survivals of that usage are seen at the present time, particularly in proper names: na Ceithre Cuirteanna, for example, is said, even though na Ceithre Chúirt would be more correct according to current language rules." 
2. ^ Maurice Craig: Dublin 1660-1860, page 243
3. ^ ^{a b} New order in court as €140m legal 'Pantheon' opens doors, Dearbhail McDonald, Irish Independent, 24 November 2009
4. ^ First case set for new criminal courts, Carol Coulter, The Irish Times, November 24, 2009

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Four Courts

• Four Courts web tour
• Courts Service of Ireland
• The Bar Council
• The National Archives of Ireland

Coordinates: 53°20′45″N 6°16′25″W / 53.345937°N 6.273537°W / 53.345937; -6.273537