Westmoreland or Westmorland may refer to:

Places[link]

• Westmoreland County, New South Wales, Australia
• Westmorland County, New Brunswick, Canada
• Westmoreland, Jamaica, a parish
• Westmorland, New Zealand, a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand
• Westmorland or Westmoreland, a historic county in England, UK

United States[link]

• Westmorland, California or Westmoreland
• Westmoreland, Kansas
• Westmoreland, New Hampshire
• Westmoreland, New York
• Westmoreland, Tennessee
• Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
• Westmoreland County, Virginia

Electoral districts[link]

• Westmorland (electoral district), a federal electoral district in New Brunswick, Canada
• Westmorland and Lonsdale (UK Parliament constituency)
• Westmoreland, Bath, an electoral ward in Bath, England

Institutions[link]

• Westmoreland County Community College
• Westmoreland Museum of American Art in Greensburg, Pennsylvania

Other uses[link]

• Westmorland (ship), a British privateering ship
• Westmoreland Glass Company, a company that produced collectible art glass
• Westmoreland Mall, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
• Earl of Westmorland, a title in the Peerage of England

People with the surname[link]

• William Westmoreland, United States Army general
• Lynn Westmoreland, member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia

Fictional[link]

• Charles Westmoreland, a character from Prison Break

See also[link]

• Moreland

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

William Westmoreland
Birth name	William Childs Westmoreland
Nickname	Westy
Born	(1914-03-26)March 26, 1914 Saxon, South Carolina
Died	July 18, 2005(2005-07-18) (aged 91) Charleston, South Carolina
Place of burial	West Point Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1936 - 1972
Rank	General
Commands held	504th Parachute Infantry Regiment 187th Regimental Combat Team 101st Airborne Division Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy XVIII Airborne Corps Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Chief of Staff of the United States Army
Battles/wars	World War II Korean War Vietnam War
Awards	Distinguished Service Medal (3) Legion of Merit (3) Bronze Star (2) Air Medal (10)

William Childs Westmoreland (March 26, 1914 – July 18, 2005) was a United States Army General, who commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak (1964–68), during the Tet Offensive. He adopted a strategy of attrition against the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam and the North Vietnamese Army. He later served as U.S. Army Chief of Staff from 1968 to 1972.

Early life[link]

William Westmoreland was born in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, to Eugenia Talley Childs and James Ripley Westmoreland. His upper-middle-class family was involved in the local banking and textile industries. William was an Eagle Scout at Troop 1 Boy Scouts and became an Eagle Scout at the age of 15, and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and Silver Buffalo from the Boy Scouts of America as a young adult. After spending a year at The Citadel in 1932 he was appointed to attend the West Point Military Academy. His motive for entering West Point was "to see the world." He was a member of a distinguished West Point class that also included Creighton Abrams and Benjamin O. Davis Jr.. Westmoreland graduated as first captain - the highest graduating rank - and received the Pershing Sword, which is given to the most able cadet at the academy.^[1][2] Westmoreland also served as the Superintendent of the Protestant Sunday School Teachers.^[3] Following graduation in 1936, he became an artillery officer and served in several different commands. In World War II he saw combat in Tunisia, Sicily, France and Germany. He reached the temporary wartime rank of colonel, and on October 13, 1944, was appointed the chief of staff of the 9th Infantry Division.^[4]

Westmoreland established a balanced reputation as a stern taskmaster who cared about his men and took a great interest in their welfare. One called him "the most caring officer, for soldiers, that I have ever known".^{[citation needed]} After the war he completed a three month management program at Harvard Business School. As Stanley Karnow noted, "Westy was a corporation executive in uniform."^[5]

Vietnam[link]

General Westmoreland, President Lyndon B. Johnson and president of South Vietnam Nguyen Van Thieu in October 1966.

General Westmoreland with Lyndon B. Johnson decorating a soldier in Vietnam, October 1966.

General Westmoreland with Lyndon B. Johnson in the White House, November 1967.

Press conference outside the White House in April 1968.

In June 1964, he became deputy commander of Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), assuming direct control from General Paul D. Harkins. As the head of the MACV he was known for highly publicized, positive assessments of US military prospects in Vietnam. However, as time went on, the strengthening of communist combat forces in the South led to regular requests for increases in US troop strength, from 16,000 when he arrived to its peak of 535,000 in 1968 when he was promoted to Army Chief of Staff.

On April 28, 1967, Westmoreland addressed a joint session of Congress. "In evaluating the enemy strategy," he said, "It is evident to me that he believes our Achilles heel is our resolve ... Your continued strong support is vital to the success of our mission ... Backed at home by resolve, confidence, patience, determination and continued support, we will prevail in Vietnam over the Communist aggressor!"

The 29-minute speech was interrupted nineteen times by applause, but congressional and popular support for the war thereafter continued to decline.

Under Westmoreland's leadership, United States forces "won every battle."^[6] The turning point of the war was the 1968 Tet Offensive, in which communist forces, having staged a diversion at the Battle of Khe Sanh, attacked cities and towns throughout South Vietnam. US and South Vietnamese troops successfully fought off the attacks, and the communist forces took heavy losses, but the ferocity of the assault shook public confidence in Westmoreland's previous assurances about the state of the war. Political debate and public opinion led the Johnson administration to limit further increases in US troop numbers in Vietnam. When news of the My Lai Massacre broke, Westmoreland resisted pressure from the Nixon administration for a cover-up,^{[citation needed]} and pressed for a full and impartial investigation by Lieutenant General William R. Peers. Westmoreland also made efforts to investigate the Phong Nhi and Phong Nhat massacre.^[7]

Westmoreland was convinced that the Vietnamese communists could be destroyed by fighting a war of attrition that, theoretically, would render the Vietnam People's Army unable to fight. His war strategy was marked by heavy use of artillery and airpower and repeated attempts to engage the communists in large-unit battles, and thereby exploit the anti-communists' vastly superior firepower and technology. However, the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF) were able to dictate the pace of attrition to fit their own goals: by continuing to fight a guerrilla war and avoiding large-unit battles, they denied the Americans the chance to fight the kind of war they were best at, and they ensured that attrition would wear down the American public's support for the war faster than them.^{[citation needed]} Westmoreland repeatedly rebuffed or suppressed attempts by John Paul Vann and Lew Walt to shift to a "pacification" strategy^[6] Westmoreland had little appreciation of the patience of the US public for his time frame, and was struggling to convince President Lyndon B. Johnson to approve widening the war into Cambodia and Laos in order to interdict the Ho Chi Minh Trail. He was unable to use the absolutist stance, "we can't win unless we expand the war" [into Cambodia and Laos]. Instead he focused on "positive indicators" which ultimately turned worthless when the Tet Offensive occurred, since all his pronouncements of "positive indicators" didn't hint at the possibility of such a last gasp dramatic event. Tet outmaneuvered all of Westmoreland's pronouncements on "positive indicators" in the minds of the American public.^{[citation needed]} Although the communists were severely depleted by the heavy fighting at Khe Sanh when their conventional assaults were battered by American firepower, as well as tens of thousands of deaths in the Tet Offensive, American political opinion and the panic engendered by the communist surprise sapped US support for the war, even though the events of early 1968 put the US and South Vietnam into a much stronger military position.

Post-Vietnam[link]

Westmoreland was replaced by General Creighton Abrams in June 1968, the decision being announced shortly after the Tet Offensive. Although the decision had been made in late 1967, it was widely seen in the media as a punishment for being caught off guard by the communist assault. Westmoreland served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1968 to 1972, then retired from the Army. Many military historians have pointed out that Westmoreland became Chief of Staff at the worst time in history with regard to the Army. Guiding the Army as it transitioned to an all-volunteer force, he issued many directives to try to make Army life better and more palatable for America's youth, e.g. allowing soldiers to wear sideburns and drink beer in the mess hall. However, many hard-liners scorned these as too liberal. Westmoreland ran unsuccessfully for Governor of South Carolina in 1974. He published his autobiography the following year. Westmoreland later served on a task force to improve educational standards in the state of South Carolina. He was mentioned in a Time magazine article as a potential candidate for the 1968 Republican nomination.^[8]

In 1986, Westmoreland served as Grand Marshall of the Chicago Vietnam Veteran's parade. The parade, attended by 200,000 Vietnam veterans and more than half a million spectators, did much to repair the rift between Vietnam veterans and the American public.^[9][10]

Westmoreland v. CBS: The Uncounted Enemy[link]

Mike Wallace interviewed Westmoreland for the CBS special The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception. The documentary, shown on January 23, 1982, and prepared largely by CBS producer George Crile III, alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated Viet Cong troop strength during 1967 in order to maintain US troop morale and domestic support for the war. Westmoreland filed a lawsuit against CBS.

In Westmoreland v. CBS, Westmoreland sued Wallace and CBS for libel, and a lengthy legal process began. While the trial was in progress, Westmoreland suddenly settled with CBS for an apology, no more than CBS had originally offered. Some contend that Judge Leval's instructions to the jury over what constituted "actual malice" to prove libel convinced Westmoreland's lawyers that he was certain to lose.^[11][12] Others point out that the settlement occurred after two of Westmoreland's former intelligence officers, Major General Joseph McChristian and Colonel Gains Hawkins, testified to the accuracy of the substantive allegations of the broadcast, which were that Westmoreland ordered changes in intelligence reports on Viet Cong troop strengths for political reasons. Disagreements persist about the appropriateness of some of the methods of CBS' editors.^[13]

A deposition by McChristian indicates that his organization developed improved intelligence on the number of irregular Viet Cong combatants shortly before he left Vietnam on a regularly scheduled rotation. The numbers troubled Westmoreland, who feared that the press would not understand them. He did not order them changed, but instead did not include the information in reporting to Washington, which in his view was a decision that the data were not appropriate to report.

Based on later analysis of the information from all sides, it appears clear that Westmoreland could not sustain a libel suit because CBS's principal allegation was that he had caused intelligence officers to suppress facts. Westmoreland's anger was caused by the implication of the broadcast that his intent was fraudulent and that he ordered others to lie.

During the acrimonious trial, Mike Wallace was hospitalized for depression, and despite the legal conflict separating the two, Westmoreland and his wife sent him flowers. Wallace's memoir is generally sympathetic to Westmoreland, although he makes it clear he disagreed with him on issues surrounding the Vietnam War and the Nixon Administration's policies in Southeast Asia.

Views[link]

Herbert Elmer Abrams' portrait of General Westmoreland

In a 1998 interview for George magazine, Westmoreland criticized the battlefield prowess of his opponent North Vietnamese General Vo Nguyen Giap. "Of course, he [Giap] was a formidable adversary," Westmoreland told correspondent W. Thomas Smith, Jr. "Let me also say that Giap was trained in small-unit, guerrilla tactics, but he persisted in waging a big-unit war with terrible losses to his own men. By his own admission, by early 1969, I think, he had lost, what, a half million soldiers? He reported this. Now such a disregard for human life may make a formidable adversary, but it does not make a military genius. An American commander losing men like that would hardly have lasted more than a few weeks."

In the 1974 film Hearts and Minds, Westmoreland opined that "The Oriental doesn't put the same high price on life as does a Westerner...We value life and human dignity. They don't care about life and human dignity."

For the remainder of his life, he maintained that the United States did not lose the war in Vietnam; he stated instead that "our country did not fulfill its commitment to South Vietnam. By virtue of Vietnam, the U.S. held the line for 10 years and stopped the dominoes from falling."

Personal life[link]

While stationed at Fort Sill, he first met the daughter of the post Executive Officer, Katherine (Kitsy) Stevens Van Deusen, 9 years old at the time. They were married in 1947 and had three children: a daughter, Katherine Stevens; a son, James Ripley II; and another daughter, Margaret Childs.^[14]

Just hours after Westmoreland was sworn in as Army Chief of Staff on July 7, 1968, his brother-in-law, LTC Frederick Van Deusen (Commander of 2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment), was killed when his helicopter was shot down in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.^[15]

Westmoreland died on July 18, 2005, at the age of 91 at the Bishop Gadsden retirement home in Charleston, South Carolina. He had suffered from Alzheimer's disease during the final years of his life. He was buried on July 23, 2005, at the West Point Cemetery, United States Military Academy.^[16]

The General William B. Westmoreland Bridge in Charleston, South Carolina, is named in his honor.^[17]

In 1996, the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution authorized the General William C. Westmoreland award. The award is given each year in recognition to an outstanding SAR Veterans Volunteer.^[18]

Dates of rank[link]

United States Military Academy class of 1936

Second Lieutenant (Regular Army)	First Lieutenant (Regular Army)	Major (Army of the United States)	Lieutenant Colonel (Army of the United States)	Colonel (Army of the United States)
O-1	O-2	O-4	O-5	O-6
June 1936	June 1939	February 1942 (temporary)	September 1942 (temporary)	June 1944 (temporary)

Captain (Regular Army)	Major (Regular Army)	Brigadier General (Regular Army)	Lieutenant Colonel (Regular Army)	Major General (Regular Army)
O-3	O-4	O-7	O-5	O-8
June 1946	July 1948	November 1952 (temporary)	July 1953	December 1956 (temporary)

Colonel (Regular Army)	Brigadier General (Regular Army)	Lieutenant General (Regular Army)	General (Regular Army)	General (Regular Army)
O-6	O-7	O-9	O-10	O-10
June 1961	February 1963	July 1963	August 1964 (temporary)	August 1965

Retired from active service in July 1972.^[19]

Awards and decorations[link]

General Westmoreland earned the following U.S. and foreign decorations and awards:

U.S. military decorations

  Distinguished Service Medal with three Oak Leaf Clusters^[20]

  Legion of Merit with two Oak Leaf Clusters

  Bronze Star, with one Oak Leaf Cluster

  Air Medal, with nine Oak Leaf Clusters

  American Defense Service Medal

  American Campaign Medal

  EAME Campaign Medal with seven campaign stars

  World War II Victory Medal

  Army of Occupation Medal with Germany clasp

  National Defense Service Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster

  Korean Service Medal with two campaign stars

  Vietnam Service Medal with seven service stars

Presidential Unit Citation (34th Field Artillery Battalion, Tunisia, 1943)

Foreign decorations and awards

Légion d'honneur (France)

60px Croix de guerre with Palm (France)

Ulchi Distinguished Service Medal with Gold Star (Korea)

Order of Military Merit Taeguk (Korea)

Order of Sikatuna, rank of Lankan (Commander) (Philippines)

60px Chuong My Medal (Vietnam)

60px Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Trinity (post-nominal: GCHT) (Ethiopia)^[21]

60px National Order of Vietnam, First Class (Vietnam)

Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)

Distinguished Service Order First Class (Army) (Vietnam)

Distinguished Service Order First Class (Air Force) (Vietnam)

Distinguished Service Order First Class (Navy) (Vietnam)

Armed Forces Honor Medal, First Class (Vietnam)

Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant, Knight Grand Cross (First Class) (Thailand)

Order of National Security, First Class (Korea)

60px Ordem do Mérito Militar (Order of Military Merit, degree of Great Officer) (Brazil)

60px Guerrillero José Miguel Lanza Gran Official (Bolivia)

United Nations Korea Medal

Vietnam Campaign Medal

Presidential Unit Citation (187th Regimental Combat Team, 1953) (Korea)

Civil Actions Medal, First Class (Vietnam)

60px Gallantry Cross Fourragère (Korea)

^[22]

Badges, tabs, and patches

Combat Infantryman Badge

Army Aviator Badge

Master Parachutist Badge

Glider Badge

Army Staff Identification Badge

100px Republic of Vietnam Parachutist Badge

Other honors

100px Knox Trophy Award, USMA highest military efficiency as a cadet at West Point, 1936.

See also[link]

	Biography portal
	United States Army portal

• List of Korean War veterans who are recipients of the Bronze Star

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History (New York, Penguin, 1991)
• Mascaro, Tom. The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception (Chicago, The Museum of Broadcast Communications)
• Smith Jr., W. Thomas. An Old Soldier Sounds Off (New York,, George, November 1998)
• Wallace, Mike with Gates, Gary Paul, Between You and Me (New York, Hyperion, 2005)
• Westmoreland, William C. A Soldier Reports (Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1976)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: William Westmoreland

General

• Westmoreland's political donations
• An article on the CBS documentary controversy by LTC Evan Parrott for the Air War College
• PDF copies of MG McChristian's deposition for the CBS trial
• MG McChristian's deposition concerning his participation in the documentary and clarifying his observation of the facts
• Analysis of the broadcast by Professor Peter Rollins of Oklahoma State University, hosted on Vietnam Veterans website
• William C. Westmoreland Collection Finding Aid, US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
• 1981 video interview with Westmoreland about U.S. military involvement in Vietnam

Obituaries

• Initial report on the death of Westmoreland from the Associated Press
• Obituary: General Commanded Troops in Vietnam from the Washington Post
• Gen. Westmoreland, Who Led U.S. in Vietnam, Dies from the New York Times
• Commander of US forces in Vietnam dies aged 91 from The Times
• A general who fought to win from The State
• ‘Westy’ recalled as noble, tragic from The State
• Farewell salute to a fine soldier from The Washington Times
• General Westmoreland's Death Wish and the War in Iraq from CommonDreams.org

v t e Leaders of the United States Army Senior Officer / Commanding General Washington Knox Doughty Harmar St. Clair Wayne Wilkinson Hamilton Wilkinson Dearborn Brown Macomb Scott McClellan Halleck Grant Sherman Sheridan Schofield Miles Chiefs of Staff Young Chaffee Bates Bell Wood Wotherspoon Scott Bliss March Pershing Hines Summerall MacArthur Craig Marshall Eisenhower Bradley Collins Ridgway Taylor Lemnitzer Decker Wheeler Johnson Westmoreland Palmer Abrams Weyand Rogers Meyer Wickham Vuono Sullivan Reimer Shinseki Schoomaker Casey Dempsey Odierno Vice Chiefs of Staff Collins Haislip Hull Bolte Palmer Lemnitzer Decker Eddleman Hamlett Abrams Haines Palmer Haig Weyand Kerwin Kroesen Vessey Wickham Thurman Brown RisCassi Sullivan Reimer Peay Tilelli Griffith Crouch Shinseki Keane Casey Cody Chiarelli Austin

v t e Superintendents of the United States Military Academy Williams Wadsworth (acting) Williams Swift Partridge Thayer De Russy Delafield Brewerton Lee Barnard Delafield Beauregard Delafield Bowman Tower Cullum Pitcher Ruger Schofield Howard Merritt Parke Wilson Ernst Mills Scott Barry Townsley Biddle Tillman MacArthur Sladen Stewart Winans Smith Connor Benedict Eichelberger Wilby Taylor Moore Irving Bryan Davidson Westmoreland Lampert Bennett Koster Knowlton Berry Goodpaster Scott Palmer Graves Christman Lennox Hagenbeck Huntoon

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Stanley Allison "Stan" Rogers (November 29, 1949 – June 2, 1983) was a Canadian folk musician and songwriter.

Rogers was noted for his rich, baritone voice and his finely crafted, traditional-sounding songs which were frequently inspired by Canadian history and the daily lives of working people, especially those from the fishing villages of the Maritime provinces and, later, the farms of the Canadian prairies and Great Lakes. Rogers died in a fire aboard Air Canada Flight 797 on the ground at the Greater Cincinnati Airport at the age of 33. His influence on Canadian folk music has been deep and lasting.

Early life and musical development[link]

Rogers was born in Hamilton, Ontario, the eldest son of Nathan Allison "Al" and Valerie Rogers (née Bushell), two Maritimers who had relocated to Ontario in search of work shortly after their marriage in July 1948. Although Rogers was raised in Woodburn, Ontario (a community in the easternmost part of Hamilton), he often spent summers visiting family in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia. It was there that he became familiar with the way of life in the Maritimes, an influence which was to have a profound impact on his subsequent musical development. He was interested in music from an early age, reportedly beginning to sing shortly after learning to speak. He received his first guitar, hand-built by his uncle Lee Bushell, when he was five years of age. He was exposed to a variety of music influences, but among the most lasting were the country and western tunes his uncles would sing during family get-togethers. Throughout his childhood, he would practice his singing and playing along with his brother Garnet, six years his junior.

By the time that Rogers was attending Saltfleet High School in Stoney Creek, he started to meet other young people interested in folk music, although at this time he was also dabbling in rock and roll, singing and playing bass guitar in garage bands such as "Stanley and the Living Stones" and "The Hobbits".

As a young man, Rogers briefly attended both McMaster University and Trent University.

Rogers' songs often had a Celtic feel which was due, in part, to his frequent use of DADGAD guitar tuning. He regularly used the 12-string guitar in performance. His best known pieces include "Northwest Passage", "Barrett's Privateers", "The Mary Ellen Carter", "Make and Break Harbour", "The Idiot", "The Field Behind the Plow", "Lies", "Fogarty's Cove", "White Squall", and "Forty-Five Years".

Death[link]

Rogers died alongside 22 other passengers (23 fatalities in all) most likely of smoke inhalation on June 2, 1983, while travelling on Air Canada Flight 797 (a McDonnell Douglas DC-9) after performing at the Kerrville Folk Festival. The airliner was flying from Dallas, Texas to Toronto and Montreal when an in-flight fire forced it to make an emergency landing at the Greater Cincinnati Airport in northern Kentucky.

Smoke was filling the cabin from an unknown source, and once on the ground, the plane's doors were opened to allow passengers to escape. Approximately 60 to 90 seconds into the evacuation of the plane, the oxygen rushing in from outside caused a flash fire.^[1] Rogers was one of the passengers still on the plane at the time of the fire.

His ashes scattered in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Nova Scotia.

Legacy[link]

Rogers' legacy includes his recordings, songbook, and plays for which he was commissioned to write music. His songs are still frequently covered by other musicians, and are perennial favourites at Canadian campfires and song circles. Members of Rogers' band, including his brother Garnet Rogers, continue to be active performers and form a significant part of the fabric of contemporary Canadian folk music. Following his death, he was nominated for the 1984 Juno Awards in the category for Best Male Vocalist. In 1993, his posthumous live album Home in Halifax was likewise nominated for Best Roots and Traditional Album.

His widow, Ariel, continues to oversee his estate and legacy. His music and lyrics have been featured in numerous written publications and films. For instance, his lyrics have appeared in school poetry books,^{[citation needed]} taking their place alongside acknowledged classics. His song "Northwest Passage" was featured in the last episode of the TV show Due South, his songs "Barrett's Privateers" and "Watching the Apples Grow" having been previously featured. "Barrett's Privateers" has also been used extensively in promotion ads for Alexander Keith's ale. In the 2005 CTV made-for-TV movie on the life of Terry Fox, Rogers' "Turnaround" is the music over the closing shot. As the movie ends, Fox is depicted, alone, striding up a hill, while the lyric "And yours was the open road. The bitter song / The heavy load that I'll never share, tho' the offer's still there / Every time you turn around," forges a link between these Canadian icons.^{[citation needed]} Many of his songs on the albums Northwest Passage and From Fresh Water refer to events in Canadian history.

Adrienne Clarkson, who, prior to serving as the Governor General of Canada from 1999 to 2005, had worked for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, highlighted Rogers' career in a 1989 television documentary called One Warm Line on CBC Television; she also quoted Rogers in her investitural address.

When CBC's Peter Gzowski asked Canadians to pick an alternate national anthem, "Northwest Passage" was the overwhelming choice.^{[citation needed]}

The Stan Rogers Folk Festival is held every year in Canso, Nova Scotia. In 1995, several artists performed two nights of concerts at Halifax's Rebecca Cohn Auditorium, which were released on album that year as Remembering Stan Rogers.

Rogers is also a lasting fixture of the Canadian folk festival Summerfolk, held annually in Owen Sound, Ontario, where the main stage and amphitheater are dedicated as the "Stan Rogers Memorial Canopy". The festival is firmly fixed in tradition, with Rogers` song The Mary Ellen Carter, being sung by all involved, including the audience and a medley of acts at the festival.

At The Canmore Folk Festival, Alberta's longest running folk music festival, performers take to the Stan Rogers Memorial Stage, which is the festival's main stage.

One of Stan's sons, Nathan Rogers, is also an established Canadian folk artist with a voice and lyrical accumen similar to his father's. He has released two critically acclaimed solo discs and tours internationally as a solo act and in the trio Dry Bones.

History and discography[link]

Rogers signed with RCA Records for a brief period in the early 1970s. During this period, Rogers wrote and recorded a number of original songs for the label, including five singles: Here's to You Santa Claus in 1970, The Fat Girl Rag in 1971, and Three Pennies, Guysborough Train and Past Fifty in 1973.

In 1976, Rogers recorded and released his debut album, "Fogarty's Cove", on Barnswallow Records. The album's subject matter dealt almost entirely with life in maritime Canada, and was an immediate success. Rogers then formed Fogarty's Cove Music, and bought Barnswallow, allowing him the luxury of releasing his own albums. Posthumously, additional albums were released.

• Fogarty's Cove (1976)
• Turnaround (1978)
• Between the Breaks ... Live! (1979)
• Northwest Passage (1981)
• For the Family (1983, on Folk Tradition, posthumous. In liner notes, brother Garnet Rogers mentions "We lost Stan last week...")
• From Fresh Water (1984, posthumous)
• Home in Halifax (1993, posthumous)
• Poetic Justice (1996, posthumous)
• From Coffee House to Concert Hall (1999, posthumous)
• The Very Best of Stan Rogers (2011)

See also[link]

• Canadian rock
• Music of Canada

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• The Stan Rogers Folk Festival
• Northern Journey entry for Stan Rogers
• Stan Rogers at Find A Grave
• Stan Rogers at The Canadian Encyclopedia
• A Biography of Stan Rogers at Geist.com

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2008)

This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (March 2008)

Kathy Westmoreland (born August 10, 1945 in Texarkana, Arkansas) is an American singer.

After growing up in Abilene, Texas, the daughter of a professional singer (father) and a professional dancer (mother), she moved to California in 1962 with her sisters (professional singers Melody Westmoreland and Christie Westmoreland) and brother Brent (professional drummer/singer). She teamed up with friend and Garden Grove High School classmate Steve Martin in a musical comedy act, working together at the Birdcage Theater at Knott's Berry Farm and playing local coffee houses.

A soprano, Westmoreland sang musical comedies and opera, performing oratorios and traveling with the Metropolitan Opera National Company by the age of eighteen. Returning to California, she joined the singing group The Sandpipers, who had a major hit with the song "Guantanamera." She became a studio session singer, appearing on numerous television shows such as those of Red Skelton, Tim Conway and Bobby Darin. She was one of Jimmy Joyce's singers, Ray Conniff's singers, Johnny Mann and many others, including vocals on recording sessions with hundreds of major artists. In 1970 she was hired to sing backup vocals for Elvis Presley, both in the studio and on stage, where he would introduce her as "the little girl with the beautiful high voice." She continued to perform with Presley until his death in 1977 and sang at his funeral at his request.

In 1987, she published "Elvis and Kathy" that recounted her time with Presley. (ISBN 0-9618622-0-3)

Kathy continues to perform to sold-out crowds, ranging from nightclubs to country-rock-and dinner theaters to fan clubs, and appears in films, TV, radio interviews, and recordings. She is currently contributing to many projects, including Dick Dale's HBO special, and occasionally performing with her daughter Lindsey, a singer and dancer.

External links[link]

• Kathy Westmoreland personal website

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2009)

Lynn A. Westmoreland (born April 2, 1950) is the U.S. Representative for Georgia's 3rd congressional district, serving since 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party. The district stretches from the far southern Atlanta suburbs to the suburbs of Columbus. He previously represented Georgia's 8th congressional district from 2005 to 2007.

Early life, education and career[link]

Westmoreland owned a construction company and worked as a real estate developer after dropping out of Georgia State University.^{[citation needed]}

Westmoreland served in the Georgia House of Representatives beginning in 1993 and began serving as the House Republican Leader in 2001, until he resigned from that position to pursue his Congressional campaign in late 2003. He continued to serve in the Georgia House until his election to the U.S. House in 2005.

During his time as the Republican Leader in the Georgia House, he led the fight against redistricting by the Democratic majority in 2001, and then was instrumental in the re-redistricting that took place in 2005 after Republicans won control of the Georgia legislature in the 2004 elections.^[1]

U.S. House of Representatives[link]

Committee assignments[link]

• Committee on Financial Services
  • Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit
  • Subcommittee on Insurance, Housing and Community Opportunity
• Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence

• Republican Study Committee
• Tea Party Caucus

During his first term in the 109th United States Congress, Westmoreland was appointed to the U.S. House Committee on Small Business, U.S. House Committee on Government Reform, and the U.S. House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure.^{[citation needed]}

In 2005, Westmoreland received criticism for spreading a memo to fellow House members that consisted of auto-industry talking points, verbatim, even using the same font as the auto-industry document. An aide defended him, saying, "such behavior is standard practice."^[2]

As a U.S. congressman, Westmoreland cosponsored a bill to place the Ten Commandments in the House of Representatives and the Senate. Westmoreland also sponsored a bill that the Ten Commandments could be displayed in courthouses in a historical setting.^[3] In May 2006, political humorist Stephen Colbert interviewed Westmoreland for The Colbert Report show segment Better Know a District, and during the interview, asked Westmoreland to name the Ten Commandments. The edited interview showed Westmoreland being able to name only three of them, but his press secretary later said that he had named seven of the ten.^[4][5]

Westmoreland led a group of congressmen who opposed the 2006 renewal of certain provisions in the Voting Rights Act that require nine Southern states and a number of counties (mostly in the South) to obtain Federal permission for certain changes to election law or changes in venue. Westmoreland and his colleagues claimed that it was no longer fair to target their states, given the passage of time since 1965 and the changes their states had made to provide fair elections and voting. Despite Westmoreland's objections, a strong bipartisan majority renewed the Voting Rights Act for another 25 years without changes.^[6]

In 2008, Westmoreland ran unopposed in the Republican primary and was re-elected after defeating his Democratic opponent Stephen Camp.^[7] After his win, Westmoreland announced that he was considering running for the office of the governor of Georgia in 2010,^[8] but later indicated in an April 2009 press release that he would not.^[9]

Controversy[link]

On September 4, 2008, Westmoreland described Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama and his wife Michelle as "uppity," a pejorative historically used to describe African-Americans who have made economic, social, or political progress.^[10] He told reporters: "Just from what little I’ve seen of her and Mr. Obama, Senator Obama, they're a member of an elitist-class individual that thinks that they're uppity," Westmoreland said. Asked to clarify that he used the word “uppity,” Westmoreland said, “Uppity, yeah.”^[11][12]

The ensuing media attention compelled Westmoreland to issue the following statement: "I’ve never heard that term used in a racially derogatory sense. It is important to note that the dictionary definition of ‘uppity’ is ‘affecting an air of inflated self-esteem — snobbish.’ That’s what we meant by uppity when we used it in the mill village where I grew up."^[10]

Political campaigns[link]

Westmoreland won a plurality of votes in the Republican primary election in 2004, but faced fellow Republican Dylan Glenn in a runoff. Westmoreland received 55.5% of the vote in the runoff. The district was so heavily Republican that Westmoreland's primary victory was tantamount to election in November. He routed his Democratic opponent, businesswoman Silvia Delamar, with almost 76% of the vote. He was handily reelected in 2006 after his district was renumbered as the 3rd and made even more Republican than before.

Personal life[link]

Westmoreland grew up in metro Atlanta. He attended Georgia State University but dropped out to work in a family construction business in which he later became an executive. He resides in Grantville, Georgia, with his wife, Joan; they have three children and six grandchildren.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lynn Westmoreland

• U.S. Congressman Lynn A. Westmoreland official U.S. House site
• Lynn Westmoreland for U.S. Congress official campaign site
• Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
• Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
• Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
• Congressional profile at GovTrack
• Congressional profile at OpenCongress
• Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
• Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
• Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
• Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
• Appearances on C-SPAN programs
• Profile at SourceWatch