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The Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany is the first stadium that can change the color of its exterior.

A modern stadium (plural stadiums/stadia^[1]) is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.^[2])

Pausanias noted that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the stade at Olympia, where the word "stadium" originated.^[3]

Etymology[link]

The Stadium in Olympia

The Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens

"Stadium" comes from the Greek word "stadion" (στάδιον), a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet. As feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion = 600 ft (180 m), in a given historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller.^[3]

A Roman stadium was defined somewhat differently to be a distance of 125 passus (double-paces), equal to about 185 m (607 ft).

Although most dictionaries provide for both "stadiums" and "stadia" as valid plurals, etymological sticklers sometimes apply "stadia" only to measures of length in excess of 1 stadium. (That the "stadium" measurement is used only in historical contexts perhaps explains the sustained use of the archaic plural.)

The English use of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman track of such length.

History[link]

The oldest known stadium is the one in Olympia, in the western Peloponnese, Greece, where the Olympic Games of antiquity were held from 776 BC. Initially 'the Games' consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium. According to the article Stadium at Olympia the track at Olympia was longer than even the longest definition for stadion given in the article Stadion (unit of length). In turn. Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the Stadium of Domitian, in Rome.

The first stadium to be used in modern times, and the only one to be used during the 19th century, was the excavated and refurbished ancient Panathenaic stadium which has hosted Olympic Games in 1870,^[4] 1875, 1896, 1906, and 2004. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor Evangelos Zappas.

There is a solar-powered stadium in Taiwan that produces as much energy as it needs to function.^[5]

The ancient stadium[link]

Hippodrome; stadium; circus[link]

The Greek hippodrome was the basic model for both the Roman stadium and the Roman circus. A hippodrome and a stadium may be of similar size, while the largest circus structures can have seating capacities up to ten times greater. In practice, however, the association of one of these three words with a given structure may be more the result of some naming convention than a reflection of any characteristic of its physical size or structure. Indeed from one epoch to another the same structure many be known by different names. For example the Stadium of Domitian was also known as the Circus Agonalis. In another example a structure at Aphrodisias can be found referred to as a stadium, or a hippodrome, while it has the size and structure of a small circus.

Examples of ancient stadiums[link]

The modern stadium[link]

Wembley Stadium in London, England

The Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen, Germany is an example of a stadium with a retractable roof and a retractable pitch

Types[link]

Domed stadiums are distinguished from conventional stadiums by their enclosing roofs. Many of these are not actually domes in the pure architectural sense, some being better described as vaults, some having truss-supported roofs, and others having more exotic designs such as a tensegrity structure. But, in the context of sports stadiums, the term "dome" is standard for all covered stadiums.^[6] Some stadiums have partial roofs, and a few have even been designed to have moveable fields as part of the infrastructure.

Even though enclosed, dome stadiums are called stadiums because they are large enough for, and designed for, what are generally considered to be outdoor sports. Those designed for what are usually indoor sports are generally called arenas. Exceptions include the basketball arena at Duke University, which is called Cameron Indoor Stadium, Red Bull Arena, which is home of the New York Red Bulls of the MLS, and the now-demolished Chicago Stadium, former home of the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL and Chicago Bulls of the NBA.

Design issues[link]

Different sports require fields of different size and shape. Some stadiums are designed primarily for a single sport while others can accommodate different events, particularly ones with retractable seating. Stadiums built specifically for association football are quite common in Europe; however, Gaelic games stadiums (such as Croke Park) would be most common in Ireland, while ones built specifically for baseball or American football are common in the United States. The most common multiple use design combines a football pitch with a running track, a combination which generally works fairly well, although certain compromises must be made. The major drawback is that the stands are necessarily set back a good distance from the pitch, especially at the ends of the pitch. In the case of some smaller stadiums, there are not stands at the ends. When there are stands all the way around, the stadium takes on an oval shape. When one end is open, the stadium has a horseshoe shape. All three configurations (open, oval and horseshoe) are common, especially in the case of American college football stadiums. Rectangular stadiums are more common in Europe, especially for football where many stadiums have four often distinct and very different stands on the four sides of the stadium. These are often all of different sizes and designs and have been erected at different periods in the stadium's history. The vastly differing character of European football stadiums has led to the growing hobby of ground hopping where spectators make a journey to visit the stadium for itself rather than for the event held there. In recent years the trend of building completely new oval stadiums in Europe has led to traditionalists criticising the designs as bland and lacking in the character of the old stadiums they replace.

In North America, where baseball and American football are the two most popular outdoor spectator sports, a number of football/baseball multi-use stadiums were built, especially during the 1960s, and some of them were successful.

However, since the requirements for baseball and football are significantly different, the trend, beginning with Kansas City in 1972–1973 and accelerating in the 1990s, has been toward the construction of single-purpose stadiums. In several cases, an American football stadium has been constructed adjacent to a baseball park, to allow for the sharing of mutual parking lots and other amenities. With the rise of Major League Soccer, the construction of soccer-specific stadiums has also increased since the late 1990s to better fit the needs of that sport. In many cases, earlier baseball stadiums were constructed to fit into a particular land area or city block. This resulted in asymmetrical dimensions for many baseball fields. Yankee Stadium, for example, was built on a triangular city block in The Bronx, New York City. This resulted in a large left field dimension but a small right field dimension.

Before more modern football stadiums were built in the United States, many baseball parks, including Fenway Park, the Polo Grounds, Wrigley Field, Comiskey Park, Tiger Stadium, Griffith Stadium, Milwaukee County Stadium, Shibe Park, Forbes Field, Yankee Stadium, and Sportsman's Park were used by the National Football League or the American Football League. (To a certain extent, this continues in lower football leagues as well, with TD Ameritrade Park being used as the home stadium of the United Football League's Omaha Nighthawks.) Along with today's single use stadiums is the trend for retro style ballparks closer to downtown areas. Oriole Park at Camden Yards was the first such ballpark for Major League Baseball to be built, using early 20th century styling with 21st century amenities.

Spectator areas and seating[link]

Camp Nou in Barcelona, Spain is the largest stadium in Europe.

An "all-seater" stadium has seats for all spectators. Other stadiums are designed so that all or some spectators stand to view the event. The term "all-seater" is not common in the U.S., perhaps because very few American stadiums have sizeable standing-only sections. Poor stadium design has contributed to disasters, such as the Hillsborough disaster and the Heysel Stadium disaster. Since these, both the FA Premier League and FIFA World Cup qualifying matches require all spectators to be seated (though not necessarily in an all-seater stadium, if terraces are left empty).

The spectator areas of a stadium may be referred to as bleachers, especially in the U.S., or as terraces, especially in the United Kingdom, but also in some American baseball parks, as an alternative to the term tier. Originally set out for standing room only, they are now usually equipped with seating. Either way, the term originates from the step-like rows which resemble agricultural terraces. Related, but not precisely the same, is the use of the word terrace to describe a sloping portion of the outfield in a baseball park, possibly, but not necessarily for seating, but for practical or decorative purposes. The most famous of these was at Crosley Field in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Many stadiums make luxury suites or boxes available to patrons at high prices. These suites can accommodate fewer than 10 spectators or upwards of 30 depending on the venue. Luxury suites at events such as the Super Bowl can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars.

Corporate naming[link]

PGE Arena in Gdańsk, Poland is an example of corporate naming.

In recent decades, to help take the burden of the massive expense of building and maintaining a stadium, many American and European sports teams have sold the rights to the name of the facility. This trend, which began in the 1970s, but accelerated greatly in the 1990s, has led to sponsors' names being affixed to both established stadiums and new ones. In some cases, the corporate name replaces (with varying degrees of success) the name by which the venue has been known for many years. But many of the more recently built stadiums, like the Volkswagen Arena in Wolfsburg, Germany, have never been known by a non-corporate name. The sponsorship phenomenon has since spread worldwide. There remain a few municipally-owned stadiums, which are often known by a name that is significant to their area (for example, Minneapolis' Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome). In recent years, some government-owned stadiums have also been subject to naming-rights agreements, with some or all of the revenue often going to the team(s) that play there.

One consequence of corporate naming has been an increase in stadium name changes, when the namesake corporation changes its name, or if the naming agreement simply expires. Phoenix's Chase Field, for example, was previously known as Bank One Ballpark, but was renamed to reflect the takeover of the latter corporation. San Francisco's historic Candlestick Park was renamed as 3Com Park for several years, but the name was dropped when the sponsorship agreement expired, and it was another two years before the new name of Monster Cable Products' Monster Park was applied. Local opposition to the corporate naming of that particular stadium led San Francisco's city council to permanently restore the Candlestick Park name once the Monster contract expired. More recently, in Ireland, there has been huge opposition to the renaming of Dublin's historic Lansdowne Road as the Aviva Stadium. Lansdowne was redeveloped as the Aviva, opening in May 2010.

On the other hand, Los Angeles' Great Western Forum, one of the earliest examples of corporate renaming, retained its name for many years, even after the namesake bank no longer existed, the corporate name being dropped only after the building later changed ownership. This practice has typically been less common in countries outside the United States. A notable exception is the Nippon Professional Baseball league of Japan, in which many of the teams are themselves named after their parent corporations. Also, many new European football stadiums, such as the Reebok and Emirates Stadiums in England and Signal Iduna Park and Allianz Arena in Germany have been corporately named.

This new trend in corporate naming (or renaming) is distinguishable from names of some older venues, such as Crosley Field, Wrigley Field, and the first and second Busch Stadiums, in that the parks were named by and for the club's owner, which also happened to be the name of the company owned by those clubowners. (The current Busch Stadium received its name via a modern naming rights agreement.) SkyDome in Toronto, Canada was renamed Rogers Centre in 2005, removing any reference that it is a domed stadium.

During the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, some stadiums were temporarily renamed because FIFA prohibits sponsorship of stadiums. For example, the Allianz Arena in Munich was called the FIFA World Cup Stadium, Munich during the tournament. Likewise, the same stadium will be known as the "München Arena" during the European Competitions. Similar rules affect the Imtech Arena and Veltins-Arena. This rule applies even if the stadium sponsor is an official FIFA sponsor—the Johannesburg stadium commercially known as "Coca-Cola Park", bearing the name of one of FIFA's major sponsors, was known by its historic name of Ellis Park Stadium during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Corporate names are also temporarily replaced during the Olympics. During the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver for example, General Motors Place was called Canada Hockey Place.

Music venues[link]

A Queen concert in Drammen, Norway in 1982, showing the scale and lighting of an arena rock concert

From the 1960s stadiums began to be used as live music venues, giving rise to the term "stadium rock", particularly for forms of hard rock and progressive rock. The origins of stadium rock are sometimes dated to when The Beatles played Shea Stadium in New York in 1965. Also important was the use of large stadiums for American tours by bands in the later 1960s, such as The Rolling Stones, Grand Funk Railroad and Led Zeppelin. The tendency developed in the mid-1970s as the increased power of amplification and sound systems allowed the use of larger and larger venues.^[7] Smoke, fireworks and sophisticated lighting shows became staples of arena rock performances.^[8] Key acts from this era included Journey, REO Speedwagon, Boston, Foreigner, Styx,^[9] Kiss, Peter Frampton^[10] and Queen.^[11][12] In the 1980s arena rock became dominated by glam metal bands, following the lead of Aerosmith^[13] and including Mötley Crüe, Quiet Riot, W.A.S.P. and Ratt.^[14] Since the 1980s pop and folk stars including Madonna, Lepa Brena, Britney Spears and Taylor Swift have undertaken large scale stadium based tours.^{[citation needed]}

See also[link]

Architecture portal

• List of indoor arenas
• List of sports attendance figures
• List of stadiums
• List of stadiums by capacity
• Olympic Stadium
• Stad, Stead (as in Homestead), Stadt
• Sport venue
• Sports complex
• Multi-purpose stadium
• Modular stadium

Notes[link]

References[link]

• John, Geraint; Rod Sheard; Ben Vickery (2007). Stadia: A Design and Development Guide (4th ed. ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural Press. ISBN 978-0-7506-6844-6. 
• Serby, Myron W. (1930). The Stadium; A Treatise on the Design of Stadiums and Their Equipment. New York, Cleveland: American Institute of Steel, inc.  (worldcat) (search)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stadiums

• Stadium Journey - Community for sports travelers to exchange information about their stadium experiences across the world
• World Stadiums
• Stadium Archive
• VisitingFan.com-Reviews of stadiums and arenas
• Stadiumsworld
• Stadiums for Euro2012
• Atlas of worldwide soccer stadiums for GoogleEarth ***NEW***
• [1]

Mariano Rivera
Rivera pitching for the New York Yankees in 2007
New York Yankees – No. 42
Relief pitcher
Born: (1969-11-29) November 29, 1969 (age 42) Panama City, Panama
Bats: Right	Throws: Right
MLB debut
May 23, 1995 for the New York Yankees
Career statistics (through April 30, 2012)
Win–loss record	76–58
Saves	608
Earned run average	2.21
WHIP	0.998
Strikeouts	1,119
Teams
New York Yankees (1995–present)
Career highlights and awards
12× All-Star (1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011) 5× World Series champion (1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2009) 5× AL Rolaids Relief Man Award (1999, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2009) 3× Delivery Man of the Year Award (2005, 2006, 2009) World Series MVP Award (1999) AL Championship Series MVP Award (2003) All-time leader in regular season saves (608) All-time leader in postseason saves (42) All-time leader in games finished (892)

Mariano Rivera (born November 29, 1969) is a Panamanian right-handed baseball pitcher who has played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees. Nicknamed "Mo",^[1] Rivera has served as a relief pitcher for most of his career, and since 1997, he has been the Yankees' closer. A 12-time All-Star and five-time World Series champion, he is MLB's all-time leader in saves (608) and games finished (892). His accolades include five American League (AL) Rolaids Relief Man Awards, the 1999 World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award, and the 2003 AL Championship Series MVP Award.

Rivera was signed by the Yankees organization in 1990 as an amateur free agent in Panama, and he debuted in the major leagues in 1995. Initially a starting pitcher, he struggled in the role and was consequently converted to a relief pitcher. After a breakthrough season in 1996 as a setup man, he became the Yankees' closer in 1997. In the following years, he established himself as one of baseball's top relievers, leading the major leagues in saves in 1999, 2001, and 2004. Rivera's presence in the late innings of games to record the final outs has contributed to the Yankees' success in the late-1990s and 2000s, particularly in the postseason where he has set numerous records, including lowest earned run average (ERA) (0.70) and most saves (42). His pitching repertoire consists primarily of one pitch, a sharp-breaking, mid-90s mile per hour (mph) cut fastball that has been called an all-time great pitch.^[2]

Rivera is regarded by baseball experts as one of the most dominant relievers in major league history.^[3] Pitching with a longevity and consistency uncommon to the closer role, he has saved at least 25 games in 15 consecutive seasons and has posted an ERA under 2.00 in 11 seasons, both of which are records. His career 2.21 ERA and 0.998 WHIP are the lowest marks in baseball's live-ball era. On the field, he is well known for his reserved demeanor and composure that contrast with the effusiveness of many of his peers. Away from baseball, he is involved in charitable causes and the Christian community through the Mariano Rivera Foundation. Sportswriters anticipate Rivera will be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame upon retirement.^[4]

Early life[link]

Mariano Rivera was born in Panama City, Panama, on November 29, 1969, to Mariano, Sr. and Delia Rivera.^[5] His father worked as a ship captain in the fishing industry.^[6] Rivera has one older sister, Delia, and two younger brothers, Alvaro and Giraldo.^[7] He grew up in the Panamanian fishing village of Puerto Caimito—a town he described as "poor"^[8]—frequently playing soccer with his friends. For their baseball games, they substituted milk cartons for gloves and tree branches for bats,^[2] and they fashioned balls by taping wads of shredded fishing nets and beat-up baseballs with electrical tape.^[9] Rivera used this makeshift equipment until his father bought him his first leather glove when he was 12 years old.^[5]

Rivera thought of baseball as a hobby and did not seriously consider playing professionally.^[9] Instead, his aspirations were to become a professional soccer player, but a series of ankle injuries while playing at Pedro Pablo Sanchez High School dashed his hopes.^[2][10] After graduating from high school at age 16, he worked six-day weeks on a commercial boat captained by his father, catching shrimp and sardines.^[6][9] The job was "way too tough" for Rivera, who was more interested in becoming a mechanic.^[2][11] As a 19-year-old, he had to abandon a capsizing 120-short-ton (110 t) commercial boat, all but convincing him to give up fishing as a career.^[2]

In 1988, Rivera began to play shortstop for Panamá Oeste, a local amateur baseball team.^[6] Herb Raybourn, the New York Yankees' director of Latin American operations, saw athleticism in Rivera but did not project him to be a major league shortstop.^[12] A year later, Panamá Oeste's pitcher performed so poorly that Rivera volunteered to pitch.^[6] He excelled at the position, prompting his teammates to contact Yankees scout Chico Heron. Two weeks later, Rivera was invited to a Yankees tryout camp in Panama City where Raybourn was visiting.^[6] Raybourn was surprised to find Rivera pitching at the camp, since scouts passed on him as a shortstop a year prior.^[12] Although Rivera had no formal pitching training and threw only 85–87 miles per hour (137–140 kilometres per hour), Raybourn was impressed by Rivera's athleticism and smooth, effortless pitching motion.^[6] Viewing Rivera as a raw talent, Raybourn signed the amateur free agent to a contract with a US$3,000 signing bonus ($5,337 today) on February 17, 1990.^[2][6]

Professional baseball career[link]

Minor leagues (1990–1995)[link]

After signing his contract in Panama with the Yankees organization, Rivera—who spoke no English at the time—left home for the first time. He flew to the United States to begin pitching for the Rookie level Yankees of the Gulf Coast League (GCL), a minor league affiliate of the New York Yankees.^[9] At that point in his career, he was considered by scouts to be a "fringe prospect" at best,^[13] but he made progress with a strong 1990 season for the GCL Yankees. Pitching mostly in relief, he allowed one earned run in 52 innings pitched—a 0.17 earned run average (ERA)—and he allowed only 24 baserunners.^[14] His seven-inning no-hitter on the season's final day "put him on the map with the organization", according to manager Glenn Sherlock.^[15] The following year, he ascended to the Class A level Greensboro Hornets of the South Atlantic League, where he started 15 of the 29 games he pitched in. Despite a 4–9 win–loss record, he recorded a 2.75 ERA in 114 ²⁄₃ innings pitched and struck out 123 batters while walking 36 batters.^[14] New York Yankees manager Buck Showalter took notice of Rivera's strong strikeout-to-walk ratio, calling it "impressive in any league" and stating, "This guy is going to make it."^[16]

In 1992, Rivera was promoted to the Class A-Advanced Fort Lauderdale Yankees of the Florida State League (FSL). He started 10 games in Fort Lauderdale, compiling a 5–3 win–loss record and a 2.28 ERA.^[14] He attempted to improve the movement on his slider by snapping his wrist in his pitching motion, but he inadvertently caused damage to the ulnar collateral ligament in his throwing elbow.^[17] Elbow surgery took place in August 1992 to repair the damage, ending his season and interrupting his minor league career.^[17] It was expected that he would require Tommy John surgery, but during the procedure, Rivera's doctors determined that he did not need ligament replacement.^[18] His rehabilitation coincided with the 1992 Major League Baseball (MLB) expansion draft to fill the rosters for the Florida Marlins and Colorado Rockies expansion teams. Rivera was left unprotected by the Yankees but was not drafted.^[2] He successfully rehabilitated his arm in early 1993 and resumed pitching that year. He first joined the Rookie level Yankees to make two abbreviated starts, before returning to the Class A level Hornets to start ten more games.^[14] Witnessing him rehabilitate, the Hornets' official scorer Ogi Overman was not optimistic about Rivera's future, saying, "I thought [he] was on a one-way trip to nowhere."^[19]

In 1994, he ascended from the Class A-Advanced level Tampa Yankees of the FSL to the Double-A level Albany-Colonie Yankees of the Eastern League, and then to the Triple-A level Columbus Clippers of the International League. For the year, Rivera finished with a 10–2 record in 22 starts, although he struggled for Columbus, recording a 5.81 ERA in six starts.^[14] He began the 1995 season with Columbus ranked by Baseball America as the ninth-best prospect in the Yankees organization.^[20] At the time, his pitching repertoire primarily consisted of fastballs, although he threw a slider and changeup as secondary pitches.^[17]

Major leagues (1995–present)[link]

1995–1997[link]

After opening the 1995 season with Columbus, Rivera made his major league debut against the California Angels on May 23, 1995, as a starting pitcher. Replacing an injured Jimmy Key, Rivera allowed five earned runs in 3 ¹⁄₃ innings pitched in a 10–0 loss.^[21][22] He experienced mixed success as a major league starter and as a result, he split time between the Yankees and their Columbus minor league affiliate.^[20] As a 25-year-old rookie just three years removed from major arm surgery, Rivera's role on the team was not guaranteed. Management considered trading him to the Detroit Tigers for starter David Wells, but Yankees general manager Gene Michael quickly called off negotiations when he learned that Rivera's pitches reached 95–96 mph (153–154 km/h) in one of his starts, 6 mph (9.7 km/h) faster than his previous average velocity. Rivera attributes his inexplicable improvement to God.^[23] He also participated in a two-hit shutout of the Chicago White Sox on July 4, when he recorded a career-high 11 strikeouts.^[20] Overall, he finished his first season in the major leagues with a 5–3 record and a 5.51 ERA in 10 starts and nine relief outings.^[24] His improvement during the year and his success in the 1995 American League Division Series, in which he pitched 5 ¹⁄₃ scoreless innings of relief, convinced Yankees management to keep him and move him into the bullpen the following season to be a full-time relief pitcher.^[25][26]

In 1996, Rivera served primarily as a setup pitcher for closer John Wetteland, typically pitching in the seventh and eighth innings of games before Wetteland pitched in the ninth.^[2] Their effectiveness gave the Yankees a 70–3 win–loss record that season when leading after six innings.^[28] Over twelve games between April 19 and May 21, Rivera pitched 26 consecutive scoreless innings, including 15 consecutive hitless innings.^[29] In the regular season, Rivera finished with a 2.09 ERA in 107 ²⁄₃ innings pitched and set a Yankees single-season record for strikeouts by a reliever (130).^[29] In the postseason, he allowed just one earned run in 14 ¹⁄₃ innings pitched,^[30] helping the Yankees advance to and win the 1996 World Series against the Atlanta Braves. It was the franchise's first World Series championship since 1978. He finished third in the voting for the American League (AL) Cy Young Award, which is given annually to the league's best pitcher based on voting by baseball writers.^[31] Commentator and former player Tim McCarver wrote that the Yankees "revolutionized baseball" that year with Rivera, "a middle reliever who should have been on the All-Star team and who was a legitimate MVP candidate."^[32]

Rivera impressed Yankees management enough that they chose not to re-sign Wetteland, who became a free agent in the offseason. They subsequently installed Rivera in the role of the Yankees' closer for the 1997 season to typically pitch the ninth innings of games.^[2] In April, MLB retired the uniform number 42 league-wide to honor Jackie Robinson, although Rivera was one of a dozen players allowed to continue wearing the number per a grandfather clause.^[33] Rivera's transition from setup man to closer was not seamless; he blew three of his first six save opportunities and indicated that he was initially uncomfortable in the role.^[34][35] Eventually, he settled into his new duties, as he earned his first All-Star selection and recorded 43 saves in 52 opportunities with a 1.88 ERA in the regular season.^[36] Rivera also added a cut fastball to his pitching repertoire after accidentally discovering how to throw the pitch.^[37] His first season as closer ended with a blown save in Game 4 of the 1997 American League Division Series against the Cleveland Indians. With the Yankees four outs from advancing to the next round of the postseason, Rivera allowed a game-tying home run to Sandy Alomar, Jr.^[23] The Yankees eventually lost that game and the next, eliminating them from the playoffs.

1998–2001[link]

Although Yankees coaches were concerned that the disappointing finish to the previous season would impact Rivera,^[2] he emerged as one of the major leagues' best closers in the following seasons. Moreover, he became the central figure of a Yankees bullpen that, supported by middle relievers Jeff Nelson, Mike Stanton, and Ramiro Mendoza, contributed to the team's late-1990s dynasty.^[38] In 1998, Rivera saved 36 games in 41 opportunities and finished with a 1.91 ERA.^[24] His success was aided by the increased usage of his cutter, which quickly became his signature pitch and earned a reputation for breaking hitters' bats with its sharp lateral movement.^[23] In the 1998 postseason, he saved six games and pitched 13 ¹⁄₃ scoreless innings,^[30] and he clinched the Yankees' sweep of the San Diego Padres in the 1998 World Series, capping off a season in which the Yankees won an MLB-record 125 games between the regular season and the postseason. By season's end, he had allowed only two earned runs in 35 career postseason innings pitched—a 0.51 ERA—qualifying him for the major league record for lowest postseason career ERA; it is a record he still holds through 141 innings pitched.^[30][39]

In 1999, Rivera was voted onto the All-Star team with 23 saves and a 2.29 ERA in the first half.^[36][40] That summer, the Yankee Stadium scoreboard production staff began playing the song "Enter Sandman" by heavy metal band Metallica as Rivera's entrance music. Staff members selected the song after witnessing in the previous year's World Series how enthusiastically San Diego fans reacted to closer Trevor Hoffman entering games accompanied by AC/DC's "Hells Bells". Although Rivera was indifferent about his entrance music, "Enter Sandman" soon became as much a part of his identity as a closer as his cutter did.^[41] After recording three blown saves and a 7.84 ERA in July, he allowed just one earned run over his last 30 appearances.^[40][42] He finished the season with a 1.83 ERA and 45 saves in 49 opportunities, his first time leading the majors in saves. He received his first AL Rolaids Relief Man Award,^[36] an annual award for the league's best closer based on their statistics. In the 1999 World Series against the Braves, Rivera recorded two saves and a win, and he closed out the Yankees' championship title, his third overall. MLB named him the World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP). Rivera finished 1999 by pitching 43 consecutive scoreless innings across the regular season and postseason,^[43] and he placed third in voting for the AL Cy Young Award.^[44] After the season, he revealed tentative plans to retire and become a minister after playing four more seasons, though he backed off these plans the following year.^[45]

In the offseason, Rivera lost his arbitration case, in which he requested an annual salary of $9.25 million, but the $7.25 million salary that the arbitrators awarded him instead set a baseball record for the highest arbitration award.^[46] In the 2000 season, Rivera was selected as an All-Star for the third time, and he ended the season with 36 saves in 41 opportunities and a 2.85 ERA.^[36] In the postseason, he saved six games and allowed three earned runs in 15 ²⁄₃ innings pitched.^[30] He also set a new record for consecutive scoreless innings pitched in the postseason, a streak that ended shortly after at 34 ¹⁄₃ innings.^[47] In the 2000 World Series against the New York Mets, he clinched a championship for his team for the third consecutive year. It was his fourth World Series title overall. By this point, Rivera had established a reputation as an exceptional postseason performer^[23]—journalist Jack Curry called him the "infallible weapon" and "the greatest reason the Yankees [were] three-time champions".^[45]

With Rivera's contract set to expire after 2001, the Yankees signed him to a four-year, $39.99 million deal prior to the season, marking the first long-term contract of his career.^[48] In 2001, he was voted onto the All-Star team for a third consecutive year. His final numbers included a 2.34 ERA, a closer career-high 80 ²⁄₃ innings pitched, and an MLB-leading 50 saves in 57 opportunities—the second time he led the majors in saves.^[36] This earned him his second AL Rolaids Relief Man Award.^[2] Despite having what sportswriters deemed an "aura of invincibility" in the postseason,^[49] Rivera failed to close out the decisive Game 7 of the 2001 World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks. In one of his most infamous moments, he blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning, in part due to his own throwing error, and he lost the Series later in the inning by allowing Luis Gonzalez's bloop single with the bases loaded to score the winning run.^[2] It is the only loss in Rivera's postseason career,^[50] and it snapped his record streak of 23 consecutive postseason saves converted.^[47]

2002–2005[link]

Injuries limited Rivera's playing time in 2002. He was first placed on the disabled list with a groin strain in June,^[51] though his first-half numbers, which included a 1.47 ERA and 21 saves,^[52] earned him an All-Star selection.^[36] In July, he allowed six earned runs in a single relief outing and was sidelined by a shoulder strain a week later, an injury that required two additional stints on the disabled list.^[51][53] Overall, he finished the season with a 2.74 ERA and 28 saves in 32 opportunities in just 46 innings pitched.^[24]

Rivera missed the first month of the 2003 season with another groin injury.^[54] Despite concerns by sportswriters about his reliability,^[55] Rivera quickly returned to form after re-assuming his closer role on May 1.^[54] He recorded 40 saves in 46 opportunities with a 1.66 ERA in 64 games in the 2003 regular season.^[24] In the 2003 American League Championship Series against the arch-rival Boston Red Sox, Rivera delivered one of the most memorable postseason performances of his career. In Game 7, he entered in the ninth inning with the score tied 5–5 and pitched three scoreless innings, en route to becoming the game's winning pitcher. Though Aaron Boone's eleventh-inning walk-off home run clinched the Yankees' World Series berth, Rivera was named the AL Championship Series MVP for recording two saves and a win.^[56] He celebrated by running to the mound and collapsing in joy and exhaustion to thank God, as Boone rounded the bases and was met by his teammates at home plate.^[56] The Yankees lost in the 2003 World Series to the Florida Marlins; Rivera saved five games and allowed only one earned run in 16 innings pitched that postseason.^[30]

Prior to the 2004 season, with a year remaining on his contract, Rivera signed a two-year extension worth $21 million, with an option for a third year in 2007.^[57] In 2004, Rivera surpassed 300 saves and made his sixth All-Star team with 32 saves at the break, then an AL record.^[36][58][59] His final numbers for the year included a 1.94 ERA and a career-high 53 saves in 57 opportunities; it was his third time leading the majors in saves. Along with winning a third AL Rolaids Relief Man Award, he placed third in the AL Cy Young Award voting.^[36][60] Following the Yankees' victory in the 2004 American League Division Series against the Twins, Rivera returned home to Panama to mourn two relatives that had been killed in a swimming accident at his home.^[61] Despite his status being in doubt for the American League Championship Series against the Red Sox, he returned to New York for Game 1 on the same day that the funeral was held in Panama. He recorded a save later that night, as well as in Game 2.^[2] Although the Yankees led three-games-to-none in the series, Rivera blew saves in Games 4 and 5, and the Red Sox won both games in extra innings to avoid elimination. In Game 4, pinch runner Dave Roberts stole second base off Rivera and scored on a single to tie the game.^[62] In Game 5, Rivera entered with a one-run lead with runners on base and allowed a sacrifice fly to tie the score.^[62] Although he allowed just one earned run in the 2004 postseason, he blew three of five save opportunities in the two series.^[30] Boston's comeback victories helped them become the first team in MLB history to win a best-of-seven series in which they trailed three-games-to-none.^[62]

Following a career high in appearances in 2004, Rivera did not throw during the offseason, unlike previous years.^[63] His 2005 season began on a low note. After missing time in spring training with elbow bursitis, he blew his first two save opportunities of the season against the Red Sox, marking four consecutive blown opportunities against Boston dating back to the previous postseason.^[64] Fans at Yankee Stadium booed Rivera,^[65] and baseball journalists speculated if his days as a dominant pitcher were over.^[63][64][66] He was subsequently cheered by Red Sox fans during pre-game introductions at Fenway Park the following week, in recognition of his struggles against the Red Sox. He responded to the ovation with a sense of humor by tipping his cap to the crowd.^[67]

Rivera rebounded in dominating fashion and finished 2005 with his greatest season to that point.^[68] He made the All-Star team,^[36] converted 31 consecutive save opportunities,^[69] and finished the season with 43 saves in 47 opportunities. He set new career bests in many statistical categories, including ERA (1.38) and walks plus hits per inning pitched, or WHIP (0.87). Rivera limited opposing hitters to a batting average against of .177, then a closer-career best. In addition to securing a fourth AL Rolaids Relief Man Award, he placed second in the voting for the AL Cy Young Award to starter Bartolo Colón and ninth for the AL Most Valuable Player Award—his highest finishes in voting for both awards.^[36][70] During the postseason, MLB announced Rivera as the relief pitcher of the Latino Legends Team, a fan-voted all-time roster of the greatest Latino players.^[71]

2006–2008[link]

Rivera pitching in 2007

Rivera started 2006 with a 3.72 ERA and two losses in April,^[72] but he recovered to make his third consecutive All-Star team with a 1.76 ERA and 19 saves entering the All-Star break.^[73] He saved the 2006 MLB All-Star Game for a record-tying third career All-Star Game save.^[74] On July 16, he reached another milestone, becoming the fourth pitcher in major league history to record 400 saves.^[75] He was sidelined for most of September with a strain in his throwing elbow,^[76] but he finished the 2006 season with 34 saves in 37 opportunities and an ERA of 1.80—his fourth consecutive season with a sub-2.00 ERA.^[24] For a second consecutive year, fans voted him the Delivery Man of the Year.^[77]

With his contract set to expire after the 2007 season, Rivera sought an extension with the Yankees during spring training. Team management refused to negotiate near the start of the season, prompting him to respond that he would consider free agency at the end of the year.^[78] In April, Rivera blew his first two save opportunities, compiled two losses, and surrendered nine earned runs in 7 ²⁄₃ innings pitched.^[79] Concerned sportswriters attributed his struggles to infrequent use, as the Yankees presented him with few situations to enter a game.^[80] Rivera saved 30 of his next 32 opportunities and posted a 2.26 ERA over the final five months of the season.^[79] In addition, he passed John Franco for third place on the all-time saves list with his 425th career save.^[81] Still, 2007 was statistically Rivera's weakest season as a closer, as he recorded closer career worsts in earned runs (25), hits (68), and ERA (3.15). His 30 saves in 34 opportunities were his second-lowest total since 1997.^[24] After the Yankees were eliminated from the playoffs in the opening round, he stated his intentions to test the free agent market;^[82] he was unhappy that long-time Yankees manager Joe Torre was not re-signed and that the team's ownership was transitioning from George Steinbrenner to his sons.^[83] Speculation that Rivera would sign elsewhere ended when he agreed to a three-year, $45 million contract with the Yankees, making him the highest-paid reliever in baseball history.^[84]

Rivera rebounded in 2008 by starting the year with 16 consecutive scoreless innings pitched and 28 consecutive save opportunities converted, both personal bests to begin a season.^[21] His first-half performance, highlighted by a 1.06 ERA and 23 saves in as many opportunities,^[85] earned him his ninth All-Star selection. Leading up to 2008 MLB All-Star Game, which was held at Yankee Stadium in the venue's final year of existence, a few sportswriters proposed making Rivera the AL's starting pitcher as a tribute to him and his home ballpark;^[86][87] he instead was used as a reliever in the AL's extra-inning win.^[21] In the final month of the season, he recorded two milestones: on September 15, he recorded his 479th save to pass Lee Smith for second all-time in regular season saves;^[88] on September 21, in the final game at Yankee Stadium, Rivera threw the final pitch in the venue's history, retiring the Baltimore Orioles' Brian Roberts on a ground-out.^[89] After the Yankees missed the postseason for the first time in his career, Rivera disclosed that he had suffered from shoulder pain throughout the year. Tests revealed calcification of the acromioclavicular joint in his throwing shoulder, for which he underwent minor arthroscopic surgery in the offseason.^[90]

Rivera finished 2008 with one of his best individual seasons. Along with a 1.40 ERA and 39 saves in 40 opportunities, he set career bests in multiple statistical categories, including WHIP (0.67), on-base plus slugging (OPS)-against (.422), batting average against (.165), save conversion rate (97.5%), walks (6), earned runs (11), and blown saves (1). He averaged 9.81 strikeouts per 9 innings pitched, his best mark as a closer.^[36] He pitched with such control that his 12.83 strikeout-to-walk ratio made him the second pitcher since 1900 to record a figure that high in a season.^[21] He placed fifth in the AL Cy Young Award voting.^[91]

2009–present[link]

Rivera during the 2009 World Series victory parade, celebrating his fifth championship

In Rivera's first 12 appearances of 2009, he surrendered four home runs and notched a 3.97 ERA,^[92] leading to speculation about his cutter's effectiveness and his shoulder's health at age 39.^[93] As the season progressed, his numbers improved, and he reached a milestone on June 28 by becoming the second pitcher with 500 regular season saves. In the same game, he recorded his first career run batted in by drawing a walk with the bases loaded against fellow closer Francisco Rodríguez.^[94] Rivera earned a tenth All-Star selection with 23 saves in 24 opportunities and a 2.43 ERA in the first half.^[95] At the 2009 MLB All-Star Game, he set a record by saving his fourth career All-Star Game.^[96] In the season's second half, Rivera allowed earned runs in only two of his final 40 appearances,^[97] while he set a new personal best for consecutive save opportunities converted with 36.^[98] He finished the regular season with a 1.76 ERA, 44 saves in 46 opportunities, and a 0.90 WHIP.^[24] In the postseason, he pitched 16 innings, allowing one earned run and saving five games,^[30] and he clinched the Yankees' victory in the 2009 World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies—his fifth championship. He was the only closer among postseason teams that did not record a loss or blown save.^[99] He collected several awards at season's end, including his third Delivery Man Award,^[100] his fifth AL Rolaids Relief Man Award, and the 2009 Sporting News Pro Athlete of the Year Award.^[101] Reflecting on the decade's end, ESPN.com's Jerry Crasnick called Rivera the most valuable major league pitcher of the previous 10 years.^[102]

In 2010, Rivera and two of his "Core Four" teammates, Derek Jeter and Jorge Posada, became the first trio in any of the four North American major sports leagues to play together on the same team for 16 consecutive seasons.^[103] Rivera began with one of his best first halves, compiling a 1.05 ERA, 20 saves in 22 opportunities, and 0.64 WHIP before the All-Star break,^[104] and in June, he set a personal best streak with 24 consecutive batters retired.^[105] He earned an 11th All-Star selection but withdrew from the game to rest lingering oblique and knee injuries.^[106] In the second half, he was less effective—he struck out batters half as often, and in September, he compiled three blown saves and a 4.76 ERA.^[104] His final numbers included a 1.80 ERA and 0.83 WHIP, but his 33 saves in 38 opportunities and 6.75 strikeouts per 9 innings ratio were among the lowest of his career.^[24] In the postseason, he pitched 6 ¹⁄₃ scoreless innings while saving three games.^[30] After becoming a free agent in the offseason, Rivera agreed to a two-year, $30 million contract to remain with the Yankees.^[107]

Rivera pitching against the Baltimore Orioles in July 2011

During the offseason, Trevor Hoffman retired as the all-time regular season saves leader with a final tally of 601, leaving Rivera as the active leader in saves and 42 behind Hoffman's record to start 2011.^[108] Rivera's season was marked by several milestones. In the first half, in addition to breaking the all-time record for games finished,^[109] he became the 15th pitcher to make 1,000 appearances, and the first to do so with a single team.^[110] He was named an All-Star for the 12th time with a 1.85 ERA and 22 saves in 26 opportunities at the break,^[111] but for the second consecutive year, he skipped the game to rest injuries.^[112] His pursuit of Hoffman's saves record reached a climax in the final month of the season; on September 13, he collected his 600th save, making him just the second pitcher to accomplish the feat.^[113] Four days later, he saved his 601st game, tying him for the most in MLB history.^[114] Rivera broke the record on September 19 at Yankee Stadium by closing out a 6–4 win against the Twins, the final out by strikeout.^[115] After the game, President of Panama Ricardo Martinelli called him to offer his congratulations.^[116] Rivera finished the season with a 1.91 ERA, a 0.90 WHIP, and 44 saves in 49 opportunities,^[36] making him the first pitcher over the age of 40 to save at least 40 games in a season.^[117] In the offseason, he underwent throat surgery to remove polyps from his vocal cords.^[118]

Rivera began 2012 by blowing a save opportunity on Opening Day, followed by eight consecutive scoreless innings with five saves. One month into the season, he suffered a freak injury; prior to a game against the Kansas City Royals on May 3, Rivera twisted his right knee while shagging balls during batting practice, a common pregame routine for him. Tests confirmed that he had torn his right ACL and meniscus, a potential season-ending injury.^[119] Rivera had hinted in spring training that he would retire at the end of the year;^[120] in response to speculation that the injury would end his career, Rivera announced his intentions to return, saying, "I'm not going down like this."^[121]

Player profile[link]

Pitching style[link]

Rivera's signature pitch is a cut fastball or "cutter", which exhibits late lateral movement similar to that of a slider but with the velocity of a fastball.^[37] The sharp movement on his cutter frequently results in hitters breaking their bats—according to a tally by columnist Buster Olney, Rivera broke 44 bats in the 2001 regular season.^[122] Chipper Jones called the pitch a "buzzsaw" after witnessing teammate Ryan Klesko break three bats in one plate appearance against Rivera in the 1999 World Series.^[22][66] The cutter's movement is created by Rivera's long fingers and loose wrist, which allow him to impart more spin on the ball.^[123][124] He varies the movement by adjusting the pressure that he applies to the ball with his fingertips.^[37] Although he occasionally uses a four-seam or two-seam fastball, Rivera primarily throws cutters; according to baseball statistics website Fangraphs, 83.3% of his pitches in 2010 were cutters.^[125] All three pitches typically reach the low-to-mid 90s mph.^{[23][125][126]} Rivera accidentally discovered the cutter while playing catch with Ramiro Mendoza in June 1997, finding that the fastballs he threw in the bullpen were moving sharply and unpredictably. After failing to eliminate the movement altogether, he accepted it and began to use the pitch in games, prominently featuring it beginning in 1998.^[37] When asked where his ability to throw the cutter came from, he explained, "It was just from God. I didn't do anything. It was natural."^[127]

Rivera's cut fastball is a respected pitch among major league hitters.^[2][126] Jim Thome called it "the single best pitch ever in the game".^[128] In 2004, ESPN.com ranked his cutter as the best "out pitch" in baseball.^[129] Olney described his cut fastball as "the most dominant pitch of a generation".^[130] Although switch-hitters usually bat left-handed against right-handed pitchers to better see the ball's release point, switch-hitters occasionally bat right-handed when facing the right-handed Rivera to avoid being jammed on their hands by his cutter.^[131][132] Similarly, some managers, such as Bruce Bochy in the 1998 World Series, have sent right-handed batters to pinch hit for left-handed batters against Rivera, thinking that the cutter would be more difficult for lefties to hit.^[133] Since Rivera relies on variations of a fastball, all of similar speed, much of his success stems from his ability to accurately locate pitches and consistently throw strikes.^[134] His 4.04 career strikeout-to-walk ratio in the regular season ranks fifth-best in major league history.^[135] Rivera's impeccable control is a byproduct of his smooth, easily repeated pitching delivery.^[37]

Rivera is considered an exceptional athlete, distinguished by his slender physique and durability.^[123] His propensity to shag balls during batting practice convinced scouts he could be a top AL center fielder. Olney compared Rivera's regimen of physical preparation and guidelines for staying healthy to Satchel Paige's "Rules for Staying Young".^[136]

Personality[link]

Rivera exhibits a reserved demeanor on the field that contrasts with the emotional, demonstrative temperament of many of his peers.^[37] Hall of Fame closer Goose Gossage said that Rivera's composure under stress gave him the appearance of having "ice water in his veins".^[23][137] Commenting on his ability to remain focused in pressure situations, Rivera said, "When you start thinking, a lot of things will happen... If you don't control your emotions, your emotions will control your acts, and that's not good." His ability to compartmentalize his successes and failures impressed fellow reliever Joba Chamberlain, who said, "He's won and lost some of the biggest games in the history of baseball, and he's no worse for the wear when he gives up a home run."^[138] Rivera explained his ability to quickly forget bad performances: "win or lose, you have to forget about it. Right on the spot... the game that you're going to play tomorrow is not going to be the same game that you just played."^[139] Derek Jeter called him the "most mentally tough" teammate with whom he has ever played.^[68]

Within the Yankees organization, Rivera is regarded as a team leader. As a veteran player, he mentors younger pitchers and counsels teammates.^[140] He has a team-first mindset and defers most discussions about individual accolades to team goals and his teammates, praising them for making his presence in games a necessity.^[113] When once asked to describe his job, Rivera put it simply, "I get the ball, I throw the ball, and then I take a shower."^[141]

Legacy[link]

Rivera has been a dominant reliever throughout his career, pitching with a consistency and longevity uncharacteristic of a role commonly marked by volatility and high turnover.^[80][143] In his 16-year stint as the Yankees' closer, Rivera has compiled considerable career numbers. A 12-time All-Star, he is the majors' all-time regular season leader in saves (608) and games finished (892).^[36] His save conversion rate of 89.28% is the best percentage among pitchers with at least 200 saves.^[115] He has finished 15 consecutive seasons with at least 25 saves and 14 seasons with at least 30 saves, both of which are records.^[144][145] Statistically, Rivera ranks as one of the top pitchers of his generation, amongst both starters and relievers; his career ERA (2.21) and WHIP (0.998) are the lowest of any pitcher in the live-ball era, making him one of the top pitchers since 1920 at preventing hitters from reaching base and scoring.^[146] He has recorded an ERA under 2.00 in 11 seasons, tying him with Walter Johnson for the most such seasons (minimum 60 innings pitched each).^[147] Rivera also has the best adjusted ERA+ (206) in MLB history, meaning the league average ERA is 106% more than Rivera's career mark, adjusted for ballpark.^[148]

In addition to his strong regular season numbers, Rivera has excelled in the postseason.^[4][61] He has an 8–1 win–loss record and a 0.76 WHIP in the postseason,^[30] and he holds numerous postseason records, including lowest ERA (0.70), most saves (42),^[39] most consecutive scoreless innings pitched (34 ¹⁄₃), most consecutive save opportunities converted (23),^[47] and most appearances (96).^[39] No pitcher has half as many postseason saves as he does.^[4] Joe Torre, who managed Rivera for most of his career, said, "Let's face it. The regular season for Mo is great, but that's the cupcakes and the ice cream. What separates him from everybody else is what he's done in the postseason."^[37] Rivera's dominance in postseason games has often led to him being utilized for two-inning appearances,^[4] as he has a record 14 saves of this variety.^[149] Between 1998 and 2008, he recorded 26 postseason saves of four or more outs; the second-highest total by any other pitcher was four such saves, and the rest of baseball combined had 33.^[37] At the start of the 2011 playoffs, Rivera ranked first all-time in win probability added in the postseason with 11.62, more than three times the total of the next-closest player.^[150] In a 2009 ESPN.com poll, Rivera was voted one of the top five postseason players in MLB history.^[151] Based on his postseason contributions, many baseball journalists consider him to be the most valuable Yankees player from the team's late-1990s championship seasons.^[68][152]

Rivera (right) shakes Jorge Posada's hand after finishing a game.

Rivera has achieved a reputation as an all-time great reliever among baseball experts and fellow players.^[3][23][153] Hall of Fame starter-turned-closer Dennis Eckersley called him "the best ever, no doubt",^[22] while Trevor Hoffman said he "will go down as the best reliever in the game in history".^[23] Torre said, "He's the best I've ever been around. Not only the ability to pitch and perform under pressure, but the calm he puts over the clubhouse."^[57] Writer Tom Verducci said, "Rivera is definitively the best at his position by a wider margin than any player at any position in the history of baseball. There is Rivera, a gulf, and then every other closer."^[119] He compared Rivera's reputation as the best at his position to that of Michael Jordan and Wayne Gretzky.^[154] Speaking about Rivera's looming presence at the end of games, Alex Rodriguez said, "He's the only guy in baseball who can change the game from a seat in the clubhouse or the bullpen. He would start affecting teams as early as the fifth inning, because they knew he was out there. I've never seen anyone who could affect a game like that."^[152] Gossage is less certain about Rivera's place in history, believing that the modern closer's role has become too specialized and easy compared to multiple-inning closers from Gossage's era;^[155] Rivera has earned only one regular season save of seven-plus outs in his career, whereas Gossage logged 53.^[156] Although the Baseball Writers Association of America has historically been reluctant to elect relievers into the Baseball Hall of Fame, sportswriters anticipate Rivera will be elected in his first year of eligibility.^[4][157]

Rivera is well respected among his peers for his professionalism. Fellow closer Joe Nathan said, "I look up to how he's handled himself on and off the field... You never see him show up anyone and he respects the game. I've always looked up to him and it's always a compliment to be just mentioned in the same sentence as him."^[158] Michael Young said of Rivera, "I respect Mo more than anybody in the game. The guy goes out there, gets three outs and shakes [Jorge] Posada's hand. You appreciate someone who respects the game like he does, respects the people he plays with and against, and obviously his results speak for themselves."^[159]

Several of Rivera's colleagues credit him with popularizing the cutter among major league pitchers. Fellow closer Jason Isringhausen, who adopted the pitch later in his career, said, "I think he's been an influence on everybody that throws it. Everybody saw what [Rivera] could do, basically with one pitch. Nobody could throw it like he did, but now, you talk about the evolution of the cutter—just ask hitters about it and they tell you everybody's throwing one. And they hate it." Al Leiter, whose signature pitch was a cutter, echoed Isringhausen's sentiments: "Now, everybody throws it and Mo has had a huge influence on that. Pitchers watched him and marveled at what he did with one pitch."^[160]

Rivera will be the last MLB player to wear the uniform number 42 on a regular basis, as he is the only active player still wearing the number after its league-wide retirement in 1997 in honor of Jackie Robinson.^[33]

Personal life[link]

Rivera and his wife Clara have known each other since elementary school,^[123] and they were married on November 9, 1991. They have three sons: Mariano Jr., Jafet, and Jaziel.^[21] Rivera is a cousin of former Yankee Rubén Rivera.^[21] Over the course of his professional career, Rivera learned English, beginning in 1991 with the Greensboro Hornets, when he realized none of his teammates spoke Spanish.^[161] He is now a proponent of Latino players learning English and of American press members learning Spanish, in order to bridge the cultural gap.^[162]

Rivera is a devout Christian. During his childhood, neither he nor his family attended church, but after a born-again experience in his early 20s, Rivera—and subsequently his parents—became religious.^[123] He believes that God has a reason for everything that happens. For example, he found his failure in Game 7 of the 2001 World Series easier to deal with when he learned of the consequences it had on a teammate. Had the Yankees won the series, teammate Enrique Wilson would have remained in New York for a few extra days for the championship parade and would have departed for his native Dominican Republic on American Airlines Flight 587, which crashed shortly after takeoff, killing all 260 people aboard. Rivera told Wilson, "I am glad we lost the World Series, because it means that I still have a friend."^[163] Rivera's pitching glove is inscribed "Phil. 4:13", in reference to the Bible verse Philippians 4:13 ("I can do all things through Christ, who strengthens me").^[164]

Rivera is involved with philanthropic contributions in his native Panama, which include building an elementary school and a church, providing Christmas gifts to children, and developing a program that provides computer access and adult mentors to youths.^[21] The Mariano Rivera Foundation annually distributes more than $500,000 to underprivileged children in the US and Panama through church-based institutions. Rivera intends to dedicate himself to philanthropy after retiring from baseball.^[123] In 2012, The Giving Back Fund estimated that he donated $627,500 to charity in 2010, ranking him as the 25th-most generous celebrity on a list that the fund compiled.^[165]

In 2006, a restaurant called "Mo's New York Grill" opened in New Rochelle, New York with financial backing from Rivera.^[1] He is also an investor in a Manhattan eatery called "Siro's" that will open in mid-2012 as an offshoot of the long-time Saratoga Springs restaurant.^[166] Rivera is signed to endorsement deals with Nike sports apparel^[167] and Canali, a premium men's clothing company. He is the first athlete Canali has used in a marketing campaign.^[168] A 2011 list by the marketing firm Nielsen ranked Rivera as the second-most marketable player in baseball. The list accounted for personal attributes such as sincerity, approachability, experience, and influence.^[169] Rivera had the 18th-best-selling MLB jersey that year, based on sales figures from Majestic Athletic.^[170]

Career highlights[link]

Awards and honors[link]

Records[link]

Stats updated through April 30, 2012

See also[link]

	Biography portal
	Baseball portal
	Panama portal

• List of Major League Baseball players from Panama

References[link]

Footnotes