Coordinates: 65°N 27°E / 65°N 027°E / 65; 027
Republic of Finland
- Suomen tasavalta (Finnish)
- Republiken Finland (Swedish)
|
|
|
Anthem: Maamme (Finnish)
Vårt land (Swedish)
"Our Land"
|
|
|
Capital
(and largest city) |
Helsinki
60°10′N 024°56′E / 60.167°N 24.933°E / 60.167; 24.933 |
| Official language(s) |
Finnish
Swedish |
| Recognised regional languages |
Saami |
| Ethnic groups (2011) |
Finns 90.0%
Swedes 5.4%
Russians 1.1%
Estonians 0.6%
Romani 0.1%
Sami 0.1% |
| Demonym |
Finns, Finnish |
| Government |
Parliamentary republic[1] |
| - |
President |
Sauli Niinistö |
| - |
Prime Minister |
Jyrki Katainen (NCP) |
| - |
Speaker of the Parliament |
Eero Heinäluoma (SDP) |
| Legislature |
Eduskunta |
| Independence |
| - |
Autonomy
within Russia |
29 March 1809 |
| - |
Declared
from Soviet Russia |
6 December 1917 |
| - |
First recognized
by Soviet Russia |
4 January 1918 |
| Area |
| - |
Total |
338,424 km2 (64th)
130,596 sq mi |
| - |
Water (%) |
10 |
| Population |
| - |
2012 estimate |
5,404,956[2] (112th) |
| - |
2000 census |
5,180,000 |
| - |
Density |
16/km2 (201st)
41/sq mi |
| GDP (PPP) |
2011 estimate |
| - |
Total |
$195.723 billion[3] |
| - |
Per capita |
$36,236[3] |
| GDP (nominal) |
2011 estimate |
| - |
Total |
$266.553 billion[3] |
| - |
Per capita |
$49,349[3] |
| Gini (2000) |
26.9 (low) |
| HDI (2011) |
 0.882[4] (very high) (22nd) |
| Currency |
Euro (€) (EUR) |
| Time zone |
EET (UTC+2) |
| - |
Summer (DST) |
EEST (UTC+3) |
| Date formats |
d.m.yyyy |
| Drives on the |
right |
| ISO 3166 code |
FI |
| Internet TLD |
.fi, .ax ¹ |
| Calling code |
358 |
| 1 |
The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. The .ax domain is reserved for the autonomous province of Åland Islands |
Finland 
i/ˈfɪnlənd/ (
Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland (help·info)), officially the Republic of Finland,[5] is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region.[6] It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 336 municipalities,[7][8] and an autonomous region of the Åland Islands. About one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area, which consists of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lahti and Kuopio.
Finland was a part of Sweden from the 12th to 19th century, and from 1809 to 1917 was an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. The Finnish Declaration of Independence from Russia in 1917 was followed by a civil war in which the red side was defeated with German support. Finland fought World War II as essentially three separate conflicts: the Winter War (1939–40), the Continuation War (1941–44), and the Lapland War (1944–45). Finland joined the United Nations in 1955, the OECD in 1969, the European Union in 1995, and the eurozone at its inception in 1999.
Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialisation, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. Thereafter, economic development was rapid. Finland built an extensive welfare state and balanced between the East and the West in global economics and politics. With the best educational system in Europe,[9][10] Finland has recently ranked as one of the world's most peaceful, competitive and livable countries.[11][12][13][14]
Among the first documents to mention Finland are three rune-stones. There are two in the Swedish province Uppland, with the inscriptions finlonti (U 582) and one in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea, with the inscription finlandi (G 319), the latter dating from the 13th century.[15]
The name Suomi (Finnish for "Finland") has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a cognate is the Proto-Baltic word *zeme, meaning "land". In addition to the close relatives of Finnish (the Finnic languages), this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian. Alternatively, the Indo-European word *gʰm-on "man" (cf. Gothic guma, Latin homo) has been suggested, being borrowed as *ćoma. The word originally referred only to the province of Finland Proper, and later to the northern coast of Gulf of Finland, with northern lands such as Ostrobothnia still being excluded as late as the 18th century. Earlier theories suggested derivation from suomaa (fen land) or suoniemi (fen cape), and parallels between saame (Sami, a non-Finnish people in Finland) and Häme (a Finnish people and a province) were drawn, but these theories are now considered outdated.[16]
According to archaeological evidence, the area now comprising Finland was settled at the latest around 8500 BCE during the Stone Age as the ice sheet of the last ice age receded. The artifacts the first settlers left behind present characteristics that are shared with those found in Estonia, Russia and Norway.[17] The earliest people were hunter-gatherers, using stone tools.[18] The first pottery appeared in 5200 BCE when the Comb Ceramic culture was introduced.[19] The arrival of the Corded Ware culture in southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BCE may have coincided with the start of agriculture.[20] Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy.
The Bronze Age (1500–500 BCE) and Iron Age (500 BCE–1200 CE) were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions. There is no consensus on when Uralic languages and Indo-European languages were first spoken in the area of contemporary Finland. During the 1st millennium AD early Finnish was spoken at least in agricultural settlements of Southern Finland, whereas Sámi-speaking populations occupied most parts of the country.[citation needed]
Swedish kings established their rule in the Northern Crusades from the 12th century until 1249.[21] The area of present-day Finland became a fully consolidated part of the Swedish kingdom. Swedish-speaking settlers arrived at the coastal regions during the medieval time. Swedish became the dominant language of the nobility, administration and education; Finnish was chiefly a language for the peasantry, clergy and local courts in predominantly Finnish-speaking areas.
During the Protestant Reformation, the Finns gradually converted to Lutheranism.[22] In the 16th century, Mikael Agricola published the first written works in Finnish. The first university in Finland, The Royal Academy of Turku, was established in 1640. Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696–97, during which about one-third of the Finnish population died.[23] In the 18th century, wars between Sweden and Russia led to the occupation of Finland twice by Russian forces, wars known to the Finns as the Greater Wrath (1714–21) and the Lesser Wrath (1742–43).[23] By this time Finland was the predominant term for the whole area from the Gulf of Bothnia to the Russian border.
On 29 March 1809, having been taken over by the armies of Alexander I of Russia in the Finnish War, Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917. In 1811 Alexander I incorporated Russian Vyborg province into the Grand Duchy of Finland. During the Russian era, the Finnish language began to gain recognition. From the 1860s onwards, a strong Finnish nationalist movement known as the Fennoman movement grew. Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland's national epic—the Kalevala—in 1835, and the Finnish language's achieving equal legal status with Swedish in 1892.
The Finnish famine of 1866–68 killed 15% of the population, making it one of the worst famines in European history. The famine led the Russian Empire to ease financial regulations, and investment rose in following decades. Economic and political development was rapid.[24] The GDP per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain.[24]
In 1906, universal suffrage was adopted in the Grand Duchy of Finland. However, the relationship between the Grand Duchy and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government made moves to restrict Finnish autonomy. For example, the universal suffrage was, in practice, virtually meaningless, since the tsar did not have to approve any of the laws adopted by the Finnish parliament. Desire for independence gained ground, first among radical liberals[25] and socialists.
Soviet approval of Finland's independence in Russian.
After the 1917 February Revolution, the position of Finland as part of the Russian Empire was questioned, mainly by Social Democrats. Since the head of state was the Czar of Russia, it was not clear who the chief executive of Finland was after the revolution. The parliament, controlled by social democrats, passed the so called Power Act[26] to give the highest authority to parliament. This was rejected by the Russian Provisional Government and by the right-wing parties in Finland. The Provisional Government dissolved the parliament by force, which the social democrats considered illegal, since the right to do so had been stripped from the Russians by the Power Act.[citation needed]
New elections were conducted, in which right-wing parties won a slim majority. Some social democrats refused to accept the result and still claimed that the dissolution of the parliament (and thus the ensuing elections) were extralegal. The two nearly equally powerful political blocs, the right-wing parties and the social democratic party, were highly antagonized.[citation needed]
The October Revolution in Russia changed the game anew. Suddenly, the right-wing parties in Finland started to reconsider their decision to block the transfer of highest executive power from the Russian government to Finland, as radical communists took power in Russia. Rather than acknowledge the authority of the Power Law of a few months earlier, the right-wing government declared independence on 6 December 1917.
On 27 January 1918, the official opening shots of the war were fired in two simultaneous events. The government started to disarm the Russian forces in Pohjanmaa, and the Social Democratic Party staged a coup.[not in citation given] The latter succeeded in controlling southern Finland and Helsinki, but the white government continued in exile from Vaasa. This sparked the brief but bitter civil war. The Whites, who were supported by Imperial Germany, prevailed over the Reds.[27] After the war, tens of thousands of Reds and suspected sympathizers were interned in camps, where thousands died by execution or from malnutrition and disease. Deep social and political enmity was sown between the Reds and Whites and would last until the Winter War and beyond. The civil war and activist expeditions to the Soviet Union strained Eastern relations.
After a brief flirtation with monarchy, Finland became a presidential republic, with Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg elected as its first president in 1919. The Finnish–Russian border was determined by the Treaty of Tartu in 1920, largely following the historic border but granting Pechenga (Finnish: Petsamo) and its Barents Sea harbour to Finland. Finnish democracy did not see any Soviet coup attempts and survived the anti-Communist Lapua Movement. The relationship between Finland and the Soviet Union was tense. Germany's relations with democratic Finland cooled also after the Nazis' rise to power.[citation needed] Military was trained in France instead, and relations to Western Europe and Sweden were strengthened.
In 1917 the population was 3 million. Credit-based land reform was enacted after the civil war, increasing the proportion of capital-owning population.[24] About 70% of workers were occupied in agriculture and 10% in industry.[28] The largest export markets were the United Kingdom and Germany.
Areas ceded by Finland to the
Soviet Union after the
Winter War in 1940 and the
Continuation War in 1944. The
Porkkala land lease was returned to Finland in 1956. Finland covered an area of approximately 385,000 km
2 (149,000 sq mi) before the handover.
During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice: in the Winter War of 1939–40 after the Soviet Union had attacked Finland; and in the Continuation War of 1941–44, following Operation Barbarossa, in which Germany invaded the Soviet Union. For 872 days, the German army besieged Leningrad, the USSR's second largest city.[29] The siege of Leningrad resulted in the deaths of some one million of the city's inhabitants.[30] Finnish troops controlled some of the areas around the city but refused to attack or let Germans use those areas for attack; whether they should be said to have helped in the siege or refused to help is controversial. After fighting a major Soviet offensive in June/July 1944 to a standstill, Finland reached an armistice with the Soviet Union. This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944–45, when Finland forced the Germans out of northern Finland.
The treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included Finnish obligations, restraints and reparations—as well as further Finnish territorial concessions begun in the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940. As a result of the two wars, Finland was forced to cede most of Finnish Karelia, Salla and Petsamo, which amounted to ten percent of its land area and twenty percent of its industrial capacity, including the ports of Vyborg (Viipuri) and ice-free Liinakhamari (Liinahamari). Almost the whole population, some 400,000 persons, fled these areas. Finland was never occupied by Soviet forces and retained its independence, however at a loss of about 93 000 soldiers killed, by proportion the third-highest loss rate in World War II.[citation needed]
Finland rejected Marshall aid, in apparent deference to Soviet desires. However, the United States provided secret development aid and helped the still non-communist Social Democratic Party in hopes of preserving Finland's independence.[31] Establishing trade with the Western powers, such as the United Kingdom, and the reparations to the Soviet Union caused Finland to transform itself from a primarily agrarian economy to an industrialised one. For example, the Valmet corporation was founded to create materials for war reparations. Even after the reparations had been paid off, Finland—poor in certain resources necessary for an industrialized nation (such as iron and oil)—continued to trade with the Soviet Union in the framework of bilateral trade.[citation needed]
In 1950 half of the Finnish workers were occupied in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas.[32] The new jobs in manufacturing, services and trade quickly attracted people to the towns. The average number of births per woman declined from a baby boom peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973.[32] When baby-boomers entered the workforce, the economy did not generate jobs fast enough, and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden, with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970.[32] The 1952 Summer Olympics brought international visitors. Finland took part in trade liberalization in the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
Officially claiming to be neutral, Finland lay in the grey zone between the Western countries and the Soviet Union. The YYA Treaty (Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance) gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics. This was extensively exploited by president Urho Kekkonen against his opponents. He maintained an effective monopoly on Soviet relations from 1956 on, which was crucial for his continued popularity. In politics, there was a tendency of avoiding any policies and statements that could be interpreted as anti-Soviet. This phenomenon was given the name "Finlandization" by the German press.
Despite close relations with the Soviet Union, Finland remained a Western European market economy. Various industries benefited from trade privileges with the Soviets, which explains the widespread support that pro-Soviet policies enjoyed among business interests in Finland. Economic growth was rapid in the postwar era, and by 1975 Finland's GDP per capita was the 15th highest in the world.[citation needed] In the 1970s and 1980s, Finland built one of the most extensive welfare states in the world. Finland also negotiated with the EEC (a predecessor of the European Union) a treaty that mostly abolished customs duties towards the EEC starting from 1977, although Finland did not fully join. In 1981, president Urho Kekkonen's failing health forced him to retire after holding office for 25 years.[citation needed]
Miscalculated macroeconomic decisions, a banking crisis, the collapse of its largest single trading partner (the Soviet Union) and a global economic downturn caused a deep recession in Finland in the early 1990s. The depression bottomed out in 1993, and Finland saw steady economic growth for more than ten years.[citation needed]
In 2002 Finland introduced the currency of the eurozone, the
euro.
Like other Nordic countries, Finland has liberalized its economy since the late 1980s. Financial and product market regulation was loosened. Some state enterprises have been privatized and there have been some modest tax cuts. Finland joined the European Union in 1995, and the Eurozone in 1999.
The population is aging with the birth rate at 10.42 births per 1,000 population, or a fertility rate of 1.8.[32] With a median age of 41.6 years, Finland is one of the oldest countries;[33][dead link] half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old. Like most European countries, without further reforms or much higher immigration, Finland is expected to struggle with demographics, even though macroeconomic projections are healthier than in most other developed countries.
The Finnish markka was replaced by the euro in 2002. As a preparation for this date, the minting of the new euro coins started as early as 1999; this is why the first euro coins from Finland have the year 1999 on them, instead of 2002 like some of the other countries of the Eurozone. Three different designs (one for €2 coin, one for €1 coin and one for the other six coins) were selected for the Finnish coins. In 2007, in order to adopt the new common map like the rest of the Eurozone countries, Finland changed the common side of its coins.
Lying between latitudes 59° and 71° N, and longitudes 20° and 32° E, Finland is one of the world's northernmost countries. Of world capitals, only Reykjavik lies more to the north than Helsinki. The distance from the southernmost—Hanko—to the northernmost point in the country—Nuorgam—is 1,160 kilometres (720 mi).
Finland is a country of thousands of lakes and islands—187,888 lakes (larger than 500 m2/0.12 acre) and 179,584 islands.[34] Its largest lake, Saimaa, is the fourth largest in Europe. The greatest number of islands are to be found in the southwest in the Turku archipelago. Further from the coast lies Ahvenanmaa or Åland (in Swedish) Islands.
Much of the geography of Finland is explained by the Ice Age. The glaciers were thicker and lasted longer in Fennoscandia compared to the rest of Europe. Their eroding effects have left the Finnish landscape mostly flat with few hills and fewer mountains. Its highest point, the Halti at 1,324 metres (4,344 ft), is found in the extreme north of Lapland at the border between Finland and Norway. The highest mountain whose peak is entirely in Finland is Ridnitsohkka at 1,316 m (4,318 ft), directly adjacent to Halti.
The retreating glaciers have left the land with morainic deposits in formations of eskers. These are ridges of stratified gravel and sand, running northwest to southeast, where the ancient edge of the glacier once lay. Among the biggest of these are the three Salpausselkä ridges that run across southern Finland.
Due to having been compressed under the enormous weight of the glaciers, terrain in Finland is rising due to the post-glacial rebound. The effect is strongest around the Gulf of Bothnia, where land steadily rises about 1 cm a year. As a result, the old sea bottom turns little by little into dry land: the surface area of the country is expanding by about 7 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi) annually.[35] In a sense, Finland is rising from the sea.[36]
Forest covers 86% of the country's area,[37] the largest forested area in Europe. The forest consists of pine, spruce, birch and other species. Finland is the largest producer of wood in Europe and among the largest in the world.
The landscape is covered mostly (seventy-five percent of land area) by coniferous taiga forests and fens, with little arable land. The most common type of rock is granite. It is a ubiquitous part of the scenery, visible wherever there is no soil cover. Moraine or till is the most common type of soil, covered by a thin layer of humus of biological origin. Podzol profile development is seen in most forest soils except where drainage is poor. Gleysols and peat bogs occupy poorly drained areas.
Phytogeographically, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Sarmatic mixed forests and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands.
The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is the national animal of Finland
Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna. There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over seventy fish species and eleven reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighboring countries thousands of years ago.[citation needed] Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear (the national animal), gray wolf, wolverine and elk (moose). Three of the more striking birds are the Whooper Swan, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland; the Capercaillie, a large, black-plumaged member of the grouse family; and the European Eagle-owl. The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation.[38] The most common breeding birds are the willow warbler, chaffinch and redwing.[39] Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the northern pike, perch and others are plentiful. Atlantic salmon remains the favourite of fly rod enthusiasts.
The endangered Saimaa Ringed Seal, one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 300 seals today. It has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.[40]
Finland has a humid and cool semi-continental climate, characterized by warm summers and freezing winters. The climate type in southern Finland is north temperate climate. Winters of southern Finland (average day time temperature is below 0 °C/32 °F) are usually 4 months long, and the snow typically covers the land from middle of December to early April. In the southern coast, it can melt many times during early winter, and then come again. The coldest winter days of southern Finland are usually under −20 °C (−4 °F), and the warmest days of July and August can be as high as 35 °C (95 °F).[41] Arctic tundra proper is not found in Finland; Finland lies almost exactly on the taiga belt, being covered in boreal forest.[42] Alpine tundra can be found in the mountainous Lapland, and oak grows in the southernmost islands and coast.
Summer in Koli National Park, Lieksa, Finland
Climatic summers of the southern Finland last 4 months (from mid May to mid September). In northern Finland, particularly in Lapland, a subarctic climate dominates, characterized by cold—occasionally severe—winters and relatively warm, short summers. Winters in north Finland are nearly 7 months long, and snow covers the lands almost 6 months, from October to early May. Summers in the north are quite short, only two to three months.[citation needed]
The main factor influencing Finland's climate is the country's geographical position between the 60th and 70th northern parallels in the Eurasian continent's coastal zone, which shows characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate, depending on the direction of air flow. Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream, which explains the unusually warm climate considering the absolute latitude.[41]
The Finnish climate is suitable for grain farming in the southernmost regions but not farther north.[43]
A quarter of Finland's territory lies within the Arctic Circle and the midnight sun can be experienced for more days the farther north one travels. At Finland's northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer, and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.
The fundamental administrative divisions of the country are the municipalities, which may also call themselves towns or cities. They account for half of public spending. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state subsidies, and other revenue. There are 336 municipalities,[7][8] and most have fewer than 6,000 residents. People often identify with their municipality.
One of the most well-known buildings in Helsinki is the
cathedral.
In addition to municipalities, two intermediate levels are defined. Municipalities co-operate in seventy sub-regions and nineteen regions. These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers. The autonomous province of Åland has a permanent democratically elected regional council. In the Kainuu region, there is a pilot project underway with regional elections. Sami people have a semi-autonomous Sami Domicile Area in Lapland for issues on language and culture.
In the following chart, the number of inhabitants includes those living in the entire municipality (kunta/kommun), not just in the built-up area. The land area is given in km², and the density in inhabitants per km² (land area). The figures are as of 31 January 2012. The capital region — comprising Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen — forms a continuous conurbation of one million people. However, common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities, e.g. in Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council.
Municipalities and
regions map of Finland (2009).
Thin borders refer to municipalities and thicker ones to regions.
| City |
Population[44] |
Land area[45] |
Density |
| Helsinki |
596,233 |
213.75 |
2,789.39 |
| Espoo |
252,730 |
312.26 |
809.36 |
| Tampere |
215,315 |
525.03 |
410.1 |
| Vantaa |
203,177 |
238.37 |
852.36 |
| Turku |
178,784 |
245.67 |
727.74 |
| Oulu |
143,988 |
1,410.17 |
102.11 |
| Jyväskylä |
131,997 |
1,170.99 |
112.72 |
| Lahti |
102,358 |
135.05 |
757.93 |
| Kuopio |
97,552 |
1,597.39 |
61.07 |
| Kouvola |
87,592 |
2,558.24 |
34.24 |
| Pori |
83,192 |
834.06 |
99.74 |
| Joensuu |
73,871 |
2,381.76 |
31.02 |
| Lappeenranta |
72,156 |
1,433.36 |
50.34 |
| Hämeenlinna |
67,280 |
1,785.76 |
37.68 |
| Rovaniemi |
60,707 |
7,581.97 |
8.01 |
The Constitution of Finland defines the political system. Finland is a parliamentary democracy, and the prime minister is country's most powerful politician. The constitution in its current form came into force on 1 March 2000, and was amended on 1 March 2012. Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary, municipal, and presidential elections, and in European Union elections.
According to the Constitution, the President of Finland is the head of state. Finland was formerly considered a semi-presidential parliamentary system, but under the 2000 constitution, and even further under its 2012 amendment, the presidency became largely a ceremonial, non-executive position.[1] The position still does entail some powers, including responsibility for foreign policy (excluding affairs related to the European Union) in cooperation with the cabinet, being the head of the armed forces, some decree powers, and some appointive powers. Direct, one- or two-stage elections are used to elect the president for a term of six years and for a maximum of two consecutive terms. The current president is Sauli Niinistö (National Coalition Party); he took office on 1 March 2012.
The 200-member unicameral Parliament of Finland exercises supreme legislative authority. It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws, dismiss the cabinet, and override presidential vetoes. Its acts are not subject to judicial review; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament's constitutional law committee. The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional D'Hondt method within a number of multi-seat constituencies. Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation. The speaker is currently Eero Heinäluoma (Social Democrats).[46]
Since universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, the parliament has been dominated by the Centre Party (former Agrarian Union), the National Coalition Party (conservatives) and the Social Democrats. These parties have enjoyed approximately equal support, and their combined vote has totalled about 65–80% of all votes. Their lowest common total of MPs, 121, was reached in the 2011 elections. For a few decades after 1944, the Communists were a strong fourth party. Due to the electoral system of proportional representation, and the relative reluctance of voters to switch their support between parties, the relative strengths of the parties have commonly varied only slightly from one election to another. However, there have been some long-term trends, such as the rise and fall of the Communists during the Cold War; the steady decline into insignificance of the Liberal party and its predecessors from 1906 to about 1980; and the rise of the Green party and its predecessor since 1983. In the 2011 elections, the True Finns achieved exceptional success, increasing its representation from 5 to 39 seats, and thus surpassing the Centre Party.[47]
The autonomous province of Åland, which forms a federacy with Finland, elects one member to the parliament, who traditionally joins the parliamentary group of the Swedish People's Party of Finland. (The province also holds elections for its own permanent regional council, and in the 2011 elections, Åland Centre was the largest party.)
The parliament can be dissolved by a recommendation of the prime minister endorsed by the president. This procedure has never been used, although the parliament was dissolved several times under the pre-2000 constitution, when this action was the sole prerogative of the president.
After the parliamentary elections on 17 April 2011, the seats were divided among eight parties as follows:
After parliamentary elections, the parties negotiate among themselves on forming a new cabinet (the Finnish Council of State), which then has to be approved by a simple majority vote in the parliament. The cabinet can be dismissed by a parliamentary vote of no confidence, although this rarely happens (the last time in 1957), as the parties represented in the cabinet usually make up a majority in the parliament.[48]
The cabinet exercises most executive powers, and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on. It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland, and consists of him or her, of other ministers, and of the Chancellor of Justice. The current prime minister is Jyrki Katainen (National Coalition Party). Each minister heads his or her ministry, or, in some cases, has responsibility for a subset of a ministry's policy. After the prime minister, the most powerful minister is the minister of finance.
As no one party ever dominates the parliament, Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions. As a rule, the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest.
The judicial system of Finland is a civil law system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Finnish law is codified and based on Swedish law and in a wider sense, civil law or Roman law. The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts (käräjäoikeus, tingsrätt), regional appellate courts (hovioikeus, hovrätt), and the Supreme Court (korkein oikeus, högsta domstolen). The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts (hallinto-oikeus, förvaltningsdomstol) and the Supreme Administrative Court (korkein hallinto-oikeus, högsta förvaltningsdomstolen). In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. There is also a High Court of Impeachment for criminal charges against certain high-ranking officeholders.
Around 92% of residents have confidence in Finland's security institutions.[49] The overall crime rate of Finland is not high in the EU context. Some crime types are above average, notably the highest homicide rate in Western Europe.[50] A day fine system is in effect and also applied to offenses such as speeding.
Finland has successfully fought against government corruption, which was more common in the 1970s and 1980s.[51][verification needed] For instance, economic reforms and EU membership introduced stricter requirements for open bidding and many public monopolies were abolished.[51][dubious – discuss] Today, Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe. Also, Finland's public records are among the world's most transparent.[verification needed]
In 2008, Transparency International criticized the lack of transparency of the system of Finnish political finance.[52] According to GRECO in 2007 corruption should be taken into account in the Finnish system of election funds better.[53] A scandal revolving around campaign finance of the 2007 parliamentary elections broke out in spring 2008. Nine Ministers of Government submitted incomplete funding reports and even more of the Members of Parliament. The law includes no punishment of false funds reports of the elected politicians.
According to the 2012 constitution, the president (currently Sauli Niinistö) leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government, except that the president has no role in EU affairs.[54]
In 2008, president Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[55] Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy.[56] This was reversed in the 2000s, when Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defence.[56]
Finland has one of the world's most extensive welfare systems, one that guarantees decent living conditions for all residents, Finns and non-citizens. Since the 80s then social security has been cut back, but still the system is one of the most comprehensive in the world.[citation needed] Created almost entirely during the first three decades after World War II, the social security system was an outgrowth of the traditional Nordic belief that the state was not inherently hostile to the well-being of its citizens, but could intervene benevolently on their behalf. According to some social historians, the basis of this belief was a relatively benign history that had allowed the gradual emergence of a free and independent peasantry in the Nordic countries and had curtailed the dominance of the nobility and the subsequent formation of a powerful right wing. Finland's history has been harsher than the histories of the other Nordic countries, but not harsh enough to bar the country from following their path of social development.[57]
The Finnish Defence Forces consist of a cadre of professional soldiers (mainly officers and technical personnel), currently serving conscripts, and a large reserve. The standard readiness strength is 34,700 people in uniform, of which 25% are professional soldiers. A universal male conscription is in place, under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of civilian (non-armed) service.
Alternative non-military service for men is possible, as is voluntary military service for women (currently approximately 500 annually)[58] are possible. Finland is the only non-NATO EU country bordering Russia. Finland's official policy states that the 350,000 reservists, armed mostly with ground weaponry, are a sufficient deterrent.[citation needed]
The armed forces favour partnerships with Western institutions such as NATO, WEU and the EU, but are careful to avoid politics.[59] Finland's defence budget equals about €2 billion or about 1.4–1.6% of the GDP. Finnish defence expenditure is around the sixth highest in the EU.[60]
Voluntary post-conscription overseas peacekeeping service is popular, and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO and EU peacekeeping missions. Residents claim around 80% homeland defence willingness, one of the highest rates in Europe.[61]
The armed forces are under the command of the Chief of Defence (currently General Ari Puheloinen), who is directly subordinate to the president in matters related to military command. The branches of the military are the army, the navy and the air force. The border guard is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness.
Headquarters of
Nokia, the largest Finnish company.
Finland has a highly industrialized mixed economy with a per capita output equal to that of other European economies such as France, Germany, Belgium or the UK. The largest sector of the economy is services at 66%, followed by manufacturing and refining at 31%. Primary production is 2.9%.[62] With respect to foreign trade, the key economic sector is manufacturing. The largest industries[63] are electronics (22%), machinery, vehicles and other engineered metal products (21.1%), forest industry (13%) and chemicals (11%).
Finland has timber and several mineral and freshwater resources. Forestry, paper factories, and the agricultural sector (on which taxpayers spend around 3 billion euros annually) are politically sensitive to rural residents. The Greater Helsinki area generates around a third of GDP. In a 2004 OECD comparison, high-technology manufacturing in Finland ranked second largest after Ireland. Knowledge-intensive services have also ranked the smallest and slow-growth sectors—especially agriculture and low-technology manufacturing—second largest after Ireland.[64] Overall short-term outlook was good, and GDP growth has been above many EU peers.
Real GDP growth, 1998–2009.
Finland is highly integrated in the global economy, and international trade is a third of GDP. The European Union makes 60% of the total trade.[citation needed] The largest trade flows are with Germany, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, Netherlands and China. Trade policy is managed by the European Union, where Finland has traditionally been among the free trade supporters, except for agriculture. Finland is the only Nordic country to have joined the Eurozone.
Finland's climate and soils make growing crops a particular challenge. The country lies between latitudes 60°N and 70°N, and has severe winters and relatively short growing seasons that are sometimes interrupted by frosts. However, because the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current moderate the climate, Finland contains half of the world's arable land north of 60° north latitude. Annual precipitation is usually sufficient, but it occurs almost exclusively during the winter months, making summer droughts a constant threat. In response to the climate, farmers have relied on quick-ripening and frost-resistant varieties of crops, and they have cultivated south-facing slopes as well as richer bottomlands to ensure production even in years with summer frosts. Most farmland had originally been either forest or swamp, and the soil had usually required treatment with lime and years of cultivation to neutralize excess acid and to develop fertility. Irrigation was generally not necessary, but drainage systems were often needed to remove excess water. Finland's agriculture was efficient and productive—at least when compared with farming in other European countries.[57]
Forests play a key role in the country's economy, making it one of the world's leading wood producers and providing raw materials at competitive prices for the crucial wood-processing industries. As in agriculture, the government has long played a leading role in forestry, regulating tree cutting, sponsoring technical improvements, and establishing long-term plans to ensure that the country's forests continue to supply the wood-processing industries. To maintain the country's comparative advantage in forest products, Finnish authorities moved to raise lumber output toward the country's ecological limits. In 1984 the government published the Forest 2000 plan, drawn up by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The plan aimed at increasing forest harvests by about 3 percent per year, while conserving forestland for recreation and other uses.[57]
Private sector employees amount to 1.8 million, out of which around a third with tertiary education. The average cost of a private sector employee per hour was 25.1 euros in 2004.[65] As of 2008 average purchasing power-adjusted income levels are similar to those of Italy, Sweden, Germany and France.[66] In 2006, 62% of the workforce worked for enterprises with less than 250 employees and they accounted for 49% of total business turnover and had the strongest rate of growth.[67] The female employment rate is high. Gender segregation between male-dominated professions and female-dominated professions is higher than in the US.[68] The proportion of part-time workers was one of the lowest in OECD in 1999.[68]
Graphical depiction of Finland's product exports in 28 color coded categories.
Employment rate 68% and unemployment rate was 6.8% in early 2008.[69] 18% of residents are outside job market at the age of 50 and less than a third working at the age of 61.[70] Unfunded pensions and other promises such as health insurances are a dominant future liability, though Finland is much better prepared than countries such as France or Germany.[71] Directly held public debt has been reduced to around 32% of GDP in 2007.[72] In 2007, the average household savings rate was −3.8 and household debt 101% of annual disposable income, a typical level in Europe.[73] Home ownership rate is 60%.
As of 2006, 2.4 million households reside in Finland. The average size is 2.1 persons; 40% of households consist of a single person, 32% two persons and 28% three or more persons. Residential buildings total 1.2 million and the average residential space is 38 m2 per person. The average residential property without land costs 1,187 euro per sq metre and residential land 8.6 euro per sq metre. 74% of households had a car. There are 2.5 million cars and 0.4 million other vehicles.[74]
Around 92% have a mobile phone and 83.5% (2009) Internet connection at home. The average total household consumption was 20,000 euro, out of which housing consisted of about 5500 euro, transport about 3000 euro, food and beverages excluding alcoholic at around 2500 euro, recreation and culture at around 2000 euro.[75] Purchasing power-adjusted average household consumption is about the same level as it is in Germany, Sweden and Italy.[66] According to Invest in Finland, private consumption grew by 3% in 2006 and consumer trends included durables, high quality products, and spending on well-being.[76]
Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant with two existing units. On the far left is a visualization of the third unit, which will be Finland's fifth nuclear reactor when completed around 2014.
[77]
Anyone can enter the free and largely privately owned financial and physical Nordic energy markets traded in NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe and Nord Pool Spot exchanges, which have provided competitive prices compared to other EU countries. As of 2007, Finland has roughly the lowest industrial electricity prices in the EU-15 (equal to France).[78]
In 2006, the energy market was around 90 terawatt hours and the peak demand around 15 gigawatts in winter. This means that the energy consumption per capita is around 7.2 tons of oil equivalent per year. Industry and construction consumed 51% of total consumption, a relatively high figure reflecting Finland's industries.[79][80] Finland's hydrocarbon resources are limited to peat and wood.[citation needed] About 10–15% of the electricity is produced by hydropower,[81] which is little compared to more mountainous Sweden or Norway. In 2008, renewable energy forms (mainly hydropower and various forms of wood energy) made high 30.5% compared to the EU average 10.3% in final energy consumption.[82]
Finland has four privately owned nuclear reactors producing 18% of the country's energy,[83] one research reactor at the Otaniemi campus, and the fifth AREVA-Siemens-built reactor—the world's largest at 1600 MWe and a focal point of Europe's nuclear industry—is currently scheduled to be operational by 2014.[77] A varying amount (5–17%) of electricity has been imported from Russia (at around 3 gigawatt power line capacity), Sweden and Norway.
Finland negotiated itself expensive Kyoto and EU emission terms. They might be causing an increase in energy prices, amplified by the aging and soon decommissioned production capacity.[84] Energy companies are about to increase nuclear power production, as in July 2010 the Finnish parliament granted permits for additional two new reactors.
Wild animals, chiefly
moose and
reindeer, cause several thousand traffic accidents every year.
The extensive road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. The annual road network expenditure of around 1 billion euro is paid with vehicle and fuel taxes which amount to around 1.5 billion euro and 1 billion euro.
Icebreakers enable shipping even during severe winters.
Helsinki-Vantaa Airport is Finland's biggest airport by far, with the country's largest number of departures in all price categories.
The state-owned
VR operates a railway network serving all major cities.
The main international passenger gateway is Helsinki-Vantaa Airport with over 13 million passengers in 2008. Oulu Airport is the second largest and around 25 airports have scheduled passenger services.[85] The Helsinki-Vantaa based Finnair, Blue1 and Finncomm Airlines sell air services both domestically and internationally. Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle routes between Western Europe and the Far East.
Despite low population density, the Government spends annually around 350 million euro[citation needed] in maintaining 5,865 kilometres (3,644 mi) railway tracks. Rail transport is handled by state owned VR Group, which has 5% passenger market share (out of which 80% are urban trips in Greater Helsinki) and 25% cargo market share.[86] Since 12 December 2010 Karelian Trains, a joint venture between Russian Railways and VR (Finnish Railways), has been running Alstom Pendolino operated high-speed services between Saint Petersburg's Finlyandsky and Helsinki's Central railway stations. These services are branded as "Allegro" trains. Journey from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg takes only three and a half hours.
The majority of international cargo utilizes ports. Port logistics prices are low. Vuosaari Harbour in Helsinki is the largest container port after completion in 2008 and others include Kotka, Hamina, Hanko, Pori, Rauma, Oulu. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn and Stockholm. The Helsinki–Tallinn route, one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world[citation needed], has also been served by a helicopter line.
Finland was rapidly industrialized after the Second World War, achieving GDP per capita levels equal to that of Japan or the UK in the beginning of 1970s. Initially, most development was based on two broad groups of export-led industries, the "metal industry" (metalliteollisuus) and "forest industry" (metsäteollisuus). The "metal industry" includes shipbuilding, metalworking, the car industry, engineered products such as motors and electronics, and production of metals (steel, copper and chromium). The world's biggest cruise ships are built in Finnish shipyards. The "forest industry" (metsäteollisuus) includes forestry, timber, pulp and paper, and is a logical development based on Finland's extensive forest resources (77% of the area is covered by forest, most of it in renewable use). In the pulp and paper industry, many of the largest companies are based in Finland (Ahlstrom, M-real, UPM). However, the Finnish economy has diversified, with expansion into fields such as electronics (e.g. Nokia), metrology (Vaisala), transport fuels (Neste Oil), chemicals (Kemira), engineering consulting (Pöyry) and information technology (e.g. Rovio, known for Angry Birds), and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry. Likewise, the structure has changed, with the service sector growing, with manufacturing reducing in importance; agriculture is only a minor part. Despite this, production for export is still more prominent than in Western Europe, thus making Finland more vulnerable to global economic trends.
Based on the Economist Intelligence Unit report released in September 2011, Finland has clinched the second place after the United States on Benchmarking IT Industry Competitiveness 2011 which scored on 6 key indicators: overall business environment, technology infrastructure, human capital, legal framework, public support for industry development, and research and development landscape.[87]
Finnish politicians have often emulated other Nordics and the Nordic model.[88] Nordics have been free-trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century, though in Finland immigration is relatively new. The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.[88]
Finland has top levels of economic freedom in many areas, although there is a heavy tax burden and inflexible job market.[clarification needed] Finland is ranked 16th (ninth in Europe) in the 2008 Index of Economic Freedom.[89] While the manufacturing sector is thriving, OECD points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements.[90]
IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007 ranked Finland 17th most competitive.[91] The World Economic Forum 2008 index ranked Finland the 6th most competitive.[92] In both indicators, Finland's performance was next to Germany, and significantly higher than most European countries. In the Business competitiveness index 2007–08 Finland ranked third in the world.
Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets. According to OECD, only four EU-15 countries have less regulated product markets (UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden) and only one has less regulated financial markets (Denmark). Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy, postal, and other markets in Europe.[88] The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries.[93] Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured.[89] Finland is rated the 6th least corrupted countries in Corruption perception index.[94] Finland is rated 13th in the Ease of Doing Business Index. It indicates exceptional ease to trade across borders (5th), enforce contracts (7th), and close a business (5th), and exceptional hardship to employ workers (127th) and pay taxes (83rd).[95]
Finnish law forces all workers to obey the national contracts that are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level. The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union. The unionization rate is high (70%), especially in the middle class (AKAVA—80%). A lack of a national agreement in an industry is considered an exception.[64][88]
In 2005, Finnish tourism grossed over €6.7 billion with a five percent increase from the previous year. Much of the sudden growth can be attributed to the globalisation and modernisation of the country as well as a rise in positive publicity and awareness.[citation needed] There are many attractions in Finland which attracted over 4 million visitors in 2005.
The Finnish landscape is covered with thick pine forests, rolling hills and complemented with a labyrinth of lakes and inlets. Much of Finland is pristine and virgin as it contains 35 national parks from the Southern shores of the Gulf of Finland to the high fells of Lapland. It is also an urbanised region with many cultural events and activities.
Commercial cruises between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region, including Helsinki, Turku, Tallinn, Stockholm and Travemünde, play a significant role in the local tourism industry. Finland is regarded as the home of Saint Nicholas or Santa Claus, living in the northern Lapland region. Above the Arctic Circle, in midwinter, there is a polar night, a period when the sun does not rise for days or weeks, or even months, and correspondingly, midnight sun in the summer, with no sunset even at midnight. Lapland is so far north that the Aurora Borealis, fluorescence in the high atmosphere due to solar wind, is seen regularly in the fall, winter and spring.
Outdoor activities range from Nordic skiing, golf, fishing, yachting, lake cruises, hiking, kayaking among many others. At Finland's northernmost point, in the heart of summer, the Sun does not completely set for 73 consecutive days. Wildlife is abundant in Finland. Bird-watching is popular for those fond of avifauna, however hunting is also popular. Elk, reindeer and hare are all common game in Finland. Olavinlinna in Savonlinna hosts the annual Savonlinna Opera Festival.
| Population of Finland, 1750–2010 |
| year |
|
|
|
population |
| 1750 |
|
421,500 |
| 1760 |
|
491,100 |
| 1770 |
|
561,000 |
| 1780 |
|
663,900 |
| 1790 |
|
705,600 |
| 1800 |
|
832,700 |
| 1810 |
|
863,300 |
| 1820 |
|
1,177,500 |
| 1830 |
|
1,372,100 |
| 1840 |
|
1,445,600 |
| 1850 |
|
1,636,900 |
| 1860 |
|
1,746,700 |
| 1870 |
|
1,768,800 |
| 1880 |
|
2,060,800 |
| 1890 |
|
2,380,100 |
| 1900 |
|
2,655,900 |
| 1910 |
|
2,943,400 |
| 1920 |
|
3,147,600 |
| 1930 |
|
3,462,700 |
| 1940 |
|
3,695,617 |
| 1950 |
|
4,029,803 |
| 1960 |
|
4,446,222 |
| 1970 |
|
4,598,336 |
| 1980 |
|
4,787,778 |
| 1990 |
|
4,998,478 |
| 2000 |
|
5,181,115 |
| 2010 |
|
5,375,276 |
| sources[96][97] |
The population of Finland is currently about 5,400,000. Finland has an average population density of 16 inhabitants per square kilometre.[6] This is the third-lowest population density of any European country, behind those of Norway and Iceland. Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, a phenomenon that became even more pronounced during 20th-century urbanisation. The largest cities in Finland are those of the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area—Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa. Other cities with population over 100.000 are Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä and Lahti.
The share of foreign citizens in Finland is 3.4%, among the lowest in the European Union.[98] Most of them are from Russia, Estonia and Sweden.[98] The children of foreigners are not automatically given Finnish citizenship. If they are born in Finland and cannot get citizenship of any other country, they become citizens.[99]
Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south and in the autonomous region of Åland. The Sami language is an official language in northern Lapland. Also Finnish Romani and Finnish Sign Language are recognized in the constitution. The Nordic languages and Karelian are also specially treated in some contexts.
The native language of 90% of the population is Finnish,[100] which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic languages. The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin. Finnish is closely related to Karelian and Estonian and more remotely to the Sami languages and Hungarian.
Swedish is the native language of 5.4% of the population (Swedish-speaking Finns),[100]
To the north, in Lapland, are the Sami people, numbering around 7,000[101] and recognized as an indigenous people. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue.[102] There are three Sami languages that are spoken in Finland: Northern Sami, Inari Sami and Skolt Sami.[103] Finnish Romani is spoken by some 5,000–6,000 people,[104][not in citation given] who usually also speak Finnish. The Finnish Sign Language is used as a first language by 4,000–5,000 people.[105] Tatar language is spoken by a Finnish Tatar minority of about 800 people who moved to Finland mainly during the Russian rule from the 1870s until 1920's.[106] The right of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish-speaking Finns and Romani people) to cherish their culture and language is protected by the constitution.[107]
Immigrant languages include Russian (1.1%), Estonian (0.6%), Somali, English and Arabic (see Languages of Finland).[108]
The best known foreign languages are English (63%), German (18%), and French (3%). English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the third or fifth grade (at 9 or 11 years of age respectively) in the comprehensive school (in some schools other languages can be chosen instead). German, French and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the eighth grade (at 14 years of age; some schools may offer other options). A third foreign language may be studied in upper secondary school or university (at 16 years of age or over).
Norwegian and to some extent Danish are mutually intelligible with Swedish and are thus understood by a significant minority, although studied only a little in the schools.
Religion in Finland[109]
| Year |
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland |
Finnish Orthodox Church |
Other |
Not affiliated |
| 1900 |
98.1% |
1.7% |
0.2% |
n/a |
| 1950 |
95.1% |
1.7% |
0.4% |
2.8% |
| 1990 |
87.9% |
1.1% |
0.9% |
10.2% |
| 2000 |
85.1% |
1.1% |
1.0% |
12.7% |
| 2005 |
83.2% |
1.1% |
1.1% |
14.5% |
| 2006 |
82.6% |
1.1% |
1.2% |
15.1% |
| 2007 |
81.8% |
1.1% |
1.2% |
15.9% |
| 2008 |
80.7% |
1.1% |
1.3% |
16.9% |
| 2009 |
79.9% |
1.1% |
1.3% |
17.7% |
| 2010 |
78.2% |
1.1% |
1.4% |
19.2% |
| 2011 |
77.2%[110] |
1.1% |
1.5% |
20.1% |
Approximately 4.2 million (or 77.2%[111] at the end of 2011) adherents are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world, although its share of the country's population has declined in recent years (See table at right.)[109] The second largest group, accounting for 20.1%[112] of the population, has no religious affiliation. A small minority belong to the Finnish Orthodox Church (1.1%). Other Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church in Finland are significantly smaller, as are the Muslim, Jewish and other non-Christian communities (totaling 1.5%).
The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are national churches of Finland with special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools.[113]
In 2011, 77.9% of Finnish children were baptized and 83.0% were confirmed in 2011 at the age of 15,[111] and nearly all funerals are Christian. However, the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas ceremonies, weddings and funerals. The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 2 percent of its members attend church services weekly. The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two.[114] According to a 2005 Eurobarometer poll, 41% of Finnish citizens responded that "they believe there is a God"; 41% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and 16% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".[115]
Life expectancy is 82 years for women and 75 years for men.[116] There are 307 residents for each doctor.[117] About 18.9% of health care is funded directly by households and 76.6% by taxation.
A recent study by The Lancet medical journal found that Finland has the lowest stillbirth rate out of 193 countries, including UK, France and New Zealand.[118][119] In April 2012, Finland was ranked 2nd in Gross National Happiness in a report published by The Earth Institute.[120]
Finnish family life is centred on the nuclear family. Relations with the extended family are often rather distant, and Finnish people do not form politically significant clans, tribes or similar structures. According to UNICEF, Finland ranks fourth in the world in child well-being.[121]
After examining the position of women around the world, the Washington-based Population Crisis Committee reported in 1988 that Finland, slightly behind top-ranked Sweden and just ahead of the United States, was one of the best places in which a woman could live. The group reached this conclusion after examining the health, educational, economic, and legal conditions that affect women's lives. Finnish women were the first in Europe to gain the franchise, and by the 1980s they routinely constituted about one-third of the membership of the Eduskunta (parliament) and held several ministerial posts. In the 1980s, about 75 percent of adult women worked outside the home; they made up about 48 percent of the work force. Finnish women were as well educated as their male counterparts, and, in some cases, the number of women studying at the university level, for example, were slightly ahead of the number of men. In addition to an expanding welfare system, which since World War II had come to provide them with substantial assistance in the area of childbearing and child-rearing, women had made notable legislative gains that brought them closer to full equality with men.[57]
In a number of areas, however, the country's small feminist movement maintained that the circumstances in which Finnish women lived needed to be improved. Most striking was the disparity in wages. Although women made up just under half the work force and had a tradition of working outside the home, they earned only about two-thirds of the wages paid to men.[57]
The Equality Law that went into effect in 1987 committed the country to achieving full equality for women. In the late 1980s, there was a timetable listing specific goals to be achieved during the remainder of the twentieth century. The emphasis was to be equality for everyone, rather than protection for women. Efforts were undertaken not only to place women in occupations dominated by males, but also to bring males into fields traditionally believed to belong to the women's sphere, such as child care and elementary school teaching. Another aim was for women to occupy a more equal share of decision-making positions.[57]
In 1906, Finland was the first nation in the world to give full suffrage (the right to vote and to run for office) to all adult citizens, including women.[122] Finland has general elections every fourth year.
Most pre-tertiary education is arranged at municipal level. Even though many or most schools were started as private schools, today only around 3% students are enrolled in private schools (mostly Helsinki-based schools such as SYK), many times less than in Sweden and most other developed countries.[123] Pre-school education is rare compared to other EU countries. Formal education is usually started at the age of 7. The primary school takes normally 6 years, the lower secondary school 3 years, and most schools are managed by municipal officials.
The flexible curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and the Education Board. Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 16. After lower secondary school, graduates may either enter the workforce directly, or apply to trade schools or gymnasiums (upper secondary schools). Trade schools prepare for professions. Academically oriented gymnasiums have higher entrance requirements and specifically prepare for Abitur and tertiary education. Graduation from either formally qualifies for tertiary education.
In tertiary education, two mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found: the profession-oriented polytechnics and the research-oriented universities. Education is free and living expenses are to a large extent financed by the government through student benefits. There are 20 universities and 30 polytechnics in the country. Helsinki University is ranked 75th in the Top University Ranking of 2010.[124] The World Economic Forum ranks Finland's tertiary education #2 in the world.[125] Around 33% of residents have a tertiary degree, similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada (44%), United States (38%) and Japan(37%).[126] The proportion of foreign students is 3% of all tertiary enrolments, one of the lowest in OECD, while in advanced programs it is 7.3%, still below OECD average 16.5%.[127]
More than 30% of tertiary graduates are in science-related fields. Forest improvement, materials research, environmental sciences, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have had a significant impact.[128]
Finland had a long tradition of adult education, and by the 1980s nearly one million Finns were receiving some kind of instruction each year. Forty percent of them did so for professional reasons. Adult education appeared in a number of forms, such as secondary evening schools, civic and workers' institutes, study centres, vocational course centres, and folk high schools. Study centres allowed groups to follow study plans of their own making, with educational and financial assistance provided by the state. Folk high schools are a distinctly Nordic institution. Originating in Denmark in the nineteenth century, folk high schools became common throughout the region. Adults of all ages could stay at them for several weeks and take courses in subjects that ranged from handicrafts to economics.[57]
Finland is highly productive in scientific research. In 2005, Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the OECD countries.[129] In 2007, 1,801 patents were filed in Finland.[130]
Though Finnish written language could be said to exist since Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into Finnish in the sixteenth century as a result of the Protestant Reformation, few notable works of literature were written until the nineteenth century, which saw the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement. This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably Aleksis Kivi and Eino Leino. Many writers of the national awakening wrote in Swedish, such as the national poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg and Zachris Topelius.
After Finland became independent there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously Finnish speaking Mika Waltari and Swedish speaking Edith Södergran. Frans Eemil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939. The second World War prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by Väinö Linna. Besides Kalevala and Waltari Swedish speaking Tove Jansson is the most translated Finnish writer. Literature in modern Finland is in a healthy state. Popular modern writers include Arto Paasilinna, Ilkka Remes, Kari Hotakainen, Sofi Oksanen and Jari Tervo, while the best novel is annually awarded the prestigious Finlandia Prize.
The
National Museum of Finland illustrates Finnish history from prehistoric times to the present day. It is located in central Helsinki.
Finns have made major contributions to handicrafts and industrial design. Finland's best-known sculptor of the twentieth century was Wäinö Aaltonen, remembered for his monumental busts and sculptures. Finnish architecture is famous around the world. Among the top of the twentieth century Finnish architects to win international recognition are Eliel Saarinen (designer of the widely recognised Helsinki Central railway station and many other public works) and his son Eero Saarinen. Alvar Aalto, who helped bring functionalist architecture to Finland, is also famous for his work in furniture, textiles and glassware.
Finland's most internationally successful TV shows is backpacking travel documentary television series Madventures and the The Dudesons, a reality TV show about four childhood friends who perform stunts and play pranks on each other − similar to the American TV show Jackass.[citation needed]
Much of the music of Finland is influenced by traditional Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the Kalevala. Karelian culture is perceived as the purest expression of the Finnic myths and beliefs, less influenced by Germanic influence than the Nordic folk dance music that largely replaced the kalevaic tradition. Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival in recent decades, and has become a part of popular music.
The people of northern Finland, Sweden and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called Joik. The same word sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs, though this is technically incorrect.
The first Finnish opera was written by the German born composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852. Pacius also wrote the music to the poem Maamme/Vårt land (Our Country), Finland's national anthem. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo. He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician. In 1899 he composed Finlandia, which played its important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures and is a symbol of the nation.
Today, Finland has a very lively classical music scene. Finnish classical music has only existed for about a hundred years, and many of Finland's important composers are still alive, such as Magnus Lindberg, Kaija Saariaho, Aulis Sallinen and Einojuhani Rautavaara. The composers are accompanied with a large number of great conductors such as Esa-Pekka Salonen, Osmo Vänskä, Jukka-Pekka Saraste and Leif Segerstam. Some of the internationally acclaimed Finnish classical musicians are Karita Mattila, Soile Isokoski, Pekka Kuusisto, Olli Mustonen, and Linda Lampenius.
Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word Schlager, meaning hit) is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song. Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music; tango, a style of Argentine music, is also popular. The light music in Swedish speaking areas has more influences from Sweden. Modern Finnish popular music includes a number of prominent rock bands, jazz musicians, hip hop performers, and dance music acts.
During the early 1960s, first significant wave of Finnish rock groups emerged, playing instrumental rock inspired by groups such as The Shadows. Around 1964, Beatlemania arrived in Finland, resulting into further development of the local rock scene. During the late 1960s and 1970s Finnish rock musicians increasingly wrote their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish. During the decade some progressive rock groups, such as Tasavallan Presidentti and Wigwam, gained respect abroad but failed to make a commercial breakthrough outside Finland. This was also the fate of the rock and roll group Hurriganes. The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally acknowledged names including Terveet Kädet in 1980s. Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering 1980s glam rock act that left perhaps a deeper mark in the history of popular music than any other Finnish group, giving inspiration for Guns N' Roses.
Many Finnish metal bands have gained international recognition. HIM and Nightwish are some of Finland's most internationally known bands. HIM's 2005 "Dark Light" album went gold in the United States. Apocalyptica are an internationally famous Finnish group who are most renowned for mixing strings led classical music with classic heavy metal. Other well-known metal bands are Amorphis, Ensiferum, Kalmah, The Rasmus, Children of Bodom, Impaled Nazarene, Korpiklaani, Poets of the Fall, Sentenced, Sonata Arctica, Stratovarius and Waltari. Finland hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007, after hard rock/heavy metal band Lordi won the competition in 2006.
In film industry, notable directors include Aki Kaurismäki, Mauritz Stiller, Spede Pasanen and Hollywood film director and producer Renny Harlin.
Due to Finland being one of the world's wealthiest countries and its emphasis on transparency and equal rights, so Finland's press is the most free in the world.[131]
Today there are 200 newspapers, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, and 67 commercial radio stations, with one nationwide, five national public service radio channels, and three digital radio channels.
Each year around twelve feature films are made, 12,000 book titles published and 12 million records sold.[132]
Sanoma publishes the newspaper Helsingin Sanomat (the circulation of 412,000[133] making it the largest newspaper), the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat, the commerce-oriented Taloussanomat, and the television channel Nelonen. The other major publisher Alma Media publishes over thirty magazines, including newspaper Aamulehti, tabloid Iltalehti and commerce-oriented Kauppalehti. Finns, along with other Nordic people and the Japanese, spend the most time in the world reading newspapers.
YLE, Finland's public broadcasting station, operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels in both national languages. YLE is funded through a mandatory license for television owners and fees for private broadcasters. All TV channels are broadcast digitally, both terrestrially and on cable. A commercial television channel, MTV3, and a commercial radio channel, Radio Nova, are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (Bonnier and Proventus Industrier).
Around 79 percent of the population use the Internet.[134] Finland had around 1.52 million broadband Internet connections by the end of June 2007 or around 287 per 1,000 inhabitants.[135] All Finnish schools and public libraries have Internet connections and computers. Most residents have a mobile phone. It's used mostly for contact and value-added services are rare.[136] In October 2009, Finland's Ministry of Transport and Communications committed to ensuring that every person in Finland will be able to access the internet at a minimum speed of one megabit-per-second beginning July 2010.[137]
A Midsummer
bonfire ("kokko") in Mäntsälä
All official holidays in Finland are established by acts of parliament[citation needed]. The official holidays can be divided into Christian and secular holidays. The main Christian holidays are Christmas, New Year's Day, Epiphany, Easter, Ascension Day, Pentecost, Midsummer Day (St. John's Day) and All Saints Day. The secular holidays are May Day and the Independence Day, while New Year's Day and Midsummer also have a secular character. Christmas is the most extensively celebrated holiday: usually at least December 24 to 26 are holidays.
Various sporting events are popular in Finland. Pesäpallo (a reminiscent of baseball) is the national sport of Finland, although the most popular sports in terms of spectator interest are ice hockey, athletics, cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Formula One.[138]
Finland first participated at the Olympic Games in 1908. At the time, Finland was still an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire and the Finns took great national pride especially in the three gold medals won by the original Flying Finn Hannes Kolehmainen at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Finland was one of the most successful countries at the Olympic Games before World War II. At the 1924 Summer Olympics, Finland, a nation of only 3.2 million people at the time, placed second in the medal count behind only to the USA. Perhaps most significantly, Finnish long-distance runners dominated the Olympics during the 1920s–30s. Paavo Nurmi won a total of nine Olympic gold medals between 1920 and 1928 and set 22 official world records between 1921 and 1931. Nurmi is often considered the greatest Finnish sportsman ever and one of the greatest athletes of all time.
For over 100 years, Finnish male and female athletes have consistently excelled at the javelin throw. The event has brought them nine Olympic gold medals, five world championships, five European championships and 24 world records.
In addition to Kolehmainen and Nurmi, some of Finland’s most internationally well-known and successful sportspeople are long-distance runners Ville Ritola and Lasse Virén; ski-jumpers Matti Nykänen and Janne Ahonen; cross-country skiers Veikko Hakulinen, Eero Mäntyranta, Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi and Mika Myllylä; rower Pertti Karppinen; gymnast Heikki Savolainen; ice hockey players Jari Kurri, Teemu Selänne, and Saku Koivu; football players Jari Litmanen and Sami Hyypiä; alpine skiers Kalle Palander and Tanja Poutiainen; Formula One world champions Keke Rosberg, Mika Häkkinen and Kimi Räikkönen; and four-time World Rally champions Juha Kankkunen and Tommi Mäkinen.
The 1952 Summer Olympics were held in Helsinki. Other notable sporting events held in Finland include the 1983 and 2005 World Championships in Athletics.
Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include floorball, Nordic walking, running, cycling and skiing.
|
Articles Related to Finland
|
|
 Geographic locale |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Chew, Allen F. The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War (ISBN 0-87013-167-2)
- Engle, Eloise and Paananen, Pauri,The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939–1940 (ISBN 0-8117-2433-6)
- Insight Guide: Finland (ISBN 981-4120-39-1)
- Jakobson, Max. Finland in the New Europe (ISBN 0-275-96372-1)
- Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko. A History of Finland (ISBN 0-88029-260-1)
- Klinge, Matti. Let Us Be Finns: Essays on History (ISBN 951-1-11180-9)
- Lavery, Jason. The History of Finland (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations), Greenwood Press 2006 (ISBN 0-313-32837-4) (ISSN 1096-2905)
- Lewis, Richard D. Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf (ISBN 1-931930-18-X)
- Lonely Planet: Finland (ISBN 1-74059-791-5)
- Mann, Chris. Hitler's Arctic War: The German Campaigns in Norway, Finland, and the USSR 1940–1945 (ISBN 0-312-31100-1)
- Rusama, Jaakko. Ecumenical Growth in Finland. (ISBN 951-693-239-8)
- Singleton, Fred. A Short History of Finland (ISBN 0-521-64701-0)
- Subrenat, Jean-Jacques. Listen, there's music from the forest; a brief presentation of the Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival (ISBN 952-92-0564-3)
- Swallow, Deborah. Culture Shock! Finland: A Guide to Customs and Etiquette (ISBN 1-55868-592-8)
- Trotter, William R.. A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940 (ISBN 1-56512-249-6)
- ^ a b Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it's now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008), quotes Jaakko Nousiainen in "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government" in Scandinavian Political Studies 24 (2) p95–109 as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the president has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and does not have the power to dissolve the parliament under his or her own desire. Finland is actually represented by its prime minister, and not by its president, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitution reduced the powers of the president even further.
- ^ "VÄESTÖTIETOJÄRJESTELMÄ – REKISTERITILANNE – 29.02.2012" (in Finnish). Population Register Centre. http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=5953&site=3&id=0. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Finland". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=65&pr.y=7&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=172&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2010". United Nations. 2010. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf. Retrieved 5 November 2010. and "Human Development Index trends, 1980–2010". United Nations. 2010. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table2.pdf. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ "Republic of Finland", or "Suomen tasavalta" in Finnish, "Republiken Finland" in Swedish, and "Northern Sami: Suoma dásseváldi" in Sami, is the long protocol name, which is however not defined by law. Legislation only recognizes the short name.
- ^ a b "Population clock". Homepage. Population Register Centre. 14 October 2011. http://www.vaestorekisterikeskus.fi/default.aspx?site=4. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ a b "Kuusi kuntaa katoaa kartalta" (in Finnish). YLE Uutiset. Helsinki: Yleisradio Oy. 31 December 2010. http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/2010/12/kuusi_kuntaa_katoaa_kartalta_2257039.html. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
- ^ a b "Local Finland—Front page". Local Finland. Helsinki: The Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities. Archived from the original on 2010-02-01. http://www.webcitation.org/5nDuLwRH6. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ^ "Finland: World Audit Democracy Profile". WorldAudit.org. http://www.worldaudit.org/countries/finland.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
- ^ "Tertiary education graduation rates—Education: Key Tables from OECD". OECD iLibrary. 2010-06-14. DOI:10.1787/20755120-table1. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/tertiary-education-graduation-rates_20755120-table1. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ "The World's Best Countries. A Newsweek study of health, education, economy, and politics ranks the globe's top nations, Newsweek, Aug 2010". Newsweek.com. 2010-08-16. http://www.newsweek.com/feature/2010/the-world-s-best-countries.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "The Failed States Index 2008". Fundforpeace.org. http://www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=292&Itemid=452. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "The 2009 Legatum Prosperity Index". Prosperity.com. http://prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=FI. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ "Her er verdens mest konkurransedyktige land—Makro og politikk". E24.no. http://e24.no/makro-og-politikk/article3803493.ece. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ "National Archives Service, Finland (in English)". http://www.narc.fi/Arkistolaitos/eng/. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ http://www.kotikielenseura.fi/virittaja/hakemistot/jutut/1998_613.pdf
- ^ Herkules.oulu.fi. People, material, culture and environment in the north. Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Archaeological Conference, University of Oulu, 18–23 August 2004 Edited by Vesa-Pekka Herva Gummerus Kirjapaino
- ^ Dr. Pirjo Uino of the National Board of Antiquities, ThisisFinland—"Prehistory: The ice recedes—man arrives". Retrieved 24 June 2008.
- ^ History of Finland and the Finnish People from stone age to WWII. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
- ^ Professor Frank Horn of the Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law University of Lappland writing for Virtual Finland on National Minorities of Finland. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
- ^ Sawyer and Sawyer: Medieval Scandinavia, page 67. University of Minnesota Press, 1993
- ^ Finland. "History of Finland. Finland chronology". Europe-cities.com. http://www.europe-cities.com/en/657/finland/history/chronology/. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ a b "Finland and the Swedish Empire". Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
- ^ a b c Growth and Equity in Finland, World Bank
- ^ Mickelsson, Rauli. Suomen puolueet—Historia, muutos ja nykypäivä. Vastapaino 2007.
- ^ The Finnish Civil War, Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress
- ^ "A Country Study: Finland—The Finnish Civil War". Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/fitoc.html. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
- ^ Finland 1917–2007 (2007-02-20). "From slash-and-burn fields to post-industrial society—90 years of change in industrial structure". Stat.fi. http://www.stat.fi/tup/suomi90/helmikuu_en.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ David Glantz (2001). "The siege of Leningrad, 1941–44: 900 days of terror". Zenith Imprint. p.33. ISBN 0-7603-0941-8
- ^ Timothy Snyder (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books. p.173. ISBN 0-465-00239-0
- ^ Hidden help from across the Atlantic, Helsingin Sanomat
- ^ a b c d Finland 1917–2007. "Population development in independent Finland—greying Baby Boomers". Stat.fi. http://www.stat.fi/tup/suomi90/joulukuu_en.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "People Living with HIV/AIDS (Adults and Children)". GlobalHealthFacts.org. http://www.globalhealthfacts.org/topic.jsp?i=GlobalHealthFacts.org. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ "Statistics Finland". http://www.stat.fi/index_en.html. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "Trends in sea level variability". Finnish Institute of Marine Research. 2004-08-24. http://www.fimr.fi/en/tutkimus/fysikaalinen-tutkimus/vedenkorkeuden-vaihteluiden-ajalliset-muutokset.html. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "Finland." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
- ^ http://www.forest.fi/smyforest/foresteng.nsf/allbyid/BE3C5576C911F822C2256F3100418AFD?Opendocument
- ^ "Nutritional and genetic adaptation of galliform birds: implications for hand-rearing and restocking". Oulu University Library (2000). http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514259904/html/x288.html. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
- ^ "BirdLife Finland". BirdLife International (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12). http://www.birdlife.fi/lintuharrastus/faq-muut.shtml#pesimalinnut. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "SOS: Save our seals". this is Finland (Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland). http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=170517&contentlan=2&culture=en-US.
- ^ a b "Finland's climate". Finnish Meteorological Institute. http://www.fmi.fi/weather/climate.html.
- ^ http://www.oulu.fi/northnature/finnish/Suomi/luma1.html
- ^ Finland's Northern Conditions—Challenges and Opportunities for Agriculture (PDF), p. 4
- ^ "Population by municipality as of 31 January 2012" (in Finnish and Swedish). Population Information System. Population Register Center of Finland. http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=5919&site=3&id=0. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "Area by municipality as of 1 January 2011" (in Finnish and Swedish) (PDF). Land Survey of Finland. http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/sites/default/files/pinta-alat_2011_kunnannimenmukaan.xls. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
- ^ The parliament: Parliament Elected Speakers
- ^ The source for historical information on party support is the Finnish Wikipedia's article on the parliament
- ^ The Finnish Wikipedia's article on Motion of no confidence
- ^ Policing corruption, International Perspectives.
- ^ "The Burden of Crime in the EU. Research Report: A Comparative Analysis of the European Crime and Safety Survey (EU ICS) 2005" (PDF). http://www.gallup-europe.be/downloads/EUICS%20-%20The%20Burden%20of%20Crime%20in%20the%20EU.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ a b The History of Corruption in Central Government By Seppo Tiihonen, International Institute of Administrative Sciences
- ^ Vaalijohtaja: Vaalirahoituslain rikkominen melko yleistä YLE 15.5.2008
- ^ Evaluation Report on Finland on Incriminations, Theme I, s. 21, GRECO 3-7.12.2007
- ^ Finnish constitution, Section 93.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2008". The Nobel Foundation. Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2008/. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
- ^ a b "Finland's foreign policy idea" ("Suomen ulkopolitiikan idea"), Risto Penttilä, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g Text from PD source: US Library of Congress: A Country Study: Finland, Library of Congress Call Number DL1012 .A74 1990.
- ^ Women's voluntary service (in Finnish)
- ^ Hägglund, Gustav. Leijona ja kyyhky.
- ^ Työvoimakustannukset puuttuvat puolustusmenoista, Statistics Finland (in Finnish): Eurostat ranking is sixth, but the third when conscription is accounted.
- ^ Jane's World Armies: Finland. For update: "Finland—Defence Industry (Finland), Defence Industry Country Overview: Summary"; full article by subscription.
- ^ "Finland in Figures—National Accounts". Statistics Finland. http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_kansantalous_en.html. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ "Finland in Figures—Manufacturing". Statistics Finland. http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_teollisuus_en.html. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ a b Finland Economy 2004, OECD
- ^ Tehdyn työtunnin hinta 23–27 euroa, Statistics Finland
- ^ a b "Suomalaisten tulot Euroopan keskitasoa. Hyvinvointipalvelut eivät paranna sijoitusta". Tilastokeskus.fi. http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/artikkelit/2008/art_2008-06-09_001.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Small enterprises grow faster than the big ones". Helsinkitimes.fi. 2008-04-11. http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/htimes/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=895:small-enterprises-grow-faster-than-the-big-ones&catid=33:general&Itemid=201. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ a b The Nordic Model of Welfare: A Historical Reappraisal, by Niels Finn Christiansen
- ^ Finland in Figures. "Statistics Finland: Labour Market". Tilastokeskus.fi. http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_tyoelama_en.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "OECD recommends Finland to do more to help older people stay in work". Oecd.org. 1970-01-01. http://www.oecd.org/document/9/0,3343,en_2649_34747_28023113_1_1_1_1,00.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Ikääntymisen taloudelliset vaikutukset ja niihin varautuminen" (PDF). http://www.vnk.fi/julkaisukansio/2007/j10-ikaantymisen-taloudelliset-vaikutukset/pdf/fi.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "CIA Factbook: Public Debt". Cia.gov. 2010-11-20. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2186rank.html. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ Taloussanomat.fi (Finnish)
- ^ Finland in Figures. "Statistics Finland: Transport and Tourism". Tilastokeskus.fi. http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_liikenne_en.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ Households’ consumption. "Own-account worker households' consumption has grown most in 2001–2006". Tilastokeskus.fi. http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/til/ktutk/2006/ktutk_2006_2007-12-19_tie_001_en.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Retail growth best in Finland for five years", For updates:Invest in Finland website.
- ^ a b "Olkiluoto 3 nuke start-up delayed until 2014". YLE. 21 December 2011. http://yle.fi/uutiset/news/2011/12/olkiluoto_3_nuke_start-up_delayed_until_2014_3121722.html. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ Electricity prices—industrial users
- ^ Energy consumption. "Statistics Finland". Stat.fi. http://www.stat.fi/til/ekul/2006/ekul_2006_2007-12-12_kuv_009_en.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ Energy consumption (2007-12-12). "Total energy consumption". Stat.fi. http://www.stat.fi/til/ekul/2006/ekul_2006_2007-12-12_tie_001_en.html. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Metsävastaa: Vattenkraft" (in (Swedish)). Metsavastaa.net. http://www.metsavastaa.net/vattenkraft. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ "Europe's Energy Portal". energy.eu. http://www.energy.eu/#renewable. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
- ^ "Energy Consumption in 2001" (PDF). Statistics Finland. http://tilastokeskus.fi/tk/yr/yeenergiakuviot_en.pdf. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "Päästökaupasta voi tulla miljardilasku teollisuudelle". Iltalehti.fi. 2008-12-03. http://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/200803127378774_uu.shtml. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Airport operations". Annual report 2008. Vantaa: Finavia. 2009-03-17. http://www.finavia.fi/files/finavia/vuosikertomukset_pdf/Finavia_vsk_2008_GB_LR.pdf. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ Transport and communications ministry—Rail. For year 2009 update: Finnish Railway Statistics 2010. For subsequent years when available: Finnish Railway Statistics.
- ^ "Singapore Tops IT Competitiveness in Asia Pacific, Ranks No. 3 Worldwide". 27 September 2011. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/seasia/singapore-tops-it-competitiveness-in-asia-pacific-ranks-no-3-worldwide/468002.
- ^ a b c d The Nordic Model by Torben M. Andersen, Bengt Holmström, Seppo Honkapohja, Sixten Korkman, Hans Tson Söderström, Juhana Vartiainen
- ^ a b "Economic freedom: Finland". Heritage.org. http://www.heritage.org/index/country.cfm?ID=Finland. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Kilpailuvirasto.fi". Kilpailuvirasto.fi. 2005-10-17. http://www.kilpailuvirasto.fi/cgi-bin/suomi.cgi?sivu=uut/u-2005-3-1. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007". Imd.ch. http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/announcing.cfm. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "The Global Competitiveness Report 2007-2008". World Economic Forum. http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ "Finland economy". Heritage.org. http://www.heritage.org/index/country.cfm?id=Finland. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Transparency.org". Transparency.org. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ Economy Rankings, Doing Business Report 2008, World Bank
- ^ "Väkiluku sukupuolen mukaan 1750 - 2006 (Excel) (23.3.2007)". Statistics Finland. 2007-03-23. http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2006/vaerak_2006_2007-03-23_tau_001.xls. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ "Väestö kielen mukaan 1980–2011". Statistics Finland. 2012-03-16. http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2011/vaerak_2011_2012-03-16_tau_001_fi.html. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ a b "Population (Foreigners in Finland)". Statistics Finland. http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html#Foreigners. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
- ^ Syntymäpaikan perusteella lapsi saa Suomen kansalaisuuden silloin, kun lapsi syntyy Suomessa eikä voi saada minkään vieraan valtion kansalaisuutta. from http://www.migri.fi/netcomm/content.asp?path=8,2477,2549&language=FI
- ^ a b "Population according to language". Statistics Finland. http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2011/vaerak_2011_2012-03-16_tau_001_en.html. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ^ According to the Finnish Population Registry Centre and the Finnish Sami parliament, the Sami population living in Finland was 7,371 in 2003. See Regional division of Sami people in Finland by age in 2003[dead link] (in Finnish).
- ^ "The population of Finland in 2006". Statistics Finland. 2006-12-31. http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaerak/2006/vaerak_2006_2007-03-23_tie_001_en.html. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
- ^ Unofficial names for Finland in Sami languages are: Suopma (Northern Sami), Suomâ (Inari Sami) and Lää´ddjânnam (Skolt Sami). See Geonames.de
- ^ See Kalo Finnish Romani language
- ^ "Forskningscentralen för de inhemska språken—Teckenspråken i Finland" (in (Swedish)). http://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?l=sv&s=206.
- ^ "National Minorities of Finland, The Tatars". Forum.hunturk.net. http://forum.hunturk.net/national-minorities-of-finland-the-tatars-2491.html. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
- ^ "The Constitution of Finland, 17 § and 121 §" (PDF). FINLEX Data Bank. http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
- ^ "Language according to age and gender by region 2011". Stat.fi: Statistics – Population structure. Statistics Finland. 2011. http://pxweb2.stat.fi/database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/vaerak_en.asp. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
- ^ a b "Statistics Finland with adherence of the Finnish population by religious communities, 1900, 1950, 1990 and 2000–2009". http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
- ^ 77.2 percent of Finns belong to the Lutheran church evl.fi 10.2.2012
- ^ a b Church member statistics evl.fi
- ^ "Finland in Figures". Statistics Finland. http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html. Retrieved 2012-04-12.
- ^ By Salla Korpela (May 2005). "The Church in Finland today". Finland Promotion Board; Produced by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Department for Communications and Culture. http://finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=160099&nodeid=41800&culture=en-US. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2004". U.S. Department of State. 2004-09-15. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35453.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005—page 11" (PDF). http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
- ^ "Finland Life expectancy at birth—Demographics". Indexmundi.com. 2009-09-17. http://indexmundi.com/finland/life_expectancy_at_birth.html. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ "Health (2004)". Statistics Finland. http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_terveys_en.html. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "Stillbirths: Where? When? Why? How to make the data count?". The Lancet. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)62187-3/fulltext#article_upsell. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
- ^ Hope, Jenny (2011-04-14). "'National scandal' of 11 stillbirths a day means Britain has one of worst survival rates". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1376698/Britains-stillbirth-rate-National-scandal-11-day.html.
- ^ "World Happiness report". 2012. http://www.pakblog.net/2012/04/pakistan-ranked-85th-happiest-nation-in.html. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ "Child poverty in perspective: An overview of child weill-being in rich countries" (PDF). UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/13_02_07_nn_unicef.pdf. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
- ^ Finland was the first nation in the world to give all (adult) citizens full suffrage, in other words the right to vote and to run for office (in 1906). New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant all (adult) citizens the right to vote (in 1893), but women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature until 1919.
- ^ "Summary sheets on education systems in Europe". Eurydice.org. http://www.eurydice.org/ressources/Eurydice/pdf/047DN/047_NL_EN.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Top University Ranking of 2010: University of Helsinki". http://www.topuniversities.com/university/258/university-of-helsinki.
- ^ "The Global Competitiveness Report 2006–2007: Country Highlights". World Economic Forum. http://www.weforum.org/en/fp/gcr_2006-07_highlights/index.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "Tilastokeskus.fi". Tilastokeskus.fi. https://www.tilastokeskus.fi/artikkelit/2006/art_2006-07-06_001.html. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ Education at Glance 2007: Finland, OECD
- ^ Kari Sipilä, D.Sc.(Tech)h.c. "A country that innovates". Virtual Finland. Ministry for Foreign Affairs/Department for Communication and Culture/Unit for Promotion and Publications/Embassy and Consulates General of Finland in China. http://www.finland.cn/Public/default.aspx?contentid=99637.
- ^ "Scientific publication—Finnish science and technology Information Service" (in Finnish). Research.fi. 2007-11-15. http://www.research.fi/en/performance/scientific_publication. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ "Patents with numbers—Finnish science and technology Information Service" (in Finnish). Research.fi. 2009-12-08. http://www.research.fi/en/performance/patents/patents_with%20numbers. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ 2010 Freedom of the Press Survey Retrieved at 4 May 2011
- ^ "Media moves". ThisisFINLAND (Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland). http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=162833&contentlan=2&culture=en-US.
- ^ "Circulation Statistics". The Finnish Audit Bureau of Circulations (Levikintarkastus Oy). http://www.levikintarkastus.fi/english/statistics.php. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ "Internet used by 79 per cent of the population at the beginning of 2007". Statistics Finland. http://www.stat.fi/til/sutivi/2007/sutivi_2007_2007-09-28_tie_001_en.html. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
- ^ "Market Review 2/2007" (PDF). Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority (FICORA). 2007-08-31. http://www.ficora.fi/attachments/englanti/5ruZDB5VP/Files/CurrentFile/Market_review_2_2007.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
- ^ Information technology has become part of Finns' everyday life, Statistics Finland
- ^ "1Mb Broadband Access Becomes Legal Right". YLE. 2009-10-14. http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/news/2009/10/1mb_broadband_access_becomes_legal_right_1080940.html. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^ http://www.iltalehti.fi/urheilu/2012030115273355_ur.shtml
- ^ "Coming Soon". Foreign Policy. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4030. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ [http://www.yale.edu/epi/files/2008EPI_Text.pdf "2008 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE"] (PDF). Yale University. http://www.yale.edu/epi/files/2008EPI_Text.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ http://www.yale.edu/epi/files/2006EPI_Report_Full.pdf
- ^ "Index of Economic Freedom: Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity | The Heritage Foundation". Heritage.org. http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/chapters/pdf/Index2008_ExecSum.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ a b "Index of Economic Freedom: Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity | The Heritage Foundation". Heritage.org. http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/downloads/2008PastScores.xls. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ a b http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/upload/scoreboard.pdf
- ^ http://www.imd.ch/about/pressroom/pressreleases/upload/IMD-WCY2006-Scoreboard.pdf
- ^ "Technological achievement statistics - countries compared". NationMaster. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_tec_ach-economy-technological-achievement. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ http://www.pisa.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/17/39703267.pdf
- ^ "PISA 2003 - Learning for Tomorrow's World" (PDF). http://www.pisa.oecd.org/dataoecd/1/60/34002216.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/31/19/34107978.pdf
- ^ "Reporters Without Borders". Rsf.org. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=29031. Retrieved 2011-03-06. [dead link]
- ^ "Reporters Without Borders". Rsf.org. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24025. Retrieved 2011-03-06. [dead link]
- ^ "Reporters Without Borders". Rsf.org. Archived from the original on 2008-06-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20080614195750/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=19388. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ "State of the World’s Mothers - 2010". Save the Children. http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/SOWM-2010-INDEX-RANKINGS.PDF. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ "State of the World’s Mothers - 2003". Save the Children. http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/SOWMPDFFULLDOCUMENT2.PDF. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ http://www.transparency.org/content/download/36589/575262
- ^ http://www.transparency.org/content/download/23972/358236
- ^ http://www.transparency.org/content/download/10825/92857/version/1/file/CPI_2006_presskit_eng.pdf
- ^ [5][dead link]
- ^ "Human Development Report 2006" (PDF). http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR06-complete.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2005" (PDF). http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR05_complete.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gcr08/Finland.pdf
- ^ "The Global Competitiveness Report - Finland" (PDF). http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Gcr/profiles08/Finland.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/gcr2006_rankings.pdf
- ^ a b "World Audit Democracy". Worldaudit.org. http://www.worldaudit.org/democracy.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
lez:Финляндияvep:Suomenma
![Location of Finland (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) — [Legend]](http://web.archive.org./web/20131025113436/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Finland.svg)
.png)
.jpg)
.svg)
Geographic data related to 
