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Reutlingen
Marienkirche
Reutlingen
Location of the town of Reutlingen within Reutlingen district
Coordinates	48°29′N 9°13′E / 48.48333°N 9.21667°E / 48.48333; 9.21667Coordinates: 48°29′N 9°13′E / 48.48333°N 9.21667°E / 48.48333; 9.21667
Administration
Country	Germany
State	Baden-Württemberg
Admin. region	Tübingen
District	Reutlingen
Lord Mayor	Barbara Bosch (Ind.)
Basic statistics
Area	87.06 km2 (33.61 sq mi)
Elevation	382 m  (1253 ft)
Population	112,484 (31 December 2010)[1]
- Density	1,292 /km2 (3,346 /sq mi)
Other information
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate	RT
Postal codes	72760–72770
Area codes	07121, 07072, 07127
Website	www.reutlingen.de

Imperial City of Reutlingen Reichsstadt Reutlingen
Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire
← 1240–1803 →
Capital	Reutlingen
Government	Republic
Historical era	Middle Ages
- Founded	4th–5th century
- Gained Reichsfreiheit	1240
- Co-founded Swabian     League	1331
- Signed Augsburg     Confession	1530
- Destroyed by fire	1726
- Mediatised to     Württemberg	1803 1803

Gothic-era Marienkirche by night

Reutlingen is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is the capital of the eponymous district of Reutlingen. As of April 2008, it has a population of 109,828.^[2] Reutlingen has a university of applied sciences, which was founded in 1855, originally as a weavers' school. Today Reutlingen is home to an established textile industry and also houses machinery, leather goods and steel manufacturing facilities.

Geography[link]

Reutlingen is located about 35 km (22 mi) south of the State capital of Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart. It lies in the Southwest corner of Germany, right next to the Swabian Jura, and that is why it is often called The gate to the Swabian Jura (German: Das Tor zur Schwäbischen Alb). The Echaz river, a tributary of the Neckar, flows through the town centre.

Along with the old university town of Tübingen (about 15 km (9.3 mi) to the west), Reutlingen is the centre of the Neckar-Alb region. It is also part of the larger Stuttgart Metropolitan Region.

History[link]

The first settlements in the area are believed to date from the 4th or 5th century. Some time around 1030, Count Egino started to build a castle on top of the Achalm, one of the largest mountains in Reutlingen district (about 706 m). One of the towers of this castle was rebuilt in the 19th century and is open to visitors. The name Reutlingen was first mentioned in writing in the so-called Bempflingen Treaty (German: Bempflinger Vertrag) which is dated approximately 1089–90.

Around 1180, Reutlingen received market rights and, between 1220 and 1240 it was promoted to city status and city-walls and fortifications were built. Shortly thereafter, from 1247–1343, the town's landmark, the St. Mary's Church (German: Marienkirche) was built.

In 1377 Reutlingen was the scene of a victory by the Swabian League, formed in the previous year by 14 Swabian cities, led by Ulm, over the Count of Württemberg. In 1519, a later Swabian League came to Reutlingen's help when Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg attempted to seize the city; the League landed a crushing blow, conquering Württemberg and selling it to Charles V.

As a result of such struggles, Reutlingen became an Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire, free from allegiance to the Duke of Württemberg. In 1530, Reutlingen's city council signed the Augsburg Confession, and in 1580 and the Formula of Concord, key documents of Lutheranism. In 1803, in the wake of the French Revolutionary Wars, Reutlingen lost its independence in the German Mediatisation, being restored to Württemberg.

Fire and bombing raids[link]

The worst disaster in the history of Reutlingen happened in 1726, when a major fire swept through the city, destroying 80% of all residential houses and almost all public buildings, and making 1,200 families homeless. The impact of this fire, which lasted three days, is still visible today.

During World War II, the wings of the V-1 flying bomb were manufactured in Reutlingen, making the city the target of several allied bombing raids.

Mutscheltag[link]

On Mutscheltag (the first Thursday after Epiphany), townspeople gather in halls and homes to play games of dice, the winner of which earns parts or whole Mutschel loaves of bread. The Mutschelspiele (Mutschel games) consist of small games scored by tally marks, and are won both independently and by grand total at the end of the hour or night. This tradition is unique to the city of Reutlingen.

Notable people[link]

• General Ferdinand Heim, later to be noted as the "Scapegoat of Stalingrad" was born in Reutlingen
• So was Friedrich Schlotterbeck, socialist and author, and leader of a local group in the German resistance
• Reutlingen is also the birthplace of Friedrich List, leading 19th Century German and American economist
• Professor Martin Hengel, the historian of religion, was born in the town in 1926
• The American German artist Helmuth Naumer was born in Reutlingen in 1907
• Friedrich Wilhelm Schnitzler (*16. December 1928 in St. Johann-Ohnastetten) it was a Politician and Manager in the County Reutlingen.
• Frank Christoph Schnitzler is a known Painter, Musician and Actor in Reutlingen. He is the founder of Achalmritterschaft Reutlingen e.V.
• Prof. Dr. Ernst Messerschmid, former Space Shuttle astronaut, was born in Reutlingen

Transport[link]

City buses are run by RSV (Reutlinger Stadtverkehr).

Main sights[link]

• Church of the Virgin Mary, built in Gothic style in the 13th–14th centuries. Nearby is a statue of emperor Frederick II.
• Marktbrunnen ("Market Fountain", 16th century), surmounted by the statue of emperor Maximilian II.
• Spitalhof, built as a hospital in the 14th century. Damaged by a fire, it was largely rebuilt in the 18th century.
• Church of St. Nicholas, built in the 14th century as a chapel.
• Gerber- und Färberbrunnen ("Tanners' and Dyers' Fountain"), 1920.
• City Hall, built in 1966.
• Spreuerhofstraße, the world's narrowest street.

University[link]

Reutlingen University is a university of applied sciences, focusing on hands-on learning, which is apparent in their mandatory internship for all business majors. The university is an internationally friendly school with 111 cooperative campuses worldwide. Classes are generally taught in German; however, in the Master's program classes are taught in English.

Partner cities[link]

• Aarau, Aargau, Switzerland, since 1986
• Bouaké, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire, since 1970
• Dushanbe, Tajikistan, since 1990
• Ellesmere Port, Merseyside, United Kingdom, since 1966
• Pirna, Saxony, Germany
• Reading, Pennsylvania, United States, since 1998
• Roanne, Loire, France, since 1958
• Szolnok, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Hungary, since 1990

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Reutlingen

• Official website
• The University of Applied Sciences in Reutlingen
• Weather

v t e Swabian League (1488–1534) of the  Holy Roman Empire Imperial Cities Aalen Augsburg Biberach Bopfingen Dinkelsbühl Donauwörth Esslingen Giengen Heilbronn Isny Kaufbeuren Kempten Leutkirch Lindau Memmingen Nördlingen Pfullendorf Ravensburg Reutlingen Schwäbisch Gmünd Schwäbisch Hall Überlingen Ulm Wangen Weil Wimpfen Nobility St George's Shield (Gesellschaft von Sanktjörgenschild) Territories Brandenburg-Ansbach Baden Bavaria Bayreuth Palatinate Hesse Mainz Trier Württemberg

v t e Swabian Circle (1500–1806) of the Holy Roman Empire Ecclesiastical Augsburg Constance Ellwangen Kempten Abbey Lindau Secular Baden Buchau Heiligenberg Hohenzollern-Hechingen Klettgau Liechtenstein Tengen Waldburg Scheer Trauchburg Waldsee Wolfegg Wurzach Zeil Württemberg Prelates Baindt Buchau Elchingen Gengenbach Gutenzell Heggbach Irsee Kaisheim Mainau Marchtal Neresheim Ochsenhausen Petershausen Roggenburg Rot Rottenmünster Salmanweiler St. George's in Isny Schussenried Söflingen Ursberg Weingarten Weißenau Wettenhausen Zwiefalten Counts Lords Altshausen Baar Bondorf Eberstein Eglingen Eglofs Fugger Jakob Johann Markus Gundelfingen Gutenstein Hausen Heiligenberg Hohenems Hohengeroldseck Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Justingen Kinzigerthal Königsegg and Aulendorf Lustenau Meßkirch Mindelheim / Schwabegg Oberdischingen Öttingen Baldern Öttingen Wallerstein Rechberg Rothenfels and Stauffen Stühlingen and Hohenhöwen Tettnang / Langenargen Thannhausen Wiesensteig Cities Aalen Augsburg Biberach Bopfingen Buchau Buchhorn Dinkelsbühl Eßlingen Gengenbach Giengen Heilbronn Isny Kaufbeuren Kempten Leutkirch Lindau Memmingen Nördlingen Offenburg Pfullendorf Ravensburg Reutlingen Rottweil Schwäbisch Gmünd Schwäbisch Hall Überlingen Ulm Wangen Weil Wimpfen Zell

v t e Free Imperial Cities of the Holy Roman Empire   As of 1792 Aachen Aalen Augsburg Biberach Bopfingen BremenH Buchau Buchhorn CologneH Dinkelsbühl DortmundH Eßlingen Frankfurt Friedberg Gengenbach Giengen GoslarH HamburgH Heilbronn Isny Kaufbeuren Kempten Kessenich Leutkirch Lindau LübeckH Memmingen Mühlhausen MülhausenD, S Nordhausen Nördlingen Nuremberg Offenburg Pfullendorf Ravensburg Regensburg Reutlingen Rothenburg RottweilS Schwäbisch Gmünd Schwäbisch Hall Schweinfurt Speyer Überlingen Ulm Wangen Weil Weißenburg in Bayern Wetzlar Wimpfen Windsheim Worms Zell Free Imperial Cities as of 1648   Cities that lost Imperial immediacy or gained independence before 1792 BaselS BernS Besançon Brakel Cambrai Diessenhofen Donauwörth Duisburg Düren Gelnhausen HagenauD Herford KaysersbergD KolmarD Konstanz LandauD Lemgo LucerneS Mainz Metz MunsterD ObernaiD Pfeddersheim Rheinfelden RosheimD St. GallenS Sarrebourg SchaffhausenS Schmalkalden SchlettstadtD SoestH SolothurnS Straßburg Toul TurckheimD Verden Verdun Warburg Weißenburg in ElsaßD ZürichS D Member of the Décapole H Member of the Hanseatic League S Member or associate of the Swiss Confederacy.

v t e Towns and municipalities in Reutlingen (district) Bad Urach Dettingen an der Erms Engstingen Eningen Gomadingen Grabenstetten Grafenberg Hayingen Hohenstein Hülben Lichtenstein Mehrstetten Metzingen Münsingen Pfronstetten Pfullingen Pliezhausen Reutlingen Riederich Römerstein Sonnenbühl St. Johann Trochtelfingen Walddorfhäslach Wannweil Zwiefalten

Kool Savas
Kool Savas in 2010
Background information
Birth name	Savaş Yurderi
Also known as	King Kool Savas (KKS), Juks, Jux, Essah
Born	(1975-02-10) February 10, 1975 (age 37) Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Origin	Turkey
Genres	German hip hop
Labels	Essah Entertainment
Associated acts	M.O.R., Azad, Samy Deluxe, Lumidee, 40 Glocc, Ying Yang Twins
Website	Official website

Savas Yurderi (born 10 February 1975) also known as Kool Savas (or as well King Kool Savas), is a German rapper and hip hop artist. Savas is mostly referred to as "King of Rap" or "King of German Rap".^[1]

"Savaş" is the Turkish word for "war".

Biography[link]

Born in Aachen, Germany to a German mother and a Turkish father, Savas' family moved back to Turkey when he was one year old. His father, who is from Çorum, Turkey, was arrested because of his political posture against the government in Turkey, and as a result of his father's arrest, his mother was forced to return to Aachen with Savas.^[2] By 1987, his father was released and the entire family was reunited and relocated to Berlin. It was in Berlin where Savas first came across Hip Hop music.^{[citation needed]}

Savas lived with his girlfriend, Melbeatz, in Berlin for an extended amount of time. As a result, the majority of Savas' beats were produced by her. Although Savas and his girlfriend are no longer together, they remain close friends.^{[citation needed]}

Although Savas is popularly called a "Berlin rapper," he resides in Heidelberg. He is also a vegetarian.^{[citation needed]}

Career[link]

2000: Early career[link]

Savas started his rap career with the EP Warum rappst du, containing rather provocative lyrics in songs such as "L.M.S.", "Schwule Rapper" and "Pimplegionär". He first started under the name Juks and rapped mostly in English. He became successful through the groups Masters of Rap (M.O.R.) and Westberlin Maskulin.

In 2001, he and all of M.O.R. left former label Put Da Needle To Da Records, because of personal and artistic differences. They released a diss track against former label CEO Peter Sreckovic titled "Track gegen Peter" where Savas gave reason for his exit.

Beginning in 2002, he founded his own label, Optik Records, where he released his first solo album titled Der beste Tag meines Lebens, for which he won a Comet award. For the album, Savas worked together with several domestic and foreign musicians including Azad, Samy Deluxe, Kurupt, 40 Glocc, Dem Franchize Boyz, Lumidee, RZA, Moses Pelham, J-Luv, Bligg, Jadakiss, Royce da 5'9", Xavier Naidoo, Mobb Deep, Ying Yang Twins and Illmatic. The album sold over 90,000 copies worldwide.

With his record label, Savas tried to build up other artists. He discovered Eko Fresh and signed many upcoming artists such as DJ Nicon, Melbeatz, Ercandize, Caput, Amar, Sinan and Moe Mitchell.

In 2004, Savas released his first mixtape, "Kool Savas goes Hollywood" which was later made available as free online download.

Since early 2005, Savas has been supporting the efforts of his younger brother Sinan, his cousin Dimi and his brother-in-law Igor in their blooming rap careers.

In 2005, he released his mixtape titled "Die John Bello Story". It was the most successful mixtape in Europe in 2005 and also Savas' best to date at over 60,000 sold copies. In the same year he produced the album "One", together with Azad. The hit single "All 4 One" peaked at 4 in the German Top 100 Singles.

In 2006, Savas released the label sampler "Optik Takeover", a collaboration with several other artists signed to Optik Records. Also in 2006, he released an album with Optik Schweiz, the Swiss counterpart of Optik Records, titled "Wer Hatz Erfunden".

His second solo album, Tot oder Lebendig (eng. Dead or Alive), was released in 2007 and proved to be successful at 50,000 sold copies.

Savas released the sequel mixtape "Die John Bello Story 2" in 2008. He then went on to release an updated version labeled the "Brainwash Edition".

In 2009, he released the EP "Was hat S.A.V da vor" with the Hip Hop Magazine Juice. The same year saw the release of a collaboration album with Optik Russia which was called "New Russian Standard".

On March 12, 2010, Savas released "Die John Bello Story 3" which sold roughly 50,000 copies. The album featured fellow rappers Azad, Curse, Ying Yang Twins, Olli Banjo, Ercandize, Moe Mitchell, Amar, Franky Kubrick, Kaas, Mo Trip, Sinan, Tua, Vega, Kitty Kat, Laas Unltd. and more.

His 2011 album Aura included a single with the same name and a song featuring Xavier Naidoo, titled LMS 2012.

Controversy[link]

Eko Fresh[link]

In 2002 Eko Fresh and Savas began to dispute. Eko Fresh left the label and continued his career without his colleague. He released "Die Abrechnung", a song which spoke out against Kool Savas and other German rappers. Savas replied with "Das Urteil", which also became a hit song.

Discography[link]

• 2002: Der beste Tag meines Lebens
• 2004: Die besten Tage sind gezählt
• 2007: Tot oder Lebendig
• 2011: Aura

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kool Savas

• YouTube
• Official Homepage'
• Official Facebook Page'