Weser
Werser (Low German)
River
The Weser near Bad Oeynhausen.
Name origin: *weis, germanic, meaning to flow
Country	Germany
Bundesland	Bremen, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Thuringia, Hessen
Tributaries
- left	Diemel, Emmer, Werre, Große Aue, Hunte
- right	Aller, Lesum
Cities	Bremerhaven, Bremen, Minden, Hamelin, Hann. Münden, Kassel, Fulda
Source
- location	Confluence of the Fulda and Werra rivers in Hann. Münden
- elevation	116 m (381 ft)
- coordinates	51°25′17″N 9°38′53″E / 51.42139°N 9.64806°E / 51.42139; 9.64806
Mouth	Wadden Sea/North Sea
- location	Bremerhaven/Nordenham
- elevation	0 m (0 ft)
- coordinates	53°32′8″N 8°33′56″E / 53.53556°N 8.56556°E / 53.53556; 8.56556
Length	452 km (281 mi)
Basin	46,306 km2 (17,879 sq mi)
Discharge
- average	327 m3/s (11,548 cu ft/s)
Watershed of the Weser

The Weser (German pronunciation: [ˈveːzɐ]) is a river in north-western Germany. Formed at Hann. Münden by (the confluence of) the Fulda and Werra, it flows through Lower Saxony, then reaching the historic (Hanseatic League) port city of Bremen before emptying into the North Sea 50 km further north at Bremerhaven, which is also a seaport. On the opposite (west) bank is the town of Nordenham at the foot of the Butjadingen Peninsula; thus, the mouth of the river is located in Lower Saxony. The Weser has an overall length of 452 km. Together with its Werra tributary, which originates in Thuringia, its length is 744 km.

Etymology[link]

Linguistically, the name of both rivers, Weser and Werra, goes back to the same source, the differentiation being caused by the old linguistic border between Upper und Lower German, which touched the region of Hannoversch Münden.

The name Weser parallels the names of other rivers such as the Wear in England and the Vistula in Poland, all of which are ultimately derived from the root *weis- "to flow", which gave Old English/Old Frisian wāse "mud, ooze", Old Norse veisa "slime, stagnant pool", Dutch waas "lawn", Old Saxon waso "wet ground, mire", and Old High German wasal "rain".

Course[link]

The Weser river is the longest German river to reach the sea the course of which lies entirely within the national territory.

The top section of its course leads through a hilly region called the Weserbergland. It extends from the confluence of the Fulda and the Werra to the Porta Westfalica, where it runs through a gorge between two mountain chains, the Wiehengebirge in the west and the Weserbergland in the east.

Between Minden and the North Sea, it has largely been canalised, permitting ships of up to 1,200 tons to navigate it. Eight hydroelectric dams are located along its length. It is linked to the Dortmund-Ems Canal via the Coastal Canal, and another canal links it at Bremerhaven to the Elbe River. A large reservoir on the Eder river, the main tributary of the Fulda, is used to regulate water levels on the Weser so as to ensure adequate depth for shipping throughout the year. The dam, built in 1914, was bombed and destroyed by British aircraft in May 1943, causing massive destruction and approximately 70 deaths downstream, but was rebuilt within four months. Today, the Edersee reservoir is a major summer resort area and provides substantial hydroelectricity.

• 

  Mittelland Canal/ River Weser Lock in Minden, Germany taken in 1977

• 

  View north of the River Weser and the road bridge at Minden in Germany

• 

  Southern view of the River Weser from the road bridge at Minden in Germany in 1977

Alte Weser Lighthouse

The Weser enters the North Sea in the southernmost part of the German Bight. In the North Sea it splits up into two arms representing the ancient riverbed at the end of the last ice age. These sea-arms are called Alte Weser (old Weser) and Neue Weser (new Weser). They represent the major waterways for ships heading for the harbors of Bremerhaven, Nordenham and Bremen. The northernmost point of the Weser is marked by the Alte Weser lighthouse. This lighthouse replaced the historic and famous Roter Sand lighthouse in 1964.

Tributaries[link]

The largest tributary of the Weser is the Aller, which joins south of Bremen. The tributaries of the Weser and the Werra (from source to mouth) are:

Left[link]

• Ulster
• Fulda, with Eder
• Diemel
• Werre
• Große Aue
• Hunte

Right[link]

• Nesse
• Aller
• Lesum - It's a confluence of the rivers Wümme and Hamme.
• Lune (near Bremerhaven)
• Geeste (in Bremerhaven)

Notable towns[link]

Towns along the Weser, from the confluence of Werra and Fulda to the mouth, include: Hann. Münden, Beverungen, Höxter, Holzminden, Bodenwerder, Hameln, Hessisch Oldendorf, Rinteln, Vlotho, Bad Oeynhausen, Porta Westfalica, Minden, Petershagen, Nienburg, Achim, Bremen, Brake, Nordenham, Bremerhaven.

Sources[link]

Origin of the name[link]

• Dieter Berger: Geographische Namen in Deutschland. Duden-Verlag, Mannheim 1999.
• Hans Krahe: Sprache und Vorzeit. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1954. (Zur alteuropäischen Hydronomie.)
• Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Francke, Bern 1959.

Geology[link]

• Karsten Meinke: Die Entwicklung der Weser im Nordwestdeutschen Flachland während des jüngeren Pleistozäns. Diss., Göttingen 1992. Mit Bodenprofilen der Weserstädte.
• Ludger Feldmann und Klaus-Dieter Meyer (Hrsg.): Quartär in Niedersachsen. Exkursionsführer zur Jubiläums-Hauptversammlung der Deutschen Quartärvereinigung in Hannover. DEUQUA-Exkursionsführer, Hannover 1998, S.89ff.
• Hans Heinrich Seedorf und Hans-Heinrich Meyer: Landeskunde Niedersachsen. Natur und Kulturgeschichte eines Bundeslandes. Band 1: Historische Grundlagen und naturräumliche Ausstattung. Wachtholz, Neumünster 1992, Seite 105ff.
• Ludger Feldmann: Das Quartär zwischen Harz und Allertal mit einem Beitrag zur Landschaftsgeschichte im Tertiär. Papierflieger, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2002, Seite 133ff und passim.

Archaeology[link]

• Bremer Archäologische Blätter, Beiheft 2/2000 zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung im Focke-Museum: Siedler, Söldner und Piraten, Chauken und Sachsen im Bremer Raum, © Der Landesarchäologe Bremen, ISSN 0068-0907.
• Bremer Archäologische Blätter, Beiheft 3/2004 zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung im Focke-Museum: Gefundene Vergangenheit, Archäologie des Mittelalters in Bremen, © Der Landesarchäologe Bremen, ISBN 3-7749-3233-6. (wg.Geschichte des Weserarms Balge)

History[link]

• Georg Bessell: Geschichte Bremerhavens. Morisse, Bremerhaven 1927, 1989.
• Heinz Conradis: Der Kampf um die Weservertiefung in alter Zeit. In: Bremisches Jahrbuch. Bremen 41.1944.
• J. W. A. Hunichs: Practische Anleitung zum Deich-, Siel- und Schlengenbau. Erster Theil, von den Sielen. Bremen 1770.
• Die Kanalisierung der Mittelweser. Herausgegeben von der Mittelweser AG, Carl Schünemann Verlag, Bremen 1960.
• Kuratorium für Forschung im Küsteningenieurswesen: Die Küste. In: Archiv für Forschung und Technik an der Nord- und Ostsee. Boyens, Heide 51.1991. ISSN 0452-7739

Description[link]

Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Weser.

• Karl Löbe: Das Weserbuch. Niemeyer, Hameln 1968.
• Nils Aschenbeck, Wolf Dietmar Stock: Eine Flussfahrt von der Aller bis zur Nordsee. Atelier im Bauernhaus, Fischerhude 1998. ISBN 3-88132-350-3.

Josef Metternich (2 June 1915, Cologne - 21 February 2005, Feldafing) was a German operatic baritone.

Metternich was born in Hermühlheim, near Cologne, he studied in Cologne and Berlin, and sang with the Cologne and Bonn choruses, before making his solo debut in 1941 with the Berlin State Opera in Lohengrin, but his career was delayed by the war, it really took off in 1946, when he was able to return to the opera stage, and quickly established himself in both the German and Italian repertories.

Metternich also appeared at the Royal Opera House in London, La Scala in Milan, and made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, in La forza del destino, in 1953.

He joined the Munich State Opera in 1954, where he created the role of Johannes Kepler in Hindemith's Die Harmonie der Welt (1957).

Metternich was a powerful singer and charismatic performer. He retired in 1971 after performing for more than three decades.

Sources[link]

• Grove Music Online, Noel Goodwin, May 2008.

External links[link]

• Obituary from Deutsche Presse-Agentur
• Biography from Cantabile-Subito.de