Look up council in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Council may refer to:

In politics[link]

• Borough council, a form of local government
• City council, a form of local government
• Community council, the most local official representative bodies in Scotland and Wales
• Council of Europe, a political, intergovernmental organization with 47 member countries
• Council of the European Union, the upper house of the European Union
• Council of State, an organ of government in many states
• County council, a council that governs a county in the British Isles
• European Council, the body of heads of states or governments of the European Union
• Labour council, an association of labour unions or union branches in a given area
• Municipal council, borough/city council in France (conseil municipal)
• National Security Council, an executive branch governmental body responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues
• Parish councils in England, a form of local government in the United Kingdom
• Privy council, a body that advises the head of state of a nation
• Town council, a democratically elected form of government for small municipalities or parishes
• UK Research Councils, government agencies responsible for an area of research in the United Kingdom
• United Nations Security Council, a decision-making body at the United Nations
• Workers' council, a council composed of working class or proletarian members

In other fields[link]

• Arts council, a government or private, non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the arts
• Bar council, a professional body that regulates the profession of barristers together with the Inns of Court
• Buddhist councils, important historical events in the history of Buddhism
• Council (Boy Scouts), a non-profit private corporation within Boy Scouts of America
• Ecumenical council, a meeting of the bishops of the whole church convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice
• Floyd Council, an American blues musician
• Student council, a student organization present in many elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, colleges and universities
• Synod in a Christian church
• University Council running a university
• Works council, a body representing the workers of a plant, factory, etc., elected to negotiate with the management about working conditions, wages, etc.
• Youth council, an example of youth voice engaged in youth-led decision-making

In United States geography[link]

• Council, Alaska
• Council, Idaho
• Council Bay, Wisconsin

See also[link]

• Accreditation Council (disambiguation)
• Advisory Council (disambiguation)
• Affairs Council (disambiguation)
• American Council (disambiguation)
• Australian Council (disambiguation)
• Canadian Council (disambiguation)
• Christian Council (disambiguation)
• Common Council (disambiguation)
• Consul
• Cooperation Council (disambiguation)
• Council High School (disambiguation)
• Council house (disambiguation)
• Council of Elders (disambiguation)
• Crown Council (disambiguation)
• Dance Council (disambiguation)
• Danish Council (disambiguation)
• Defence Council (disambiguation)
• Dental Council (disambiguation)
• District council (disambiguation)
• Dutch Council (disambiguation)
• European Council (disambiguation)
• Examinations Council (disambiguation)
• Executive Council (disambiguation)
• Federal Council (disambiguation)
• Federation Council (disambiguation)
• French Council (disambiguation)
• Funding Council (disambiguation)
• General council (disambiguation)
• General Teaching Council (disambiguation)
• Grand Council (disambiguation)
• High Council (disambiguation)
• Hong Kong Council (disambiguation)
• Indian Council (disambiguation)
• International Council (disambiguation)
• Iraqi Council (disambiguation)
• Legislative Council
• Local Council (disambiguation)
• Medical Council (disambiguation)
• Military Council (disambiguation)
• Muslim Council (disambiguation)
• National Council (disambiguation)
• Olympic Council (disambiguation)
• Policy Council (disambiguation)
• Polish Council (disambiguation)
• Pontifical Council
• Press Council (disambiguation)
• Regional Council (disambiguation)
• Restoration Council (disambiguation)
• Revolutionary Council (disambiguation)
• Scottish Council (disambiguation)
• Shire Council
• State Council (disambiguation)
• Supreme Council (disambiguation)
• The Council (disambiguation)
• United Nations Security Council
• Valley Council (disambiguation)
• Vietnamese Council (disambiguation)
• World Council (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Tim Flannery at the 5th World Conference of Science Journalists, 2007
Born	Timothy Fridtjof Flannery (1956-01-28) 28 January 1956 (age 56) Melbourne, Victoria
Nationality	Australian
Known for	Public speaking on the environment
Website
www.timflannery.com.au www.climatecommission.gov.au
Notes [1]

Timothy Fridtjof Flannery (born 28 January 1956) is an Australian mammalogist, palaeontologist, environmentalist and global warming activist. He is the Chief Commissioner of the Australian Climate Commission, an independent body providing information on climate change to the Australian public.

Flannery was named Australian of the Year in 2007^[2] and is currently a professor at Macquarie University. He is also the chairman of the Copenhagen Climate Council, an international climate change awareness group.^[3] His sometimes controversial views on shutting down conventional coal fired power stations for electricity generation in the medium term are frequently cited in the media.

Background[link]

Flannery was raised in a Catholic family in the Melbourne suburb of Sandringham, close to Port Philip Bay, where he learned to fish and scuba dive and became aware of marine pollution and its effects on living organisms. He completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in English at La Trobe University^[4] in 1977, and then took a change of direction to complete a Master of Science degree in Earth Science at Monash University in 1981. He then left Melbourne for Sydney, enjoying its subtropical climate and species diversity.^[5] In 1984, Flannery earned a doctorate at the University of New South Wales in Palaeontology for his work on the evolution of macropods (kangaroos).

Flannery has held various academic positions throughout his career. he spent many years in Adelaide, including a spell as Professor at the University of Adelaide, and several years as Director of the South Australian Museum. He was also Principal Research Scientist at the Australian Museum, and an adviser on environmental issues to the Australian Federal Parliament. In 1999 he held the year-long visiting Chair of Australian Studies at Harvard University.

In 2007, he became Professor in the Climate Risk Concentration of Research Excellence at Macquarie University. Flannery is also a member of the Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists, and a Governor of WWF-Australia. He has contributed to over 90 scientific papers.

Flannery is an advisor on climate change to outgoing South Australian Premier Mike Rann, and is a member of the Queensland Climate Change Council established by the Queensland Minister for Sustainability, Climate Change and Innovation Andrew McNamara. In February 2011 it was announced that Flannery had been appointed to head the Climate Change Commission established by Prime Minister Julia Gillard to explain climate change and the need for a carbon price to the public.^[6] This legislation is now passing through Parliament.

Flannery is married to Alexandra Szalay. She coauthored his 1998 book Tree Kangaroos: a Curious Natural History. He lives in a house with environmental features at Coba Point on the Hawkesbury River, 40 km north of Sydney, accessible only by boat. Critics have suggested it is quite close to the waterline if his predictions of sea level rise are borne out.^[7]

Climate Commission[link]

On February 10, 2011, Professor Tim Flannery was appointed as the Chief Commissioner of the Climate Commission by the Australian Government. The Commission is a panel of leading scientists and business experts who provide an authoritative, independent source of information for all Australians. The Commission is an independent body which does not comment on government policy.

Scientific contributions[link]

Mammalogy[link]

Flannery's early research concerned the evolution of mammals in Australasia. As part of his doctoral studies, he described 29 new kangaroo species including 11 new genera and three new subfamilies. In the 1990s, Flannery published The Mammals Of New Guinea (Cornell Press) and Prehistoric Mammals Of Australia and New Guinea (Johns Hopkins Press), the most comprehensive reference works on the subjects. Through the 1990s, Flannery surveyed the mammals of Melanesia – discovering 16 new species – and took a leading role in conservation efforts in the region.^[8]

The specific name of the Greater Monkey-faced Bat (Pteralopex flanneryi), only described in 2005, honours Tim Flannery.^[9]

Flannery's work prompted Sir David Attenborough to describe him as being "in the league of the all-time great explorers like Dr David Livingstone".^[10]

Palaeontology[link]

In 1980, Flannery discovered dinosaur fossils on the southern coast of Victoria and in 1985 had a role in the ground-breaking discovery of Cretaceous mammal fossils in Australia. This latter find extended the Australian mammal fossil record back 80 million years. During the 1980s, Flannery described most of the known Pleistocene megafaunal species in New Guinea as well as the fossil record of the phalangerids, a family of possums.^[8]

Tim Flannery was awarded humanist of the year in 2005 for his outstanding work in zoology.

Work on population and land use[link]

In 1994, Flannery published The Future Eaters: an Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People, and provides a sweeping glimpse of land, flora, fauna and people of the long past up to the present.

The synopsis of the work regards three waves of human migration in these regions. These waves of people Flannery describes as “future eaters”. The first wave was the migration to Australia and New Guinea from south-east Asia approximately 40 000 – 60 000 years ago. The second was Polynesian migration to New Zealand and surrounding islands 800 – 3500 years ago.^[11] The third and final wave Flannery describes is European colonisation at the end of the eighteenth century.

Flannery describes the evolution of the first wave of future-eaters:

Sixty thousand or more years ago human technology was developing at what we would consider to be an imperceptible pace. Yet it was fast enough to give the first Australasians complete mastery over the ‘new lands’. Freed from the ecological constraints of their homeland and armed with weapons honed in the relentless arms race of Eurasia, the colonisers of the ‘new lands’ were poised to become the world’s first future eaters.^[12]

While the book continues to be controversial in some of its hypotheses, it is a call to arms to preserve the Australasian natural heritage ^[13] – and by extension global natural heritage.

Perhaps his most controversial hypothesis regards early Australian Aboriginal history; Flannery paints an intriguing picture. Based on new sediment core studies, the continent up until 100,000 years ago had much greater expanses of rainforest than after Aboriginal arrival. He poses the “possibility” did Aborigines through firestick farming alter the ecology of Australian flora and fauna? ^[14] Flannery links other circumstantial evidence to the puzzle predisposing his hypothesis, such as the continent’s long suffering poor soils, historical extinction events of other continents and tens of thousands of years of fire adaptation.^[15]

Flannery also argues the hypothesis that at current population growth rate levels, Australasia is living beyond its population carrying capacity, to the extent that its biological stability has been damaged. European colonisation of Australia and New Caledonia brought its own artefacts and ways suitable in the ‘old world’, and yet struggle to adapt its “culture to biological reality”.^[16] This reality is evident in Australia, where unpredictable climate combined with a lack of natural life giving resources have created a flora and fauna that have adapted over millennia to be extraordinarily efficient in the consumption of energy.^[17]

The Future Eaters enjoyed strong sales and critical acclaim. Redmond O'Hanlon, a Times Literary Supplement correspondent said that "Flannery tells his beautiful story in plain language, science popularising at its antipodean best". Fellow activist David Suzuki praised Flannery's "powerful insight into our current destructive path". Some experts disagreed with Flannery's thesis, however, concerned that his broad-based approach, ranging across multiple disciplines, ignored counter-evidence and was overly simplistic.^[18]

The Future Eaters was made into a documentary series for ABC Television and was republished in late 2002.

Views on environmental issues[link]

Species acclimatisation[link]

The Chacoan Peccary can be brought from Paraguay to North America, to replace the extinct Flat-headed Peccary

In The Future Eaters, Flannery was critical of the European settlers introducing non-native wild animals into Australia's ecosystem. At the same time, he suggested that if one wanted to reproduce, in some parts of Australia, the ecosystems that existed there ca. 60,000 years ago (before the arrival of the humans on the continent), it may be necessary to introduce into Australia, in a thoughtful and careful way, some non-native species that would be the closest substitutes to the continent's lost megafauna. In particular, the Komodo dragon can be brought into Australia as a replacement for its extinct relative, Megalania, "the largest goanna of all time". The Tasmanian devil could also be allowed to re-settle the mainland Australia from its Tasmanian refuge area.^[19]

In The Eternal Frontier, Tim Flannery made a proposal for what later became nicknamed "Pleistocene Rewilding": restoring the ecosystems that existed in North America before the arrival of the Clovis people and the concomitant disappearance of the North American Pleistocene megafauna ca. 13,000. He wonders if, in addition to the wolves that have been already re-introduced to Yellowstone National Park, ambush predators, such as jaguars and lions should be reintroduced there as well, in order to bring the number of elks under control. Furthermore, the closest extant relatives of the species that went extinct around the Clovis period could be introduced to North America's nature reserves as well. In particular, the Indian and African elephants could substitute, respectively, for the mammoth and the mastodon; the Chacoan Peccary, for its extinct flat-headed cousin (Platygonus compressus). Llamas and panthers, who still survive outside of the USA, should too be brought back to that country.^[20]

Carbon emissions[link]

In The Weather Makers: The History & Future Impact of Climate Change, Flannery outlined the science behind anthropogenic climate change. "With great scientific advances being made every month, this book is necessarily incomplete," Flannery writes, but "That should not, however, be used as an excuse for inaction. We know enough to act wisely."

Concepts outlined in the book include:

• That a failure to act on climate change may eventually force the creation of a global carbon dictatorship, which he calls the "Earth Commission for Thermostatic Control", to regulate carbon use across all industries and nations – a level of governmental intrusion that Flannery describes as "very undesirable";^[21] and

• the establishment of "Geothermia" – a new city at the NSW-South Australia-Queensland border – to take advantage of the location's abundance of natural gas reserves, geothermal and solar energy. Flannery argues that such a city could be completely energy self-sufficient, and would be a model for future city development worldwide. Of the city project, Flannery told The Bulletin that "I know it's radical but we have no choice".

The book won international acclaim. Bill Bryson concluded that "It would be hard to imagine a better or more important book." The Weather Makers was honoured in 2006 as 'Book of the Year' at the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards.^[22]

Flannery's work in raising the profile of environmental issues was key to his being named Australian of the Year in 2007. Awarding the prize, former Prime Minister John Howard said that the scientist "has encouraged Australians into new ways of thinking about our environmental history and future ecological challenges."^[23]

That said, Howard – along with many others – remains unconvinced as to Flannery's proposed solutions. Flannery joined calls for the cessation/reduction of conventional coal-fired power generation in Australia in the medium term, the source of most of the nation's electricity. Flannery claims that conventional coal burning will lose its social license to operate, as has asbestos.^[24]

In response to the introduction of proposed clean coal technology, Tim Flannery has stated: "Globally there has got to be some areas where clean coal will work out, so I think there will always be a coal export industry [for Australia] ... Locally in Australia because of particular geological issues and because of the competition from cleaner and cheaper energy alternatives, I'm not 100 per cent sure clean coal is going to work out for our domestic market."^[25]

In 2006 Flannery was in support of nuclear power as a possible solution for reducing Australia's carbon emissions,^[26][27] however in 2007 changed his position against it.^[28] In May 2007 he told a business gathering in Sydney that while nuclear energy does have a role elsewhere in the world, Australia's abundance of renewable resources rule out the need for nuclear power in the near term. He does however feel that Australia should and will have to supply its uranium to those other countries that do not have access to renewables like Australia does.^[29]

In May 2008 Flannery created controversy by suggesting that sulphur could be dispersed into the atmosphere to help block the sun leading to global dimming, in order to counteract the effects of global warming.^[30]

Sustainable whaling[link]

When, in the concluding chapters of The Future Eaters (1994), Flannery discusses how to "utilise our few renewable resources in the least destructive way", he remarks that

A far better situation for conservation in Australia would result from a policy which allows exploitation of all of our biotic heritage, provided that it all be done in a sustainable manner. ... [I]f it is possible to harvest for example, 10 mountain pygmy-possums (Burramys parvus) or 10 southern right whales (Balaena glacialis) per year, why should we not do it? ... Is it more moral to kill and consume a whale, without cost to the environment, than to live as a vegetarian in Australia, destroying seven kilograms of irreplaceable soil, ... for each kilogram of bread we consume?^[31]

In late 2007, Flannery suggested that the Japanese whaling involving the relatively common Minke Whale may be sustainable:

In terms of sustainability, you can't be sure that the Japanese whaling is entirely unsustainable... It's hard to imagine that the whaling would lead to a new decline in population^[32]

This raised concerns among some scientists, and environmental groups such as Greenpeace,^[33][34] fearing it could add fuel to the Japanese wish of continuing its annual cull. In contrast to his stance on the Minke Whale quota, Flannery has expressed relief over the dumping of the quota of the rarer Humpback Whale,^[32] and further was worried how whales were slaughtered, wishing them to be "killed as humanely as possible".^[35] Flannery suggested that krill and other small crustaceans, the primary food source for many large whales and an essential part of the marine food chain, were of greater concern than the Japanese whaling.^[35]

Activism[link]

Flannery has achieved a prominence through his environmental activism. His advocacy on two issues in particular, population levels and carbon emissions, culminated in being named Australian of the Year at a time when environmental issues were becoming prominent in Australian public debate.

He is a member of the World Future Council.

Humanitarian[link]

In 2009, Flannery joined the project "Soldiers of Peace", a move against all wars and for a global peace.^[36][37]

Awards[link]

• Edgeworth David Medal for outstanding research in zoology
• Centenary of Federation Medal for his services to Australian science
• Colin Roderick Award, Foundation for Australian Literary Studies for Tree Kangaroos (1996)
• First environmental scientist to deliver the Australia Day address to the nation (2002).
• Australian Humanist of the Year (2005)
• NSW Australian of the Year (2006)
• Australian of the Year (2007)
• NSW Premier’s Literary Prizes for Best Critical Writing and Book of the Year (The Weather Makers, 2006).
• US Lannan Award for Non-fiction works (2006).
• The New York Times bestseller list (The Weather Makers)
• Order of St Charles, Monaco

Bibliography[link]

• Tim Flannery (1990 – revised 1995), Mammals of New Guinea, ISBN 0-7301-0411-7
• Tim Flannery (1994), The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People, ISBN 0-8021-3943-4 ISBN 0-7301-0422-2
• Tim Flannery (1995), Mammals of the South-West Pacific & Moluccan Islands, ISBN 0-7301-0417-6
• Tim Flannery, Roger Martin and Alexandra Szalay. (1996) Tree Kangaroos: a Curious Natural History
• Tim Flannery (1998), Throwim Way Leg: An Adventure, ISBN 1-876485-19-1
• Tim Flannery (2001), The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and its Peoples, ISBN 0-8021-3888-8
• Tim Flannery & Peter Schouten (2001), A Gap in Nature, ISBN 1-876485-77-9
• Tim Flannery & Peter Schouten (2004), Astonishing Animals, ISBN 1-920885-21-8
• Tim Flannery (2005), Country: a continent, a scientist & a kangaroo, ISBN 1-920885-76-5
• Tim Flannery (2005), The Weather Makers: The History & Future Impact of Climate Change, ISBN 1-920885-84-6
• Tim Flannery (2007), Chasing Kangaroos: A Continent, a Scientist, and a Search for the World's Most Extraordinary Creature, ISBN 978-0-8021-1852-3
• Tim Flannery (2008), Quarterly Essay, Now or Never: A sustainable future for Australia?. ISBN 978-1-86395-271-2
• Tim Flannery (2009), Now or Never: A sustainable future for Australia?. Melbourne: Black Inc. Books. ISBN 978-1-86395-429-7
• Tim Flannery (2009), Now or Never: Why we need to act now for a sustainable future, ISBN 978-1-55468-604-9
• Tim Flannery (2010), Here on Earth, ISBN 978-1-921656-66-8

In addition, Flannery has edited and introduced:

• The Birth of Melbourne, ISBN 1-877008-89-3
• The Birth of Sydney, ISBN 1-876485-45-0
• The Explorers, ISBN 1-876485-22-1
• Watkin Tench, Watkin Tench's 1788, ISBN 1-875847-27-8
• Terra Australis, Matthew Flinders' Great Adventures in the Circumnavigation of Australia, ISBN 1-876485-92-2
• John Morgan, The Life and Adventures of William Buckley, ISBN 1-877008-20-6
• John Nicol, Life and Adventures: 1776–1801, ISBN 1-875847-41-3
• Joshua Slocum, Sailing Alone Around the World, ISBN 1-877008-57-5

Journalism[link]

• "We're Living on Corn!" The New York Review of Books 54/11 (28 June 2007) : 26–28 [reviews Michael Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals and Bill McKibben, Deep Economy: The Wealth of Communities and the Durable Future]
• "The Third Wave", The Monthly, April 2009, on extinction of Australian animals
• "Comment", The Monthly, May 2009, on Carbon Omissions
• "Goodbye to All That" The Monthly, June 2009, reviews The Vanishing Face of Gaia by James Lovelock

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Tim Flannery

• Official website
• Climate Commission
• The Weather Makers book website
• Tim Flannery lecture online, RMIT School of Applied Communication Public Lecture series
• National Australia Day Council – Australian of the Year 2007
• NSW Ministry for the Arts – NSW Premier's Literary Awards Winners
• The Story of Tim Flannery by Our World in Balance
• A talk with Tim Flannery podcast interview with La Trobe University, 27 July 2008.
• Flannery author page and article archive from The New York Review of Books

Video[link]

• Tim Flannery on SlowTV
• Address from Professor Tim Flannery at University of Technology, Sydney, recording of live speech, 22 May 2008
• Tim Flannery interview on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos
• Tim Flannery interview on Democracy Now! program, 25 October 2007
• APEC Singapore 2009 The business of climate: A look to technology
• Councillor at World Future Council
• Keynote address at Alfred Deakin Lecture series "Innovation in Changing Climate
• Tim Flannery: Here on Earth (ABC Radio National), 23/9/2010