This article is about the municipality in India. For its namesake district, see
Patna district.
Patna
Patliputra
|
| — capital city — |
|
Clockwise from top: Budhha Memorial Park, Takht Sri Patna Sahib, Skyline near Biscomaun Tower, Patna Museum, Martyr's Memorial Patna
|
|
|
| Coordinates |
25°36′40″N 85°08′38″E / 25.611°N 85.144°E / 25.611; 85.144Coordinates: 25°36′40″N 85°08′38″E / 25.611°N 85.144°E / 25.611; 85.144 |
| Country |
India |
| Region |
Magadha |
| State |
Bihar |
| Division |
Patna |
| District(s) |
Patna |
| Mayor |
Afzal Imam (JDU) |
| Parliamentary constituency |
Patna Parliamentary Constituency, Pataliputra Parliamentary Constituency, Patna Sahib Parliamentary Constituency |
| Assembly constituency |
Bakhtiarpur(180), Digha(181), Bankipur(182), Kumhrar(183), Patna Sahib(184), Fatuha(185), Danapur(186), Maner(187), Phulwari-SC(188) |
| Planning Agency |
Patna Regional Development Authority |
| Civic agency |
Patna Municipal Corporation |
| Ward |
72 wards |
Population
• Density
• Metro
|
1,683,200[1] (2011[update])
• 1,803 /km2 (4,670 /sq mi)
• 2,046,652[2]
|
| Sex ratio |
1.13 [1] ♂/♀ |
Literacy
• Male
• Female
|
84.71%
• 87.71%
• 81.33%
|
| Official languages |
Hindi, Magadhi, Maithali, Bhojpuri, English |
| Time zone |
IST (UTC+05:30) |
Area
• Elevation
|
• 53 metres (174 ft)
|
Climate
• Precipitation
Temperature
• Summer
• Winter
|
Cwa (Köppen)
• 1,100 mm (43 in)
• 26 °C (79 °F)
• 30 °C (86 °F)
• 17 °C (63 °F)
|
Distance(s)
-
| • From Delhi |
• 1,015 kilometres (631 mi) NE (land) |
| • From Mumbai |
• 1,802 kilometres (1,120 mi) NE (land) |
| • From Kolkata |
• 556 kilometres (345 mi) NW (land) |
|
| Governing body |
Government of Bihar
Government of India |
|
|
| ISO 3166-2 |
IN-BR-PA |
| Website |
www.patna.nic.in |
Paṭnā /ˈpʌtnə/ (
Hindi pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar and the second most populous city in Eastern India. Patna is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world.[3] Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the Magadha Empire under the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Sunga, Gupta, Pala and during the Islamic period the seat of power for the Suri dynasty.
Pataliputra was also a seat of learning and fine arts. Its population during the Maurya period (around 300 BCE) was about 400,000.[4]
The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. The city also straddles the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 35 km long and 16 km to 18 km wide.
In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna in second place in India, after Delhi, in terms of the ease of starting a business.[5] As at 2004-2005, Patna had the highest per capita gross district domestic product in Bihar, at Rs31,441.[6] On the basis of,assumed average annual growth,Patna has been ranked as 21st fastest growing city in the world and 5th fastest growing city in India by City Mayors Foundation.Patna registered average annual growth of 3.72%,for the period of 2006-2010.[7]
The Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain pilgrim centres of Vaishali, Rajgir, Nalanda, Bodhgaya, and Pawapuri are nearby and Patna is also a sacred city for Sikhs as the last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, was born here.[8]
Being one of the oldest cities of India the name of this city changed with time. There are several theories regarding the source of the modern name Patna (Devanagari:पटना ):
- It is etymologically derived from Patan (Devanagari: पतन), the name of the Hindu goddess, Patan Devi.[9]
- It comes from Pattan (Devanagari: पत्तन) (meaning "port" in Sanskrit), since the city, located near the confluence of four rivers, has been a thriving river port.[citation needed]
- It may be a short form of Pataliputra (Devanagari: पाटलिपुत्र), one of the most ancient names of this city.[citation needed]
- The Greeks called it Palibothra. Megasthenes (350-290 BCE), the Greek historian, referred to it in Greek as Palibothra or Palimbotra.[10]
- The place appears in the records of the Chinese traveller, Fa Hien, as Pa-lin-fou.[9]
- The city has been known by various names during its more than 2,000 years of existence – Patligram, Patliputra, Kusumpur, Pushpapura, Azimabad, and the present-day Patna.[11]
- Patna received its current name during the reign of Sher Shah Suri, whose tomb is at Sasaram, near Patna.[citation needed]
Legend ascribes the origin of Patna to a mythological King Putraka who created Patna by magic for his queen Patali, literally "trumpet flower", which gives it its ancient name Pataligrama. It is said that in honour of the queen's first-born, the city was named Pataliputra. Gram is Sanskrit for village and Putra means son. Legend also says that the Emerald Buddha was created in Patna (then Pataliputra) by Nagasena in 43 BC.[12]
The history of Patna spans at least three millennia. The city is referred to in Indian religious texts such as the Vedas, the Puranas,[13] the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
Patna became significant around the year 490 BCE when Ajatashatru, the king of Magadha, wanted to shift his capital from the hilly Rajagrha to a more strategically located place to combat the Licchavis of Vaishali. He chose the site on the bank of the Ganges and fortified the area. Gautama Buddha passed through this place in the last year of his life. He prophesied a great future for this place, but at the same time, he predicted its ruin from flood, fire, and feud. It is said that Buddha made a halt here when he was on the last journey to his native land of Kapilavastu.[citation needed]
With the rise of the Mauryan empire, the place became the seat of power for the sub-continent. The emperor Chandragupta Maurya (a contemporary of Alexander) ruled a vast empire, stretching from the Bay of Bengal to south eastern Iran. The early Mauryan city mostly consisted of wooden structures. Emperor Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, transformed the wooden capital into a stone construction around 273 BCE.[clarification needed]
Megasthenes, the Greek historian and ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya, gives the first written account of the city. He wrote that the city was situated on the confluence of the rivers Ganga and Arennovoas (Sonabhadra - Hiranyawah) and was 9 miles (14 km) long and 1.75 miles (2.82 km) wide.[10][14] Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to India, described the city as the greatest city on earth during its heyday.[15] The Sungas ultimately retained control of Pataliputra and ruled for almost 100 years. The Sungas were then followed by the Kanvas and eventually the Guptas.[citation needed] There has been academic controversy regarding whether or not the Indo-Greeks occupied the area around 185 BCE.[16]
A number of Chinese travellers came to India in pursuit of knowledge and recorded their observations about Pataliputra in their travelogues, including those of a Chinese Buddhist Fa Hien, who visited India between 399 and 414 CE, and stayed here for many months translating Buddhist texts.[17]
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-
-
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Gupta Empire 320 - 600 ad.PNG
Pataliputra as a capital of Gupta Empire.
Approximate greatest extent of the Gupta Empire.
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-
-
Pataliputra as a capital of Sher Shah's Empire.
In the years that followed, many dynasties ruled the Indian subcontinent from the city, including those of the Gupta empire and the Pala kings. With the disintegration of the Gupta empire, Patna passed through uncertain times. Bakhtiar Khilji captured Bihar in the 12th century AD and destroyed many ancient seats of learning, and Patna lost its prestige as the political and cultural center of India.[citation needed]
Guru Gobind Singh (22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708), the tenth Guru of the Sikhs, was born as Gobind Rai in Patna to Teg Bahadur, the ninth Guru of the Sikhs, and his wife Gujri. His birthplace, Patna Sahib, is one of the most sacred pilgrimages for Sikhs.[18]
The Mughal period was a period of unremarkable provincial administration from Delhi.[clarification needed] The most remarkable period during these times was under Sher Shah Suri, who revived Patna in the middle of the 16th century. He built a fort and founded a town on the banks of the Ganges. Sher Shah's fort in Patna does not survive, although the Sher Shah Suri Masjid mosque, built in Afghan architectural style, does. Mughal emperor Akbar came to Patna in 1574 to crush the Afgha Chief Daud Khan. Akbar's navratna and state's official historian and author of "Ain-i-Akbari" Abul Fazl refers to Patna as a flourishing centre for paper, stone and glass industries. He also refers to the high quality of numerous strains of rice grown in Patna, famous as Patna rice in Europe.[citation needed]
By 1620 the city of Patna was the great entrepot[clarification needed] of northern India, "the largest town in Bengal and the most famous for trade".[19] This was before the founding of the city of Calcutta. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb acceded to the request of his favourite grandson, Prince Muhammad Azim, to rename Patna as Azimabad, in 1704 while Azim was in Patna as the subedar. However, very little changed during this period other than the name.With the decline of the Mughal empire, Patna moved into the hands of the Nawabs of Bengal, who levied a heavy tax on the populace but allowed it to flourish as a commercial centre.
City of Patna, on the River Ganges, 19th century painting.
The mansions of the Maharaja of Tekari Raj dominated the Patna river front in 1811-12.[20]
During the 17th century, Patna became a centre of international trade. In 1620 the English East India Company established a factory in Patna for trading in calico and silk. Soon this became a trading centre for saltpetre. Francois Bernier, in Travels in the Mogul Empire (1656-1668), says "...a prodigious quantity of saltpetre was imported from Patna. It was carried down the Ganges with great facility, and the Dutch and English send large cargoes to many parts of the Indies, and to Europe". This trade encoraged other Europeans, principally the French, Danes, Dutch and Portuguese, to compete in the lucrative business. Peter Mundy, writing in 1632, described Patna as "the greatest mart of the eastern region".[citation needed] After the decisive Battle of Buxar of 1764, Patna fell into the hands of the East India Company, which installed a government. It was ruled during the years of British India by a series of governors, including Rahul Gunderjaharagand.
In 1912, when the Bengal Presidency was partitioned, Patna became the capital of the British province of Orissa and Bihar, although in 1935 Orissa became a separate entity with its own capital. Patna soon emerged as an important and strategic centre.[citation needed]
Some buildings constructed during the period of British control remain, many designed by I. F. Munnings.[citation needed] Most of these buildings reflect either Indo-Saracenic influences[citation needed] - for example, the Patna Museum and the State Assembly - or overt Renaissance influences,[citation needed] as seen with the Raj Bhawan and the High Court. Some buildings, like the General Post Office and the Old Secretariat bear pseudo-Renaissance influence.[citation needed] Some say[who?] the experience gained in building the new capital area of Patna proved very useful in building the imperial capital, New Delhi.
Patna General Post Office
People from Patna were involved in the Indian independence movement. Most notable were the Champaran movement against the Indigo plantation and the 1942 Quit India Movement. National leaders who have come from the city include Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, the first President of the Constituent Assembly of India; Dr. Sachidanand Sinha; Dr. Rajendra Prasad; Bihar Vibhuti (Anugrah Narayan Sinha); Basawon Singh (Sinha); Loknayak (Jayaprakash Narayan); Sri Krishna Sinha; Sheel Bhadra Yajee and Sarangdhar Sinha (Singh)
Patna continued to be the capital of the state of Bihar after independence in 1947, though Bihar itself was partitioned again in 2000 when Jharkhand became a separate state of the Indian union.
Patna is located on the south bank of the Ganges River. A characteristic of the geography of Patna is its confluence of rivers.[clarification needed] The Ganges River is the largest. It is joined by four other rivers: Ghaghara, Gandak, Punpun and Sone. Patna is unique in having four large rivers in its vicinity.[citation needed] It is the largest riverine city in the world.[citation needed] The bridge over the river Ganges named Mahatma Gandhi Setu is 5575m long and is the longest river bridge in the India.[21]
Patna has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers from late March to early June, the monsoon season from late June to late September and a mild winter from November to February.Highest temperature ever recorded is 46.6 °C(In,1966),[22] lowest ever is 2.3 °C(In,2003)[23] and highest rainfall was 204.5 mm(In,1997).[22] The table below details historical monthly averages for climate variables.
| Climate data for Patna |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
23.3
(73.9) |
26.5
(79.7) |
32.6
(90.7) |
37.7
(99.9) |
38.9
(102.0) |
36.7
(98.1) |
33.0
(91.4) |
32.4
(90.3) |
32.3
(90.1) |
31.5
(88.7) |
28.8
(83.8) |
24.7
(76.5) |
31.53
(88.75) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
9.2
(48.6) |
11.6
(52.9) |
16.4
(61.5) |
22.3
(72.1) |
25.2
(77.4) |
26.7
(80.1) |
26.2
(79.2) |
26.1
(79.0) |
25.7
(78.3) |
21.8
(71.2) |
14.7
(58.5) |
9.9
(49.8) |
19.65
(67.37) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
19
(0.75) |
11
(0.43) |
11
(0.43) |
8
(0.31) |
33
(1.3) |
134
(5.28) |
306
(12.05) |
274
(10.79) |
227
(8.94) |
94
(3.7) |
9
(0.35) |
4
(0.16) |
1,130
(44.49) |
| Source: worldweather.org[24] |
Patna has long been a major agricultural center of trade, its most active exports being grain, sugarcane, sesame, and medium-grained Patna rice. There are multiple sugar mills still in existence in and around Patna.[25] It is an important business and luxury brand center of eastern India.[26]
As of 2011, the economy of Patna has seen sustained economic growth. In particular, the economy has been spurred by growth in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods industry, the service sector, along with Green revolution businesses.[26] In 2009, the World Bank stated Patna as the second best city in India to start up a business.[27] As of 2010, the per capita income of Patna was ₨37737.[28]
As of 2001, the slum population of Patna was only 0.25%. The lowest of any million plus Indian city.[29] Patna is the 21st fastest growing city in the world, and the fifth fastest growing city in India, and is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 3.72%.[30]
The historical population of Patna is shown below:[citation needed]
| Year |
430 BC |
200 BC |
100 AD |
361 AD |
800 AD |
2001 AD |
| Population |
100,000 |
 350,000 |
 69,000 |
150,000 |
74,000 |
1,697,976[31] |
The population of the municipal area of Patna is 1.683 million as of the 2011 census of India. The sex ratio (females per 1000 male) is 882. The overall literacy rate is 84.71%, with the male literacy rate being 87.71% and the female literacy rate being 81.33%.[1]
Hindi is the official language of the state of Bihar but many other languages are spoken. The native dialect is Magadhi or Magahi, named after Magadha, the ancient name of Bihar. English is widely spoken by Patnaites, and other widely spoken dialects and languages include Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili.[32]
Patna was one of the first places in India to use horse-drawn trams for public transport.[33] Public transportation today is provided for by buses, auto rickshaws and local trains. Auto rickshaws are said to be the lifeline of the city.[34] BSRTC has started City bus service on all major routes of Patna.[35][36] Recently, radio cab facility was also started.[37]
Main article:
Patna JunctionThe Patna Junction railway station is connected to most of the major cities in India by the railway network.[38] Patna lies in between New Delhi and Kolkata which is one of the busiest rail route in India.The city is a major railway hub and has five major stations: Patna Junction, Rajendranagar Terminal, Gulzarbagh Station, Danapur Station and Patna Sahib Station. Patna is well connected with gaya,jehanabad biharsharif,rajgir, islampur through daily passenger and express train services. Currently, the Indian Railways has floated tenders to construct 5 new "deluxe" toilets in each of Patna's railway station. The plan also includes the modernisation of Patna Junction.[39] In 2009, the construction of India's longest road-cum-rail bridge was underway on the banks on the Ganges nearby and will connect Patna to Pahleja Ghat. The bridge is expected to be completed in 2012.[40] Sources say that when completed it will be 4.55 kilometres (2.83 mi) long and therefore the longest road cum rail bridge in India and one of the longet in the world.[41]
The Planning Commission of India has given nod to Patna Metro recently which will run on two routes- Dak bunglow Square to Saguna Morh and Danapur to Patna city.[42][43] The metro will be implemented on a Public Private Partnership.[44] Furthermore, RITES has started ground survey and soil testing for the Patna Monorail to conduct techno-economic feasibility studies.[44]
There is an airport, Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport, which is classified as a restricted international airport . The arrival of several low-cost carriers and a number of new destinations have caused a growth in air traffic in recent years, as has an improvement in the situation with regard to law and order. For the period April to December 2009 the airport ranked first in a survey of 46 airports in the country in terms of percentage growth of domestic passengers as well as domestic aircraft movement.[45] New airport is expected to be built at Bihta.[46]
Gandhi Setu connecting Patna with North Bihar
The city is served by several major road highways and state highways, including National Highways 19,[47] 30,[48] 31,[49] and 83.[50] It is 1,015 kilometres (631 mi) from Delhi, 1,802 kilometres (1,120 mi) from Mumbai and 556 kilometres (345 mi) from Kolkata.[51] Luxury bus service between Patna and several neighboring cities is provided by the Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation and the Bihar State Road Transport Corporation.[52]
Patna has a fixed terminal on National Waterway No. 1 which was established in October 1986. This 1,620 kilometres (1,010 mi) route of navigable water runs from Haldia on the Bay of Bengal, across the extremity of Jharkhand province, across the centre of Bihar and then to Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh.[53]
File:Gandhi Maidan.jpg
Gandhi Maidan(shown above) lies in the heart of Patna and is the site for most political and social functions in the city
.
A shopping mall in the city
Patna is home to many tourist attractions and it saw about 2.4 million tourists (including day visitors) in 2005. Tourists visiting the city accounted for 41% of the total for Bihar province, although Bodhgaya was the most popular destination for foreign visitors.[54]
The cultural heritage of Bihar is reflected in its many ancient monuments. Kumhrar and Agam Kuan are the sites of the ruins of the Ashokan Pataliputra. Didarganj Yakshi remains as an example of Mauryan art.[55]
Takht Sri Patna Sahib is one of the Five Takhts of Sikhism and consecrates the birthplace of the tenth Guru of the Sikhs, Gobind Singh.[56] There are five other Gurdwaras in Patna which are related to different Sikh Gurus; these are Gurdwara Pahila Bara,[57] Gurdwara Gobind Ghat,[58] Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh,[59] Gurdwara Bal Leela[60] and Gurdwara Handi Sahib.[61]
Padri Ki Haveli, High Court, Golghar and Secretariat Building are examples of British architecture.
Recently, the Bihar government announced plans to build a state of the art landmark museum in Patna at a cost of approximately ₨350 crores on a site of 13.9 acres. 5 firms have been shortlisted for the architectural design.[62]
.
Patna University was established in 1917 and is the seventh oldest modern university in South Asia Sub-continent.[63] Patna also has a variety of other universities, as well as many primary and secondary schools.
There are several cricket grounds located across the city, including the Moin-ul-Haq Stadium. The stadium features a swimming pool and a cricket academy. This stadium has served as venue for two one-day international cricket matches and several national sport events.
Patna Golf Club has a 165 acres (67 ha) course.[64] Patna Indoor Stadium, also known as Rainbow Field, is an indoor and outdoor sporting complex and will be renamed[when?] after Abhinav Bindra, the Olympic gold medalist.[65]
Coming 26 February 2012, Patna will host a 42.195 kilometres (26.219 mi) Patna Marathon. The event is being organised by the Bihar Entrepreneur Network in association with the Bihar Society, Karma Society, and other NGOs. A total of Rs.10 million will be distributed as prize money to the winners.[66][67]
Patna hosted the first ever woman's Kabaddi world cup.[68]
Mahavir Mandir in Central Patna.
- ^ a b c "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (pdf). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (pdf). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "Populations of Largest Cities in PMNs from 2000BC to 1988AD". Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929110844/www.etext.org/Politics/World.Systems/datasets/citypop/civilizations/citypops_2000BC-1988AD.
- ^ O'Malley, L. S. S. (2005). James, J. F. W.. ed. History of Magadha. Delhi: Veena Publication. p. 23. ISBN 978-81-89224-01-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=18ULAwAACAAJ. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ "New Delhi, Patna best cities to start business: World Bank". The Times of India. PTI (The Times of India). 30 June 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Business/New-Delhi-Patna-best-cities-to-start-business-World-Bank/articleshow/4720294.cms. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ Nigam, Aditi (7 April 2008). "For Bihar, P stands for Patna and prosperity". The Financial Express. http://www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289/. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ "Fastest growing cities and urban areas (1 to 100)". Citymayors.com. http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
- ^ "Gurdwara-gears-up-for-Guru's-jayanti,Kumod Verma, TNN, Dec 30, 2001". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2001-12-30. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-12-30/patna/27246437_1_patna-saheb-guru-gobind-tenth-guru. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
- ^ a b Choudhoury, P. C. Roy. "Patan Devi". Hindubooks.org. Dharma Universe. http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/bihar/patandevi/index.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ a b Megasthenes. "Of the city Pataliputra Indika, Book II, Frag. XXV, Strab. XV. i. 35-36,--p. 702. Frag XXVI.Arr. Ind. 10. Of Pataliputra "... the greatest city in India is that which is called Palimbothra, in the dominions of the Prasians, where the streams of the Erannoboas and the Ganga unite,—the Ganga being the greatest of all rivers, and the Erannoboas being perhaps the third largest of Indian rivers, though greater than the greatest rivers elsewhere; but it is smaller than the Ganga where it falls into it. Megasthenes informs us that this city stretched in the inhabited quarters to an extreme length on each side of eighty stadia, and that its breadth was fifteen stadia, and that a ditch encompassed it all round, which was six hundred feet in breadth and thirty cubits in depth, and that the wall was crowned with 570 towers and had four-and-sixty gates....""]. Indika. Archived from the original on 2008-06-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20080621065424/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ "History of Patna". National Informatics Centre. Government of Bihar. 10 January 2002. http://patna.bih.nic.in/District/history.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
- ^ Fyfe, Ryan. "The Emerald Buddha". Eslteachersboard.com. http://www.eslteachersboard.com/cgi-bin/asia/index.pl?read=129. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ Iyer, Chandran (2006-07-09). "Remote sensing can help study ancient cities". Rediff.com India. http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jul/09cities.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
- ^ Smith, Sir William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 3. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 704. http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3038.html. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
- ^ "History - Ancient History in depth: The Story of India: South India". BBC. 2009-11-05. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/india/gal_india_south.shtml. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ Wojtilla, Gyula (2000). "Did the Indo-Greeks occupy Pataliputra?". Acta Antiqua (Akadémiai Kiadó) 40: 495–504. DOI:10.1556/AAnt.40.2000.1-4.46. ISSN 0044-5975. http://www.akademiai.com/content/v030m51183431158/.
- ^ Pataliputra Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms by Fa Hein, tr. by James Legge, Chapter XXVII, Pataliputtra or Patna, in Magadha. King Asoka's spirit-built palace and halls. The Buddhist Brahman, Radha-Sami. Dispensaries and hospitals...... n.1 Pataliputra, The Sanskrit name means "The city of flowers." It is the Indian Florence.
- ^ "Gurdwara gears up for Guru's jayanti". The Times Of India. 30 December 2001. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-12-30/patna/27246437_1_patna-saheb-guru-gobind-tenth-guru.
- ^ O'Malley, L. S. S. (2005). James, J. F. W.. ed. History of Magadha. Delhi: Veena Publication. p. 36. ISBN 978-81-89224-01-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=18ULAwAACAAJ. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ Chatterjee, Kumkum (1996). Merchants, Politics and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar: 1730 - 1820. BRILL. pp. 273 (at page 36). ISBN 978-90-04-10303-0.
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