Rajashekhara (Sanskrit: राजशेखर, Rājaśekhara) was an eminent Sanskrit poet, dramatist and critic. He was court poet of the Gurjara Pratiharas.^[1] He wrote Kavyamimamsa between 880 and 920 CE. The work is essentially a practical guide for poets that explains the elements and composition of a good poem.^[2] The fame of Rajashekhara rests firmly on his play Karpuramanjari, written in Sauraseni Prakrit. Rajashekhara wrote the play to please his wife, Avantisundari, a woman of taste and accomplishment. He is perhaps the only ancient Indian poet to acknowledge a woman for her contributions to his literary career.^[3]

Life[link]

In his Bālarāmāyaṇa and Kāvyamimāṃsa, Rajashekhara referred himself by his family name Yāyāvara or Yāyāvarīya. In Bālarāmāyaṇa, he mentioned that his great grandfather Akalajalada belonged to Maharashtra. In the same work, he described his father Durduka as a Mahamantrin (minister) without providing any details. He mentioned in his works that his wife Avantisundari belonged to the Cahamana (Chauhan) family. In his works, he described himself as the teacher of the Gurjara-Pratihara king Mahendrapala I.^[4]

Works[link]

The works attributed to poet Rajshekhara include:

• Viddhaśālabhañjikā
• Bālabhārata^[5]
• Karpūramañjarī
• Bālarāmāyaṇa
• Kāvyamīmāṃsā

See also[link]

• Hoysala literature
• Kannada literature

References[link]

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Anjali Devi (Telugu: అంజలీదేవి)  pronunciation (help·info) (born 24 August 1927) is a veteran Telugu actress and producer. She is well known for her mythological role as Sita in Lava Kusha and roles in movies like Suvarna Sundari and Anarkali.

Biography[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2011)

She hails from Peddapuram, East Godavari district in Andhra Pradesh, India, and later settled in Chennai. She was a theater artist before entering into movies. Her film debut was as Lohitasya in Raja Harishchandra in 1936. Her first movie as heroine was Kashtajeevi by L. V. Prasad 1n 1940 but that movie was abandoned after three reels shooting.Later C.Pullayya found her given opportunity hevenly beauty Mohini in Gollabhama. With her expressions and looks, she became a star overnight in 1947. After that she never looked back. She eventually acted in more than 350 Telugu films^{[citation needed]} and also in a few Tamil and Kannada films as the heroine.

She married P. Adinarayana Rao, a music director, in 1940. They have two sons. Together they produced many Telugu films under the banner of Anjali Pictures. She acted in Lava Kusha, a milestone film and the first color film in the Telugu film industry in 1963. She acted in various roles like damsel, angel, dancer, demon, goddess, traditional woman and later in mother characters. Her granddaughter Saila Rao is also an actress.

Career[link]

As actress[link]

In 1936 she appeared in a minor role in Raja Harishchandra and then played the lead role in L. V. Prasad's Kashtajeevi. She is well known for playing Sita in Lava Kusha and her performances in films like Suvarna Sundari and Anarkali were also appreciated. She has acted in more than 350 films, which includes Telugu, Tamil and Kannada language films. Brundavanam (1992), Anna Vadina (1993) and Police Alludu (1994) were the last few films of her career. In Balaiah's Police Alludu and Anna Vadina she appeared alongside Brahmanandam.

As producer[link]

In 1955 she produced the film Anarkali, in which she herself played the lead role of Anarkali, with Akkineni Nageswara Rao as Salim. Then she produced V. Madhusudan Rao's Bhakta Tukaram and Chandipriya. Bollywood and Tollywood actress Jayapradha played the lead role in her film Chandipriya alongside Shobhan Babu and Chiranjeevi.

Awards[link]

• She received the Raghupathi Venkaiah Award in 2005 for her lifetime service to the Telugu film industry.
• She was conferred the Ramineni Award in 2006 in the fine arts category.
• She received the prestigious ANR National Award in 2008.

Filmography[link]

• Gollabhama
• Kashtajivi
• Chandipriya
• Bhale Krishnudu
• Sati Sakkubai
• Mayalamaari

Tamil movies[link]

• Annai Oru Alayam
• Adutha Veetu Penn
• Manalanae Mangayin Baghyam
• Sarvadhikari (with MGR)
• Kanavane Kankanda Theivam (with Gemini Ganesan)
• Penn (with Vyjayanthimala)
• Mangayarkarasi (with P. U. Chinnappa)
• Marmayogi (with MGR as hero)
• Eezai Uzavan
• Adiththan Kanavu (producer: T. R. Sundaram)
• Sorgavasal (as K.R. Ramasamy's sister "Thilagavathy")

As producer[link]

• Paradesi
• Suvarna Sundari
• Swarnamanjari
• Chandi Priya
• Sati Sakkubai
• Shirdi Sai Sathya Sai Divya Katha (television series)

See also[link]

• Krishnaveni
• Bhanumathi

References[link]

• Anjali Devi at Chakpak.com

External links[link]

• Anjali Devi at the Internet Movie Database
• Golden Nandi for Krishnaveni

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Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy (8 July 1949 – 2 September 2009), popularly known as YSR, was a two-time Chief Minister of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, serving from 2004 to 2009. He has been viewed^[who?] as the most popular chief minister of Andhra Pradesh.^[1] His popularity is often attributed to the welfare schemes and development programs he championed for the people of his state. The BBC, for instance, called him a champion of social welfare schemes.^[2]

Reddy was elected to the 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th Lok Sabha from the Kadapa constituency for four terms and to the Andhra Pradesh Assembly for five terms from the Pulivendula constituency. He won every election he contested.^[3] In 2003 he undertook a three-month-long paadayaatra, or walking tour of 1475 km during the very hot summer months, across several districts in Andhra Pradesh as a part of his election campaign.^[4] He led his party to victory in the following general and assembly elections held in 2004, and did the same in 2009. He is the only chief minister of the state to have served again after a full term.

On 2 September 2009, a helicopter carrying Reddy went missing in the Nallamala forest area. The next morning media reported that the helicopter wreckage had been found on top of Rudrakonda Hill, 40 nautical miles (74 km) from Kurnool. This was later confirmed by the Prime Minister's office. The five people aboard were pronounced dead at the scene of the crash. ^[5][6][7]

Personal life and religious beliefs[link]

Reddy was married to Vijaya Lakshmi.^[8] They had one son, politician Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, and one daughter, Sharmila.^[9][10] Reddy' younger brother Y. S. Vivekananda Reddy is also a Congress (I) politician.

Reddy's parents came from a communist region and were devout Christians^[11], as was Reddy, who was buried according to Christian rites.^[12] Reddy visited Bethlehem and other historically important Christian places in Israel twice. He also visited Tirupati regularly.^[9][13][14]

Positions held[link]

• Minister of State for rural development (1980–82)
• Excise Minister (1982)
• Education Minister (1982–83)
• Leader of Opposition, Andhra Pradesh State Assembly (1999–2004)
• Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (2004–2009)
• Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (20-May-2009 To 2 September 2009)

Chief Minister[link]

During his tenure as Chief Minister, the government of Andhra Pradesh undertook the following projects:

• On the first day of his tenure in 2004, he provided free electricity for farmers, a campaign project.
• A health insurance program for rural people living below the poverty line (white card holders), known as Rajiv Arogya Shree, was instituted to pay the entire cost of any necessary surgery up to a maximum of Rs.200,000.^[15]
• A free public ambulance service was originally started by Satyam^{[disambiguation needed ]} and then adopted by Andhra Pradesh.^[16]
• The Pavala Vaddi program provided loans at 3% interest to encourage small businesseses and entrepreneurship by rural women.
• Indiramma illu was a program started to construct heavily subsidised housing for the rural poor.
• A rice scheme provided a kilogram of rice for two rupees to reduce hunger.^[17] The minimum support price for rice was also raised.
• Full reimbursement of college tuition for the underprivileged and reservations for minorities were instituted.
• The main emphasis during Reddy's tenure was on social welfare with a majority of his projects targeted at reducing rural poverty.^[18] Apart from these schemes, his government was a role model in implementing the central government's flagship program NREGA.^[19]
• His tenure also saw significant weakening of the violent extremist left-wing Naxalite movement that was rampant in the state when he assumed office in 2004.^[20]

^[21]

Other projects[link]

The Jala Yagnam project was started to irrigate 10,000,000 acres of land through the construction of major, medium and minor irrigation projects.^[22] It helped Andhra Pradesh make significant progress in sustainable agriculture by making wastelands cultivable.

2009 Election[link]

Reddy's major campaign slogan for the 2009 election was "Development and Credibility". He sought a mandate based on past performance, making no new election promises but vowing to continue and extend ongoing schemes. The opposition parties formed a 'Grand alliance' (mahakootami) made up of all the major opposition parties including, Telugu Desam Party (TDP), Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) and the communist parties. The TDP promised numerous inducements including free color televisions and a unique cash transfer scheme (CTS). There was also a new party, Praja Rajyam Party (PRP), floated by a popular film star Chiranjeevi.

The Congress Party under the leadership of Reddy won the contest and came to power for a second time, winning 156 seats in the assembly (148 would be a simple majority). Reddy's party also won 33 seats in parliament out of a total of 42 seats. This feat was seen as a significant victory for Reddy, since he was able to earn a second consecutive term against the odds of anti-incumbency.^[23] He became the Congress party’s first incumbent chief minister since 1969 to win based on his performance.^[24]

Reddy was sworn in as the Chief Minister for the term of 2009–2014 on 20 May 2009. The ceremony was held in Hyderabad's Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and was attended by a crowd of about 20,000 people.^[25]

Controversies[link]

The surrender of more than 1,600 acres (6.5 km²) of personal land by Reddy to the government to be compliant with the law in December 2006 was criticised by opposition parties. The opposition parties demanded his resignation for owning the land in violation of the law.^[26] Naidu^[who?] also called for Reddy's resignation after a 2007 Khammam police shooting resulted in eight deaths.^{[citation needed]}

A federal probe of the C.B.I was also launched to investigate disproportionate assets acquired by Reddy in return for a favor his father made to the industrialists. In May 2012, C.B.I. arrested Mopidevi VenkataRamana, the then-Infrastructure Minister in Reddy's cabinet who was responsible for unduly assigning the land to a private organization called, Vanpick. This incident calls the credibility of Reddy's entire cabinet into question.

Death[link]

Reddy's Bell 430 helicopter went missing on Wednesday, 2 September 2009 at 9:35 am. Begumpet and Shamshabad air traffic controllers lost contact with the aircraft at 10:02 am while it was passing through the dense Nallamala forest area.^[27] The Chief Secretary of Andhra Pradesh, P. Ramakanth Reddy, said that inclement weather had forced the helicopter off course.^[28][29] Although the sparsely populated forest area is considered to be a stronghold of the outlawed Naxal communist insurgents, the National Security Advisor of India ruled out the possibility of the Naxals bringing down the helicopter.^[30]

The Indian Prime Minister's Office confirmed the helicopter's crash on the morning of 3 September and the death of all aboard, including Reddy, his special secretary P. Subrahmanyam, chief security officer A. S. C. Wesley, Group Captain S. K. Bhatia and Captain M. S. Reddy.^[31][32] The Director General of Police said that the bodies of Reddy and others were charred beyond recognition and had to be identified on the basis of clothing.^[33] The autopsy of all the bodies was carried out at Kurnool Medical College.^[34]

An investigation eventually concluded that the factors that caused that crash included a problem with the transmission oil pressure system that distracted the crew from the worsening weather for more than six minutes. It was also noted that the pilots of the helicopter never discussed the bad weather, diverting, or returning to base.^[35]

Reddy's body was buried on 4 September at Idupulapai in Kadapa district with full state honours in accordance with Christian rites.^[36][37]

Aftermath[link]

A Telugu television station, NTV, reported that as many as 122 people died of shock or committed suicide upon hearing the news of Reddy's death, many of whom were young supporters or those who benefited from his social welfare schemes. This was not, however, independently confirmed.^[38]

Finance Minister Konijeti Rosaiah was sworn in as Chief Minister following Reddy's death.^[39]

Six months after his death, Reddy's son Jagan began a condolence tour (Odarpu Yatra) to meet the families of those who either allegedly committed suicide or died of shock after hearing of the death of his father. The Congress party's central leadership directed Jagan to call off the Odarpu Yatra, but he refused. The tour was successful and established Jagan as a major political force in state politics. He resigned from the Congress party on 29 November 2010 and announced on 7 December 2010 from Pulivendula that he would be starting a new party within 45 days. On 16 February the YSR Congress Party came into existence with Jagan as its president.

Elections for the seats left vacant due to the resignations of Jagan and Y. S. Vijayamma (Reddy's wife) were held on 8 May 2011. Jagan and Vijayamma contested the elections on behalf of the newly formed YSR Congress Party.

Jagan surpassed his father's 420,000 vote margin, securing 690,000 votes, or more than 65%. He earned 545,043 more votes than his nearest rival, Health Minister D.L. Ravindra Reddy. Telugu Desam Party (TDP) nominee M.V. Mysoora Reddy came in third with 129,000 votes. Both rivals and 39 independents forfeited their deposits. In Pulivendula, Vijayamma secured a record 81,373 votes margin, surpassing her husband's 68,681 vote margin in the 2009 elections. Her nearest Congress rival and brother-in-law Y.S. Vivekananda Reddy earned just a little more than 28,000 votes. TDP candidate M. Ravindranath Reddy, with 12,000 votes, came in a distant third. The nominees of these parties and 22 independents could not retain their deposits.

The victory is seen as a personal triumph for the 37-year-old Jagan, who termed the election "a battle between Congress president Sonia Gandhi and self-respect of the people of Kadapa".^{[citation needed]}

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012)

"The Man" is a slang phrase that may refer to the government or to some other authority in a position of power. In addition to this derogatory connotation, it may also serve as a term of respect and praise.

The phrase "the Man is keeping me down" is commonly used to describe oppression. The phrase "stick it to the Man" encourages resistance to authority, and essentially means "fight back" or "resist", either openly or via sabotage.^[1]

History[link]

The earliest recorded use^{[citation needed]} of the term "the Man" in the American sense dates back to a letter written by a young Alexander Hamilton in September 1772, when he was 15. In a letter to his father James Hamilton, published in the Royal Dutch-American Gazette, he described the response of the Dutch governor of St. Croix to a hurricane that raked that island on August 31, 1772. "Our General has issued several very salutary and humane regulations and both in his publick and private measures, has shewn himself the Man." ^{[2][dubious – discuss]} In the Southern U.S. states, the phrase came to be applied to any man or any group in a position of authority, or to authority in the abstract. From about the 1950s the phrase was also an underworld code word for police, the warden of a prison or other law enforcement or penal authorities.

It was also used as a term for a drug dealer in the 1950s and 1960s and can be seen in such media as Curtis Mayfield's "No Thing On Me", William Burroughs's novel Naked Lunch, and in the Velvet Underground song "I'm Waiting for the Man", in which Lou Reed sings about going to Uptown Manhattan, specifically Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, to buy heroin.

The use of this term was expanded to counterculture groups and their battles against authority, such as the Yippies, which, according to a May 19, 1969 article in U.S. News and World Report, had the "avowed aim ... to destroy 'The Man', their term for the present system of government". The term eventually found its way into humorous usage, such as in a December 1979 motorcycle ad from the magazine Easyriders which featured the tagline, "California residents: Add 6% sales tax for The Man."

In present day, the phrase has been popularized in commercials and cinema, featuring particularly prominently as a recurring motif in the 2003 film School of Rock.^[3][4][5][6]

Use as praise[link]

The term has also been used as an approbation or form of praise. This may refer to the recipient's status as the leader or authority within a particular context, or it might be assumed to be a shortened form of a phrase like "He is the man (who is in charge)." One example of this usage dates to 1879 when Otto von Bismarck commented, referring to Benjamin Disraeli's pre-eminent position at the Congress of Berlin, "The old Jew, he is the man."^{[7][dubious – discuss]}

In more modern usage, it can be a superlative compliment ("you da man!") indicating that the subject is currently standing out amongst his peers even though they have no special designation or rank, such as a basketball player who is performing better than the other players on the court. It can also be used as a genuine compliment with an implied, slightly exaggerated or sarcastic tone, usually indicating that the person has indeed impressed the speaker but by doing something relatively trivial.

See also[link]

• Absentee landlord
• Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)
• New World Order (conspiracy theory)
• Ruling class
• The Establishment
• Power elite
• Corrections officer
• YTMND

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Lighter, J.E. (Ed.). (1997). Random House Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Random House.