A frame story (also frame tale, frame narrative, etc.) employs a narrative technique whereby an introductory main story is composed, at least in part, for the purpose of setting the stage for a fictitious narrative or organizing a set of shorter stories, each of which is a story within a story. The frame story leads readers from the first story into the smaller one within it.

Origins

The earliest known frame stories can be traced back to ancient India sometime in the first millennium BCE, when the Sanskrit epics ''Mahabharata'' and ''Ramayana'', Vishnu Sarma's ''Panchatantra'', Syntipas' ''The Seven Wise Masters'', and the fable collections ''Hitopadesha'' and ''Vikram and The Vampire'' were written. This form gradually spread west through the centuries and became popular, giving rise to such classic frame tale collections as the ''One Thousand and One Nights'' (''Arabian Nights''), ''The Decameron'', and ''Canterbury Tales''. This format had flexibility in that various narrators could retain the stories they liked or understood, while dropping ones they didn't and adding new ones they heard from other places. This occurred particularly with ''One Thousand and One Nights'', where different versions over the centuries have included different stories.

The use of a frame story in which a single narrative is set in the context of the telling of a story is also a technique with a long history, dating back at least to the beginning section of the Odyssey, in which the narrator Odysseus tells of his wandering in the court of King Alcinous.

A set of stories

This literary device acts as a convenient conceit for the organization of a set of smaller narratives which are either of the devising of the author, or taken from a previous stock of popular tales slightly altered by the author for the purpose of the longer narrative. Sometimes a story within the main narrative can be used to sum up or encapsulate some aspect of the framing story, in which case it is referred to in literary criticism by the French term ''mise en abyme''.

An early example of the frame story is ''The Book of One Thousand and One Nights'', in which the character Scheherazade narrates a set of fairy tales to the Sultan Shahriyar over many nights. Many of Scheherazade's tales are also frame stories, such as ''Tale of Sindbad the Seaman and Sindbad the Landsman,'' a collection of adventures related by Sindbad the Seaman to Sindbad the Landsman.

An extensive use of this device is Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'' where the stories nest several deep, to allow the inclusion of many different tales in one work. Emily Brontë's ''Wuthering Heights'' uses this literary device to tell the story of Heathcliff and Catherine, along with the subplots.

Mary Shelley's novel ''Frankenstein'' is another good example of a book with multiple framed narratives. In the book, Robert Walton writes letters to his sister describing the story told to him by Victor Frankenstein; Frankenstein's story contains the monster's story; the monster's story even briefly contains the story of a family he had been living among.

Frame Stories have also appeared in media forms, such as comic books. Neil Gaiman's comic book series ''The Sandman'' featured a story arc called ''Worlds End'' which consisted of Frame Stories, and sometimes even featured stories within stories within stories.

Frame stories are often organized as a gathering of people in one place for the exchange of stories. Each character tells his or her tale, and the frame tale progresses in that manner. Historically famous frame stories include Chaucer's ''Canterbury Tales'', about a group of pilgrims who tell stories on their journey to Canterbury; and Boccaccio's ''Decameron'' about a group of young aristocrats escaping the Black Death to the countryside and spending the time telling stories.

Sometimes only one storyteller exists, and in this case there might be different levels of distance between the reader and author. In this mode, the frame tale can become more fuzzy. In the case of Washington Irving's ''Sketch Book'', which contains "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle" among others, the conceit is that the author of the book is not Irving, but a certain gentleman named Crayon. Here the frame includes both the world of the imagined Crayon, his stories, and the possible reader who is assumed to play along and "know" who Crayon is.

Donald Westlake's short story "No Story" is a parody of frame stories, in which a series of narrators start to tell stories, each of which contains a narrator who starts to tell a story, culminating in a narrator who announces that there will be no story. Essentially, it is a frame story without a story to be framed.

Single story

When there is a single story, the frame story is used for other purposes – chiefly to position the reader's attitude toward the tale. One common one is to draw attention to the narrator's unreliability. By explicitly making the narrator a character within the frame story, the writer distances himself from the narrator; he may also characterize the narrator to cast doubt on his truthfulness. In P. G. Wodehouse's stories of Mr Mulliner, Mulliner is made a fisherman in order to cast doubt on the outrageous stories he tells. The movie Amadeus is framed as a story an old Antonio Salieri tells to a young priest, because the movie is based more on stories Salieri told about Mozart than on historical fact.

Another use is a form of procatalepsis, where the writer puts the readers' possible reactions to the story in the characters listening to it. In ''The Princess Bride'' the frame of a grandfather reading the story to his reluctant grandson puts the cynical reaction a viewer might have to the romantic fairytale into the story in the grandson's persona, and helps defuse it. This is the use when the frame tells a story that lacks a strong narrative hook in its opening; the narrator can engage the reader's interest by telling the story to answer the curiosity of his listeners, or by warning them that the story began in an ordinary seeming way, but they must follow it to understand later actions, thereby identifying the reader's wondering whether the story is worth reading to the listeners'.

A specialized form of the frame is a dream vision, where the narrator claims to have gone to sleep, dreamed the events of the story, and then awoken to tell the tale. In medieval Europe, this was a common device, used to indicate that the events included are fictional; Geoffrey Chaucer used it in ''The Book of the Duchess'', ''The House of Fame'', ''Parlement of Foules'', and ''The Legend of Good Women'' (the last also containing a multi-story frame story within the dream). In modern usage, it is sometimes used in works of fantasy as a means toward suspension of disbelief about the marvels depicted in the story. J.R.R. Tolkien, in his essay "On Fairy-Stories" complained of such devices as unwillingness to treat the genre seriously. ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' includes such a frame, but unlike most usages, the story itself uses dream-like logic and sequences; most dream frames frame stories that appear exactly as if occurring in real life.

Still, even when the story proceeds realistically, the dream frame casts doubt on the events. In the book, ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'', the events really occur; the dream frame added for the movie detracts from the validity of the fantasy.

Use of frame stories

As with all literary conceits, the frame tale has many variations, some clearly within the confines of the conceit, some on the border, and some pushing the boundaries of understanding. The main goal of a frame tale is as a conceit which can adequately collect otherwise disparate tales. It has been mostly replaced, in modern literature, by the short story collection or anthology absent of any authorial conceit.

To be a frame narrative, the story must act primarily as an occasion for the telling of other stories. If the framing narrative has primary or equal interest, then it is not usually a frame narrative. For example, Odysseus narrates much of the ''Odyssey'' to the Phaeacians, but, even though this recollection forms a great part of the poem, the events after and before the interpolated recollection are of greater interest than the memory.

Another notable example that plays with frame narrative is the 1994 film ''Forrest Gump''. Most of the film is narrated by Forrest to various companions on the park bench. However, in the last fifth or so of the film, Forrest gets up and leaves the bench, and we follow him as he meets with Jenny and her son. This final segment suddenly has no narrator unlike the rest of the film that came before it, but is instead told through Forrest and Jenny's dialogues.

This approach is also demonstrated in the 2008 film ''Slumdog Millionaire'' (adapted from the 2005 novel ''Q & A''), about a poor street kid Jamal coming close to winning ''Kaun Banega Crorepati'' (the Indian version of ''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?'') and then being suspected of cheating. Most of the story is narrated at a police station by Jamal, who narrates how he knew the answers to the questions as the show is played back on video. The show itself then serves as another framing device, as Jamal sees flashbacks of his past as each question is asked. The last portion of the film then unfolds without any narrator.

Joseph Conrad's ''Heart of Darkness'' demonstrates a narrator telling a story, while the protagonist is quoted so as to give the framed appearance that he is telling the story. The narrator provides the transition to the one speaking the story.

A famous literary example is Emily Brontë's ''Wuthering Heights'', whereby we learn events through a visitor to the house of the title, who in turn has been told these events by the housekeeper of the Linton family. None of the main characters ever directly narrates.

Frame stories are found in many role-playing video games, such as the early ''Dragon Quest IV'', released in 1990. This literary device can also be sparingly used to achieve secondary ends. For instance, the ''Shining Force'' series of role playing games use narrators within frame stories to implement things like starting, saving and exiting the game without breaking the fourth wall entirely, or rather by constructing a second fourth wall to shield the player from having to suspend his/her disbelief as much.

Notes

Category:Metafictional techniques Category:Fiction Category:Plot (narrative) Category:Literary devices Category:Narratology Category:Short story types

de:Rahmenerzählung fr:Récit-cadre he:סיפור מסגרת nl:Raamvertelling ja:枠物語 sl:Okvirna pripoved

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Carol Burnett
birth name	Carol Creighton Burnett
birth date	April 26, 1933
birth place	San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
medium	Stand-up, television, film, music, dancing
occupation	Actress, comedian, singer, dancer, writer
genre	Sketch comedy, satire
years active	1955–present
spouse	}}

Carol Creighton Burnett (born April 26, 1933) is an American actress, comedian, singer, dancer and writer. Burnett started her career in New York. After becoming a hit on Broadway, she made her television debut. After successful appearances on ''The Garry Moore Show'', Carol moved to Los Angeles and began an eleven-year run on ''The Carol Burnett Show'' which was aired on CBS television from 1967 to 1978. With roots in vaudeville, ''The Carol Burnett Show'' was a variety show which combined comedy sketches, song, and dance. The comedy sketches included film parodies and character pieces. Burnett created many endearing characters during the show's television run.

Early life

Burnett was born in San Antonio, Texas, the daughter of Ina Louise (née Creighton), a publicity writer for movie studios, and Joseph Thomas Burnett, a movie theater manager. Both of her parents suffered from alcoholism, and at a young age she was left with her grandmother, Mabel Eudora White. Her parents divorced in the late 1930s, and Burnett and her grandmother moved to an apartment near her mother’s in an impoverished area of Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. There, they stayed in a boarding house with her younger half-sister Chrissy.

When Burnett was in the fourth grade, she briefly invented an imaginary twin sister named Karen, with Shirley Temple-like dimples. Motivated to further the pretense, Burnett recalled fondly that she "fooled the other boarders in the rooming house where we lived by frantically switching clothes and dashing in and out of the house by the fire escape and the front door. Then I became exhausted and Karen mysteriously vanished."

For a while, she worked as an usherette at what is now the Hollywood Pacific Theatre (the forecourt of which is now the location of her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; see the section in the theatre's article for more information). After graduating from Hollywood High School in 1951, Burnett won a scholarship to the University of California, Los Angeles, where she initially planned on studying journalism. During her first year of college, Burnett switched her focus to theater arts and English, with the goal of becoming a playwright. She found she had to take an acting course to enter the playwright program; "I wasn't really ready to do the acting thing, but I had no choice." She followed a sudden impulse in her first performance; "Don't ask me why, but when we were in front of the audience, I suddenly decided I was going to stretch out all my words and my first line came out 'I'm baaaaaaaack!'" The audience response moved her deeply:

They laughed and it felt great. All of a sudden, after so much coldness and emptiness in my life, I knew the sensation of all that warmth wrapping around me. I had always been a quiet, shy, sad sort of girl and then everything changed for me. You spend the rest of your life hoping you'll hear a laugh that great again.

During this time, Burnett performed in several university productions, garnering recognition for her comedic and musical abilities. Her mother disapproved of her acting ambitions:

She wanted me to be a writer. She said you can always write, no matter what you look like. When I was growing up she told me to be a little lady, and a couple of times I got a whack for crossing my eyes or making funny faces. Of course, she never, I never, dreamed I would ever perform.

The young Burnett, always insecure about her looks, described her reaction to her mother's advice of "You can always write, no matter what you look like", in her 1986 memoir ''One More Time'': "God, that hurt!"

In 1954, during her junior year, a professor invited Burnett and some other students to perform at a black-tie party. A man and his wife approached her afterward, as she was putting hors d'oeuvres in her purse to take home to her grandmother. Instead of reprimanding her, the man complimented Burnett's performance and asked about her future plans. When he discovered that she wanted to go try her luck with musical comedy in New York, but did not have enough money, he offered her and her boyfriend Don Saroyan each a $1000 interest-free loan on the spot. The conditions were that it was to be paid back in five years, his name was never to be revealed, and if she became a success, she would help others attain their dreams. Burnett took him up on his offer. She and Saroyan left college and moved to New York to pursue acting careers. That same year, Burnett's father died of causes related to his alcoholism.

Career

Early career

After spending her first year in New York working as a hat check girl and failing to land acting jobs, Burnett along with other girls living at The Rehearsal Club, a boarding house for women seriously pursuing an acting career, put on The Rehearsal Club Revue on March 3, 1955. They mailed invitations to agents, who showed up along with stars like Celeste Holm and Marlene Dietrich, and this opened doors for several of the girls. Burnett was cast in a minor role on ''The Paul Winchell and Jerry Mahoney Show'' in 1955. She played the girlfriend of a ventriloquist’s dummy on the popular children’s program. This role led to her starring role opposite Buddy Hackett in the short-lived sitcom, ''Stanley'', from 1956 to 1957.

After ''Stanley'', Burnett found herself unemployed for a short time. She eventually bounced back a few months later as a highly popular performer on the New York circuit of cabarets and night clubs, most notably for a hit parody number called "I Made a Fool of Myself Over John Foster Dulles" (Dulles was Secretary of State at the time). In 1957, Burnett performed this number on both ''The Tonight Show'', hosted by Jack Paar, and ''The Ed Sullivan Show''. Burnett also worked as a regular on one of television's earliest game shows, ''Pantomime Quiz'', during this time. Burnett's mother died in 1957 just as she was achieving her first small successes.

Burnett's first true taste of success came with her appearance on Broadway in the 1959 musical ''Once Upon a Mattress''. In the same year, she became a regular player on ''The Garry Moore Show'', a job that lasted until 1962. She won an Emmy that year for her "Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Musical Program or Series" on the show. Burnett portrayed a number of characters, most memorably the put-upon cleaning woman who would later become her signature alter-ego. With her success on the Moore show, Burnett finally rose to headliner status and appeared in the 1962 special ''Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall'', co-starring her friend Julie Andrews. The show was produced by Bob Banner, directed by Joe Hamilton, and written by Mike Nichols and Ken Welch. ''Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall'' won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Music. Burnett also guest-starred on a number of shows during this time, including ''The Twilight Zone'' and a recurring role as a tough female Marine in ''Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.''. Burnett became good friends with the latter show's star Jim Nabors, who would later be her first guest every season on her variety show.

In 1963, Lucille Ball became a friend and mentor to Burnett, and after having the younger performer guest star on ''The Lucy Show'' a number of times, Ball reportedly offered Burnett her own sitcom called "Here's Agnes", to be produced by Desilu Productions. Burnett declined the offer, however, deciding instead to put together a variety show. The two remained close friends until Ball's death in 1989. Ball sent flowers every year on her birthday. When Burnett awoke on the day of her 56th birthday in 1989, she discovered via the morning news that Ball had died. Later that afternoon, the flowers Ball had arranged arrived at Burnett's house, with the note "Happy Birthday, Kid. Love, Lucy."

In 1964, Burnett was cast opposite Caterina Valente and Bob Newhart on the variety show ''The Entertainers'' which ran for only one season. She also starred in the Broadway musical ''Fade Out - Fade In'' but was forced to quit after sustaining a neck injury in a taxi accident. The show’s producers sued the actress for breach of contract, but the suit was later dropped.

''The Carol Burnett Show''

The hour-long ''Carol Burnett Show'', which debuted in 1967, garnered 23 Emmy Awards and won or was nominated for multiple Emmy Awards every season it was on the air. Its ensemble cast included Tim Conway (who was a guest player until the 9th season), Harvey Korman, Lyle Waggoner, and the teenaged Vicki Lawrence (who was cast partly because she looked like a young Burnett). The network did not want her to do a variety show because they believed only men could be successful at variety but Burnett's contract required that they give her one season of whatever kind of show she wanted to make. She chose to carry on the tradition of past variety show successes.

Burnett became known for her acting and talent, and for ending each show by tugging her ear, which was a message to her grandmother who had raised her. This was done to let her know that she was doing well and that she loved her.

A true variety show in its simplest of forms, ''The Carol Burnett Show'' struck a chord with viewers through parodies of films ("Went With the Wind" as a parody of ''Gone With the Wind''), television ("As the Stomach Turns" parodying of the soap opera ''As the World Turns'') and commercials. Burnett and team struck gold with the original skit "The Family", which eventually was spun off into its own television show called ''Mama's Family'', starring Vicki Lawrence.

The show also became known for its closing theme song, with the following lyrics: :''I'm so glad we had this time together :''Just to have a laugh or sing a song :''Seems we just get started and before you know it :''Comes the time we have to say, 'So long.'

During the show's run, Burnett's grandmother died. During a biography on Burnett, she tearfully recalled her grandmother's last moments: "She said to my husband Joe from her hospital bed 'Joe, you see that spider up there?' There was no spider but Joe said he did anyhow. She said 'Every few minutes a big spider jumps on that little spider and they go at it like RABBITS!!' And then she died. There's laughter in everything!"

''The Carol Burnett Show'' ceased production in 1978, and is generally regarded as the last successful major network prime-time variety show. It continues to have success in syndicated reruns. She was open to her fans, never refusing to give an autograph and had limited patience for "Those who've made it, then complain about loss of privacy."

Other roles

Burnett starred in a few films while her variety show was running, including ''Pete 'n' Tillie'' (1972). After the show ended, Burnett assumed a number of roles that departed from comedy. She appeared in several dramatic roles, most notably in the television movie ''Friendly Fire''. She appeared as Beatrice O'Reilly in the film ''Life of The Party: The Story of Beatrice'', a story about a woman fighting her alcoholism. Her other film work includes ''The Four Seasons'', ''Annie'', and ''Noises Off''. She also returned to star in a different role as Queen Aggravain in the movie version of ''Once Upon a Mattress.''

Burnett also made occasional returns to the stage: in 1974, she appeared at The Muny Theater in St. Louis, Missouri in ''I Do! I Do!'' with Rock Hudson and eleven years later, she took the supporting role of Carlotta Campion in the 1985 concert performance of Stephen Sondheim's ''Follies''.

Burnett made frequent appearances as a panelist on the game show ''Password'', an association she maintained until the early 1980s. She was also the first celebrity to appear on the children's series, ''Sesame Street'', on that series' first episode on November 10, 1969.

In the 1980s and 1990s, she made several attempts at starting a new variety program. She also appeared briefly on ''The Carol Burnett Show's'' "The Family" sketches spinoff, ''Mama's Family'', as her stormy character, Eunice Higgins. She played the matriarch in the cult comedy miniseries ''Fresno'', which parodied the primetime soap opera ''Falcon Crest''. She returned to TV in the mid-1990s as a supporting character on the sitcom ''Mad About You'', playing Theresa Stemple, the mother of main character Jamie Buchman (Helen Hunt).

Burnett has long been a fan of the soap opera ''All My Children''. She realized a dream when Agnes Nixon created the role of Verla Grubbs for her. Burnett suddenly found herself playing the long-lost daughter of Langley Wallingford (Louis Edmonds) and causing trouble for her stepmother Phoebe Tyler-Wallingford (Ruth Warrick). She hosted a 25th anniversary special about the show in 1995 and made a brief cameo appearance as Verla Grubbs on the January 5, 2005 episode which celebrated the show's 35th anniversary. It was announced in June that Burnett will reprise her role as Grubbs in September 2011 as part of the series' finale.

In 2008, she had her second role as an animated character, in ''Horton Hears a Who!''. Her first was in ''The Trumpet of the Swan''. In 2009, she made a guest appearance on the ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'', for which she was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. In November 2010, she guest starred on an episode of ''Glee'' as cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester's mother.

Personal life

The first house Burnett lived in was the Beverly Hills house formerly owned by Harry James and Betty Grable. Growing up in rented rooms, an actual house was "a luxury", as "A Murphy bed was [her] idea of spacious."

She married Don Saroyan on December 15, 1955; the couple divorced in 1962. On May 4, 1963, Burnett married TV producer Joe Hamilton, a divorced father of eight, with whom she had three daughters: actress and writer Carrie Hamilton, Jody Hamilton, and singer Erin Hamilton. The marriage ended in divorce in 1984, and Joe Hamilton later died of cancer (1991). On November 24, 2001, she married Brian Miller (principal drummer in and contractor of the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra), who is twenty-three years her junior.

In January 2002, Carrie Hamilton died of lung and brain cancer at the age of 38. She had become addicted to drugs as a teenager. Burnett and Carrie wrote a play together called ''Hollywood Arms'', which was adapted from Burnett's bestselling memoir, ''One More Time''. The Broadway production featured Linda Lavin as Burnett's character's beloved grandmother, and Michele Pawk as Burnett's mother Louise. Pawk went on to receive the 2003 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play.

Lawsuits

Burnett drew attention in 1981, when she sued the tabloid newspaper ''National Enquirer'' for libel after the ''Enquirer'' described her alleged public drunkenness, purportedly with Henry Kissinger. Carol was particularly sensitive to the accusations because of her parents' own alcoholism. The case, ''Carol Burnett v. National Enquirer, Inc.'', was a landmark for libel cases involving celebrities, although the unprecedented $1.6 million verdict for Burnett was reduced to about $800,000 on appeal. She donated a portion of that award to the University of Hawaii and University of California at Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism saying she hoped the suit would teach aspiring journalists the dangers of defaming individuals in articles. The money was used to fund Law and Ethics courses at the school. Burnett said at the time that she didn't care if she just won "cab fare", and that the lawsuit was a matter of principle.

In March 2007, she sued 20th Century Fox for copyright infringement, trademark violation, statutory violation of right of privacy, and misappropriation of name and likeness over the use of an altered version of her signature closing song and the portrayal of her charwoman character in an episode of ''Family Guy''. On May 26, 2007, the lawsuit was dismissed by a Los Angeles federal judge. The judge used Hustler Magazine v. Falwell as the general basis for the decision.

Awards and recognition

Emmy Awards

1962 – Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Musical Program or Series, ''The Garry Moore Show''

1963 – Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Musical Program or Series, ''Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall'' and ''An Evening with Carol Burnett''

1969, 1970, 1971 – Nominated for Outstanding Variety or Musical Series, ''The Carol Burnett Show''

1972 – Outstanding Variety Series – Musical, ''The Carol Burnett Show'', shared with Joe Hamilton (executive producer) and Arnie Rosen (producer)

1972 – Nominated for Outstanding Single Program – Variety or Musical – Variety and Popular Music, ''Julie and Carol at Lincoln Center''

1973 – Nominated for Outstanding Variety Musical Series, ''The Carol Burnett Show'', with Joe Hamilton (executive producer), and Bill Angelos, Buz Kohan, and Arnie Rosen (producers)

1974 – Outstanding Music-Variety Series, ''The Carol Burnett Show'', with Joe Hamilton (executive producer) and Ed Simmons (producer)

1974 – Nominated for Best Lead Actress in a Drama, ''6 Rms Riv Vu''

1975 – Outstanding Comedy-Variety or Music Series, ''The Carol Burnett Show'', with Joe Hamilton (executive producer) and Ed Simmons (producer)

1976, 1977, 1978 – Nominated for Outstanding Comedy-Variety or Music Series, ''The Carol Burnett Show'', with Joe Hamilton (executive producer) and Ed Simmons (producer)

1977 – Nominated for Outstanding Special – Comedy-Variety or Music, ''Sills and Burnett at the Met'', with Beverly Sills and Joe Hamilton (producer)

1979 – Nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or a Special, ''Friendly Fire''

1983 – Nominated for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program, ''Texaco Star Theater: Opening Night''

1993 – Nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series, ''The Larry Sanders Show''

1995 – Nominated for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program, ''Men, Movies & Carol''

1997 – Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series, ''Mad About You''

1998 – Nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series, ''Mad About You''

2002 – Nominated for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special, ''Carol Burnett: Show Stoppers'', with John Hamilton and Rick Hawkins (executive producers), Jody Hamilton and Mary Jo Blue (producers)

2009 – Nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series, ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit''

Golden Globe Awards

1968 – Best TV Star – Female, ''The Carol Burnett Show''

1970, 1972, 1977, 1978 – Best TV Actress – Musical/Comedy, ''The Carol Burnett Show''

1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1979 – Nominated for Best TV Actress – Musical/Comedy, ''The Carol Burnett Show''

1973 – Nominated for Best Motion Picture Actress – Musical/Comedy, ''Pete 'n' Tillie''

1979 – Nominated for Best Motion Picture Actress in a Supporting Role, ''A Wedding''

1982 – Nominated for Best Motion Picture Actress – Comedy/Musical, ''The Four Seasons''

1983 – Nominated for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical, ''Annie''

1983 – Nominated for Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV, ''Life of the Party: The Story of Beatrice''

1991 – Nominated for Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series – Comedy/Musical, ''Carol & Company''

Tony Awards

1969 – Special Award (for "her charitable work . . . From her roots in the theatre, she has drawn upon her experience to create a very special rapport with audiences in another medium -- television -- and she has widened the theatrical horizons of her viewers.")

Other

Burnett received a Peabody Award in 1962.

She was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award in 1980. In 1997, she was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award in recognition of her excellence and innovation in her creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television.

She was a recipient of the 2003 Kennedy Center Honors.

President George W. Bush awarded Burnett the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 9, 2005.

She was named the Grand Marshal of the 109th Rose Parade and the 84th Rose Bowl Game on New Year's Day in 1998.

She was the first honoree and presenter at second annual awards ceremony of the Back Stage West Garland Awards in 1999

On December 1, 2009, she was inducted into the California Hall of Fame at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.

Burnett was presented a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6439 Hollywood Blvd., in front of the Hollywood Pacific Theatre where she worked as an usher in 1957.

Work

Television

''The Paul Winchell and Jerry Mahoney Show'' (regular in 1955)

''Stanley'' (1956–1957)

''Omnibus'' (October 1956)

''The Garry Moore Show'' (regular from 1959–1962)

''Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall'' (1962)

''The Twilight Zone'' (played Agnes Grep in episode "''Cavender Is Coming''" – 1962)

''An Evening with Carol Burnett'' (1963)

''Calamity Jane'' (1963)

''Once Upon a Mattress'' (1964)

''The Entertainers'' (1964–1965)

''The Lucy Show'' (special guest star-4 episodes-1966)

''Carol + 2'' (1967)

''Get Smart'' (1967) as "Ozark" Annie Jones in Season 3 episode "''One Of Our Olives Is Missing''"

''The Carol Burnett Show'' (1967–1978)

''The Carol Burnett Show in London'' (1970)

''Julie and Carol at Lincoln Center'' (1971)

''Sesame Street'' (1971) giving a lecture about noses

''Once Upon a Mattress'' (1972)

''6 Rms Riv Vu'' (1974)

''Out to Lunch'' (1974)

''Twigs'' (1975)

''Cher'' (1975)

''Sills and Burnett at the Met'' (1976)

''All My Children'' (cast member: 1976, 1983, 1995, 2005, and 2011)

''Dolly and Carol in Nashville'' (1978)

''The Grass Is Always Greener over the Septic Tank'' (1978)

''Friendly Fire'' (1979)

''Carol Burnett & Company'' (1979)

''The Tenth Month'' (1979)

''Eunice'' (1982) (teleplay based on the Family sketches separate from ''Mama's Family'')

''Life of the Party: The Story of Beatrice' (1982)

''Between Friends'' (1983)

''Mama's Family'' (cast member from 1983 to 1985)

''Burnett Discovers Domingo'' (1984)

''Magnum, P.I.'' (1984 and 1988 as Susan Johnson)

''The Laundromat'' (1985)

''Follies in Concert'' (1986)

''Fresno'' (1986) (miniseries)

''Plaza Suite'' (1987) (also executive producer)

''Carol, Carl, Whoopi and Robin'' (1987)

''Fame'' (1987) – episode ''Reggie and Rose'' (with Carrie Hamilton), broadcast April 27, 1987

''Hostage'' (1988)

''Julie & Carol: Together Again'' (1989)

''Carol & Company'' (1990) (canceled after one and a half seasons)

''The Carol Burnett Show'' (1991) (canceled after two months)

''The Larry Sanders Show'' (1992) - episode ''The Spider Episode''

''The Carol Burnett Show: A Reunion'' (1993)

''Carol Burnett: The Special Years'' (1994)

''Seasons of the Heart'' (1994)

''Men, Movies & Carol'' (1994)

''Mad About You'' (Theresa Stemple, 1996–1999)

''Touched by an Angel'' (1997) – episode ''The Comeback'' (with Carrie Hamilton), broadcast November 23, 1997

''The Marriage Fool'' (1998)

''Putting It Together'' (2000)

''Carol Burnett: Show Stoppers'' (2001) (also executive producer)

''The Carol Burnett Show: Let's Bump Up the Lights'' (2004) (also executive producer)

''Once Upon a Mattress'' (2005) (also executive producer)

''Desperate Housewives'' (2006) (guest starring role as Eleanor Mason)

''American Masters Tribute to Carol Burnett'' (2007)

''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'' (2009) (Emmy award-nominated guest appearance)

''The Bonnie Hunt Show'' (2010) (Special guest)

''Glee'' (2010) (Special guest star)

Filmography

''Who's Been Sleeping in My Bed?'' (1963)

''Rowan & Martin at the Movies'' (1968) (short subject)

''Star Spangled Salesman'' (1968) (short subject)

''Pete 'n' Tillie'' (1972)

''The Front Page'' (1974)

''A Wedding'' (1978)

''Health'' (1980)

''The Four Seasons'' (1981)

''Chu Chu and the Philly Flash'' (1981)

''Annie'' (1982)

''Noises Off...'' (1992)

''Moon Over Broadway'' (1997) (documentary)

''Get Bruce'' (1999) (documentary)

''The Trumpet of the Swan'' (2001) (voice)

''Broadway: The Golden Age, by the Legends Who Were There'' (2003) (documentary)

''Once Upon A Mattress'' (2005)

''Horton Hears a Who!'' (2008) (voice)

''Post Grad'' (2009)

Stage

''Once Upon a Mattress'' (1959)

''Fade Out - Fade In'' (1964)

''Moon Over Buffalo'' (1995)

''Putting It Together'' (1999)

References

External links

The Carol Burnett Show

Interview by Terry Gross

Carol Burnett news on Topix.net

John Foster Dulles song

Once Upon A Mattress debut sketch

Carol Burnett, The Ed Sullivan Show

Category:1933 births Category:Living people Category:Actors from Texas Category:American comedians Category:American female singers Category:American film actors Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:Back Stage West Garland Award recipients Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (television) winners Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Kennedy Center honorees Category:Peabody Award winners Category:People from San Antonio, Texas Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni Category:Women comedians

an:Carol Burnett de:Carol Burnett es:Carol Burnett fr:Carol Burnett nl:Carol Burnett no:Carol Burnett pt:Carol Burnett ru:Бёрнетт, Кэрол simple:Carol Burnett fi:Carol Burnett sv:Carol Burnett tl:Carol Burnett

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Name	Tim Conway
Birth name	Thomas Daniel Conway
Birth date	December 15, 1933
Birth place	Willoughby, Ohio, U.S.
Occupation	Actor, writer, director, comedian
Years active	1956–present
Spouse	Mary Anne Dalton (1961–1978)Charlene Fusco (1984–present)
Website	http://www.timconway.com/ }}

Thomas Daniel "Tim" Conway (born December 15, 1933) is an American comedian and actor, primarily known for his roles in sitcoms, films and television. Conway is best-known for his role as the inept second-in-command officer, Ensign Charles Parker, to Lt. Commander Quinton McHale (played by Ernest Borgnine), in the popular 1960s WWII sitcom ''McHale's Navy'', and for co-starring alongside Carol Burnett on ''The Carol Burnett Show''.

Early life

Conway was born in Willoughby, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland to an Irish father and a Romanian mother, and grew up in nearby Chagrin Falls. He attended Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio, majoring in speech and radio, and was an active member of the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity. After graduating, he joined the Army, and thereafter took a job answering mail for a Cleveland radio station, where he became a writer in the promotional department. Conway later changed his first name to "Tim" to avoid confusion with actor Tom Conway.

Career

''Ghoulardi''

Conway later moved back to Cleveland to work with the late television broadcasting legend Ernie Anderson on KYW-TV, an NBC affiliate, in 1958 and 1959 and later, from 1960 to 1962, on WJW TV, (then the CBS affiliate) on the weekday morning movie (under the ''Ernie's Place'' banner) where he also wrote material for the comedic skits shown in between movie intermissions. Conway also recorded a comedy album with Anderson.

However, WJW would dismiss Conway, in part because he (and Anderson) misled station management into thinking he was a director, whereas they found out he really wasn't able to do so. Because of this move, which deprived Anderson of his co-host and comic foil, the station asked Anderson if he could host a B-grade (and lower) horror movie show on Friday nights instead. Conway would continue to make many appearances alongside Anderson's massively popular alter ego ''Ghoulardi'', alongside "Big Chuck" Schodowski, a station engineer whom Anderson tapped to assume much of Conway's sidekick status (and who would ultimately succeed Anderson as co-host of the horror movie program).

After he became famous, Conway would later resurface periodically on Cleveland television TV through the years on the ''Hoolihan and Big Chuck'' and ''Big Chuck and Lil' John'' shows on WJW-TV in guest spots, and occasional skits. Conway has since made regular guest appearances at numerous ''"Ghoulardifest"'' functions held by WJW over the years, (along with former Cleveland TV personality Bob "Hoolihan" Wells) in tribute to Anderson, who died in 1997.

''The Steve Allen Show''

Comedic actress Rose Marie visited WJW in 1961, as part of CBS' practice of sending their major show stars directly to local affiliates for promotional purposes, in this case, it was for The Dick Van Dyke Show. She viewed film of some of Anderson and Conway's skits, proceeded to take Conway under her wing. Following his departure from WJW, Conway moved to New York City, where upon Marie's urging, he auditioned for, and gained a spot on ABC's ''The Steve Allen Show'' as a regular player. Conway (who by this point officially changed his first name to Tim) continued on the show for two seasons.

''McHale's Navy''

Conway gained a national following from his role as the bumbling, naive Ensign Charles Parker, Executive Officer of the PT-73 in the 1960s sitcom ''McHale's Navy'' with actors Ernest Borgnine, and the late Joe Flynn. In addition to Flynn, he also got along well with series' lead, Ernest Borgnine, and had a wonderful on- and off-screen chemistry. As of 2011, Conway is still best friends with Borgnine, in fact, Conway mentioned in an interview that he lives not too far away from his mentor.

Afterwards, he starred in a string of short-lived TV series, starting with 1967's ''Rango'' which starred Conway as an incompetent Texas Ranger.

''Turn-On''

Conway was part of one of the most infamous network TV flops ever: ''Turn-On'', a counter-cultural sketch comedy show on ABC derided as a ripoff of NBC's ''Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In''. Even though he was only listed as a guest star on the pilot, which ABC broadcast on February 5, 1969, it was the only episode that ever aired.

''Turn-On'' received such negative reaction that several ABC affiliates. TV station WEWS, in Conway's hometown Cleveland, refused to return to the program after the first commercial break, and WEWS management sent a angrily worded telegram to the network's headquarters. Many West Coast affiliates received advanced warning and refused to air it. Conway remarked that the show's premiere party he attended also marked the program's cancellation, however, ABC held off on officially canceling the program for several days.

''The Tim Conway Show''

In the 1970s, ''The Tim Conway Show'' paired Tim with Joe Flynn of ''McHale's Navy'' in a sitcom as owners-pilots of a one-plane airline operated by the pair (a Beechcraft 18). Having "nowhere to run", this pressurized situation was ideal for the fast repartee of the lead actors. Tim got his own hour-long variety show, oddly named "The Tim Conway Razzle Dazzle Hour," which, as his other series had, folded quickly. Typical of his self-effacing humor, he ordered his car's license plate to reflect the usual duration of a Conway TV series: "13 WEEKS."

Beginning in 1975 Conway was often paired with fellow funnyman Don Knotts in family films from Disney, including the popular ''The Apple Dumpling Gang'' and its 1979 sequel, ''The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again''. They also starred in two independent films, a boxing comedy called ''The Prize Fighter'' in 1979, and a comedy/mystery movie in 1981 called ''The Private Eyes''. In 1983, he starred in ''Ace Crawford, Private Eye'', a parody of detective shows; it only lasted five episodes.

''The Carol Burnett Show''

Conway is probably best known for his work on ''The Carol Burnett Show'' where his unscripted antics often caused his fellow players to fall out of character by bursting out in laughter. For example, in a sketch where Conway and Harvey Korman are having a sword fight duel in medieval garb, Korman appears to run him through. Conway pulls the thin sword "out", looks at it as if it were a dipstick, and remarks, "Hmm... down a quart!" causing Korman to convulse. Such guffaws became so common that whenever Conway did a sketch with Korman, cast members would place bets on how long it would take for Korman to break up.

On many episodes of the show, Conway would have Ernie Anderson (who served as the show's announcer from 1974 to 1978) in the audience and Carol would ask him to stand up and take a bow, without explanation, as if he were a famous celebrity beyond his Cleveland bailiwick.

Conway's work on the show earned him five Emmy Awards. Two of Conway's memorable characters on the Burnett Show were:

"The Old Man," whose shaggy white hair, slow speech, and shuffling gait ran counter to the much needed energy levels of the various occupations he was usually found in. His comic inability to get said jobs done — usually with slapstick results to himself, and with many an ad-lib — would both frustrate and 'break up' his fellow sketch performers.

"Mr. Tudball," a Swedish-American businessman whose intentions of running a 'ship-shape' office were usually sunk by the bored indifference of his secretary, "Mrs. Wiggins" (Burnett). Conway's stereotypical Swedish accent (especially when frustrated) added to the humor; for example, his attempts to pronounce his secretary's name came out as "Mrs. Ah-huh-wiggins". He would also use this accent for other characters, such as an inept dentist.

Conway could also get results with no dialogue, as in a sketch in which he played a tired businessman seeking restful sleep in his hotel — and pestered by a housefly, created only by a sound effect and Conway's gazing after it. After much struggle, he manages to get the fly out of the room through the window; after returning to bed, he hears a persistent knock on his door, gets up to answer it, and opens the door, letting the fly (who was doing the knocking) back in.

Another well-remembered skit, also without a word from Conway, featured him playing Simba, a lion raised by humans then released to the wild (based on the lioness Elsa in the film ''Born Free''). Conway, told of the upcoming eviction from the comfortable home, caused Burnett and Korman to break up with an interminable process of packing to leave.

A prime example of his ability to make his co-stars laugh uncontrollably involved Lyle Waggoner as a captured American airman, with Conway as a stereotypical blond-haired Gestapo agent charged with his interrogation. Stating that "the Fuhrer" had taken particular interest, Conway produces a small Hitler hand puppet. With Conway providing a falsetto voice, the puppet suggests that singing might relax Waggoner's character to the point he is willing to talk. In a long, drawn-out fashion, the Hitler puppet sings "I've Been Working on the Railroad", and with each passing verse, Waggoner loses more of his composure, finally laughing hysterically when puppet-Hitler screeches, "FEE-FI-Fiddely-I-O!"

Dorf

Conway's more recent work includes a series of satirical how-to videos in which he plays a diminutive, dark-haired Scandinavian known as Dorf (a variation on "dwarf"), reprising his goofy Mr. Tudball accent. The Dorf character first appeared in the 1987 film ''Dorf on Golf'' and has since appeared in eight other films on a variety of sports from baseball to auto racing. ''Dorf on Golf'' was remastered for DVD in 2007. In 2010, all of the Dorf films were remastered on a DVD Collection featuring all eight films, a behind the scenes with Dorf, and a commentary track by Tim Conway on "The Legend of the Paddle: The Oldie Hollis Story." Since 2009 Tim Conway's Dorf character has started "helping" Santa Claus on the family friendly website iSpotSanta, created by comedy filmmaker Pasquale Murena and Anything Goes Productions. Each year Dorf has three sketches, in 2009 he tried to give Santa his Christmas list failing and accidentally hitting Santa with a golf ball. Then in 2010 he tried to give all of the world's letters to Santa directly using jet rockets to fly to his sleigh, cannon balls and more.

Other roles

Conway has guest starred such programs as ABC's ''Coach'' and ''Channing'', the latter a drama about college life in the early 1960s. He starred in such films as ''The Apple Dumpling Gang'' (1975) as Gangster Amos Tucker. Conway continues to appear in movies and has cameo appearances in TV series; most of these appearances showcase his comedic talent. Currently, Tim voices the character "Barnacle Boy" in a recurring role on the popular Nickelodeon cartoon sictom ''SpongeBob SquarePants''; in this role, he is once again paired up as the sidekick to his old ''McHale's Navy'' series' star, Ernest Borgnine (who voices Mermaid Man, the "mentor" of Barnacle Boy). He appeared several times on the sitcom ''Married... With Children'' portraying Ephraim Wanker, the hillbilly father of Peg Bundy. Conway has also guest starred occasionally on the CBS sitcom ''Yes Dear'', playing Tom Warner, the father of Anthony Clark's stuffy character, Greg, with Conway's old ''Carol Burnett Show'' co-star Vicki Lawrence playing his wife, Greg's overbearing mother. Conway appeared in animated form in a guest shot in the October 6, 1973 episode of ''The New Scooby Doo Movies'', "The Spirited Spooked Sports Show." In 2003, he returned to television on the short-lived WB Network comedy, ''On The Spot''. For Max Lucado's animated cartoon ''Hermie and Friends'' he provides the voice of the title character in all eight episodes so far. He has also appeared in ''The Simpsons''. He also did several voices on ''Hercules'', ''The Wild Thornberrys'', ''Cybill'', ''What's New, Scooby-Doo?'', ''The Proud Family'', ''Scooby-Doo! Pirates Ahoy!'', ''Caillou'', and ''What's with Andy?''.

He also narrated ''The Secret Shortcut'' in ''Reading Rainbow'' and hosted ''The Flintstones' 25th Anniversary Celebration''.

During The Biography Channel's biography of Conway, Borgnine referred to Conway as "a credit to his profession" and Burnett said words to the effect that Conway's talent for comedy was only outstripped by his genuine kindness and good nature.

A fan of thoroughbred horse racing, and an occasional racehorse owner, Tim Conway is a co-founder, Vice President, and member of the Board of Directors of the Don MacBeth Memorial Jockey Fund.

In 1996 Conway won an Emmy for his guest role as Kenny Montague on the sitcom ''Coach'' episode ''The Gardener''

In 1997, Tim Conway and Harvey Korman appeared in a Diagnosis Murder episode called "Comedy is Murder", playing former comedy partners called Tim Conrad and Harvey Huckaby. A clip of the well-known dentist sketch from The Carol Burnett Show was used to illustrate "Huckaby and Conrad"s former television partnership.

Conway and Harvey Korman created a Collector's Edition DVD of new comedy sketches, titled ''Together Again''; it is available on Conway's official website.

Conway won another Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his role as Bucky Bright in the ''30 Rock'' episode "Subway Hero", which initially aired on April 17, 2008.

He voiced Freddy Frog and other characters in ''Garfield's Fun Fest''.

On his 75th birthday, Conway was interviewed as a guest on ''The Bonnie Hunt Show'' and given a surprise cake by Bob Newhart.

On February 1, 2010, Conway was awarded the PTC Integrity in Entertainment Award, which says that "recognizes those individuals and corporations who have demonstrated a longstanding commitment to creating, distributing and sponsoring quality entertainment that is free from graphic and gratuitous sex, violence and profanity."

On July 28, 2010, Tim appeared in an episode of ''Hot in Cleveland'' on TV Land.

In April 15, 2011, Tim guest-starred in an episode of ''Batman: The Brave and the Bold'', where he voiced the Weeper, a washed up former supervillain idolized by the Joker.

Tim played Cragmont in the ''Wizards of Waverly Place'' episode ''Justin's Back In''.

From 2003 through the present, Conway teamed up with good friend Don Knotts again to provide voices for the direct-to-video children's series, Hermie and Friends which would continue until Knotts death. Conway continues to do the series.

Personal life

Conway has been married twice. He was married to Mary Anne Dalton from 1961 until 1978. They had six children together. He has been married to Charlene Fusco since May 18, 1984. Among Tim Conway's children is the radio host Tim Conway Jr.

Charitable endeavors

On June 6, 7 and 8, 2010, Tim came back to his hometown of Chagrin Falls to put on a fund-raising performance at the Chagrin Valley Little Theatre to help kick off their capital campaign.

Tim is a spokesperson for the United Leukodystrophy Foundation.

References

External links

Interview, Archive of American Television, 20 April 2004 on Google Video

Disney Legends profile

Two takes on "The Elephant Story"

Q&A; with Tim Conway

Category:1933 births Category:Living people Category:People from Willoughby, Ohio Category:Actors from Ohio Category:American comedians Category:American film actors Category:American racehorse owners and breeders Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American people of Romanian descent Category:Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (television) winners Category:Bowling Green State University alumni Category:Emmy Award winners Category:People from the Greater Los Angeles Area

de:Tim Conway fr:Tim Conway it:Tim Conway tl:Tim Conway

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Patrick Henry Hughes
background	solo_singer
birth date	March 10, 1988
instrument	piano, trumpet
occupation	Student, speaker
website	http://www.patrickhenryhughes.com/
notable instruments	}}

Patrick Henry Hughes (born March 10, 1988) is an American multi-instrumental musician from Louisville, Kentucky who was born without eyes and unable to fully straighten his arms and legs, making him unable to walk.

Biography

Patrick Henry Hughes was born March 10, 1988 to Patrick John and Patricia Hughes. Upon his delivery, the medical staff noticed physical anomalies. These were diagnosed as bilateral anophthalmia with pterygium syndrome and congenital bilateral hip dysplasia.

His father, Patrick John Hughes, introduced him to the piano at the age of nine months. Patrick has studied piano in the years since and later began the study of trumpet. He has two younger brothers, Jesse and Cameron.

Patrick Henry's national fame began in 2006 while a student at the University of Louisville. At the suggestion of Louisville's marching band director, Dr. Greg Byrne, Patrick Henry joined the Louisville Marching Band, playing trumpet while his father pushed him in his wheelchair through the marching routines. This visible commitment attracted increasing crowd and media attention throughout the fall football season, and the pair of Patricks were featured in a variety of television and newspaper coverage. Patrick Henry was subsequently invited to play piano and sing in musical performances throughout the country, including two performances at the Grand Ole Opry, and onstage performances with Pam Tillis, Lonestar, Lane Brody, Chad Brock, Faith Hill, and Bryan White. Also in 2007 he played solo trumpet on stage in performance with the Louisville Orchestra.

Hughes graduated from Atherton High School, where he participated in the International Baccalaureate program and was a member of National Honor Society. He has continued his education at the University of Louisville, where he is majoring in Spanish and plays trumpet in the marching band.

In November 2007, the members of the Hughes family were chosen to be the recipients of a complete home renovation for the show ''Extreme Makeover: Home Edition''. The episode aired on February 15, 2008.

Published works

''I Am Potential: Eight Lessons on Living, Loving, and Reaching Your Dreams'' with Bryant Stamford (ISBN 0738212989; Da Capo Lifelong Books, 2008)

Discography

''Most Requested From Me to You'' (2006?)

''Look Within'' (2009)

Awards

2001: Olympic torchbearer, December 17, 2001

2001-2005: VSA arts of Kentucky Young Soloist Award

2003, 2006: Breaking Barriers Spotlight Award

2005: VSA arts Panasonic Young Soloist International winner

2006: Disney Wide World of Sports Spirit Award

References

External links

Patrick Henry Hughes

Category:1988 births Category:Living people Category:American pianists Category:American tenors Category:American trumpeters Category:Blind musicians Category:People from Louisville, Kentucky Category:University of Louisville alumni

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Name	Patrick Henry
Order	1st & 6th
Office	Governor of Virginia
Term start	July 5, 1776
Term end	June 1, 1779
Predecessor	John Murray (Colonial Governor)
Successor	Thomas Jefferson
Term start2	December 1, 1784
Term end2	December 1, 1786
Predecessor2	Benjamin Harrison V
Successor2	Edmund Randolph
Birth date	May 29, 1736
Birth place	Hanover County, Virginia
Death date	June 06, 1799
Death place	Brookneal, Virginia
Party	Anti-Federalist Anti-AdministrationFederalist
Spouse	Sarah Shelton Dorothea Dandridge
Profession	Planter Lawyer
Signature	Patrick Henry Signature.svg }}

Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799) was an orator and politician who led the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770s. A Founding Father, he served as the first and sixth post-colonial Governor of Virginia from 1776 to 1779 and subsequently, from 1784 to 1786. Henry led the opposition to the Stamp Act of 1765 and is well remembered for his "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech. Along with Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine, he is remembered as one of the most influential exponents of Republicanism, promoters of the American Revolution and Independence, especially in his denunciations of corruption in government officials and his defense of historic rights. After the Revolution, Henry was a leader of the anti-federalists in Virginia who opposed the United States Constitution, fearing that it endangered the rights of the States, as well as the freedoms of individuals.

Early years

Henry was born in Studley, Hanover County, Virginia on May 29, 1736. His father was John Henry, an immigrant from Aberdeenshire, Scotland, who had attended King's College, Aberdeen before immigrating to the Colony of Virginia in the 1720s. Settling in Hanover County, about 1732 John Henry married Sarah Winston Syme, a wealthy widow from a prominent Hanover County family of English ancestry. Patrick Henry was once thought to have been of humble origins, but he was actually born into the middle rank of the Virginia gentry.

Henry attended local schools for a few years, and then was tutored by his father. After failing in business, in 1754 he married Sarah Shelton, with whom he would have six children. As a wedding gift his father-in-law gave the couple six slaves and the Pine Slash Farm. Henry began a career as a planter, but their home was destroyed by fire in 1757. Henry made another attempt at business,which also failed, before deciding to become a lawyer in 1760.

Henry first made a name for himself in a case dubbed the "Parson's Cause" (1763), which was an argument about whether the price of tobacco paid to clergy for their services should be set by the colonial government or by the Crown. After the British Parliament overruled Virginia's Two Penny Act that had limited the clergy's salaries, the Reverend James Maury filed suit against the vestry of Louisa County for payment of back wages. When Maury won the suit, a jury was called in Hanover County to determine how much Maury should be paid. Henry was brought in at the last minute to argue on behalf of Louisa County. Ignoring legal niceties, Henry delivered an impassioned speech that denounced clerics who challenged Virginia's laws as "enemies of the community" and any king who annulled good laws like the Two Penny Act as a "tyrant" who "forfeits all right to his subject's obedience". Henry urged the jury to make an example of Maury. After less than five minutes of deliberation, they awarded Maury one penny. The Hanover County Courthouse where Patrick Henry argued the Parson's Cause still remains an active courthouse; located along historic U.S. Route 301, the courthouse sits adjacent Hanover Tavern (rebuilt in 1791 after burning) where Patrick Henry lodged amid arguing the Parson's Cause. The courthouse is the third oldest courthouse still in use in the United States.

Stamp Act

Patrick Henry was elected from Louisa County to the House of Burgesses, the legislative body of the Virginia colony, in 1765 to fill a vacated seat in the assembly. When he arrived in Williamsburg the legislature was already in session. Only nine days after being sworn in, Henry introduced the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions, "in language so extreme that some Virginians said it smacked of treason". The new representative waited for an opportunity where the mostly conservative members of the House were away (only 24% was considered sufficient for a quorum). In this atmosphere, he succeeded, through much debate and persuasion, in getting his proposal passed.

It was possibly the most anti-British American political action to that point, and some credit the Resolutions with being one of the main catalysts of the Revolution. The proposals were based on principles that were well-established British rights, such as the right to be taxed by one's own representatives. They went further, however, to assert that the colonial assemblies had the exclusive right to impose taxes on the colonies and could not assign that right.

The imputation of treason is due to his inflammatory words, "Caesar had his Brutus; Charles the First his Cromwell; and George the Third ....may he profit by their example. If ''this'' be treason, make the most of it!" According to biographer Richard Beeman, the legend of this speech grew more dramatic over the years. Henry probably did not say "If this be treason, make the most of it." The only account of the speech written down at the time by an eyewitness (which came to light many years later) records that Henry actually apologized after being accused of uttering treasonable words, assuring the House that he was still loyal to the king. Nevertheless, Henry's passionate, radical speech was cause for notable interest at the time–even if his exact words are unknown.

Sarah's illness

In 1771 Patrick and his wife Sarah moved into their Scotchtown estate along with their children: Martha ("Patsy"), Anne, Elizabeth ("Betsy"), John, William, and Edmund ("Neddy"). Sarah "started to manifest disturbing behaviors which could not at that time be diagnosed or treated. ...her mental condition deteriorated rapidly, and when she became dangerous to herself and others, she was clothed in a 'Quaker shirt,' an early form of strait jacket."

Following the general practice of the time, Patrick's friends and his physician, Dr. Thomas Hinde, advocated she be moved to the public hospital in Williamsburg. But after inspecting the facilities Patrick "saw that if he agreed, his wife would be locked into a windowless brick cell containing only a filthy mattress on the floor and a chamber pot. There she would be chained to the wall with a leg iron. Appalled by what he saw, he instead prepared a private, two-room apartment for her in the basement of Scotchtown. Each room had a window, providing light, air circulation, and a pleasant view of the grounds. The apartment also had a fireplace, which provided good heat in the winter, and a comfortable bed to sleep in."

Patrick himself (or a slave when he was away on business) took care of Sarah and "watched over her, fed her, bathed her, clothed her, and prevented her from harming herself." Sarah died in the spring of 1775 "Because of her illness-then thought to have been caused by being 'possessed by the devil' - she was denied a religious funeral service or a Christian burial. Her grieving husband, 'bowed down and bleeding under the heaviest sorrows and personal distresses,' buried her thirty feet from the home they shared and planted a lilac tree next to her grave to remember her. The tree still stands there, a few steps from the door to her basement."

American Revolution

Responding to pleas from Massachusetts that the colonies create committees of correspondence to coordinate their reaction to the British, Henry took the lead in Virginia. In March 1773, along with Thomas Jefferson and Richard Henry Lee, Henry led the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt resolutions providing for a standing committee of correspondents. Each colony set up such committees, and they led to the formation of the First Continental Congress in 1774, to which Henry was elected.

Patrick Henry is best known for the speech he made in the House of Burgesses on March 23, 1775, in Saint John's Church in Richmond, Virginia. The House was undecided on whether to mobilize for military action against the encroaching British military force, and Henry argued in favor of mobilization. Forty-two years later, Henry's first biographer, William Wirt, working from oral testimony, attempted to reconstruct what Henry said. According to Wirt, Henry ended his speech with words that have since become immortalized:

::

"Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, ''Give me Liberty, or give me Death!''"

The crowd, by Wirt's account, jumped up and shouted "To Arms! To Arms!". For 160 years Wirt's account was taken at face value, but in the 1970s historians began to question the authenticity of Wirt's reconstruction. Historians today observe that Henry was known to have used fear of Indian and slave revolts in promoting military action against the British, and that according to the only written first-hand account of the speech, Henry used some graphic name-calling that failed to appear in Wirt's heroic rendition.

In August 1775, Henry became colonel of the 1st Virginia Regiment. At the outset of the Revolutionary War, Henry led militia against Royal Governor Lord Dunmore in defense of some disputed gunpowder, an event known as the Gunpowder Incident. During the war he served as the first post-colonial Governor of Virginia and presided over several expeditions against the Cherokee Indians, who were allied with the British.

Henry lived during part of the War at his Leatherwood Plantation in Henry County, Virginia, where he, his first cousin Ann Winston Carr and her husband Col. George Waller had settled. During the five years Henry lived at Leatherwood, from 1779 to 1784, he owned 75 slaves, and grew tobacco. During this time, he kept in close touch with his friend the explorer Joseph Martin, whom Henry had appointed agent to the Cherokee nation, and with whom Henry sometimes invested in real estate, and for whom the county seat of Henry County was later named.

In early November 1775 Henry and James Madison were elected founding trustees of Hampden-Sydney College, which opened for classes on November 10. He remained a trustee until his death in 1799. Henry was instrumental in achieving passage of the College's Charter of 1783, an action delayed because of the war. He is probably the author of the Oath of Loyalty to the new Republic included in that charter. Seven of his sons attended the new college.

On October 25, 1777, Patrick Henry married his second wife, Dorothea Dandridge (1755–1831). From this marriage came eleven children.

Later years

After the Revolution, Henry again served as governor of Virginia from 1784 to 1786, but declined to attend the Constitutional Convention of 1787 saying that he "smelt a rat in Philadelphia, tending toward the monarchy." An ardent supporter of state rights, Henry was an outspoken critic of the United States Constitution and led the Virginia opposition to its ratification arguing that it gave the federal government too much power and that the untested office of the presidency could devolve into a monarchy. As a leading Antifederalist, he was instrumental in forcing the adoption of the Bill of Rights to amend the new Constitution and became a leading opponent of James Madison.

Henry served as a representative to the Virginia convention of 1788 that ratified the U. S. Constitution. He voted against ratification. He was chosen as an elector for the 1789 election from Campbell District. That District consisted of Bedford County, Campbell County, Charlotte County, Franklin County, Halifax County, Henry County, Pittsylvania County, and Prince Edward County, which cover the area between Danville and Lynchburg in the south of Virginia All of the 10 electors who voted cast one of their two votes for George Washington. Five of them cast their other vote for John Adams. Three cast theirs for George Clinton. One cast his for John Hancock. One cast his for John Jay. Clinton was a leading Antifederalist, a view which he shared with Henry.

President George Washington offered Henry the post of Secretary of State in 1795, which he declined out of opposition to Washington's Federalist policies. However, following the radicalism of the French Revolution Henry's views changed as he began to fear a similar fate could befall America and by the late 1790s, Henry was in support of the Federalist policies of Washington and Adams. He especially denounced the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which had been secretly written by Jefferson and Madison, and approved by the legislatures of those two states.

Henry warned that civil war was threatened because Virginia, "had quit the sphere in which she had been placed by the Constitution, and, in daring to pronounce upon the validity of federal laws, had gone out of her jurisdiction in a manner not warranted by any authority, and in the highest degree alarming to every considerate man; that such opposition, on the part of Virginia, to the acts of the general government, must beget their enforcement by military power; that this would probably produce civil war, civil war foreign alliances, and that foreign alliances must necessarily end in subjugation to the powers called in."

In 1798 President John Adams nominated Henry special emissary to France, but he had to decline because of failing health. He strongly supported John Marshall and at the urging of Washington stood for and was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates as a Federalist. However, three months prior to taking his seat in the state legislature, he died of stomach cancer on June 6, 1799, while at Red Hill, his family's large plantation. Following his death, Henry's widow remarried the Virginia governor's first cousin and executor Judge Edmund Winston.

Honored on US Postage

:Few people in early American history other than American Presidents have been honored on US postage stamps, and Patrick Henry is prominent among them.

::*On October 7, 1955, the US Post Office issued a 1-dollar postage stamp honoring the famous orator and long time Governor of Virginia. It was one in a series of twenty seven stamps in the Liberty issue. A painting of Henry by American artist Alonzo Chappel (1828-1887) was used as the inspiration and as the model by the engraver for this issue.

::* In 1960, the US Post Office issued the ''CREDO Issue'', a series of six stamps with famous quotes engraved on the face of each one. Patrick Henry's most famous words are inscribed on the front of this 4-cent issue, first released in Richmond, Virginia, on January 11, 1961. -- See also: US Presidents on US postage stamps

Monuments and memorials

Monuments are located at his home and grave site, designated Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial.

At least three ships have been named in his honor: the Civil War Confederate Navy steamboat , the first World War II Liberty ship launched, , and ballistic missile submarine . Also named in his honor, Emory & Henry College in Emory, Virginia, eight high schools (including three in Virginia, more than for any other person in the Commonwealth), Patrick Henry Community College in Martinsville, Virginia, and Patrick Henry College in Purcellville, Virginia. The Patrick Henry Boys and Girls Plantation was established as a living legacy to Patrick Henry on property near his grave site donated by the Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial. It is a Christian residential facility for at-risk youth. Henry helped to establish the Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia. It is the 10th-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. Six of Patrick Henry's sons graduated from Hampden-Sydney. The Patrick Henry Scholars are named for him. Future United States president William Henry Harrison also graduated from the College in 1791.

Fort Patrick Henry was a colonial fort built during the American Revolutionary War along the South Fork Holston River at the present-day site of Kingsport, Tennessee. This fort serves as the namesake of Fort Patrick Henry Dam and the reservoir that it forms on the river. Camp Patrick Henry was a United States Army base from late 1942 to the late 1960s and was a complex in Newport News, Virginia. Since decommissioned, it is the site of the Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport on of the old location. The airport opened in 1949 and was originally called Patrick Henry Field. The airport code is still PHF for the beginning letters of the old name.

Other places named in honor of Patrick Henry include Henry County, Virginia, Henry County, Kentucky, Patrick County, Virginia, Henry County, Georgia, Henry County, Ohio, Henry County, Tennessee, Henry County, Alabama, Henry County, Illinois, Henry County, Missouri after an 1841 name change, and Patrick Henry Village in Heidelberg, Germany.

See also

Founding Fathers of the United States

American Revolution

History of Virginia

Parson's Cause

Notes

References

Jewett, Thomas. "Patrick Henry: America's Radical Dissenter" ''Early America Review'' Summer/Fall 2004

External links

Henry's Early Life and Times from Patrick Henry National Memorial

Patrick Henry, Voice of the American Revolution, patrickhenry.com

Quotations by Patrick Henry at Liberty-Tree.ca

Text of 1775 "Liberty or death" speech

Address opposing US Constitution

Patrick Henry at Find-A-Grave

Patrick Henry Letters

Patrick Henry Monument, Henry County, Virginia, virginia.org

Scotchtown Plantation, Henry family home from 1771–1778 ;Archival Records

A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Patrick Henry, 1784-1786 at The Library of Virginia

Category:1736 births Category:1799 deaths Category:People from Hanover County, Virginia Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American people of English descent Category:Anti-Federalists Category:Cancer deaths in Virginia Patrick Henry Category:Continental Congressmen from Virginia Category:Deaths from stomach cancer Category:Governors of Virginia Category:House of Burgesses members Category:People from Henry County, Virginia Category:People from Charlotte County, Virginia Category:People from Louisa County, Virginia Category:People of Virginia in the American Revolution Category:Virginia lawyers Category:Virginia militiamen in the American Revolution

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