Jules Verne
Born	Jules Gabriel Verne (1828-02-08)February 8, 1828 Nantes, France
Died	March 24, 1905(1905-03-24) (aged 77) Amiens, France
Occupation	Author
Language	French
Nationality	French
Genres	Science fiction
Notable work(s)	Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, A Journey to the Center of the Earth, Around the World in Eighty Days, The Mysterious Island, Dick Sand, A Captain at Fifteen
Spouse(s)	Honorine Hebe du Fraysse de Viane (Morel) Verne
Children	Michel Verne and step-daughters Valentine and Suzanne Morel
Influences Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Józef Sękowski, Edgar Allan Poe, James Fenimore Cooper, Jacques Arago, Daniel Defoe, Johann David Wyss, George Sand, Erckmann-Chatrian, Adolphe d'Ennery
Influenced H.G. Wells, Hugo Gernsback, Arthur Conan Doyle, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Donald G. Payne, Steampunk, Emilio Salgari, Paschal Grousset, Ray Bradbury
Signature

Jules Gabriel Verne (French pronunciation: [ʒyl vɛʁn]; February 8, 1828 – March 24, 1905) was a French author who pioneered the science fiction genre.^[1] He is best known for his novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870), A Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1873). Verne wrote about space, air, and underwater travel before air travel and practical submarines were invented, and before practical means of space travel had been devised. He is the second most translated author in the world (after Agatha Christie).^[2] Some of his books have also been made into live-action and animated films and television shows. Verne is often referred to as the "Father of Science Fiction", a title sometimes shared with Hugo Gernsback and H. G. Wells.^[3]

Early life[link]

Jules Verne was born in Nantes, in France, to Pierre Verne, an attorney, and his wife, Sophie Allote de la Fuÿe.^[4] Jules spent his early years at home with his parents in the bustling harbor city of Nantes. The family spent summers in a country house just outside the city, in Brains on the banks of the Loire River. Here Jules and his brother Paul would often rent a boat for one franc a day. The sight of the many ships navigating the river sparked Jules's imagination, as he describes in the autobiographical short story "Souvenirs d'Enfance et de Jeunesse". At the age of nine, Jules and Paul, of whom he was very fond, were sent to boarding school at the Saint Donatien College (Petit séminaire de Saint-Donatien). As a child, he developed a great interest in travel and exploration, a passion he showed as a writer of adventure stories and science fiction. His interest in writing often cost him progress in other subjects.

At the boarding school, Verne studied Latin, which he used in his short story "Le Mariage de Monsieur Anselme des Tilleuls" in the mid 1850s. One of his teachers may have been the French inventor Brutus de Villeroi,^{[citation needed]} professor of drawing and mathematics at the college in 1842, and who later became famous for creating the US Navy's first submarine, the USS Alligator. De Villeroi may have inspired Verne's conceptual design for the Nautilus in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, although no direct exchanges between the two men have been recorded.

Verne's second French biographer, his grand-niece Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe,^[5] formulated the rumor that Verne was so fascinated with adventure at an early age that he stowed away on a ship bound for the West Indies, but that Jules's voyage was cut short when he found his father waiting for him at the next port.

Literary debut[link]

After completing his studies at the lycée, Verne went to Paris to study law. Around 1848, in conjunction with Michel Carré, he began writing libretti for operettas, five of them for his friend the composer Aristide Hignard, who also set Verne's poems as chansons. For some years, his attentions were divided between the theater and work, but some travelers' stories which he wrote for the Musée des familles revealed to him his true talent: the telling of delightfully extravagant voyages and adventures to which cleverly prepared scientific and geographical details lent an air of verisimilitude.

When Verne's father discovered that his son was writing rather than studying law, he promptly withdrew his financial support. Verne was forced to support himself as a stockbroker, which he hated despite being somewhat successful at it. During this period, he met Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas, who offered him writing advice.

Verne also met Honorine de Viane Morel, a widow with two daughters. They were married on January 10, 1857. With her encouragement, he continued to write and actively looked for a publisher. On August 3, 1861, their son, Michel Verne, was born. Michel married an actress over Verne's objections, had two children by an underage mistress, and buried himself in debts. The relationship between father and son improved as Michel grew older.

It was Jules Verne himself who confirmed once having traveled from Stockholm, Sweden, to Christiania^{[clarification needed]} during 1862.^{[clarification needed][6]} Consequently, Swedish publication of Jules Verne began during the very next year.^[7] En luftballongsresa genom Afrika (A Hot Air Balloon trip through Africa), translated into Swedish, actually is dated 1863 – making it the very first dated Jules Verne full-length book on record.^[8]

A typical Hetzel front cover for a Jules Verne book. The edition is Les Aventures du Capitaine Hatteras au Pôle Nord, type "Aux deux éléphants".

Verne's situation improved when he met Pierre-Jules Hetzel, one of the more important French publishers of the 19th century, who also published Victor Hugo, George Sand, and Erckmann-Chatrian, among others. They formed an excellent writer-publisher team until Hetzel's death. Hetzel helped improve Verne's writings, which until then had been repeatedly rejected by other publishers. Hetzel read a draft of Verne's story about the balloon exploration of Africa, which had been rejected by other publishers for being "too scientific". With Hetzel's help, Verne rewrote the story, which was published in 1863 in book form as Cinq semaines en ballon (Five Weeks in a Balloon). Acting on Hetzel's advice, Verne added comical accents to his novels, changed sad endings into happy ones, and toned down various political messages.

Unlike En Luftballongsresa Genom Afrika, dated 1863 and published anonymously, Cinq semaines en ballon was undated (circa 1863), but noted its author. It presently is unknown whether such dating and author attribution practice was done intentionally or by accident. It also is unclear as to which book became first to reach publication despite the fact that both express largely identical story lines.^{[clarification needed][9]}

From that point, Verne published two or more volumes a year. The most successful of these include Voyage au centre de la Terre (Journey to the Center of the Earth, 1864); De la Terre à la Lune (From the Earth to the Moon, 1865); Vingt mille lieues sous les mers (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, 1869); and Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours (Around the World in Eighty Days), which first appeared in Le Temps in 1872. The series is collectively known as "Voyages Extraordinaires" ("extraordinary voyages"). Verne could now live on his writings. But most of his wealth came from the stage adaptations of Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours (1874) and Michel Strogoff (1876), which he wrote with Adolphe d'Ennery. In 1867, Verne bought a small ship, the Saint-Michel, which he successively replaced with the Saint-Michel II and the Saint-Michel III as his financial situation improved. On board the Saint-Michel III, he sailed around Europe. In 1870, he was appointed as "Chevalier" (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur. After his first novel, most of his stories were first serialised in the Magazine d'Éducation et de Récréation, a Hetzel biweekly publication, before being published in the form of books. His brother Paul contributed to 40th French climbing of the Mont-Blanc and a collection of short stories – Doctor Ox – in 1874. Verne became wealthy and famous. According to the Unesco Index Translationum, Jules Verne regularly places among the top five most translated authors in the world.

Later years[link]

On March 9, 1886, as Verne was coming home, his twenty-five-year-old nephew, Gaston, shot him with a gun. One bullet missed, but the second entered Verne's left leg, giving him a limp that would not be cured. The incident was hushed up by the media, and Gaston spent the rest of his life in an asylum.

After the deaths of Hetzel and his beloved mother Sophie Henriette Allotte de la Fruye in 1887, Jules began writing darker works. This may partly be due to changes in his personality, but an important factor is the fact that Hetzel's son, who took over his father's business, was not as rigorous in his corrections as Hetzel had been. In 1888, Jules Verne entered politics and was elected town councillor of Amiens, where he championed several improvements and served for fifteen years. In 1905, while ill with diabetes, Verne died at his home, 44 Boulevard Longueville (now Boulevard Jules-Verne). Michel oversaw publication of his novels Invasion of the Sea and The Lighthouse at the End of the World. The "Voyages extraordinaires" series continued for several years afterwards in the same rhythm of two volumes a year. It has later been discovered that Michel Verne had made extensive changes in these stories, and the original versions were published at the end of the 20th century.

In 1863, Jules Verne wrote a novel called Paris in the Twentieth Century about a young man who lives in a world of glass skyscrapers, high-speed trains, gas-powered automobiles, calculators, and a worldwide communications network, yet cannot find happiness and comes to a tragic end. Hetzel thought the novel's pessimism would damage Verne's then-booming career, and suggested he wait 20 years to publish it. Verne put the manuscript in a safe, where it was discovered by his great-grandson in 1989. It was published in 1994, and around the same time many other Verne novels and short stories were also published for the first time, and these too are gradually appearing in English translation.

Memorials[link]

A restaurant built into the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France is named Le Jules Verne.^[10] In June 1989, the Jules Verne Food Court opened at the Merry Hill Shopping Centre in the West Midlands of England; however, it had closed by the mid 1990s due to disappointing trade.^[11]

Hetzel's influence[link]

Hetzel substantially influenced the writings of Verne, who was so happy to finally find a willing publisher that he agreed to almost all changes that Hetzel suggested. Hetzel rejected at least one novel (Paris in the Twentieth Century) and asked Verne to significantly change his other drafts. One of the most important changes Hetzel enforced on Verne was the adoption of optimism in his novels. Verne was in fact not an enthusiast of technological and human progress, as can be seen in his works created before he met Hetzel and after Hetzel's death. Hetzel's demand for optimistic texts proved correct. For example, Mysterious Island originally ended with the survivors returning to the mainland forever nostalgic about the island. Hetzel decided that the heroes should live happily, so in the revised draft, they use their fortunes to build a replica of the island. Many translations are like this. Also, in order not to offend France's then-ally, Russia, the origin and past of the famous Captain Nemo were changed from those of a Polish refugee avenging the partitions of Poland and the death of his family in the January Uprising repressions to those of an Indian prince fighting the British Empire after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Bibliography[link]

Cover of L'Algerie Magazine, June 15, 1884: A drawing of Jules Verne and some of the creatures from his novels.

Verne wrote numerous works, most famous of which are the 54 novels comprising the Voyages Extraordinaires. He also wrote short stories, essays, plays, and poems.

His first and better known works include:

• A Voyage in a Balloon (Un Voyage en ballon, August 1851 as published in Musée des familles)^[12]
• Five Weeks in a Balloon (Cinq semaines en ballon, 1863)^[13]
• Paris in the Twentieth Century (Paris au XX^e siècle, 1863, not published until 1994)
• A Journey to the Center of the Earth (Voyage au centre de la Terre, 1864)
• From the Earth to the Moon (De la Terre à la Lune, 1865)
• The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (Voyages et aventures du capitaine Hatteras, 1866)
• In Search of the Castaways or Captain Grant's Children (Les Enfants du capitaine Grant, 1867–1868)
• Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (Vingt mille lieues sous les mers, 1870)
• Around the Moon (Autour de la Lune, a sequel to From the Earth to the Moon, 1870)
• A Floating City (Une ville flottante, 1871)
• Dr. Ox's Experiment (Une fantaisie du Docteur Ox, 1872)
• The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa (Aventures de trois Russes et de trois Anglais, 1872 )
• The Fur Country (Le Pays des fourrures, 1873)
• Around the World in Eighty Days (Le Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours, 1873)
• The Survivors of the Chancellor (Le Chancellor, 1875)
• The Mysterious Island (L'Île mystérieuse, 1875)
• The Blockade Runners (Les Forceurs de blocus, 1876)
• Michael Strogoff (Michel Strogoff, 1876)
• Off on a Comet (Hector Servadac, 1877)
• The Child of the Cavern, also known as Black Diamonds or The Black Indies (Les Indes noires, 1877)
• Dick Sand, A Captain at Fifteen (Un capitaine de quinze ans, 1878)
• The Begum's Fortune (Les Cinq cents millions de la Bégum, 1879)
• The Steam House (La Maison à vapeur, 1879)
• Tribulations of a Chinaman in China (Les Tribulations d'un Chinois en Chine), 1879
• Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon (La Jangada, 1881)
• The Green Ray (Le Rayon vert, 1882)
• Kéraban the Inflexible (Kéraban-le-têtu, 1883)
• Frritt-Flacc (1884)
• The Vanished Diamond (L’Étoile du Sud, 1884)
• The Archipelago on Fire (L’Archipel en feu, 1884)
• Mathias Sandorf (1885)
• Robur the Conqueror or The Clipper of the Clouds (Robur-le-Conquérant, 1886)
• Ticket No. "9672" (Un billet de loterie, 1886 )
• North Against South (Nord contre Sud, 1887)
• The Flight to France (Le Chemin de France, 1887)
• Family Without a Name (Famille sans nom, 1888)
• Two Years' Vacation (Deux ans de vacances, 1888)
• The Purchase of the North Pole (Sans dessus dessous, the second sequel to From the Earth to the Moon, 1889)
• César Cascabel (1890)
• Mistress Branican (1891)
• The Carpathian Castle (Le Château des Carpathes, 1892)
• Claudius Bombarnac (Claudius Bombarnac, 1893)
• Foundling Mick (P’tit-Bonhomme, 1893)
• Propeller Island (L’Île à hélice, 1895)
• Facing the Flag (Face au drapeau, 1896)
• Clovis Dardentor (1896)
• The Sphinx of the Ice Fields or An Antarctic Mystery (Le Sphinx des glaces, a sequel to Edgar Allan Poe's The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, 1897)
• The Mighty Orinoco (Le Superbe Orénoque, 1897)
• The Village in the Treetops (Le Village aérien, 1901)
• The Kip Brothers (Les Frères Kip,1902)
• Master of the World (Maître du monde, sequel to Robur the Conqueror, 1904)
• Invasion of the Sea (L’Invasion de la mer, 1904)
• A Drama in Livonia (Un drame en Livonie, 1904)
• The Lighthouse at the End of the World (Le Phare du bout du monde, 1905)
• The Chase of the Golden Meteor (La Chasse au météore, 1908)
• The Danube Pilot (Le Pilote du Danube, 1908)
• The Survivors of the "Jonathan" (Les Naufragés du « Jonathan », 1909)

See also[link]

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	Book: Jules Verne
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References[link]

1. ^ Roberts, Adam (2007). "7. Jules Verne and H. G. Wells". The History of Science Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 129–155. ISBN 0-230-54691-9. http://www.scribd.com/doc/16511205/The-History-of-Science-Fiction. Retrieved 2011-05-25. 
2. ^ UNESCO Statistics. "Index Translationum - "TOP 50" Author". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsstatexp.aspx?crit1L=5&nTyp=min&topN=50. Retrieved 2011-06-20. 
3. ^ Adam Charles Roberts (2000), "The History of Science Fiction": Page 48 in Science Fiction, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-19204-8. Others who are popularly called the "Father of Science Fiction" include Hugo Gernsback and H. G. Wells, see the list of people known as father or mother of something.
4. ^ « N. Allot, Écossais, venu en France avec la Garde Écossaise de Louis XI, rendit service au roi qui l'anoblit, et lui donna « le droit de Fuye », c'est-à-dire celui d'avoir un colombier, ce qui était un privilège royal. L'archer écossais se fixa près de Loudun, construisit un château et devint Allotte, seigneur de la Fuÿe ». Cf. Jean-Jules Verne, Jules Verne, Hachette, 1973, page 21.
5. ^ Smyth, Edmund J (2000). Jules Verne: Narratives of Modernity. Liverpool University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-85323-704-4. 
6. ^ McClure's Magazine Volume II, No. 2, page 122; January 1894; R. H. Shekard. Article entitled, Jules Verne at Home -- His own Account of his Life and Work.
7. ^ Swedish bibliography of 'En luftballongsresa genom Afrika'; 1863
8. ^ TrueScans of En Luftballongsresa Genom Afrika, dated 1863 -- Seventh and eighth scans at bottom of webpage
9. ^ TrueScans of En Luftballongsresa Genom Afrika, dated 1863
10. ^ "Le Jules Verne, restaurant at the Eiffel Tower in Paris". Dininginfrance.com. 2008-11-22. http://www.dininginfrance.com/jules_verne.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-27. 
11. ^ Peter Rhodes (2006-12-18). "Food court on Merry Hill menu « Express & Star". Expressandstar.com. http://www.expressandstar.com/latest/2006/12/18/food-court-on-merry-hill-menu/. Retrieved 2011-06-27. 
12. ^ TrueScans of Un Voyage en ballon, 1851; A Voyage in a Balloon, 1852; and Voyage in a Balloon, 1852
13. ^ TrueScans of En Luftballongsresa Genom Afrika, dated 1863 (Cinq semaines en ballon circa 1863)

Further reading[link]

• William Butcher, Arthur C. Clarke (Introduction) (2006). Jules Verne: The Definitive Biography. ISBN 1-56025-854-3
• Herbert R. Lottman (1997). Jules Verne: An Exploratory Biography. ISBN 0-312-14636-1
• Philippe Melot, Jean-Marie Embs (2005).Le Guide Jules Verne. Les Editions de l'Amateur, Paris.ISBN 2-85917-417-6
• Françoise Schiltz (2011). The Future Revisited: Jules Verne on Screen in 1950s America. Chaplin Books, Gosport. ISBN 0-9565595-2-2
• Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe (1928). Jules Verne, sa vie, son oeuvre (Original ed.). Paris: Simon Kra. 
  • Translated as Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe (1954). Jules Verne. Erik de Mauny (transl.). London: Staples Press. 
• Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe (1966). Jules Verne, sa vie, son oeuvre (2nd ed.). Hachette. 

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jules Verne

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jules Verne

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Jules Verne

Bibliography

• Les Voyages Extraordinaires – list of Verne works Compiled by Dennis Kytasaari. Bibliography.

Sources

• Works by Jules Verne at Project Gutenberg
• Jules Verne's works: text, concordances and frequency list
• A Jules Verne Centennial 1905–2005: A selection of early Jules Verne books and illustrations at the Smithsonian Institution Libraries edited by Norman M. Wolcott.
• Zvi Har'El's Jules Verne Collection, including the Jules Verne Virtual Library, online sources of 51 of Jules Verne's novels translated into eight languages.
• The Jules Verne Collecting Resource Page, complete online sources, posters, cards, autographs, first edition covers, etc..

Biography

• Biography of Jules Verne

Reviews

• "Jules Verne: Father of Science Fiction?", John Derbyshire, The New Atlantis, Number 12, Spring 2006, pp. 81–90. A review of four new Jules Verne translations from the "Early Classics of Science Fiction" series by Wesleyan University Press.
• Jules Verne: An Exploratory Biography, by Herbert R. Lottman – a review.

Misc

• The maps from the Voyages Extraordinaires, scans of all the maps that were included in the original editions of Jules Verne’s novels.
• Jules Verne Museum located in Nantes, France.

Resources

• North American Jules Verne Society
• Centre International Jules Verne