The gigabit is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage. The prefix giga (symbol G) is defined in the International System of Units (SI) as a multiplier of 10⁹ (1 billion, short scale), and therefore :1 gigabit = = .

The gigabit has the unit symbol Gbit or Gb.

Using the common byte size of 8 bits, 1 Gbit is equal to 125 megabytes (MB) or approximately 119 mebibytes (MiB).

The gigabit is closely related to the gibibit, a unit multiple derived from the binary prefix gibi (symbol Gi) of the same order of magnitude, which is equal to = , or approximately 7% larger than the gigabit.

See also[link]

SI prefix

Gigabyte

Gigabit per second

Gigabit Ethernet

10 Gigabit Ethernet

References[link]

Category:Units of information

ar:جيجابت bg:Гигабит da:Gigabit es:Gigabit eu:Gigabit fa:گیگابیت fr:Gigabit ko:기가비트 it:Gigabit mk:Гигабит ms:Gigabit ja:ギガビット no:Gigabit pnb:جی بی pl:Gigabit pt:Gigabit sr:Гигабит sv:Gigabit

name	Pauline Hanson
nationality	Australian
constituency mp	Oxley
parliament	Australian
term start	2 March 1996
term end	3 October 1998
predecessor	Les Scott
successor	Bernie Ripoll
birth date	May 27, 1954
birth place	Brisbane, Australia
party	Liberal (1994–96)Independent (1996–97, 2003–07, 2010-present)One Nation (1997–2003)Pauline's United Australia Party (2007–2010)
spouse	Walter Zagorski, Mark Hanson
profession	Businesswoman, politician
residence	Corlette, New South Wales
footnotes	}}

Pauline Lee Hanson (née Seccombe; born 27 May 1954) is an Australian politician and former leader of Pauline Hanson's One Nation, a political party with a populist and anti-multiculturalism platform. In 2006, she was named by ''The Bulletin'' as one of the 100 most influential Australians of all time.

Early life[link]

Hanson was raised in Woolloongabba, an inner city suburb of Brisbane. Her grandfather was an immigrant from England in 1908. Her father owned a take-away fish and chip shop. Hanson left school at the age of fifteen after completing Year 10 and worked in a variety of unskilled clerical and service jobs. She accumulated several rental properties, becoming independently wealthy. She married twice and has four children. Before entering politics, she owned a fish and chip shop in Ipswich, a city near Brisbane.

Political background[link]

Hanson was an independent local councillor in the City of Ipswich from 1994 until an early election due to administrative changes in 1995. Narrowly losing her seat, she joined the Liberal Party of Australia and was endorsed as the Liberal Party's candidate for the House of Representatives electorate of Oxley (based in Ipswich) for the March 1996 Federal election. Oxley had once been held by Bill Hayden, and at the time was thought of as a Labor stronghold. Hayden's successor, Les Scott, held it with a 12.6% two-party majority, making it the safest Labor seat in Queensland.

Just prior to the election, Hanson made comments to ''The Queensland Times'' – a daily newspaper in Ipswich – advocating the abolition of special government assistance for Aborigines above what was available for other Australians. These comments led to her disendorsement by the Liberal Party during the campaign. However, ballot papers had already been printed listing Hanson as the Liberal candidate, and the Australian Electoral Commission had closed nominations for the seat. As a result, Hanson was still listed as the Liberal candidate when votes were cast.

Hanson subsequently won the election easily, defeating Scott with 54% of the two-party vote—a 19.3% swing to the Coalition. her victory was due in large part to Labor's collapse in Queensland; the party lost all but two of its 13 seats in the state. Due to her disendorsement, she entered parliament as an independent.

Maiden speech [link]

On 10 September 1996, Hanson gave her first speech to the House of Representatives, which was widely reported in the media Australia-wide. In her opening lines, Hanson positioned herself "not as a polished politician but as a woman who has had her fair share of life's knocks", and with views based on "commonsense, and my experience as a mother of four children, as a sole parent, and as a businesswoman running a fish and chip shop. I won the seat of Oxley largely on an issue that has resulted in me being called a racist. That issue related to my comment that Aboriginals received more benefits than non-Aboriginals." Hanson then asserted that "mainstream Australians" were subject to "a type of reverse racism ... by those who promote political correctness and those who control the various taxpayer funded 'industries' that flourish in our society servicing Aboriginals, multiculturalists and a host of other minority groups". This theme continued with the assertion that "present governments are encouraging separatism in Australia by providing opportunities, land, moneys and facilities available only to Aboriginals". Among a series of criticisms of Aboriginal land rights, access to welfare and reconciliation, Hanson criticised the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, saying "Anyone with a criminal record can, and does, hold a position with ATSIC". There then followed a short series of statements on family breakdown, youth unemployment, international debt, the Family Law Act, child support, and the privatisation of Qantas and other national enterprises.

The major issue in her speech was an attack on immigration and the Federal Government policy of multiculturalism:

Additionally, Hanson advocated the return of high-tariff protectionism and decried many aspects of economic rationalism.

After her controversial maiden speech, Hanson was, for a period of time, the subject of significant media and political attention. Her political positions were widely debated. Hanson was viewed by some as honest and plain-spoken, as opposed to others who viewed her as a far-right nativist, misinformed, uneducated or racist. Some of Hanson's critics also derided what they saw as her inarticulate style, while her supporters claimed this same trait as evidence of her credentials as a speaker 'for the people'. On 13 October 1996, asked by Tracey Curro on ''60 Minutes'' if she was xenophobic, she replied, "please explain?". This response became a much-parodied catchphrase within Australian culture.

The reaction of the mainstream political parties was overwhelmingly negative, with parliament passing a resolution (supported by all members except Graeme Campbell) condemning her views on immigration and multiculturalism. However, the Prime Minister at the time, John Howard refused to censure Hanson or speak critically about her, acknowledging that her views were shared by many Australians, commenting that he saw the expression of such views as evidence that the 'pall of political correctness' had been lifted in Australia.

Allegations of racism [link]

Despite repeated denials of the racism charge by Hanson, the public discussion of whether or not Hanson's views were racist quickly became the topic of academic interest in Australia. For example, at the 1997 annual conference of the Australian and New Zealand Communications Association (ANZCA) at La Trobe University, a paper was presented with the title 'Phenomena and Epiphenomena: is Pauline Hanson racist?'. In 1998, Keith Suter argued that Hanson's views were better understood as an angry response to globalisation. By August 1998 perceptions in Asia of Hanson's popularity being related to racism were affecting international relations and prompted Alexander Downer, Minister for Foreign Affairs under John Howard to issue a media release calling on Pauline Hanson, David Oldfield and David Ettridge to "disassociate themselves from the racist slurs being promoted in the Asian media by people claiming to be their closest supporters". In 2000, the University of NSW Press published the book ''Race, Colour and Identity in Australia and New Zealand'', which identified Hanson as a central figure in the 'racism debate' in Australia of the 1990s, noting that senior Australian academics such as Jon Stratton, Ghassan Hage and Andrew Jakubowicz had explored Hanson's significance in an international as well as national context.

In 2004, Hanson appeared on the nationally televised ABC interview show ''Enough Rope''. Archival footage from a ''60 Minutes'' program shot on the streets of Ipswich was used to introduce claims about racism and bigotry in Hanson's views. Hanson challenged interviewer Andrew Denton to show her things that she had said that were racist. Denton instead responded with an example of an abusive letter sent to an Asian girl after Hanson's speeches. The contents of which included a racist tirade "You are nothing but an ungrateful, treacherous, yellow slanty-eyed little Vietnamese whore. You have... We have had enough of your lot with their drug peddling and crime. So piss off now". Hanson was then challenged with derogatory comments about Aboriginals made by her "fellow travellers". Hanson distanced herself from the comments, by countering that several elected candidates of One Nation were "radicals that tagged themselves to me". She also stated that she had limited knowledge of the her autobiography ''Pauline Nation's 'The Truth''' and its contents

In 2006, ten years after her maiden speech, its effects were still being discussed within a racism framework, as well as being included in resources funded by the Queensland Government on 'Combating racism in Queensland'. Also, in December 2006 ''The Age'' reported that Greens leader, Senator Bob Brown had labelled Hanson a "bloodsucker" over her suggestion that Africans are bringing AIDS into Australia. She also said she was concerned by the ease with which people were able to gain Australian citizenship, especially Muslims and Africans. She also made claims that "You can't have schools not sing Christmas carols because it upsets others". Liberal Bruce Baird said Hanson had her facts wrong in her suggestions of immigrants bringing disease into Australia. He also said "Ms Hanson will never let the truth get in the way of a good story". In relation to African immigration, Hanson also said: "Do you want to see your daughter or a family member end up with AIDS or anyone for that matter?". In relation to this, the Federation of African Communities Council said that the group's lawyers were lodging a complaint of racial discrimination with the Australian Human Rights Commission. In 2007, Hanson publicly backed Kevin Andrews, then Minister for Immigration under John Howard, in his views about African migrants and crime.

One Nation[link]

In April 1997 Hanson, together with her senior advisor David Oldfield and professional fundraiser David Ettridge, founded Pauline Hanson's One Nation. Many of her branch formation meetings and political rallies across Australia in the next two years would attract protests, occasionally spilling over to violence between Hanson supporters and protestors.

In June 1998, One Nation attracted nearly one-quarter of the vote in the Queensland state election and won 11 of 89 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland.

During this period, a host of new right-wing parties emerged in virtually every state in the country, running on platforms which were equally anti-elitist but not entirely as populist as One Nation. Australia First, led by Graeme Campbell, began building considerable support in Newcastle and the southern suburbs of Sydney. The United Australia Party, led by Ellis Wayland, fielded candidates in the 1997 state election in South Australia; the Australian Reform Party, led by the gun lobbyist Ted Drane, was active in rural Victoria and New South Wales; The Australians, led by Tony Pitt, formed out of the defunct Confederate Action Party in Queensland; and Tasmania First fielded candidates in the 1998 state election.

"Death" video[link]

In November 1997 Hanson, under suggestion from Oldfield, recorded a video which was to be screened to One Nation members and supporters in the event of her assassination, following claims that she and her daughter had received anonymous death threats. The 12-minute tape started off with the following message:

and then urged that

Declining popularity[link]

In 1999, ''The Australian'' reported that support for One Nation had fallen from 22% to 5%. One Nation Senate candidate Lenny Spencer blamed the press together with party director David Oldfield for the October 1998 election defeat, while the media reported the redirecting of preferences away from One Nation as the primary reason, with a lack of party unity, poor policy choices and an "inability to work with the media" also responsible.

Hanson lost her seat in Parliament after an electoral redistribution essentially split Oxley in half before the 1998 election. The bulk of her support was drawn into the newly created Division of Blair. The new seat was drawn as a very safe Liberal seat, with a notional majority of 18.7 percent. Hanson opted to contest Blair and won 36% of the primary vote, slightly over 10% more than her nearest rival. However, preferences were enough to elect the Liberal Party candidate, Cameron Thompson. Nationally, One Nation gained 8.99% of the Senate vote and 8.4% of the Representatives vote, but only one MP was elected – Len Harris as a Senator for Queensland. Heather Hill had originally been elected to this position, but the High Court of Australia ruled that, although she was an Australian citizen, she was ineligible for election to sit as a Senator since she had not renounced her British citizenship, which the Court assumed she possessed because she had been born in Britain. Hanson alleged in her 2007 autobiography ''Pauline Hanson: Untamed & Unashamed'' that a number of other politicians had dual citizenship yet this did not prevent them from holding positions in Parliament.

At the next Federal election on 10 November 2001, Hanson ran for a Queensland Senate seat but narrowly failed. She has accounted for her declining popularity by blaming Prime Minister John Howard for stealing her policies.

''"It has been widely recognised by all, including the media, that John Howard sailed home on One Nation policies. In short, if we were not around, John Howard would not have made the decisions he did."''

Other interrelated factors that have contributed to her downfall include her connection with a series of advisors (John Pasquarelli, David Ettridge and David Oldfield), all of whom she has fallen out with; disputes amongst her supporters and a lawsuit over the organisational structure of One Nation.

Hanson claimed in 2003 to have been vilified over campaign funding.

In 2003 she left Queensland, moved to Sylvania Waters, Sydney in New South Wales (NSW) and stood for the NSW Upper House in the 22 March State election. She lost narrowly to Shooters Party candidate John Tingle.

Hanson had also assisted Australian country musician Brian Letton in making a record with Tommy Tecko. In 2006, she commenced a new career selling real estate in Queensland.

She has been parodied and impersonated by drag queen Pauline Pantsdown, who sampled snippets from Hanson's speeches to create a song called "I'm a Backdoor Man". After Hanson successfully pursued legal action against Pantsdown, Pantsdown used the same technique to create the track "I Don't Like It", a 1998 Top 10 single in Australia.

After a civil suit in 1999 that reached the Queensland Court of Appeal in 2000, involving disgruntled former One Nation member Tony Sharples and a finding of fraud when registering One Nation as a political party, Hanson was facing bankruptcy. She made an appeal to supporters to give money to help her through her hard times. Shaun Nelson, formerly a One Nation member of the Queensland parliament, attacked Hanson: "She can afford to live on a $700,000 mansion just outside of Rosewood. The people up here that she's asking to give money to are pensioners and farmers that are doing it tough." Hanson, however, claimed she considered selling her home.

Action against One Nation Party[link]

In 1998, Tony Abbott established a trust fund called "Australians for Honest Politics Trust" to help bankroll civil court cases against the One Nation Party and its leader Pauline Hanson. Prime Minister John Howard denied any knowledge of existence of such a fund. Abbott was also accused of offering funds to One Nation dissident Terry Sharples to support his court battle against the party. However, Prime Minister Howard defended the honesty of Abbott in this matter.

On 10 July 1998, a writ to block a $500,000 electorial commission payment to Hanson was filed in the Supreme Court of Queensland against the One Nation Party by David Summers and Terry Sharples. Both men were former candidates in the Queensland election. Summers also promoted the Easy Tax and Truth in Sentencing policies and held the party portfolio for Tourism. Tony Abbott, a Federal Government Member of Parliament, immediately offered financial assistance to Summers and Sharples. According to an affidavit filed in the action, Abbott offered funds to One Nation's candidate for the seat of Noosa, David Summers, via Sharples to support the court battle against the party. According to Summers, he informed Abbott and Sharples via telephone that while he appreciated the offer, he declined the "financial" assistance as "I did not believe that I had anything to do with the action" as filed by Abbott's Liberal Party connection, Brisbane Barrister and former president of the Queensland Liberal Party, Paul Everingham. After contact with Sydney's Barrister-at-Law, Mark Robertson, Summers was represented by Supreme Court Barrister, Rebecca Treston and a Queen's Counsel from Nicol Robinson Halletts who had him removed from the action.

During the deregistration action in the Queensland Supreme Court, it was alleged that Abbott also offered funds to David Summers. Summers' official statement to the court addressed his withdrawal from the action which was based upon the lawfirm organized by Abbott who filed the action, had never obtained his permission to represent him as a Plaintiff. Summers initially was to be a witness for prosecuting the action. During a round-table at the offices of Minter Ellison solicitors, Summers would not accept any deal with the Abbott / Everingham team to finance the court action, but would remain as a witness about his One Nation investigations. While at that meeting in Brisbane, One Nation locals paid Summers' family a visit at his rural property north of Noosa and the media reported that Summers was "expected to withdraw from the court action after claiming his family had been "threatened". According to radio and television reports Summers wrote to his solicitor saying, "Acts of intimidation have occurred towards my family from a One Nation member today, and I don’t want things to blow up out of proportion".

According to the Crime and Misconduct Commission Report of 2004 on the prosecution of Hanson, between July 1998 until early 1999 Abbott had "considerable involvement with the civil litigation" by ongoing communications with Sharples. Sharples believed Abbott had made a promise to pay his legal costs. This assertion was not contested by Abbott. Abbott did help finance, and in many ways promoted, the bringing of litigation to challenge the legality of the registration of the One Nation Party. One Nation's Queensland State Director Peter James proffered an official court statement by David Summers, which addressed that the Liberal Party, through Abbott, had assisted and supported the action initiated by him and Terry Sharples.

In the deregistration litigation, Summers did not testify to Abbott's communications with him and during his campaign for the Seat of Noosa, Summers delegated his preferential votes to Abbott's Liberal Party over the ALP. According to Liberal Party insiders, their State Noosa electorate council argued strongly that Summers "should not receive preference ahead of Labor", but was overruled from the top. Furthermore, the Queensland Premier, Rob Borbidge, stated that he was prepared to work with and "head a minority coalition government with the support of One Nation MPs" if One Nation is elected and held "the balance of power after the election", which they did.

The trio asserted the $500,000 was not going to go to all of the Queensland One Nation candidates, and would be diverted to fill the coffers of the One Nation leadership. Abbott, Summers and Sharples alleged that Hanson's political party was not legally registered, not properly constituted and not run by its members. The writ alleged that the party was owned and operated by Hanson, Oldfield and David Etteridge under an umbrella company Pauline Hanson's One Nation Incorporated.

Prior to the 13 June 1998 election, One Nation's campaign director, Oldfield, was aware of Abbott's communications with Summers regarding Oldfield's "excessive" expenses when he worked for Abbott years earlier. As Summers' investigation of Oldfield intensified, Oldfield disendorsed Summers a week before the election via telephone and facsimile with no party vote or endorsement of the decision. Oldfield's wrath came during an interview with Summers by a Brisbane-based television network. Summers had been investigating allegations of "missing" One Nation funds allegedly being funneled to Vanuatu, a known tax haven in the South Pacific. Summers was also in discussions with Sharples regarding the legal legitimacy of the party's membership list which Summers refused to discuss publicly due to a Supreme Court confidentiality order. The "official" party line given by Oldfield for the disendorsement was due to an alleged "antipapal" statement and other political comments attributed to Summers by ''Sydney Morning Herald'' journalist, Greg Roberts. The political mudslinging continued by Oldfield who unilaterally disendorsed more than a dozen candidates nationwide.

Summers, an investigative journalist and publisher of ''Exposure Magazine'', publicly rebuked Roberts and his article multiple times as false and challenged Roberts to produce evidence of the statements and that an interview was even conducted. Roberts never produced. Summers went public that he was not behind the action with Tony Abbott to "freeze any party funds"; was never interviewed by Roberts, never "issued any such anti-papal statements", and "does not even believe" the statements that Robert's attributed to him. In the Supreme Court, Summers won his bid, maintaining that the Everingham lawyers never had his permission to represent him and that his name was used illegally to bring the action against the party. In 2005 and 2007, complaints were successfully filed by authors such as Scott Balson and Jim Saleam against Roberts' a reporter for News Limited's ''The Australian'' newspaper' for wrongful allegations of "anti-Semitism" with the National Press Council for his unwarranted "smear campaigns".

It was Sharples' legal action that laid the basis for the prosecution of the One Nation founders, Hanson and Ettridge, which ultimately resulted in Hanson and Ettridge being imprisoned. On 20 August 2003, Hanson and Ettridge started their three year sentence behind bars for electoral fraud. Opposition MP Craig Emerson demanded to know where the money for the trust, reportedly $100,000, had come from, saying that taxpayers had a right to know.[54] Treasurer Peter Costello said of Abbott's actions, "I don't think that the way to resolve political disputes is through the courts. I think the way to resolve it is at the ballot box." The conviction against Hanson was ultimately overturned, leading to criticism of a range of politicians for political interference by the adjudicating justice.

Abbott conceded that the political threat One Nation posed to the Howard Government was "a very big factor" in his decision to pursue the legal attack, but he also claimed to be acting "in Australia's national interest". Howard also defended Abbott's actions saying "It's the job of the Liberal Party to politically attack other parties – there's nothing wrong with that."

Fraud conviction and acquittal[link]

On 20 August 2003, in a separate and this time criminal case, a jury in the District Court of Queensland convicted Hanson and Ettridge of electoral fraud. Both of them were sentenced to three years imprisonment for falsely claiming that 500 members of the 'Pauline Hanson Support Movement' were members of the political organisation 'Pauline Hanson's One Nation', in order to register that organisation in Queensland as a political party and apply for electoral funding. Because the registration was found to be unlawful, Hanson's receipt of electoral funding worth A$498,637 resulted in two further convictions for dishonestly obtaining property – each with three-year sentences, to run concurrently with the first. Hanson's initial reaction to the verdict was – "Rubbish, I'm not guilty. It's a joke."

Prime Minister John Howard said it was "a very long, unconditional sentence" and Bronwyn Bishop MHR said Hanson was a political prisoner, comparing her conviction with Robert Mugabe's treatment of Zimbabwean opponents.

On 6 November 2003 (delivering judgment the day after hearing the appeal), the Queensland Court of Appeal quashed all of Hanson and Ettridge's convictions. Hanson and Ettridge were immediately released from jail. The Court's unanimous decision was that the evidence did not support a conclusion beyond reasonable doubt that the people on the list were not members of the 'Pauline Hanson's One Nation' party and that Hanson and Ettridge knew this when the application to register the party was submitted. Accordingly, the convictions regarding registration were quashed. The convictions regarding funding, which depended on the same facts, were also quashed. However, in order to reach this decision the court had to suppose that the three founding members of One Nation – Hanson, Ettridge and Oldfield – had misinterpreted the party's constitution when they had claimed, in earlier public statements, to be the only members of the party. Chief Justice Paul de Jersey, with whom the other two judges agreed overall, suggested that, if Hanson, Ettridge and especially the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions had used better lawyers from the start, the whole matter might not have taken so long, up to the appeal hearing, or even have been avoided altogether. Court of Appeal President Margaret McMurdo rebuked many politicians, including Prime Minister John Howard and Bronwyn Bishop MHR. Their observations, she said, demonstrated at least "a lack of understanding of the Rule of Law" and "an attempt to influence the judicial appellate process and to interfere with the independence of the judiciary for cynical political motives," although she praised other leading Coalition politicians for accepting the District Court's decision.

At this time, media criticism was directed at political interference by leading federal Liberal politician Tony Abbott, who had arranged for the lawyers who instituted the earlier, Sharples action to act on a largely ''pro bono'' basis. Investigations by the ABC's ''Four Corners'' programme showed that Abbott had financed this action in an effort to derail the One Nation party.

Return to politics[link]

In 2003 Hanson was a candidate for the NSW State Election running for a seat in the Upper House. Pauline didn't win the seat. In January 2004, Hanson announced that she did not intend to return to politics. but then stood as an independent candidate for one of Queensland's seats in the Senate in the 2004 Australian federal election. She declared, "I don't want all the hangers on. I don't want the advisers and everyone else. I want it to be this time Pauline Hanson." She was ultimately unsuccessful, receiving only 31.77% of the required quota of primary votes, and did not pick up enough additional support through preferences. However, she attracted more votes than the One Nation party (4.54% compared to 3.14%) and, unlike her former party, recovered her deposit from the Australian Electoral Commission and secured $150,000 of public electoral funding.

On 24 May 2007 Hanson launched Pauline's United Australia Party. Under that banner, Hanson again contested one of Queensland's seats in the Senate in the 2007 Federal election, when she received over 4% of total votes. The party invokes the partial namesake of the historic United Australia Party. Speaking on her return to politics, she stated: "I have had all the major political parties attack me, been kicked out of my own party and ended up in prison, but I don't give up." In October 2007, Hanson launched her campaign song, entitled "Australian Way of Life.", which included the line: "Welcome everyone, no matter where you come from."

Hanson contested the electoral district of Beaudesert as an independent at the 2009 Queensland state election. After an election campaign dominated by discussion over hoax photographs, she was placed third behind the Liberal National Party's Aidan McLindon and Labor's Brett McCreadie. There were conflicting media reports as to whether she had said she would not consider running again.

On 15 February 2010, Hanson announced that she planned to deregister Pauline's United Australia Party, sell her Queensland house and move to the United Kingdom. The announcement was warmly welcomed by Nick Griffin, leader of the far-right British National Party (BNP).

On 23 July 2010, while at an event promoting her new career as a motivational speaker, Hanson expressed interest in returning to the political stage as a Liberal candidate if an invitation were to be offered by the leader Tony Abbott in the 2010 election. No such offer was forthcoming.

In March 2011, she was an independent candidate for the New South Wales Legislative Council in the 2011 state election, but was not elected, receiving 2.41% of the primary statewide vote but losing on preferences.

''Dancing with the Stars''[link]

In late 2004 during her election campaign, Hanson competed in the Australian Reality TV show ''Dancing with the Stars'' on the Seven Network. In the show a number of Australian celebrities compete against one another in ballroom dancing. Hanson and her partner Salvatore Vecchio made it to the final, advancing due to audience support in SMS voting, but lost to former ''Home and Away'' star Bec Cartwright.

''The Celebrity Apprentice Australia''[link]

Pauline was part of the 2011 cast of The Celebrity Apprentice Australia. She was on the show until the second last challenge.

Autobiography and books published[link]

Not long after her election to Parliament, Pauline Hanson published and launched a book called ''The Truth''. In this book there were claims of Aboriginal cannibalism. There was mention of Aboriginal women eating their babies and tribes cannibalising their members. Hanson had stated to the media that the reason for these claims of cannibalism was to "demonstrate the savagery of Aboriginal society". David Ettridge, the One Nation party director, explained that the book's claims were intended to correct 'misconceptions' about Aboriginal history. These 'misconceptions' were said to be relevant to Aboriginal welfare funds. He also said that "the suggestion that we should be feeling some concern for modern day Aborigines for suffering in the past is balanced a bit by the alternative view of whether you can feel sympathy for people who eat their babies". There were also claims that by 2050 Australia will have a president of Chinese-Indian background called Poona Li Hung and she would be part machine. In 2004, Hanson stated that the book was "written by some other people who actually put my name to it" and that while she held the copyright over ''The Truth'', she was unaware that much of the material was being published under her name.

In March 2007, Hanson published her autobiography ''Untamed and Unashamed''.

References[link]

Further reading [link]

Scott Balson (2000), ''Inside One Nation. The inside story on a people's party born to fail'', Interactive Presentations, Mt Crosby News (Queensland), ISBN 0-9577415-2-9

Helen J Dodd (1997), ''Pauline. The Hanson Phenomenon'', Boolarong Press, Moorooka (Queensland), ISBN 0-646-33217-1

David Ettridge (2004), ''Consider Your Verdict'', New Holland Publishers, Frenchs Forest (New South Wales) ISBN 1-74110-232-4

Bligh Grant (ed.) (1997), ''Pauline Hanson. One Nation and Australian Politics'', University of New England Press, Armidale (NSW), ISBN 1-875821-38-4

Pauline Hanson (2007), ''Untamed and Unashamed — Pauline Hanson's autobiography'', Jo-Jo Publishing, Docklands (Victoria) ISBN 978-0-9802836-2-4

James Jupp (1998), 'Populism in the land of Oz,' in Meanjin, Vol.57, No.4, pp. 740–747

Margo Kingston (1999), ''Off the Rails. The Pauline Hanson Trip'', Allen and Unwin, St Leonards (NSW) ISBN 1-86508-159-0

Michael Leach, Geoffrey Stokes, Ian Ward (eds.) (2000), ''The Rise and Fall of One Nation'', University of Queensland Press, St Lucia (Queensland) ISBN 0-7022-3136-3

George J Merritt (1997), ''Pauline Hanson. The Truth'', St George Publications, Parkholme (South Australia), ISBN 0-646-32012-2

John Pasquarelli (1998), ''The Pauline Hanson Story by the Man Who Knows'', New Holland Publishers, Frenchs Forest (NSW), ISBN 1-86436-341-X

External links[link]

Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:Australian people of English descent Category:Australian television personalities Category:Liberal Party of Australia politicians Category:One Nation (Australia) politicians Category:Opposition to Islam in Oceania Category:Australian monarchists Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Oxley Category:People from Brisbane Category:Independent politicians in Australia Category:Overturned convictions in Australia Category:Women members of the Australian House of Representatives Category:Apprentice Australia contestants

de:Pauline Hanson ja:ポーリン・ハンソン wuu:保琳汉生 zh:寶琳·韓森

Name	Vint Cerf
Birth date	June 23, 1943
Birth place	New Haven, Connecticut
Residence	USA
Citizenship	United States of America
Field	Computer science
Workplaces	IBM, UCLA, Stanford University, DARPA, MCI, CNRI, Google
Alma mater	Stanford University, UCLA
Known for	TCP/IPInternet Society
Prizes	National Medal of TechnologyPresidential Medal of FreedomTuring Award }}

Vinton Gray "Vint" Cerf (; born June 23, 1943) is an American computer scientist, who is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet", sharing this title with American computer scientist Bob Kahn. His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded, repeatedly, with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology, the Turing Award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and membership in the National Academy of Engineering.

In the early days, Cerf was a program manager for the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funding various groups to develop TCP/IP technology. When the Internet began to transition to a commercial opportunity during the late 1980s, Cerf moved to MCI where he was instrumental in the development of the first commercial email system (MCI Mail) connected to the Internet.

Vinton Cerf was instrumental in the funding and formation of ICANN from the start. Cerf waited in the wings for a year before he stepped forward to join the ICANN Board. Eventually he became the Chairman of ICANN.

Cerf also went to Van Nuys High School along with Jon Postel and Steve Crocker; he wrote the former's obituary. Both were also instrumental in the creation of the Internet as we know it (see articles).

Life and career [link]

Cerf was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Muriel (née Gray), a homemaker, and Vinton Thurston Cerf, an aerospace executive. Cerf's first job after obtaining his B.S. degree in Mathematics from Stanford University was at IBM, where he worked for less than two years as a systems engineer supporting QUIKTRAN. He left IBM to attend graduate school at UCLA where he earned his M.S. degree in 1970 and his PhD degree in 1972. During his graduate student years, he studied under Professor Gerald Estrin, worked in Professor Leonard Kleinrock's data packet networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANet, the predecessor to the Internet, and "contributed to a host-to-host protocol" for the ARPANet. While at UCLA, he also met Robert E. Kahn, who was working on the ARPANet hardware architecture. After receiving his doctorate, Cerf became an assistant professor at Stanford University from 1972–1976, where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP/IP protocol suite with Kahn. Cerf then moved to DARPA in 1976, where he stayed until 1982. As vice president of MCI Digital Information Services from 1982–1986, Cerf led the engineering of MCI Mail, the first commercial email service to be connected to the Internet. Cerf rejoined MCI during 1994 and served as Senior Vice President of Technology Strategy. In this role, he helped to guide corporate strategy development from a technical perspective. Previously, he served as MCI's senior vice president of Architecture and Technology, leading a team of architects and engineers to design advanced networking frameworks, including Internet-based solutions for delivering a combination of data, information, voice and video services for business and consumer use.

In 1992 he co-founded, with Bob Kahn the Internet Society to provide leadership in Internet related standards, education and policy.

During 1997, Cerf joined the Board of Trustees of Gallaudet University, a university for the education of the deaf and hard-of-hearing. Cerf himself is hard of hearing.

Cerf has worked for Google as a Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist since September 2005. In this function he has become well known for his predictions on how technology will affect future society, encompassing such areas as artificial intelligence, environmentalism, the advent of IPv6 and the transformation of the television industry and its delivery model.

Since 2010, Cerf has served as a Commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Digital Development, a UN body which aims to make broadband internet technologies more widely available.

Cerf joined the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in 1999, and served until the end of 2007.

Cerf was a member of the Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov's IT Advisory Council (from March 2002 till January 2012). He is also a member of the Advisory Board of Eurasia Group, the political risk consultancy.

Cerf is also working on the Interplanetary Internet, together with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It will be a new standard to communicate from planet to planet, using radio/laser communications that are tolerant of signal degradation.

On February 7, 2006, Cerf testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation's Hearing on “Network Neutrality”. Speaking as Google's Chief Internet Evangelist, Cerf noted that nearly half of all consumers lacked meaningful choice in broadband providers and expressed concerns that without network neutrality government regulation, broadband providers would be able to use their dominance to limit options for consumers and charge companies like Google for their use of band width.

Cerf currently serves on the board of advisors of Scientists and Engineers for America, an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government. He also serves on the advisory council of CRDF Global.

Cerf is on the board of trustees of ARIN, the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) of IP addresses for United States, Canada, and part of the Caribbean.

Cerf is on the board of directors of StopBadware, a non-profit anti-malware organization that Google has supported since its inception as a project at Harvard University's Berkman Center for Internet & Society.

Cerf is on the board of advisors of The Hyperwords Company Ltd of the UK, which works to make the web more usefully interactive and which has produced the free Firefox Add-On called 'Hyperwords'.

During 2008 Cerf chaired the IDNAbis working group of the IETF.

Cerf was a major contender to be designated the nation's first Chief Technology Officer by President Barack Obama.

Cerf is the co-chair of Campus Party Silicon Valley, the US edition of one of the largest technology festivals in the world, along with Al Gore and Tim Berners-Lee.

Awards and honors [link]

Cerf has received a number of honorary degrees, including doctorates, from the University of the Balearic Islands, ETHZ in Zurich, Switzerland, Capitol College, Gettysburg College, George Mason University, Marymount University, University of Pisa, University of Rovira and Virgili (Tarragona, Spain), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Luleå University of Technology (Sweden), University of Twente (Netherlands), Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Brooklyn Polytechnic, UPCT (University of Cartagena, Spain), Royal Roads University (Canada) and Polytechnic University of Madrid.

Further awards include:

Edward A. Dickson Alumnus of the Year Award from UCLA

Prince of Asturias award for science and technology

Fellow of the IEEE, 1988, "for contributions and leadership in the design, development, and application of internet protocols"

Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, 1994, for "vision and leadership in the design, implementation, evolution, and dissemination of the TCP/IP computer communication protocol suite"

Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award, 1996

SIGCOMM Award for "contributions to the Internet [spanning] more than 25 years, from development of the fundamental TCP/IP protocols".

Certificate of Merit from The Franklin Institute, in 1996.

In December 1997 he, along with his partner Robert E. Kahn, was presented with the National Medal of Technology by President Bill Clinton, "for creating and sustaining development of Internet Protocols and continuing to provide leadership in the emerging industry of internetworking."

He received the Living Legend Medal from the Library of Congress in April 2000

He was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum in November 2000

Cerf was selected as a Fellow of the Association for Women in Science (AWIS) in 2000

Cerf and Kahn were the winners of the Turing Award for 2004, for their "pioneering work on internetworking, including .. the Internet's basic communications protocols .. and for inspired leadership in networking." In November 2005, Vinton Cerf and Kahn were awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush for their contributions to the creation of the Internet.

He and Robert Kahn were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2006

Vinton Cerf was awarded the St. Cyril and Methodius in the Coat of Arms Order in July 2006

Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn were each inducted as an Honorary Fellow of the Society for Technical Communication (STC) in May 2006

He and Robert Kahn were awarded the Japan Prize in January 2008.

Cerf was inducted into the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists and given the Freedom of the City of London in April 2008.

Dr. Cerf was awarded an honorary membership in the Yale Political Union after keynoting a lively debate on the subject "Resolved: Online Communities are Real Communities." The motion passed. In celebration of the five year-anniversary of YouTube he was selected as a guest curator by the site, and chose the six videos on YouTube he found most memorable. In May 2011, he was awarded an HPI Fellowship as “[...]a tribute to his work for a new medium which influenced the everyday life of our society like no other one.” In September 2011 he was made a distinguished fellow of British Computer Society, in recognition of his outstanding contribution and service to the advancement of computing. 2012 Internet Hall of Fame

Partial bibliography [link]

Author [link]

''Zero Text Length EOF Message'' (RFC 13, August 1969)

''IMP-IMP and HOST-HOST Control Links'' (RFC 18, September 1969)

''ASCII format for network interchange'' (RFC 20, October 1969)

''Host-host control message formats'' (RFC 22, October 1969)

''Data transfer protocols'' (RFC 163, May 1971)

''PARRY encounters the DOCTOR'' (RFC 439, January 1973)

'' 'Twas the night before start-up'' (RFC 968, December 1985)

''Report of the second Ad Hoc Network Management Review Group'', RFC 1109, August 1989

''Internet Activities Board'', RFC 1120, September 1989

''Thoughts on the National Research and Education Network'', RFC 1167, July 1990

''Networks'', Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks, September, 1991

''Guidelines for Internet Measurement Activities'', October 1991

''A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY'', RFC 1607, April 1, 1994

''An Agreement between the Internet Society and Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the Matter of ONC RPC and XDR Protocols'', RFC 1790, April 1995

''I REMEMBER IANA'', RFC 2468, October 17, 1998

''Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research (CSCR'', RFC 1217, April 1, 1999

''The Internet is for Everyone'', RFC 3271, April 2002

Co-author [link]

Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn, ''A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication'' (IEEE Transactions on Communications, May 1974)

Vinton Cerf, Y. Dalal, C. Sunshine, ''Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program'' (RFC 675, December 1974)

Vinton Cerf, Jon Postel, ''Mail transition plan'' (RFC 771, September 1980)

Vinton Cerf, K.L. Mills ''Explaining the role of GOSIP'', RFC 1169, August 1990

Clark, Chapin, Cerf, Braden, Hobby, ''Towards the Future Internet Architecture'', RFC 1287, December 1991

Vinton Cerf et al., ''A Strategic Plan for Deploying an Internet X.500 Directory Service'', RFC 1430, February 1993

Vinton Cerf & Bob Kahn, ''Al Gore and the Internet,'' 2000-09-28

Vinton Cerf et al., ''Internet Radio Communication System'' July 9, 2002, U.S. Patent 6,418,138

Vinton Cerf et al., ''System for Distributed Task Execution'' June 3, 2003, U.S. Patent 6,574,628

Vinton Cerf et al., ''Delay-Tolerant Networking Architecture (Informational Status)'', RFC 4838, April 2007

Notes and references [link]

External links [link]

A Protocol For Packet Network Intercommunication The IEEE paper Cerf co-wrote with Bob Kahn that describes TCP.

Oral history interview with Vinton G. Cerf. Charles Babbage Institute University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network, including his work for the Network Measurement Center at UCLA, and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Robert Kahn, Lawrence Roberts, and the Network Working Group. Aso discusses development of the TCP/IP protocol, IPTO funding at Stanford University, his decision in 1976 to become a program manager for networking projects at IPTO, and the military use of IPTO networking projects.

Vint Cerf video lecture "Mobile and the Interplanetary Internet (Bundle Protocol on Earth and beyond)" at Aarhus University, Denmark

Vint Cerf video lecture "The Internet in 2035"

Vint Cerf video interview on the evolution of the Internet

Vint Cerf audio interview on The History of the Internet: Part I – Past – 16 minutes. Precursors & origins of the Internet

Vint Cerf audio interview on The History of the Internet: Part II – Present – 18 minutes. Internet Neutrality, Cloud Computing, Open Source / Collaboration

Vint Cerf audio interview on The History of the Internet: Part III – Future – 12 minutes. NASA's Interplanetary Internet, Speech & Gestural Interfaces, Quantum Entanglement

Internet Pioneers – Vint Cerf

ICANNWiki on Vint Cerf

Vint Cerf on "Freedom of the Internet", 45 mins., official web stream of presentation for Hungarian "TV University", March 2007

DeafLife features on Vint Cerf, November 1997

Vint Cerf lecture "Tracking the Internet into the 21st century" for the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists at City University London in April 2008.

Vint Cerf on the future of the internet

Vinton Cerf on IPv6, video keynote for the German IPv6 summit 2008

Vinton Cerf Headline PTC's PTC'09 Conference January 2009. Video:Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

One hour radio interview about Google and the future of the internet on Entitled Opinions with Robert P. Harrison

Archive of 'Cerf's Up' webpages while at MCI, Inc..

Keynote Speaker at Internet Librarian 2009, October 2009

Tracking the Internet into the 21st century discussion with Larry Smarr at University of California San Diego, April 2007

Video of interview ''What’s Next with the Internet'' at Churchill Club, January 2010

Keeping the Net Healthy discussion with Paul Mockapetris, Esther Dyson, and Bruce McConnell at The Commonwealth Club, October 2010

Father Knows Best, An in depth interview with Vint Cerf on Innovation, Part 1, July 2011

Father Knows Best, An in depth interview with Vint Cerf on Innovation, Part 2, July 2011

Thought Economics Interviews Vint Cerf Interview with Vint Cerf on the role of the Internet in Society, November 2011

Category:Technology evangelists Category:American computer scientists Category:American engineers Category:Google employees Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:People from New Haven, Connecticut Category:People from Connecticut Category:Van Nuys High School alumni Category:National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees Category:National Medal of Technology recipients Category:Stanford University alumni Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Turing Award laureates Category:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery Category:Fellow Members of the IEEE Category:Japan Prize laureates Category:Computer pioneers Category:Internet Society Category:Internet Hall of Fame inductees Category:Internet pioneers Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences

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