Stefan Czarniecki, an important 17th century Polish Magnate

Magnate, from the Late Latin magnas, a great man, itself from Latin magnus 'great', designates a noble or other man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities. In reference to the Middle Ages, the term is often used to distinguish higher territorial landowners and warlords such as counts, earls, dukes, and territorial-princes from the baronage.

The term was specifically applied to the members (equivalent to British Peers) of the Upper House in the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary, the Főrendiház or House of Magnates.

Magnates were a social class of wealthy and influential nobility in the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania (and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), and some other medieval realms. In Spain, since late Middle Ages there is the highest class of nobility who hold appellation of Grandee of Spain. In Sweden, wealthiest medieval lords were known as storman (plural stormän), "great men", a similar description as magnate, and same meaning. In England, the term magnate has often been applied to the extremely powerful nobles that Edward III created when he split his kingdom amongst his sons rather than choosing one son to inherit the entire kingdom. The ensuing conflict between these powerful nobles (and their successors) and whoever was king led to the aristocratic wars known as the Wars of the Roses. A similar class in the Gaelic world were the Flatha.

In the Middle Ages a bishop sometimes held territory as a magnate, collecting the revenue of the manors and the associated knights' fees.^{[citation needed]}

Magnates in Poland and Lithuania[link]

Possessions of Polish and Lithuanian magnates in 16th-17th centuries

In Poland and Lithuania all members of the nobility (szlachta) were equal under the law. "Magnate" (Polish: magnat) was thus not an official title but rather a position of social class, based on wealth. Magnates (or higher nobility) vied for political power with the lesser and middle nobility (see Ruch egzekucyjny) and the Król (Monarch). From the second half of the 17th century, the magnates emerged as the victors in the struggle for power in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as they were able to concentrate most of the land in their own hands and bribe smaller nobles to preserve the appearance of democracy: "Golden Liberty" in the parliaments, not only the local Sejmiks but also in the national Sejm.

There were several other terms for "magnate" in Poland and Lithuania:

• Możny - "powerful one"; used up to the 15th century, later replaced by Magnat;
• królik, plural królewięta - "petty kings", used especially of magnates with large fiefdoms in Lithuania or Ukraine; rather negative (król in Polish means "king", but the diminutive królik also means "rabbit");
• pan - lord (much later, by title devaluation, Mister); this could also apply to members of the common szlachta and was often used by people from other social classes;
• starsi bracia - "older brothers"; all members of the szlachta referred to each other as Pan brat ('lord brother'), but Magnates who were appointed to the Senate of Poland often styled themselves senior brothers, referring to the nobles from the Sejm ("parliament") as młodsi bracia ("junior brothers");
• karmazyn - "the crimson one", from their expensive crimson-coloured clothing (especially the boots).

Several Magnates held high feudal titles or peerage ranks such as prince or count. With few exceptions, mostly dating from the Union of Lublin, and special privileges permitting some Lithuanian magnates to use them, such titles were forbidden by law. Titles from offices however were very popular: see Offices in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Magnates in England[link]

The large number of extremely powerful nobles, many of whom had claims to the throne, led to over 100 years of aristocratic civil war, in the form of the Wars of the Roses.

Eventually intermarriage between the royal family and the higher nobility led to large numbers of claimants to the throne, most of whom tried to attain the throne by usurping their predecessors. In this period, despite laws governing succession, most of the succession was determined not as much by primogeniture as by military victory.

In the Tudor period, after Henry VII defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry made a point of executing or neutralizing as many magnates as possible. Henry VII would make parliament attaint undesirable nobles and magnates, thereby stripping them of their wealth, protection from torture, and power. Henry VII also used the Court of the Star Chamber to have powerful nobles executed. Henry VIII continued this approach in his reign; he inherited a survivalistic mistrust of nobles from his father. Henry VIII ennobled very few men and the ones he did were all "new men": novi homines, greatly indebted to him and having very limited power.

See also[link]

• Aristocracy
• Leidang
• List of szlachta (this article lists the families of the magnate class, or higher nobility).
• Swedish nobility

Sources[link]

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links[link]

• War of the Roses Chapter 1: Death of King Edward III

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2011)

Nick Rivera Caminero (born in Boston, Massachusetts) is known artistically as Nicky Jam is a Puerto Rican singer. He was born to a Dominican mother and a Puerto Rican father. He is a reggaeton artist^[1] known for such hits as "Me Voy Pa'l Party", "Chambonea", "En la Cama", "Buscarte", "Guayando", "Vive Contigo" among others.

Musical career[link]

Born in Boston Massachusetts; he later moved with his family to Barrio Obrero, Puerto Rico. He has been in reggaeton since he was young and met with Daddy Yankee when they were recording with Guatauba and DJ Playero. He rose in popularity after the release of Vida Escante in 2004 and The Black Carpet in 2007 (his most recent studio album). Nicky Jam has worked with Daddy Yankee, Don Chezina, Lito & Polaco, Big Boy, R.K.M & Ken-Y and Héctor & Tito.^{[citation needed]} He has appeared in many reggaeton albums, currently holding the record for most appearances on various artist CDs which was formerly held by Daddy Yankee and Kesas.^{[citation needed]}

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• 1994: Distinto A Los Demas
• 2001: Haciendo Escante
• 2003: Salón de La Fama
• 2004: Vida Escante
• 2005: Vida Escante: Special Edition
• 2007: The Black Carpet
• 2009: The Black Mixtape
• 2011: La Bestia "The Mixtape"

Singles[link]

• Gata Salvaje (Ft Daddy Yankee, Hector y Tito)
• La Gata (ft. Daddy Yankee)
• Tu Cuerpo En La Cama (ft. Daddy Yankee)
• En La Cama (ft. Daddy Yankee)
• Guayando (ft. Daddy Yankee)
• Vamos A Perrear
• Te Quiero Tocar
• Sabanas Blancas (ft. Daddy Yankee)
• Me Voy Pa'l Party
• Yo No Soy Tu Marido
• Buscarte (ft. Daddy Yankee)
• Sentirte (ft. Daddy Yankee)
• Musika Killa (ft. Daddy Yankee)
• Ya No Queda Nada (ft. Tito Nieves, La India & K-Mil)
• Chambonea
• Loco
• Vive Contigo
• Tus Ojos
• Pasado (ft. R.K.M & Ken-Y)
• I Am Not Your Husband/Tu Marido (2005 Version)
• Dale
• Tú Tienes Que Ser Mía
• Gas Pela (ft. R.K.M)
• Ton Ton Ton (ft. R.K.M & Ken-Y)
• Dime Si Piensas En Mí
• I Love You
• Noche De Accion
• Tienen El Control

Album appearances[link]

• The Cream Vol.1
• The Cream Vol.2
• The Cream Egyptian Live
• The Cream Hits
• Dj Chilin: Los Más Buscado (1996)
• Wise Da' Gansta: La Vieja Escuela Vol. 1 (1997)
• Benny Blanco: Tierra de Nadie (1997)
• Gargolas 1: El Comando Ataca (1998)
• Playero 41 (1998)
• Dream Team: La Union de los Mejores (1999)
• Gargolas 2: El Nuevo Comando (1999)
• La Misión 1 (2000)
• Virus (Big Boy album) (2000)
• Dj Blass: Sandunguero (2001)
• El Cartel II (2001)
• La Conspiracion (2001)
• Mundo Frío (2001)
• A La Reconquista (2002)
• Gargolas 3 (2002)
• Barbosa Live: Los Exitos (2002)
• Dj Blass: Sandunguero 2 (2002)
• Dj Dicky: No Fear 4 - Sin Miedo (2002)
• El Cangri.com (2002)
• Los Dueños De La Disco (2002)
• Playero 42(2002)
• Rompiendo el Hielo (2002)
• Tha Bulbas (2002)
• Vida Eterna (2002)
• Blin Blin vol.1 (2003)
• D'Untouchables Chapter 1 (2003)
• La Coleccion (2003)
• La Conspiracion 2: La Secuela (2003)
• Los Homerun-es (2003)
• Los Matadores del Genero (2003)
• Pina All-Star (2003)
• Romances Del Ruido 2 (2003)
• Chosen Few: El Documental (2004)
• Fuera de Serie (2004)
• La Mision 4: The Take Over (2004)
• La Trayectoria (2004)
• Los 12 Discípulos (2004)
• Pina All-Star 2 (2004)
• Rebuleando Con Estilo (2004)
• Sabotage (2004)
• The Noise, Vol. 10: The Last Noise (2004)
• Da' Concert Of Reggaeton (2005)
• 40 Entre Las 2 (2005)
• Da Cream (2005)
• Dj Blass & Dj Barbosa Presentan: Reggaeton Remix (2005)
• Dj Blass: Sandunguero Hits (2005)
• Guatauba: Guatagatos (2005)
• Fuera de Serie Live (2005)
• Los Bandoleros (2005)
• Los Kambumbos: Tierra De Nadie (2005)
• Reggaeton Bachatero Non Stop (2005)
• Reggaeton's Best Features (2005)
• Romances Del Ruido Collection [CD & DVD] (2005)
• The Prezident (2005)
• DJ Raymond Presents: The Roots of Reggaeton (2006)
• Gargolas: Next Generation (2006)
• Los Titerones (2006)
• Reggaeton Hits (2006)
• Masterpiece (2006)
• Gargolas: Reborn (2007)
• Los Titeres (2007)
• Masterpiece: Commemorative Edition (2007)
• Los 4 Fantasticos (2007)
• Marroneo Con Flow (2008)
• Los Brothers (2008)
• Los Mackieavelikos (2008)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Pina Records

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008)

Magnate y Valentino are a Puerto Rican reggaeton duo. They are one of the pioneers of the subgenre known as romantikeo. They were among the first duos to include ballads and romantic songs in the discography. They form part of the second wave of reggaeton artists having debuted in 1998 in various artists compilation album The Warriors 2 where they were called Los Nene. Magnate has since released his first solo album, Progresivo. Valentino is now part of the group Los Compadres with Mario VI and Gocho. They released their album called Quimica Perfecta.

Discography[link]

• Rompiendo el Hielo (2002)
• Sin Límite (2004)
• Before & After (2006)
• Los Compadres: La Perfecta Ocasión (2006) (Valentino, Mario VI & Gocho)
• Progresivo (2007) (Magnate solo album)
• Quimica Perfecta (2009)
• Romance Urbano (2012)

Singles[link]

• Las Gatas Se Ponen Crazy (ft. A Kquest For Droz)
• Quiero Tu Cuerpo
• Salen Inquietas
• Quiero Sentir Tu Cuerpo
• Gata Celosa (ft. Héctor y Tito, Glory)
• Te Buscaré
• Fuera de Control
• Ya Lo Sé
• Vuelve a Mí
• Prohibido
• Mujer Traicionada
• Reggaetón
• Nuestro Amor Es Así
• Amar Es (ft. Arcangel)
• Dile a Ella (ft. Don Omar)
• Me Pones Mal
• Tal Vez
• Morir de Amor (ft. Arcangel)
• Si Te Acuerdas de Mi
• Si Te Acuerdas De Mi (remix) (ft. Zion & Lennox)
• Perriando Hasta El Suelo
• Boom Boom
• Boom Boom (remix) (ft. J Alvarez, Nova & Jory)
• Rompiendo la Cama (ft. Lui-G 21 +)
• Rompiendo la Cama (remix) (ft. Lui-G 21 +, Reykon)
• Perreo X Ley (Franco "El Gorila" ft. Valentino (Only), O'neill)

Edwin Laureano Rosa Vazquez (October 15, 1981), known mononymously as Ñengo Flow is a Puerto Rican reggaetón and hip hop singer and composer. He was born in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico and grew up in Bayamón, Puerto Rico where he would get his start in the music business. It was there that from a young age he would develop interest in the world of urban music. His lyric content came from personal experiences in his neighborhood with other children and classmates. It is not until age 14 when Edwin Rosa was first presented on stage in the neighborhood where he lived in a community movement. There he discovered his mission and dream in life to be an advocate of life in the neighborhood and the streets in his town vent to his experiences in his lyrics.^[1]

Singing career[link]

After a few years the name “Ñengo Flow,” became known, baptizing the name as a subject of his community. His beginnings as an artist started by releasing a mixtape with colleagues and friends. It came to be heard on Univision. This allowed him to easily release his first studio album Flow Callejero in 2005. He would continue to release mixtapes including El Combo Que No Se Deja in 2008 and La Verdadera Calle in 2009. He would also appear on various reggaetón and hip hop compilation albums including Los Anormales (2004), Sangre Nueva (2005), DJ Joe - Abusando del Género (2006). In 2011, he launched his highly acclaimed mixtape Real G4 Life and in 2012 Real G4 Life 2 as well as a Real G4 Life 2.5. Real G4 Life 2 peaked at number 75 on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart while the 2.5 edition peaked at number 61 on the same chart.^[2] Also in 2012, he would appear on various artists' album including Ivy Queen's Musa while also providing uncredited vocals to the song "La Killer".^[3][4]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• 2005: Flow Callejero

Mixtapes[link]

• 2008: El Combo Que No Se Deja
• 2011: Real G4 Life
• 2012: Real G4 Life 2
• 2012: Real G4 Life 2.5

See also[link]

	Puerto Rico portal
	Latin American music portal
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• List of famous Puerto Ricans

References[link]