Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
Born	(1857-11-27)27 November 1857 Islington, London, England
Died	4 March 1952(1952-03-04) (aged 94) Eastbourne, Sussex, England
Nationality	United Kingdom
Fields	Physiology, pathology, histology, neurology, bacteriology
Alma mater	Ipswich School Royal College of Surgeons of England Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Influences	Johannes Müller Thomas Ashe Michael Foster W. H. Gaskell John Newport Langley David Ferrier Rudolf Virchow
Influenced	Sir John Eccles[1][2] Ragnar Granit Howard Florey E.M. Tansey[3] Archibald Hill[4]
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1932)

Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, OM, GBE, PRS^[5][6] (27 November 1857 – 4 March 1952) was an English neurophysiologist, histologist, bacteriologist, and a pathologist, Nobel laureate and president of the Royal Society in the early 1920s. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian in 1932.^[7][8]

Biography[link]

Early years and education[link]

Charles Scott Sherrington was born in Islington, London, England on 27 November 1857. Although official biographies claimed that he was the son of James Norton Sherrington, a country doctor, and his wife Anne Brookes, née Thurtell,^[9] Charles and his brothers, William and George, were in fact almost certainly the illegitimate sons of Anne Brookes Sherrington and Caleb Rose, an eminent Ipswich surgeon. Caleb's father, Caleb Burrell Rose, was indeed a country doctor (in Swaffham, Norfolk) and was also a well-known amateur geologist who published the first geological study of Norfolk. James Norton Sherrington, Anne Thurtell's first husband, was an ironmonger and artist's colourman in Great Yarmouth, not a doctor, and died in Yarmouth in 1848, nearly 9 years before Charles was born.^[10][11] The births of the three Sherrington boys do not appear to have been officially registered. They were all baptised on 17 July 1863 in the parish church of St James, Clerkenwell^[12]. No father's name is supplied, and their mother's address is given as 14 College Terrace, Islington. In the 1861 census the occupants of this house were listed as Anne Sherrington (widow), Charles Scott (boarder, 4, born India), William Stainton (boarder, 2, born Liverpool), Caleb Rose (visitor, married, surgeon) and his 11-year-old son Edward Rose, who was also described as a boarder. During the 1860s the whole family moved to Anglesea Road, Ipswich, reputedly because London exacerbated Caleb Rose's tendency to asthma,^[13] and appeared in the census there in 1871, but Caleb and Anne were not actually married until the last quarter of 1880,^[14] following the death of Caleb's first wife, Isabella, in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 1 October 1880.^[15]

Caleb Rose was noteworthy as both a classical scholar and an archaeologist. At the family's Edgehill House in Ipswich one could find a fine selection of paintings, books, and geological specimens.^[5][16] Through Rose's interest in the English artists of the Norwich School, Sherrington gained a love of art.^[17] Intellectuals frequented the house regularly. It was this environment that fostered Sherrington's academic sense of wonder. Even before matriculation, the young Sherrington had read Johannes Müller's Elements of Physiology. The book was given to him by Caleb Rose.

Sherrington entered Ipswich School in 1871.^[5] Thomas Ashe, a famous English poet, worked at the school. Ashe served as an inspiration to Sherrington, the former instilling a love of classics and a desire to travel in the latter.

Rose had pushed Sherrington towards medicine. Sherrington first began to study with the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He also sought to study at Cambridge, but a bank failure had devastated the family's finances. Sherrington elected to enroll at St Thomas' Hospital in September 1876 as a "perpetual pupil".^[5] He did so in order to allow his two younger brothers to do so ahead of him. The two studied law there. Medical studies at St. Thomas's Hospital were intertwined with studies at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.^[16] Physiology was Sherrington's chosen major at Cambridge. There, he studied under the "father of British physiology," Sir Michael Foster.^[9]

Sherrington played football for his grammar school, and for Ipswich Town Football Club, rugby St. Thomas's, was on the rowing team at Oxford.^[16][18] During June 1875, Sherrington passed his preliminary examination in general education at the Royal College. This preliminary exam was required for Fellowship, and also exempted him from a similar exam for the Membership. In April 1878, he passed his Primary Examination for the Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons, and 12 months later the Primary for Fellowship.

In October 1879, Sherrington entered Cambridge as a non-collegiate student.^[19] The following year he entered Gonville and Caius College. Sherrington was quite the student. Walter Holbrook Gaskell, one of Sherrington's tutors, informed him in November 1881 that he had earned the highest marks for his year in botany, human anatomy, and physiology; second in zoology; and highest overall.^[16] John Newport Langley was Sherrington's other tutor. The two were interested in how anatomical structure is expressed in physiological function.^[9]

Sherrington earned his Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons on 4 August 1884. In 1885, he obtained a First Class in the Natural Science Tripos with the mark of distinction. In the same year, Sherrington earned the degree of M.B., Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery from Cambridge. In 1886, Sherrington added the title of L.R.C.P., Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians.^[5]

Seventh International Medical Congress[link]

The conference was held in London in 1881. It was at this conference that Sherrington began his work in neurological research. At the conference controversy broke out. Friedrich Goltz of Strasbourg argued that localized function in the cortex did not exist. Goltz came to this conclusion after observing dogs who had parts of their brains removed. David Ferrier, who became a hero of Sherrington's, disagreed. Ferrier maintained that there was localization of function in the brain. Ferrier's strongest evidence was a monkey who suffered from hemiplegia, paralysis affecting one side of the body only, after a cerebral lesion.

A committee, including Langley, was made up to investigate. Both the dog and the monkey were chloroformed. The right hemisphere of the dog was delivered to Cambridge for examination. Sherrington performed a histological examination of the hemisphere, acting as a junior colleague to Langley. In 1884, Langley and Sherrington reported on their findings in a paper. The paper was the first for Sherrington.^[5]

Travel[link]

In the Winter of 1884–1885, Sherrington left England for Strasbourg. There, he worked with Goltz. Goltz, like many others, positively influenced Sherrington. Sherrington later said of Goltz that: "[h]e taught one that in all things only the best is good enough."^[5]

A case of asiatic cholera had broken out in Spain in 1885. A Spanish physician claimed to have produced a vaccine to fight the outbreak. Under the auspices of Cambridge University, the Royal Society of London, and the Association for Research in Medicine, a group was put together to travel to Spain to investigate. C.S. Roy, J. Graham Brown, and Sherrington formed the group. Roy was Sherrington's friend and the newly elected professor of pathology at Cambridge. As the three traveled to Toledo, Sherrington was skeptical of the Spanish physician.^[16] Upon returning, the three presented a report to the Royal Society. The report discredited the Spaniard's claim.

It should be mentioned that Sherrington did not meet Santiago Ramón y Cajal on this trip. While Sherrington and his group remained in Toledo, Cajal was hundreds of miles away in Zaragoza.^[16]

Later that year Sherrington traveled to Rudolf Virchow in Berlin to inspect the cholera specimens he procured in Spain. Virchow later on sent Sherrington to Robert Koch for a six weeks' course in technique. Sherrington ended up staying with Koch for a year to do research in bacteriology. Under these two, Sherrington parted with a good foundation in physiology, morphology, histology, and pathology.^[9] During this period he may have also studied with Waldeyer and Zuntz.

In 1886, Sherrington went to Italy to again investigate a cholera outbreak. While in Italy, Sherrington spent much time in art galleries. It was in this country that Sherrington's love for rare books became an addiction.^[16]

Employment[link]

C.S. Roy and Charles Scott Sherrington (right), at the door of the Old Pathological Laboratory, Cambridge, 1893

In 1891, Sherrington was appointed as superintendent of the Brown Institute for Advanced Physiological and Pathological Research of the University of London, a center for human and animal physiological and pathological research.^[16][17] Sherrington succeeded Sir Victor Alexander Haden Horsley.^[20] There, Sherrington worked on segmental distribution of the spinal dorsal and ventral roots, he mapped the sensory dermatomes, and in 1892 discovered that muscle spindles initiated the stretch reflex. The institute allowed Sherrington to study many animals, both small and large. The Brown Institute had enough space to work with large primates such as apes.

Liverpool[link]

Sherrington's first job of full-professorship came with his appointment as Holt Professor of Physiology at Liverpool in 1895, succeeding Francis Gotch.^[16] With his appointment to the Holt Chair, Sherrington ended his active work in pathology.^[5] Working on cats, dogs, monkeys, and apes that had been bereaved of their cerebral hemispheres, he found that reflexes must be considered integrated activities of the total organism, not just the result of activities of the so-called reflex-arcs, a concept then generally accepted.^[20] There he continued his work on reflexes and reciprocal innervation. His papers on the subject were synthesized into the Croonian lecture of 1897.

Sherrington showed that muscle excitation was inversely proportional to the excitation of an opposing group of muscles. Speaking of the excitation-inhibition relationship, Sherrington said "desistence from action may be as truly active as is the taking of action." Sherrington continued his work on reciprocal innervation during his years at Liverpool. Come 1913, Sherrington was able to say that "the process of excitation and inhibition may be viewed as polar opposites [...] the one is able to neutralize the other." Sherrington's work on reciprocal innervation was a notable contribution to the knowledge of the spinal cord.^[5]

Oxford[link]

As early as 1895, Sherrington had tried to gain employment at Oxford University. By 1913, the wait was over. Oxford offered Sherrington the Waynflete Chair of Physiology.^[5] The electors to that chair unanimously recommended Sherrington without considering any other candidates.^[16] Sherrington enjoyed the honor of teaching many bright students at Oxford, including Wilder Penfield, to whom he had introduced the study of the brain. Over a handful of his students were Rhodes' scholars and three went on to be Nobel laureates. The three are Sir John Eccles, Ragnar Granit, and Howard Florey.^[21] Sherrington also influenced American pioneer brain surgeon Harvey Williams Cushing.

Sherrington's philosophy as a teacher can be seen in his response to the question of what was the real function of Oxford University in the world. Sherrington said:

"after some hundreds of years of experience we think that we have learned here in Oxford how
to teach what is known. But now with the undeniable upsurge of scientific research, we cannot
continue to rely on the mere fact that we have learned how to teach what is known. We must learn
to teach the best attitude to what is not yet known. This also may take centuries to acquire but we
cannot escape this new challenge, nor do we want to."^[16]

Sherrington's teachings at Oxford were interrupted by World War I. When the war started, it left his classes with only nine students. During the war, he laboured at a shell factory to support the war and to study fatigue in general, but specifically industrial fatigue. His weekday work hours were from 07:30 a.m to 08:30 p.m.; and 07:30 a.m. to 06:00 p.m. on the weekends.^[16]

In March 1916, Sherrington fought for women to be able to be admitted to the medical school at Oxford.

Retirement[link]

Charles Sherrington retired from Oxford in the year of 1936.^[5] He then moved to his boyhood town of Ipswich, where he built a house.^[9] Ref: Broomhill Pool, Ipswich. There, he kept up a large correspondence with pupils and others from around the world. He also continued to work on his poetic, historical, and philosophical interests.^[21] From 1944 until his own death he was President of the Ipswich Museum, on the committee of which he had previously served.^[22]

Sherrington's mental faculties were crystal clear up to the time of his death, which was caused by a sudden heart failure and ended his life instantly. His bodily health, however, did suffer in old age. Rheumatoid arthritis was a major burden of his.^[9] Speaking of his condition, Sherrington said "old age isn't pleasant[,] one can't do things for oneself."^[5] The arthritis put Sherrington in a nursing home as late as 1951.^[21]

The man and his personal life[link]

On 27 August 1891, Sherrington married Ethel Mary Wright . Wright was the daughter of John Ely Wright of Preston Manor, Suffolk, England. Sherrington and Wright had one child, a son named Carr E.R. Sherrington who was born in 1897.^[9] Wright was both loyal and lively. She was a great host. On weekends during the Oxford years the couple would frequently host a large group of friends and acquaintances at their house for an enjoyable afternoon.^[5]

Noted publications[link]

The Integrative Action of the Nervous System

Published in 1906, this was a compendium of Sherrington's Silliman lectures, delivered at Yale University in 1904. In it, Sherrington expressed his theory that the nervous system acts as the coordinator of various parts of the body and that the reflexes are the simplest expressions of the interactive action of the nervous system, enabling the entire body to function toward one definite end at a time. He also pointed out that reflexes have to be goal-directive and purposive. Furthermore, he established the nature of postural reflexes and their dependence on the anti-gravity stretch reflex and traced the afferent stimulus to the proprioceptive end organs, which he had previously shown to be sensory in nature. The work was dedicated to Ferrier.^[9]

Man on His Nature

A reflection of Sherrington's philosophical thought. Sherrington had long studied the 16th century French physician Jean Fernel, and grew so familiar with him that he considered him a friend. In the years of 1937 and 1938, Sherrington delivered the Gifford lectures at the University of Edinburgh; these focused on Fernel and his times, and came to form the principal content of Man on His Nature. The book was released in 1940, and a revised edition came out in 1951.

The Assaying of Brabantius and other Verse

A collection of previously published war-time poems. This was Sherrington's first major poetic release. The Assaying was published in 1925. Sherrington's poetic side was inspired by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Sherrington was fond of Goethe the poet, but not Goethe the scientist. Speaking of Goethe's scientific writings, Sherrington said "to appraise them is not a congenial task."^[5]

Mammalian Physiology: a Course of Practical Exercises

The textbook was released in 1919 at the first possible moment after Sherrington's coming to Oxford and the end of the War.^[5]

Honours and awards[link]

Stained glass window in the dining hall of Gonville and Caius College, in Cambridge (UK), commemorating Charles Scott Sherrington

• 1899 Baly Gold Medal of the Royal College of Physicians of London ^[16]
• 1905 Royal Medal of the Royal Society of London
• 1922 Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
• 1924 Order of Merit
• 1932 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine

At the time of his death Sherrington received honoris causa Doctors from twenty-two universities: Oxford, Paris, Manchester, Strasbourg, Louvain, Uppsala, Lyon, Budapest, Athens, London, Toronto, Harvard, Dublin, Edinburgh, Montreal, Liverpool, Brussels, Sheffield, Bern, Birmingham, Glasgow, and the University of Wales.^[5]

Eponyms[link]

Liddell-Sherrington reflex

Associated with Edward George Tandy Liddell and Charles Scott Sherrington, the Liddell-Sherrington reflex is the tonic contraction of muscle in response to its being stretched. When a muscle lengthens beyond a certain point, the myotatic reflex causes it to tighten and attempt to shorten. This is the tension you feel during stretching exercises.

Schiff-Sherrington reflex

Associated with Moritz Schiff and Charles Scott Sherrington, describes a grave sign in animals: rigid extension of the forelimbs after damage to the spine. It may be accompanied by paradoxical respiration – the intercostal muscles are paralysed and the chest is drawn passively in and out by the diaphragm.

Sherrington's First Law

Every posterior spinal nerve root supplies a particular area of the skin, with a certain overlap of adjacent dermatomes.

Sherrington's Second Law

The law of reciprocal innervation. When contraction of a muscle is stimulated, there is a simultaneous inhibition of its antagonist. It is essential for coordinated movement.

Vulpian-Heidenhain-Sherrington phenomenon

Associated with Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain, Edmé Félix Alfred Vulpian, and Charles Scott Sherrington. Describes the slow contraction of denervated skeletal muscle by stimulating autonomic cholinergic fibres innervating its blood vessels.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Charles Scott Sherrington

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Charles Scott Sherrington

• Karl Grandin, ed. (1932). "Sir Charles Sherrington Biography". Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html. Retrieved 2008-07-23. 
• Gibson, W.C. (2001) (PDF). Twentieth Century Neurology, The British Contribution – first chapter. Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-86094-245-7. http://www.worldscibooks.com/medsci/etextbook/p210/p210_chap1.pdf. 

Sherrington is a village and civil parish on the River Wylye in Wiltshire, England.

Location[link]

Sherrington is near Codford and Salisbury Plain. Its closest towns are Warminster and the city of Salisbury.

History[link]

There is a number of prehistoric barrows in the parish.^[1]

Sherrington has the remains of a motte-and-bailey castle,^[2] presumed to have been made late in the 11th or early in the 12th century.^[1]

Sherrington had a parish church by 1252 and it was dedicated to Saints Cosmas and Damian by 1341.^[1] It was completely rebuilt in 1624^[1] but the new building includes the early 14th century east and west windows of the original building.^[2] It has a bellcot that was added in he 19th century.^[1]

The village has a large mill pond.

The Post Office Directory of Hampshire, Wiltshire, and Dorsetshire (1855) says of Sherrington:

SHERRINGTON is a township and parish on the river Wily, in the Hundred of Branch and Dole, and Warminster Union, South Wilts, 7½ miles south of Warminster station, 121½ from London, and 4 from Heytesbury. The living is a rectory, value £238, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Salisbury, and in the patronage of the Rev. Arthur Fane, B. A., vicar of Warminster, to whom the manor belongs; the Rev. Mason Anderson is the incumbent. The church of St Michael is a small edifice, with a bell turret; its east and west windows are finely decorated. Population, in 1851, 189; acreage, 1,280; rateable value, £1,023. On the downs are some ancient relics.^[3]

Local government[link]

Most local government services are provided by Wiltshire Council, which has its offices in Trowbridge, some twelve miles to the north. With fewer than one hundred residents, Sherrington is unusual in having no elected parish council, and instead has a Parish Meeting at which all electors may attend and vote.

The village is represented in Parliament by the MP for Westbury, Andrew Murrison. Its representative in Wiltshire Council is Christopher Newbury.

See also[link]

• List of places in Wiltshire
• List of civil parishes in England

References[link]

Sources[link]

• Crowley, D.A. (ed.); Baggs, A.P.; Freeman, Jane; Stevenson, Janet H. (1995). Victoria County History: A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 15: Amesbury hundred. pp. 234–242. 
• Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (revision) (1975). The Buildings of England: Wiltshire. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 469. ISBN 0 14 0710.26 4. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sherrington

• (Google Maps)

Coordinates: 51°09′N 2°04′W / 51.15°N 2.067°W / 51.15; -2.067

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Charles Scott may refer to:

• Charles Scott (governor) (1739–1813), American Revolutionary War soldier and fourth governor of Kentucky
• Charles Frederick Scott (1860–1938), U.S. Representative from Kansas
• Charles F. Scott (engineer) (1864–1944), American electrical engineer
• Charles L. Scott (1827–1899), U.S. Representative from California
• Charles R. Scott (1905–1983), U.S. federal judge
• C. W. A. Scott (1903–1946), pioneer aviator
• Charles L. Scott, former commander of U.S. 2nd Armored Division
• Charles Scott (American football) (born 1986), running back
• Charles Scott (ambassador), British ambassador to Russia
• Charles Scott (bishop) (1898–1927), Anglican missionary bishop
• Charles Scott (lacrosse), British lacrosse player
• Charles Scott, Sr., lawyer Brown v. Board of Education
• Charles Scott, Jr., lawyer Brown v. Board of Education
• C. P. Scott (1846–1932), Charles Prestwich Scott, British journalist, publisher and politician
• Charlie Scott (born 1948), basketball player
• Charles Kennedy Scott (1876–?), English organist and choral conductor
• Charles Rochfort Scott (c.1790-1872), British general

See also[link]

• All pages beginning with "Charles Scott"
• All pages with titles containing "Charles Scott"

This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Scott Michael Norton^[2] (born June 15, 1961) is an American semi-retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his tenures in World Championship Wrestling and New Japan Pro Wrestling.^[1]

Before wrestling[link]

Scott Norton started out as a professional arm wrestler.^[2] He won over 30 championships during his days as an arm wrestler, including four U.S. National championships.^[4] His status in the arm wrestling world earned him a role in Sylvester Stallone's arm wrestling movie, Over the Top.^[5] While touring the arm wrestling circuit in Japan, Norton was approached by New Japan Pro Wrestling about becoming a professional wrestler, but he turned it down initially.^[4] Norton also toured with Prince in 1983 as his bodyguard.^[6]

Professional wrestling career[link]

After finally deciding to go the pro wrestling route, Norton was trained to wrestle by former Olympic wrestler Brad Rheingans. Verne Gagne decided to debut Norton before he was totally finished with his training, putting him on TV as a regular performer for the American Wrestling Association in 1989.^[4] He sometimes teamed with John Nord as the "Yukon Lumberjacks".^[1] Norton soon earned the nickname "Flash" for his quick arm wrestling victories. By the end of 1989, Norton left the AWA and went to the Pacific Northwest territory to further his career. In PNW, he started out as a fan favorite lumberjack known as "Flapjack" Scott Norton, and would team up with John Nord once more to reprise their lumberjack characters from the AWA.^[1] Norton became a heel in 1990 and broke away from Nord to become a singles competitor. He won the Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship from Brian Adams on May 12, 1990,^[7] but was stripped of the title two weeks later after attacking several wrestlers.^[7]

New Japan Pro Wrestling[link]

In 1990, Norton signed with New Japan Pro Wrestling. Upon debuting for the promotion, Norton alternated between tag team and mid-card singles matches. Norton appeared at both the joint NJPW/World Championship Wrestling Starrcade in Egg Dome shows giving him exposure to WCW executives.^[8][9]

The working agreement between NJPW and WCW meant that The Steiner Brothers would tour Japan on a regular basis, often fighting against Scott Norton alongside a variety of partners. On November 5, 1991 Norton acted as a substitute for the injured Scott Steiner in an IWGP Tag Team Championship match.^[10] Norton and Rick Steiner were unsuccessful on the night and lost the tag-team titles to Hiroshi Hase and Keiji Mutoh.^[7] About a year after losing the title he never technically held, Norton won the tag-team titles properly when he and Tony Halme beat the Steiner Brothers for the gold on November 22, 1992.^[7] The power house team only held on to the titles for a little over three weeks before losing them to the Hell Raisers (Hawk Warrior and Power Warrior).^[7]

After splitting up with Halme, Norton started to team with Hercules Hernandez in March 1993. Hercules was a fellow power house wrestler and the two formed The Jurassic Powers,^[11] a team that won the IWGP Tag Team Championship from the Hell Raisers.^[7] The Powers held the title for about four months before losing them back to the Hell Raisers at NJPW's January 4 Dome Show.^[7] While holding the title, the Jurassic Powers successfully defended against teams such as Keiji Mutoh and Hiroshi Hase,^[11] The Nasty Boys,^[11] Takayuki Iizuka and Akira Nogami,^[12] Jake "The Snake" Roberts and Brutus Beefcake,^[13] Masa Saito and Manabu Nakanishi and The Barbarian and Haku in non-title competition. The team also and made it to the finals of the 1993 Super Grade Tag League, where they lost to Keiji Mutoh and Hiroshi Hase.^[14]

After breaking up with Hernandez, Norton failed to achieve much notoriety in the singles ranks nor in the tag team division, where he teamed with a variety of partners such as Mike Enos,^[15] Ron Simmons,^[16] Masahiro Chono,^[17] Osamu Kido, and Road Warrior Hawk.^[18]

World Championship Wrestling (1993–1999)[link]

Norton returned to the U.S. and signed with World Championship Wrestling in 1993. The promoters first tried to get Norton over with the fans as a villain by feuding with Sting, but the feud never captivated the fans and was scrapped without much fanfare.

Norton returned to WCW in September 1995, where he briefly feuded with Shark, after costing Norton to lose to Randy Savage on the September 11 edition of WCW Monday Nitro.

Fire and Ice[link]

During a WCW Saturday Night taping, Norton squared off against Ice Train. The bout ended in a double count out when both men clotheslined the other, knocking each out. After the match, the two shook hands and Norton explained to announcer Gene Okerlund that he felt that they would make a formidable tag team because of their similar wrestling styles.^[19] The team was quickly named Fire (Norton) and Ice (Ice Train). At Slamboree, Norton and Ice Train were randomly drawn to be on the same team and easily defeated the makeshift team of Big Bubba Rogers and Stevie Ray.^[20] The team advanced to the "Lord of The Ring" battle royal, but neither won the match.^[20]

At the Great American Bash, Fire and Ice came head to head with Norton's long-time rivals, the Steiner Brothers. The two teams was engaged in a mini-feud of sorts, as the two teams tried to show who was better powerhouse team. On that night the Steiner Brothers won,^[21] but Fire and Ice were not deterred. After a pre-PPV loss to The Rock 'n' Roll Express at Bash at the Beach,^[22] dissension started to appear between the two, a dissension that turned into battle as Norton attacked Ice Train after another team loss. Norton defeated the Ice Train at Hog Wild in a submission match,^[23] but lost to Ice Train in their return match only a month later.^[24]

After Fire and Ice ended, Norton split his time between WCW and NJPW, achieving more success in NJPW than WCW most notably in the tag team division. Norton and Shinya Hashimoto teamed up and won the Super Grade Tag League in 1996 after beating Keiji Mutoh and Rick Steiner in the finals.^[25]

New World Order[link]

In late 1996, Norton joined the New World Order (nWo), which gave his WCW career some direction after the breakup of Fire and Ice. In the nWo, Norton teamed with Buff Bagwell, creating a team called Vicious and Delicious. They feuded with the Steiner Brothers,^[26][27] but were never able to win the World Tag Team Championship.

During his nWo days, Norton traveled back and forth to NJPW, where he was a member of nWo Japan, and became New Japan's gaijin ace while also becoming one of the few wrestlers to be a regular member of both factions. On September 23, 1998, he won the vacant IWGP Heavyweight Championship by defeating Yuji Nagata.^[7] Norton's title win was mentioned only once in America on a broadcast of Monday Nitro while he was seen holding the belt, but Norton's standing in the WCW version of the nWo never changed from this fact. Norton held the title for 4 months^[28] before losing the title to Keiji Mutoh.^[7] Norton is one of five foreigners who ever held the IWGP Championship, the others being Big Van Vader, Salman Hashimikov, Bob Sapp and Brock Lesnar.^[29]

Soon, Norton began playing a smaller role in WCW, becoming part of the nWo "B-Team", which often placed him in mid-lower card matches; although, he would easily defeat enhancement talents frequently in singles competition. While in NJPW, however, Norton was seen as a main eventer and constant threat to world champions. He left WCW completely in 1999 after losing a match against Goldberg on the September 30 edition of Thunder and began focusing his efforts on NJPW, where he was part of Masahiro Chono's Team 2000 faction.

Return to NJPW (1999–2006)[link]

On March 17, 2001, Norton defeated Kensuke Sasaki in Nagoya, Japan to capture the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship a second time.^[7] His second reign was shorter than his first, and he lost to Kazuyuki Fujita on his first defense.^[7] After the loss Norton started to team with former WCW foe Rick Steiner whenever Steiner toured Japan, but otherwise he was planted solidly in the mid-card as a test any hopeful world title challenger would have to pass. Norton temporarily retired in 2004, but didn't stay away long.^[30] When he returned, he once again teamed with Rick Steiner. In 2006, following that year's New Japan Cup,^[31] he left NJPW after 16 years, becoming a freelancer in the process.

Independent circuit and semi-retirement (2006–2008)[link]

In mid-2006, he started his own independent promotion, Wild West Championship Wrestling,^[32] based in the southwest of United States, where he acted as a booker as well as an in-ring talent until its closure later on in the year.^[4]

After wrestling for Hustle from mid to late 2007, Norton took a near-year long hiatus before returning on October 24, 2008, where he and Masahiro Chono defeated Don Frye and Yoshihiro Takayama in the first part of the Pro Wrestling Expo.^[33] The next day, Norton, Frye and Dick Togo lost to Chono, Eric Young and Kohei Sato.^[33] Since then, Norton has been inactive from wrestling.

In an August 2010 interview, Norton revealed that he would be interested in a run with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Norton lives in Brentwood, which is located minutes outside of TNA's headquarters in Nashville, Tennessee and commented that wrestling is, "something I enjoy doing. You miss it. I can still perform at a high level. I’m still a big, strong man. I would like to give it another shot. If I can get a couple-year run, I'll fold up my tent and call it a day."^[34]

In wrestling[link]

• Finishing moves
  • Brainbuster^[35] – 1997
  • Flashbreaker (Overhead gutwrench dropped into an inverted shoulderbreaker)^[36][37][38]
  • Release powerbomb^[39][40][41]

• Signature moves
  • Backbreaker^[1]
  • Body avalanche^[41][42][43]
  • Dragon sleeper^[44]
  • Headbutt^[44][45][46]
  • Lariat^[2][47]
  • Multiple powerslam variations^[1]
    • Scoop^{[2][37][44][48]}
    • Ura-nage^[49]
    • Vertical suplex^[1]
  • Neckbreaker^[43][44]
  • Rib breaker^[48]
  • Rope hung DDT^[48]
  • Running splash^[50]
  • Samoan drop^[41][42][44]
  • Shoulder block,^[2][37][48] sometimes from the second rope^[44][51]

• With Buff Bagwell
  • Double team finishing moves
    • Bearhug (Norton) / Buff Blockbuster (Bagwell) combination^[52]

• With Ice Train
  • Double team finishing moves
    • Flashbreaker (Norton) followed by the Train Wreck (Ice Train)^[53]
  • Double team signature moves
    • Double shoulder block^[54][55]

• Managers
  • Vincent^[45]

• Nicknames
  • "Flash"^[1][2]

• Entrance themes
  • "Winner Takes It All" by Sammy Hagar (NJPW)^[56]
  • "Rockhouse" by Jimmy Hart and H. Helm (WCW; Used while a part of the New World Order)
  • "Tear It Up" by Jimmy Hart and H. Helm (WCW; Used while a part of the New World Order)

Championships and accomplishments[link]

• New Japan Pro Wrestling
  • G1 Climax Tag League (1999) – with Keiji Mutoh^[57]
  • IWGP Heavyweight Championship (2 times)^[58]
  • IWGP Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Hercules Hernandez (1) and Tony Halme (1)^[59]
  • Super Grade Tag League (1996) – with Shinya Hashimoto^[60]

• Oregon Pro Wrestling Federation
  • OPWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[1]

• Pacific Northwest Wrestling
  • NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[61]

• Pro Wrestling Illustrated
  • PWI ranked him #47 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1993^[62]

• Western Alliance Entertainment
  • WAE Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[1]

References[link]

External links[link]

Professional wrestling portal

• Scott Norton's Myspace
• Scott Norton's Twitter