France 24 (pronounced France vingt-quatre [fʁɑ̃s vɛ̃tkatʁ] on all three editions) is an international news and current affairs television channel based in Paris. Its stated mission is to "cover international current events from a French perspective and to convey French values throughout the world."^[1] It started broadcasting on 6 December 2006 under the presidency of Jacques Chirac and prime ministerial term of Dominique de Villepin.

The service is aimed at the overseas market, after the manner of BBC World News, DW-TV, NHK World and RT, and broadcast through satellite and cable operators throughout the world. During 2010 the channel started broadcasting through its own iPhone app.

Based in Issy-les-Moulineaux^[2] in the suburbs of Paris, the channel broadcasts world news. Currently it offers variants in English and Arabic in addition to French. The channel has since 2008 been wholly owned by the French government (via its holding company, l'Audiovisuel extérieur de la France (AEF), having acquired the remaining shares held by its former partners Groupe TF1 and France Télévisions. Its budget is approximately €100 million per year.^[3]

Programming[link]

France 24 is broadcast on three channels: in French, in English, and in Arabic.^[4]

France 24's programming is divided more or less equally between news coverage and news magazines or special reports.

Along with 260 journalists of its own, France 24 can call on the resources of the two main French broadcasters (Groupe TF1 and France Télévisions) as well as partners such as AFP and RFI. The CEO of France 24 is Alain de Pouzilhac. From 19 May 2010, FRANCE 24 unveiled a new schedule that prioritizes the morning and evening slots, anchored live by the network’s editorial staff. More programming space than ever before goes to business, sport, culture and studio discussion.

History[link]

Channel inception[link]

The media's perception was that the channel was a brainchild of former president Jacques Chirac, famous for defending the position of the French language in the world, specifically versus the English domination in this media category.^[5]

First project (1987–1997)[link]

In 1987, then-French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac expressed his desire for an international television news channel in French and had requested a report into the activities of current international broadcasts from France (Radio France Internationale, TV5, and to a certain extent, Réseau France Outre-Mer), and noted the collective offering was "fragmented, disorganised and ineffective".

With the arrival of François Mitterrand as President in 1981 and the naming of Michel Rocard as Prime Minister, the government launched a new project, Canal France International (CFI), a package of programmes aimed at making programmes in French for foreign audiences, particularly in Africa, to be developed in parallel as a television channel.

The First Gulf War of 1990, relayed across the world by CNN International in particular, revealed the power of international news channels and their role in the formation of opinion. A parliamentary minister, Philippe Séguin, wished to create a French-language equivalent.

In 1996, after nineteen governmental reports in ten years, Prime Minister Alain Juppé asked Radio France International president Jean-Paul Cluzel (who was also General Inspector of Finances) to create a French international news channel. Cluzel proposed in 1997 to group TV5, RFI and CFI within a corporation entitled Téléfi. The UMP-led government decided to follow that recommendation, but with the return of the Socialist Party to government and the nomination of Hubert Védrine, the new Minister of Foreign Affairs, favoured the augmentation of existing outlets such as TV5, which started to produced its own programming, notably its news bulletins, which in turn created its own news team.

Additionally with the creation of EuroNews in 1993 (with French-language commentary), the media presence of France overseas became more complex, more fragmented and costlier without being able to rely on a true round-the-clock international news channel.

The relaunched project (2002-2003)[link]

In 2002, President Jacques Chirac relaunched the project to create a French international news channel; after a speech given at a reception in honour of the High Council of the Francophonie at the 'Élysée on 12 February 2002, he stated:

"Is it understandable that year after year we are still lamenting our persistent failure with news and the French-language media on the international scene? Admittedly, we have, with Agence France-Presse a remarkable information tool, that we must continue to reinforce, notably in its international mission. Indeed, everyone here recognises the recent progress made by RFI, by TV5, by CFI, thanks to the efforts of their teams and to the determination of the public bodies. But everybody notices that we are still far from having a large international news channel in French, capable of competing with the BBC or CNN."^[6]

The recent crises have shown the handicap that a country suffers, a cultural area, which doesn't possess a sufficient weight in the battle of the images and the airwaves. Let us question, in the time of terrestrial television networks, of satellite, of the internet, on our organisation in this domain, and notably in the dissipation of public funds which are reserved to them."

On 7 March, speaking in the French Senate in front of foreign delegates to France, and as part of his presidential campaign, Chirac said:

"We must have the ambition of a big, round-the-clock news channel in French, equal to the BBC or CNN for the English-speaking world. It is essential for the influence of our country. For our expatriates, it would be a live and an immediate link to the mainland"^[7]

After his re-election, the first reflections were engaged at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, headed by Dominique de Villepin. Various technical options were examined at the time, in an unreleased report:

• Purchase of EuroNews by the French State
• Creation of an external channel, proposed by then-France Télévisions President Marc Tessier, approved by the previous government.
• An international version of LCI, proposed by Groupe TF1, which asked for a state subvention for the service.
• Strengthening of TV5's news service, as suggested by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq reassured the authorities about the project; especially in February 2003, when the American broadcasters CNN, FOX News and MSNBC opted not to broadcast the long applause given by the members of the United Nations Security Council after Dominique de Villepin gave his address on the Iraq conflict.^[8]

On 19 March 2003, Matignon opened offers to: "Elicit the development of an international news channel. Broadcasting primarily in the French language, this service will assure a more important and more visible presence of France in the world wide battle of images, and to contribute to the pluralism of international information by offering to our viewers the choice of a different viewpoint on the news, marked by a singular point of view of our country on world affairs, by its culture and by its own ideas, and to value its historical links and its privileged geography. The international news channel must contribute to a long-lasting strategy of influence of France in the world". ^[9]

By the application deadline on 22 April 2003, three candidates replied:

• France Télévisions & RFI: to operate a channel entirely run by the public service sector
• Groupe TF1 : proposed an international version of its LCI channel
• Groupe Canal+ : proposed a news "factory" to reinforce its i>Télé channel, already seen in 47 countries but running at a financial loss.

One month later, a parliamentary commission gave its conclusion, voted with a unanimous decision by its members in the National Assembly, to form a public-owned corporation (groupement d'intérêt public) grouping all of the public broadcasters (France Télévisions, RFO, RFI, TV5 and AFP) with the goal of launching the channel at the end of 2004.

Ignoring the work of the parliamentary commission, the government asked a member of the assembly, Bernard Brochand, to form a parternship between the applying candidates for the international channel, something which the parliamentary commission did not demand. Brochard attempted to group both Groupe TF1 and Groupe Canal+ with no success. He then proposed a 50/50 partnership between France Télévisions and Groupe TF1 (whilst at the same time rejecting RFI), both groups possessing the technical means and experience of broadcasting externally: TF1 with its LCI channel and France Télévisions' editorial teams at France 2 and France 3.

Preparing for launch (2004-2006)[link]

Defying parliament[link]

After a press conference in January 2004, President Chirac wished for a launch of the channel towards the end of the year. However, various disputes began to surface. The ministers of the assembly that voted were angry that the recommendations voted for in the parliamentary commission were thrown out in favour of one prepared outside the parliamentary framework. Unionised journalists working for France Télévisions denounced the potential alliance with the private sector, calling it "the marriage of the snake and the rabbit"; Radio France International was angry that it were not to be associated with the project. A headline published in Le Monde described the partnership having a "public channel, private owner",^[10] while other sections of the press criticised its modest budget of 80million euro (compared with 600 million euro for BBC World). Finally the Minister for Foreign Affairs had worried that the budget would take away from existing funded channels such as TV5.

Facing discontentment, the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin delayed all discussion of the project in 2004. Then Foreign Minister Michel Barnier announced on 21 July that the channel would not be funded before 2007, which was confirmed by a vote in parliament on the Finance Bill.

However, the Prime Minister conceded to pressure from the Élysée; a press conference by Rafarrin on 9 December confirmed the launch of the new news channel in 2005.

"I have decided to accept the proposed joint venture proposed by France Télévisions and TF1. As desired by the President, the new channel will draw on the talents of major French television companies, and will promote the expression of a French vision, more neccessary than ever in the world today. The Government will present an amendment to the Finance Bill to provide for the start of the channel, to a total of 30 million euro."^[11] The amendment was carried the same day in the National Assembly.

Public-private angst[link]

The start of 2005 concerned obtaining the authorisation neccessary from the European Union and the relevant competition commissions. Trade union members working for France Télévisions continued to voice opposition to the project and circulated a petition in March 2005. The newly-elected president of the public corporation, Patrick de Carolis, who assumed his position in the summer (and who had been accused of being too close to the President) expressed doubts about an alliance with TF1:

"To be effective, you need a single driver in a car". ^[12]

He insisted that the channel be made available within France, which the members of parliament required, and which TF1, wanting to protect its own news channel LCI, could object to. Patrick Le Lay, president of TF1, gave his blessing for the channel to be broadcast domestically, and wished the direction of the channel to alternate every six months between the two parties and eventually a Supervisory Board devolved to France Télévisions. These few amendments needed new authorisation from the French and European authorities, obtained this time round without difficulty.

The birth (2006 - 2008)[link]

The launch of the channel was made official after a statement to the cabinet of the Ministry of Culture and Communication, headed by Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres on 30 November 2005:

" The project of the International French News Channel (abbreviated in French to CFII)[...] will allow us to propose our own country's vision of world events and to reinforce its presence in the world."^[13]

Alain de Pouzilhac, ex-boss of Havas, was named President, along with two deputies, one each from group partners TF1 and France Télévisions.

Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin declared that CFII, against the wishes of TF1, would be broadcast within mainland France.^[14] However, TF1 wished to launch its news channel LCI onto the digital terrestrial platform. In order to placate TF1, CFII was due to be broadcast via satellite and cable.

On 22 April 2006, Le Monde announced that the managers of the forthcoming channel found its initial name difficult to pronounce (CFII, in French pronounced as say-eff-ee-ee, or say-eff-deux-zee).^[15] A new name was announced on 30 June 2006; France 24 (prounounced France vingt-quatre in all languages). This decision was taken by the Supervisory Board, chaired by France Télévision president Patrick de Carolis, who made the choice from a list of five potential names.

France 24 launched on 6 December 2006, initially available online as a web stream, followed by satellite distribution a day later, covering France and the rest of Europe, the Middle East, Africa and the United States (specifically airing in New York State and the District of Columbia using two channels: one in English and the other in French. Since April 2007 the channel increased its reach, airing programmes in Arabic for viewers in the Mahgreb, North Africa and the Middle East.

Two months after launch, a survey conducted by TNS Sofres indicated that 75% of respondents in France questionned thought France 24 was "useful and essential",^[16] but questions have arisen concerning the France 24 name being too Franco-centric for an international news channel.^[17]

The state takes over[link]

In 2008 Groupe TF1 ceded its share in the channel to a government-owned holding company, Société de l'audiovisuel extérieur de la France (AEF), whilst conversely committing to producing programmes for the channel until 2015.

Despite the launch of France 24, the fragmentation of public broadcasting overseas continues. The total budget for external broadcasting from France totalled 300 million euro each year. Following the election of Nicolas Sarkozy as President in May 2007, a "steering committee" of twenty members was called in with view to reform in June 2007. President Sarkozy called on Bernard Kouchner and Christine Albanel, respectively Foreign Minister and Culture Minister to reform the current system. The proposition of reform was met with concern from Belgium, Switzerland and Canada/Québec, as the public broadcasters involved in TV5 (of which the French government holds a majority 49% share whilst the three aforementioned countries hold 11% each) consider TV5 to be a promoter of the wider French-language world.^[18] Just one month after France 24's launch, TV5 renamed itself TV5MONDE.

As published in the Journal Officiel de la République Française of 23 January 2009, a Decree for 23 January 2009 appeared, authorising the company France Télévisions to cede its share in the capital of the France 24 company.^[19] The same Decree transferred its share to the Société de l'audiovisuel extérieur de la France (AEF), which made AEF sole shareholder of France 24, for the sum of 4 million euro.^[20]

[edit] Under one maison (2008-present)

President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 8 January 2008 that he was in favour of reducing France 24's programming to French only.^[21]

In January 2012 AEF announced a merger between France 24 and Radio France International, a prodecure finalised on 13 February 2012. It is expected that staff from Radio France International (which includes Arabic sister station Monte Carlo Doualiya) will move to premises currently home to France 24. Alain de Pouzilhac, president of AEF stated in Le Monde:

"We have just created a French audiovisual group of international dimensions, that aspires to be powerful and ambitious; [the merger] is irreversible and is definitive".

102 posts, of which 85 from RFI, were cut preceding the official merger. Editorial teams, technical and distribution, financial and human resources departments of both France 24 and RFI were involved. On 13 February 2012 the merger of France 24 and RFI was made official.

Long-term goals[link]

France 24 aims to present a view of the news different from that of the Anglophone leading international news channels BBC World News and CNN International. Its intention is to put more emphasis on debate, dialogue and the role of cultural difference. It will also be competing with Deutsche Welle, Al Jazeera English, RT and NHK World news channels. The Arabic programming competes with Al Jazeera's and Rusiya Al-Yaum's Arabic channels.

The French government allocated around €100 million for the project. The European Commission gave the green light to France 24 in June 2006, saying it did not breach European Union state aid rules.

Shows and presenters[link]

Programmes[link]

• Beyond Business
• The Business Interview – hosted by Raphael Kahane
• Business Matters – hosted by Stéphane Marchand, Pierre Briançon
• Culture – hosted by Genie Goudla
• Culture Critique – hosted by Augustin Trapenard on literature, Amobe Mevegue on music, Sean Rose on exhibitions, Lisa Nesselson on cinema and Stephen Clarke
• The Debate – hosted by François Picard
• Environment – hosted by Eve Irvine
• Europe District – Christophe Robeet
• Fashion
• Focus
• France Bon Appétit
• Health – hosted by Eve Irvine
• In the Papers – hosted by James Creedon
• In the Weeklies
• The Interview
• Lifestyle
• Media Watch
• The Observers – hosted by Derek Thomson
• Planet Hope - hosted by Louise Hannah
• Politics
• Reporters – hosted by Mark Owen
• Talking Europe
• Talking Points
• Tech 24 – hosted by Rebecca Bowring
• This Week in Africa – hosted by Genie Goudla
• This Week in Asia – hosted by Claire Pryde
• This Week in Europe – hosted by Rebecca Bowring
• This Week in France – hosted by Nadia Charbit
• This Week in the Americas – hosted by Annette Young
• This Week in the Maghreb – hosted by Georja Calvin Smith
• This Week in the Middle East – hosted by Lanah Kammourieh
• Top Story
• Vice Versa
• Web News
• The World This Week
• World Winds

Availability[link]

France 24 is available by satellite in most of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, as well as by cable and antenna in the US cities of New York, Washington, DC, Philadelphia, and Atlanta, Georgia. In the United States, Canada, Central and South America, France 24 is represented by the American telecommunications company New Line Television, headquartered in Miami, Florida. As of August 2010, the network also became available to subscribers to the satellite television Dish Network.^[22]

The French, English and Arabic channels are all available live on the France 24 website, broadcast en direct (live) in Adobe Flash Video format. On 1 April 2007, the Irish terrestrial channel TG4 began carrying retransmissions of France 24 overnight. Previously, it had retransmitted Euronews. France 24 is also available on Livestation.

In 2007, France 24 started a VOD service on Virgin Media, allowing customers to access weekly news updates and programmes to watch when they choose. A free application means that France 24 is also available live and VOD on mobile phones throughout the world. An official App for the iPhone has also been released.^[23]

In October 2009, France24 relaunched its website France24.com, with a complete video archive, as well as a video on-demand service where the viewer may watch any of the three channels with the ability to replay the past 24 hours of programming. On 1 March 2010, France 24 released live streaming with experimental automatic transcription, in association with Yacast Media, the search engine Exalead, Vocapia Research, and Microsoft.^[24]

On 2 March 2010, Iran blocked the news website of this French broadcaster.^[25]

On 9 January 2011, France 24's English and French channels officially switched to 16:9 widescreen at 02:00 CET, and the Arabic channel switched to widescreen later that day at 06:00 CET. Graphics were modified to fit the new format. The studio design was not altered. The video player at France24.com was also amended to accommodate the new format.^[26]

France 24 is a supporter of the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) initiative (a consortium of broadcasting and Internet industry companies including SES, OpenTV and Institut für Rundfunktechnik) that is promoting and establishing an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast TV and broadband multimedia applications with a single user interface, and has announced that it will launch an HbbTV interactive news service in 2012 via the Astra 19.2°E satellites, with support from Orange and SES.^[27]

In New Zealand, the channels are available via Sky Network Television on channel 100 (English) and 101 (French).

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website
• Official Dailymotion channel
• France 24's channel on YouTube (English)
• France 24's channel on YouTube (French)
• France 24 on Twitter
• France 24 on Facebook
• Observer France 24
• France 24 pre-launch promo trailer
• France 24's article on Center on Public Diplomacy's wikipedia

Launch coverage[link]

• France launches world TV channel, BBC News
• France launches global news channel, Al Jazeera English
• Channel provides market with Gallic spin, CNN

See also[link]

Paris portal

• Le Canal Nouvelles
• Réseau de l'information

v t e Television in France Terrestrial digital (free) TF1 France 2 France 3 Canal+ France 5 M6 Arte Direct 8 W9 TMC NT1 NRJ 12 La Chaîne parlementaire France 4 BFM TV I>Télé Direct Star Gulli France Ô Terrestrial digital (pay) TPS Star Paris Première Canal+ Sport Canal+ Cinéma CFoot Planète+ TF6 LCI Eurosport Other free TV5MONDE France 24 EuroNews (France) Guysen TV (France) Équidia Téva L'Équipe TV M6 Music Hits M6 Boutique Liberty TV Tropik TV Fashion TV Art Channel KTO Demain! The Walt Disney Company Disney Channel Disney Junior Disney Cinemagic Disney XD Other (pay) MCM Mezzo 13ème Rue Planète+ Jimmy RTL9 Comédie+ XXL Canal J Orange Sport AB1 OM TV Série Club Ciné+ Premier Ciné+ Frisson Media holding companies France Télévisions TF1 Group Métropole Télévision Canal+ Group Lagardère Active AB Groupe

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"Le Monde d'Edena" (The World of Edena) is a series of graphic novels by French artist Moebius. It was inspired by a portfolio Moebius made for the French car manufacturer Citroën, called "The Star", in 1983. In this initial short story, Moebius introduces 2 protagonists, Stel and Atan, traveling in an old Citroën on a bald planet. Not much happens in the story, but in the end, they are invited by a spacecraft to fly to an unknown world, a 'Garden of Eden somewhere in another galaxy'. The open ending of the Citroën story inspired Moebius to think what would happen after, and thus the series 'Le Monde d'Edena' was born.

The strength of these science-fiction stories lies in the fact that Moebius uses them to pose questions about dreams, nutrition and health, biology and sexuality, the human desire to live in a structured society, and archetypal good and evil. All of these more philosophical elements are organically embedded in deceivingly light stories, allowing the reader to page through the different layers.

The graphic style is also different from other work by Moebius in that the artist restricted himself to a 'Clear Line' style (Ligne Claire), with minimal details.

Episodes[link]

The following episodes have been created so far :

• Sur l'Étoile (The Star)
• Les Jardins d'Edena (The Gardens of Edena)
• La Déesse (The Goddess)
• Stel
• Sra
• Les Réparateurs (The Repairers)

References[link]

All novels have been published by Casterman, in many languages, including French, Danish and Dutch. All info in this text from Dutch edition of The Star (De Ster), ISBN 90-303-8566-9.

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Le Monde oublié is a French science fiction novel written by Henri René Guieu, under the pseudonym Jimmy Guieu. It was written in 1954.

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"The World Is Stone" is a single by American singer, Cyndi Lauper. This is the English version of the French song "Le Monde est stone" (1978), which was part of the Starmania musical and has been most notably associated with Fabienne Thibeault, Marie Carmen and Céline Dion.

The song was composed by Michel Berger. The original French lyrics were written by Luc Plamondon, and the song was adapted to English by Tim Rice. It is a ballad from the Tycoon soundtrack. On the single the B-side was a song entitled, "You Have to Learn to Live Alone", which was also featured on this soundtrack.

Although this single was not released in U.S., it was a hit in several countries (number 15 in UK) but especially in France where it climbed to number two, stayed for three months in the top five and totaled 31 weeks in the top 50.

Track listing[link]

CD single

1. "The World Is Stone" — 4:30
2. "You Have to Learn to Live Alone" — 5:10

CD maxi

1. "The World Is Stone" — 4:30
2. "You Have to Learn to Live Alone" — 5:10
3. "Time After Time" — 4:01

Personnel[link]

• Writing – Michel Berger, Luc Plamondon, Tim Rice
• Producing – Cyndi Lauper
• Arrangement – Cyndi Lauper, Peter Wood
• Mixing – Frank Filipetti
• Recording – Guy Gray

Source^[1]

Chart performance[link]

References[link]

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World Without Sun (French: Le Monde sans soleil) is a 1964 French documentary film directed by Jacques-Yves Cousteau. The film was Cousteau's second to win an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, following The Silent World in 1956.

Plot[link]

World Without Sun, a documentary produced and directed by Jacques Cousteau in 1964 chronicles Continental Shelf Station Two, or "Conshelf Two", the first ambitious attempt to create an environment in which men could live and work on the sea floor. In it, a half-dozen oceanauts lived 10 meters down in the Red Sea off Sudan in a star-fish shaped house for 30 days. The undersea living experiment also had two other structures, one a submarine hangar that housed a small, two man submarine referred to as the "diving saucer" for its resemblance to a science fiction flying saucer, and a smaller "deep cabin" where two oceanauts lived at a depth of 30 meters for a week. The undersea colony was supported with air, water, food, power, all essentials of life, from a large support team above. Men on the bottom performed a number of experiments intended to determine the practicality of working on the sea floor and were subjected to continual medical examinations.Like his first Academy Award winning documentary, The Silent World, Cousteau's treatment of animal life during the film faced questioning. In one scene, the crew captures unsuspecting fish into plastic bags and ties them to coral reef as predators swarm them, facing an inescapable demise. The documentary, 93 minutes long, received wide international theatrical distribution, and was awarded an Academy Award for Best Documentary,^[1] as well as numerous other honors. It was Cousteau's second film to win Best Documentary, the first being "The Silent World" released in 1956.

Funded in part by the French petrochemical industry, the Conshelf Two experiment was originally intended to demonstrate the practicality of exploitation of the sea using underwater habitats as base stations. In the end Cousteau repudiated such an approach, turning his efforts instead toward conservation. The lyrical and dramatic underwater sequences also, ironically, likely contributed to the beginning of an era of ocean conservation as well as incidentally promoting sport diving. Memorable sequences inolve men cavorting with fishes, an underwater chess game, and the diving saucer reaching depths of 300 meters, encountering new and unique forms of life.

Reviews of the film were overwhelming positive, although the film did come under some criticism around accusations of "faking" footage, most notably by New York Times reviewer Bosley Crowther who questioned the authenticity of two of the film's more dramatic scenes. Crowther stated in his 1964 review, "Oceanographers consulted here yesterday said it was highly unlikely that a deep-sea cavern, containing a "bubble," or pocket of air, at its top, could exist. If it did, the atmosphere in that bubble would surely be noxious, they said. It would be methane or marsh gas. And the pressure in it would be intolerable for man." ^[2] Cousteau took great offense, going to some length in future publications to describe and defend the difficult and innovative techniques used to create the film.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Le Monde sans soleil at the Internet Movie Database

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