September 28 is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 94 days remaining until the end of the year.

Events[link]

• 48 BC – Pompey the Great is assassinated on the orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.
• 235 – Pope Pontian resigns. He and Hippolytus, church leader of Rome, are exiled to the mines of Sardinia.
• 351 – Battle of Mursa Major: the Roman Emperor Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius.
• 365 – Roman usurper Procopius bribes two legions passing by Constantinople, and proclaims himself Roman emperor.
• 935 – Saint Wenceslas is murdered by his brother, Boleslaus I of Bohemia.
• 995 – Members of Slavník's dynasty – Spytimír, Pobraslav, Pořej and Čáslav are murdered by Boleslaus's son, Boleslaus II the Pious.
• 1066 – William the Bastard (as he was known at the time) invades England beginning the Norman Conquest.
• 1106 – The Battle of Tinchebrai – Henry I of England defeats his brother, Robert Curthose.
• 1238 – Muslim Valencia surrenders to the besieging King James I of Aragon the Conqueror.
• 1322 – Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor defeats Frederick I of Austria in the Battle of Mühldorf.
• 1448 – Christian I is crowned king of Denmark.
• 1538 – Ottoman–Venetian War: The Ottoman Navy scores a decisive victory over a Holy League fleet in the Battle of Preveza.
• 1542 – Navigator Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo of Portugal arrives at what is now San Diego, California, United States.
• 1779 – American Revolution: Samuel Huntington is elected President of the Continental Congress, succeeding John Jay.
• 1781 – American forces backed by a French fleet begin the siege of Yorktown, Virginia, during the American Revolutionary War.
• 1787 – The newly completed United States Constitution is voted on by the U.S. Congress to be sent to the state legislatures for approval.
• 1791 – France becomes the first European country to emancipate its Jewish population.
• 1844 – Oscar I of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Sweden.
• 1867 – Toronto becomes the capital of Ontario.
• 1867 – The United States takes control of Midway Island.
• 1868 – Battle of Alcolea causes Queen Isabella II of Spain to flee to France.
• 1889 – The first General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) defines the length of a meter as the distance between two lines on a standard bar of an alloy of platinum with ten percent iridium, measured at the melting point of ice.
• 1871 – Brazilian Parliament passes the Law of the Free Womb, granting freedom to all new children born to slaves, the first major step in the eradication of slavery in Brazil.
• 1901 – Philippine-American War: Filipino guerrillas kill more than forty American soldiers in a surprise attack in the town of Balangiga on Samar Island.
• 1912 – The Ulster Covenant is signed by half a million Ultonians in opposition to the Third Irish Home Rule Bill.
• 1918 – World War I: The Fifth Battle of Ypres begins.
• 1919 – Race riots begin in Omaha, Nebraska, US.
• 1928 – The U.K. Parliament passes the Dangerous Drugs Act outlawing cannabis.
• 1928 – Sir Alexander Fleming notices a bacteria-killing mold growing in his laboratory, discovering what later became known as penicillin.
• 1939 – Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union agree on a division of Poland after their invasion during World War II.
• 1939 – Warsaw surrenders to Nazi Germany during World War II.
• 1944 – Soviet Army troops liberate Klooga concentration camp in Klooga, Estonia.
• 1950 – Indonesia joins the United Nations.
• 1951 – CBS makes the first color televisions available for sale to the general public, but the product is discontinued less than a month later.
• 1958 – France ratifies a new Constitution of France; the French Fifth Republic is then formed upon the formal adoption of the new constitution on October 4. Guinea rejects the new constitution, voting for independence instead.
• 1960 – Mali and Senegal join the United Nations.
• 1961 – A military coup in Damascus effectively ends the United Arab Republic, the union between Egypt and Syria.
• 1962 – The Paddington tram depot fire destroys 65 trams in Brisbane, Australia.
• 1971 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 banning the medicinal use of cannabis.
• 1973 – The ITT Building in New York City is bombed in protest at ITT's alleged involvement in the September 11, 1973 coup d'état in Chile.
• 1975 – The Spaghetti House siege, in which nine people are taken hostage, takes place in London.
• 1994 – The car ferry MS Estonia sinks in Baltic Sea, killing 852 people.
• 1995 – Bob Denard and a group of mercenaries take the islands of Comoros in a coup.
• 1995 – Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat sign the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
• 1996 – Former president of Afghanistan Mohammad Najibullah is tortured and brutally murdered by the Taliban.
• 2000 – Al-Aqsa Intifada: Ariel Sharon visits Al Aqsa Mosque known to Jews as the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
• 2008 – SpaceX launches the first ever private spacecraft, the Falcon 1 into orbit.
• 2009 – The military junta leading Guinea, headed by Captain Moussa Dadis Camara, raped, killed and wounded protesters during a protest rally in a stadium called Stade du 28 Septembre.

Births[link]

• 551 BC – Confucius, Chinese philosopher (d. 479)
• 1330 – Nicolas Flamel, French scrivener, manuscript-seller, and alchemist (d. 1418)
• 1493 – Agnolo Firenzuola, Italian poet (d. 1545)
• 1605 – Ismaël Bullialdus, French astronomer (d. 1694)
• 1667 – Asano Naganori, Japanese warlord (d. 1701)
• 1681 – Johann Mattheson, German composer (d. 1764)
• 1705 – Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, English statesman (d. 1774)
• 1705 – Johann Peter Kellner, German organist and composer (d. 1772)
• 1746 – Sir William Jones, English philologist (d. 1794)
• 1792 – Johann Georg Hiedler, Grandfather of Adolf Hitler (d. 1857)
• 1803 – Prosper Mérimée, French author (d. 1870)
• 1809 – Alvan Wentworth Chapman, American physician and botanist (d. 1899)
• 1819 – Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol, Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer, inventor of the first combustion engine-driven submarine, which was propelled by an early form of air-independent propulsion (d. 1885)
• 1821 – Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs, American politician (d. 1874)
• 1823 – Alexandre Cabanel, French painter (d. 1889)
• 1824 – Francis Turner Palgrave, British critic and poet (d. 1897)
• 1835 – Sai Baba of Shirdi (d. 1918)
• 1836 – Thomas Crapper, English inventor (d. 1910)
• 1841 – Georges Clemenceau, French politician (d. 1929)
• 1852 – Henri Moissan, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907)
• 1856 – Kate Douglas Wiggin, American children's author (d. 1923)
• 1860 – Paul Ulrich Villard, French chemist and physicist, discovered the Gamma rays (d. 1934)
• 1861 – Amélie of Orléans, queen of Portugal (d. 1951)
• 1867 – Hiranuma Kiichirō, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1952)
• 1881 – Pedro de Cordoba, American actor (d. 1950)
• 1887 – Avery Brundage, American athlete and sports official (d. 1975)
• 1889 – Jack Fournier, American baseball player (d. 1973)
• 1891 – Myrtle Gonzalez, American actress (d. 1918)
• 1893 – Giannis Skaribas, Greek writer and dramatist (d. 1984)
• 1898 – Carl Clauberg, Nazi concentration camp doctor (d. 1957)
• 1899 – Alice de Janzé, American heiress (d. 1941)
• 1900 – Joe Falcon, Cajun accordion player (d. 1965)
• 1901 – William S. Paley, American radio and television executive (d. 1990)
• 1901 – Ed Sullivan, American television show host (d. 1974)
• 1905 – Max Schmeling, German boxer (d. 2005)
• 1907 – Bhagat Singh, Indian Freedom Fighter (d. 1931)
• 1907 – Heikki Savolainen, Finnish gymnast (d. 1997)
• 1909 – Al Capp, American cartoonist (d. 1979)
• 1910 – Diosdado Macapagal, 9th President of the Philippines (d. 1997)
• 1910 – Wenceslao Vinzons, Filipino politician and resistance leader (d. 1942)
• 1913 – Warja Honegger-Lavater, Swiss artist and illustrator (d. 2007)
• 1915 – Ethel Rosenberg, Soviet spy, (d. 1953)
• 1916 – Peter Finch, English-born actor (d. 1977)
• 1916 – Olga Lepeshinskaya, Soviet ballerina (d. 2008)
• 1918 – Ángel Labruna, Argentinian football player and coach (d. 1983)
• 1918 – Arnold Stang, American comic actor (d. 2009)
• 1919 – Doris Singleton, American actress
• 1923 – John Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch, British politician (d. 2007)
• 1923 – William Windom, American actor
• 1923 – Tuli Kupferberg, American counterculture poet, author, cartoonist, pacifist anarchist, publisher and co-founder of the band The Fugs (d. 2010)
• 1924 – Marcello Mastroianni, Italian actor (d. 1996)
• 1924 – Rudolf Barshai, Soviet/Russian conductor and violist (d. 2010)
• 1925 – Seymour Cray, American computer scientist (d. 1996)
• 1925 – Cromwell Everson, South African composer (d. 1991)
• 1925 – Frank Latimore, American actor (d. 1998)
• 1926 – Jerry Clower, American comedian (d. 1998)
• 1928 – Koko Taylor, American blues musician, popularly known as the "Queen of the Blues" (d. 2009)
• 1929 – Lata Mangeshkar, Indian playback singer
• 1930 – Immanuel Wallerstein, American sociologist
• 1932 – Víctor Jara, Chilean folk singer and activist (d. 1973)
• 1933 – Miguel Berrocal, sculptor (d. 2006)
• 1933 – Johnny "Country" Mathis, American country singer (d. 2011)
• 1934 – Brigitte Bardot, French actress
• 1934 – Janet Munro, British actress (d. 1972)
• 1935 – Ronald Lacey, British actor (d. 1991)
• 1935 – Heather Sears, British actress (d. 1994)
• 1936 – Emmett Chapman, jazz musician best known as the inventor of the Chapman Stick
• 1937 – Alice Mahon, English politician and labor leader
• 1937 – Rod Roddy, American television announcer (d. 2003)
• 1938 – Ben E. King, American r&b singer
• 1939 – Stuart Kauffman, American biologist
• 1939 – Rudolph Walker, Trinidadian-born British actor
• 1939 – Elbridge Bryant, American tenor singer, one of the founding members of Motown singing group The Temptations (d. 1975)
• 1941 – Edmund Stoiber, German politician
• 1942 – Marshall Bell, American actor
• 1942 – Pierre Clémenti, French actor (d. 1999)
• 1942 – Tim Maia, Brazilian singer (d. 1998)
• 1942 – Edward "Little Buster" Forehand, soul and blues musician (d. 2006)
• 1943 – Warren Lieberfarb, American media executive
• 1943 – Nick St. Nicholas, Canadian musician (Steppenwolf)
• 1943 – J. T. Walsh, American actor (d. 1998)
• 1945 – Marielle Goitschel, French alpine skier
• 1945 – Manolis Rasoulis, Greek lyricist (d. 2011)
• 1945 – Fusako Shigenobu, Japanese Red Army Founder
• 1946 – Jeffrey Jones, American actor
• 1946 – Helen Shapiro, English singer
• 1947 – Bob Carr, Australian politician
• 1947 – Sheikh Hasina, Bangladeshi politician
• 1948 – Panagiotis Adraktas, Greek politician
• 1949 – Jim Henshaw, Canadian actor and writer
• 1950 – Laurie Lewis, American musician
• 1950 – John Sayles, American director and screenwriter
• 1951 – Wei Chen, Canadian journalist
• 1951 – Norton Buffalo, singer-songwriter, country and blues harmonica player, record producer (d. 2009)
• 1952 – Efthimis Kioumourtzoglou, Greek basketball coach
• 1952 – Sylvia Kristel, Dutch actress
• 1954 – Steve Largent, American football player and U.S. Congressman
• 1954 – George Lynch, American musician (Dokken)
• 1955 – Stéphane Dion, Canadian politician
• 1955 – Kenny Kirkland, piano & keyboard player, member of Buckshot LeFonque (d. 1998)
• 1957 – C. J. Chenier, Zydeco musician
• 1959 – Ron Fellows, Canadian race car driver
• 1959 – Steve Hytner, American actor
• 1959 – Dantes Tsitsi, Nauruan politician
• 1960 – Frank Hammerschlag, German footballer
• 1960 – Jennifer Rush, American pop singer
• 1961 – Quentin Kawananakoa, pretender to the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii
• 1962 – Grant Fuhr, Canadian hockey player
• 1962 – Dietmar Schacht, German footballer
• 1962 – Chuck Taylor, American music journalist
• 1963 – Steve Blackman, American professional wrestler
• 1963 – Greg Weisman, American writer and animation producer.
• 1964 – Claudio Borghi, Argentine football manager (Colo-Colo)
• 1964 – Laura Cerón, American actress
• 1964 – Gregor Fisken, British racing driver and businessman
• 1964 – Janeane Garofalo, American actress and comedian
• 1964 – Paul Jewell, English football manager
• 1965 – Jens Melzig, German footballer
• 1966 – Maria Canals Barrera, American actress, singer
• 1966 – Ginger Fish, American musician (Marilyn Manson)
• 1966 – Puri Jagannadh, Indian film director
• 1966 – Leilani Sarelle, American Actress
• 1967 – Mira Sorvino, American actress
• 1967 – Moon Unit Zappa, American singer and actress
• 1968 – Mika Häkkinen, Finnish race car driver
• 1968 – Rob Moroso, American NASCAR driver (d. 1990)
• 1968 – Naomi Watts, English-born Australian actress
• 1969 – Marcel Dost, Dutch decathlete
• 1969 – Mark Everett, American fugitive (d. 2008)
• 1969 – Ben Greenman, American author
• 1969 – Éric Lapointe, Canadian singer
• 1969 – Nico Vaesen, Belgian footballer
• 1970 – Kimiko Date-Krumm, Japanese tennis player
• 1970 – Mike DeJean, American baseball player
• 1970 – Gualter Salles, Brazilian racing driver
• 1971 – Joseph Arthur, American singer-songwriter
• 1971 – Alan Wright, English footballer
• 1971 – A. J. Croce, American singer-songwriter and piano player
• 1972 – Dita Von Teese, American burlesque artist
• 1973 – Jori Hulkkonen, Finnish electronic musician
• 1973 – Brian Rafalski, American ice hockey player
• 1974 – Marco Di Loreto, Italian footballer
• 1974 – Mariya Kiselyova, Russian swimmer
• 1974 – Joonas Kolkka, Finnish footballer
• 1974 – John Light, English actor
• 1974 – Shane Webcke, Australian rugby player
• 1975 – Stuart Clark, Australian cricketer
• 1975 – Lenny Krayzelburg, American swimmer
• 1976 – Ali Asel, Kuwaiti footballer
• 1976 – Fedor Emelianenko, Russian mixed martial artist
• 1976 – Timo Hampf, German footballer
• 1977 – Ireneusz Marcinkowski, Polish footballer
• 1977 – Se Ri Pak, Korean golfer
• 1978 – Bushido, German rapper
• 1979 – Bam Margera, American skateboarder
• 1981 – José Calderón, Spanish basketball player
• 1981 – Melissa Claire Egan, American actress
• 1981 – Gül Gölge, Turkish model and actress
• 1981 – Jorge Guagua, Ecuadorian footballer
• 1981 – Iracema Trevisan, Brazilian musician (CSS)
• 1982 – Aleksandr Anyukov, Russian footballer
• 1982 – Abhinav Bindra, Indian shooter
• 1982 – Ray Emery, Canadian hockey player
• 1982 – Ranbir Kapoor, Indian actor
• 1982 – Nolwenn Leroy, French singer
• 1982 – Emeka Okafor, American basketball player
• 1982 – Dustin Penner, Canadian hockey player
• 1982 – Anderson Varejão, Brazilian basketball player
• 1982 – St. Vincent, American multi-instrumentalist singer-songwriter
• 1983 – Stefan Moore, English footballer
• 1983 – John Schwalger, New Zealand All Black rugby player
• 1984 – Melody Thornton, American singer and dancer (Pussycat Dolls)
• 1984 – Mathieu Valbuena, French footballer
• 1984 – Ryan Zimmerman, American baseball player
• 1985 – Alina Ibragimova, Russian violinist
• 1985 – Shindong, Korean Singer (Super Junior)
• 1986 – Andrés Guardado, Mexican footballer
• 1987 – Pierre Becken, German footballer
• 1987 – Hilary Duff, American actress and singer
• 1987 – Chloë Hanslip, English violinist
• 1988 – Marin Čilić, Croatian tennis player
• 1988 – Esmée Denters, Dutch singer
• 1988 – Aleks Vrteski, Australian footballer
• 1989 – Mark Randall, English footballer
• 1990 – Kirsten Prout, Canadian actress
• 1992 – Skye McCole Bartusiak, American actress
• 1994 – Roman Richard Campo,
• 2000 – Frankie Jonas, American actor

Deaths[link]

• 48 BC – Pompey the Great, Roman general and politician (b. 106 BC)
• 876 – Louis the German, King of Eastern Francia (b. 804)
• 935 – Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia (b. 907)
• 1104 – Pedro I, king of Aragon and Navarre (b. 1068)
• 1197 – Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1165)
• 1429 – Cymburgis of Masovia, wife of Duke Ernest of Austria
• 1582 – George Buchanan, Scottish historian (b. 1506)
• 1618 – Joshua Sylvester, English poet (b. 1563)
• 1687 – Francis Turretin, Swiss theologian (b. 1623)
• 1694 – Gabriel Mouton, French scientist (b. 1618)
• 1702 – Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, English statesman (b. 1640)
• 1742 – Jean Baptiste Massillon, French churchman (b. 1663)
• 1781 – William Henry Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford, British diplomat and statesman (b. 1717)
• 1829 – Nikolay Nikolayevich Raevsky, Russian general (b. 1771)
• 1844 – Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy, Russian general and statesman (b. 1769)
• 1873 – Émile Gaboriau, French writer and journalist (b. 1832)
• 1891 – Herman Melville, American novelist (b. 1819)
• 1895 – Louis Pasteur, French scientist (b. 1822)
• 1914 – Richard Sears, American businessman (b. 1863)
• 1915 – Saitō Hajime, Japanese samurai (b. 1844)
• 1918 – Georg Simmel, German sociologist and philosopher (b. 1858)
• 1918 – Freddie Stowers, American soldier (b. 1896)
• 1935 – William Kennedy Dickson, Scottish inventor (b. 1860)
• 1938 – Charles Duryea, American automobile manufacturer (b. 1861)
• 1943 – Sam Ruben, American chemist (b. 1913)
• 1949 – Chrysanthus, Greek orthodox Archbishop of Athens (b. 1881)
• 1953 – Edwin Hubble, American astronomer (b. 1889)
• 1956 – William Edward Boeing, American aviation manufacturer (b. 1881)
• 1957 – Luis Cluzeau Mortet, Uruguayan composer and musician (b. 1888)
• 1959 – Rudolf Caracciola, German race car driver (b. 1901)
• 1964 – Harpo Marx, American comedian and actor (b. 1888)
• 1966 – André Breton, French poet (b. 1896)
• 1970 – John Dos Passos, American novelist (b. 1896)
• 1970 – Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egyptian statesman (b. 1918)
• 1978 – Pope John Paul I (b. 1912)
• 1979 – John Herbert Chapman, Canadian physicist (b. 1921)
• 1981 – Rómulo Betancourt, Venezuelan politician (b. 1908)
• 1982 – Mabel Albertson, American actress (b. 1901)
• 1989 – Ferdinand Marcos, Filipino politician (b. 1917)
• 1991 – Miles Davis, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1926)
• 1993 – Peter De Vries, American novelist (b. 1910)
• 1993 – Fraser MacPherson, Canadian jazz saxophonist (b. 1928)
• 1993 – Alexander A. Drabik, American soldier (b. 1910)
• 1994 – Urmas Alender, Estonian singer and musician (b. 1953)
• 1994 – José Francisco Ruiz Massieu, Mexican politician (b. 1946)
• 1994 – Harry Saltzman, American film producer (b. 1915)
• 1996 – Mohammad Najibullah, Afghanistani president (b. 1947)
• 1999 – Escott Reid, Canadian diplomat (b. 1905)
• 2000 – Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1919)
• 2002 – Patsy Mink, American politician (b. 1927)
• 2002 – Hartland Molson, Canadian businessman, politician, and sports executive (b. 1907)
• 2003 – Althea Gibson, American tennis player (b. 1927)
• 2003 – Elia Kazan, Greek-born American film director (b. 1909)
• 2003 – George Odlum, Saint Lucian politician (b. 1934)
• 2004 – Geoffrey Beene, American fashion designer (b. 1924)
• 2004 – Scott Muni, American disc jockey (b. 1930)
• 2005 – Constance Baker Motley, American judge (b. 1921)
• 2007 – René Desmaison, French mountaineer (b. 1930)
• 2007 – Wally Parks, American car racing executive (b. 1913)
• 2009 – Ulf Larsson, Swedish actor (b. 1956)
• 2009 – Guillermo Endara, Panamanian politician (b. 1936)
• 2010 – Kurt Albert, German mountaineer (b. 1954)
• 2010 – Dolores Wilson, American opera singer (b. 1928)

Holidays and observances[link]

• Christian Feast Day:
  • Aaron of Auxerre
  • Annemund
  • Conval
  • Eustochium
  • Exuperius
  • Faustus of Riez
  • Leoba
  • Lorenzo Ruiz
  • Paternus of Auch
  • Wenceslas
  • September 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics).
• Czech Statehood Day (Czech Republic)
• National Day of Awareness and Unity against Child Pornography (The Philippines)
• Teachers' Day (Republic of China and Chinese-Filipino schools in The Philippines), ceremonies dedicated to Confucius are also observed.
• World Rabies Day (International)
• Ask a Stupid Question Day (United States)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: September 28

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

StarStruck is a Philippine over-all talent competition (singing, dancing, acting, hosting) airing on GMA Network. It debuted on October 27, 2003, and has since become one of the most popular shows on Philippine television.

The program seeks to discover new celebrities in the country through a series of nationwide auditions. The Filipino public votes for the outcomes of the later stages through text voting and half of the results are from the judges (more popularly known as council). The judges give critiques of the contestants performances depending on the challenges that are being given to the contestants. Since season 1, the council had a lot of members including Joey de Leon (actor, singer-songwriter and comedian), Joyce Bernal (multi-awarded directress), Ida Henares (GMA Networks Artist Center Head) Christopher de Leon (multi-awarded actor), Louie Ignacio (StarStrucks director), Lorna Tolentino (a grandslam actress), and the late Douglas Quijano (one of showbiz industrys respected talent manager).

The show has been hosted up to the present time by Dingdong Dantes from the first season up to the fourth season, Jolina Magdangal since the second season up to the fourth season, Raymond Gutierrez from the third season and Carla Abellana and Dennis Trillo as the new hosts on the 5th season. Nancy Castiglione co-hosted the show with Dingdong Dantes from the first season.

Format[link]

Across the nation, casting tours are held in different regions, wherein hopeful contestants are screened by preliminary panels to be selected for star quality, acting talent, or humorous potential and human interest. The audition process is long, beginning with thousands of hopefuls showcasing their talents and interviewed by the panelists.

The competition heats-up when the hopefuls are cut down to fourteen young hopefuls and be the official contestants for a respective Season.

The Final Judgment will then award the finalists respective titles. There will be two ultimate survivors, a male and a female, at the end of every season. The winners are determined through the average of the text and online votes plus the decision of the three members of the StarStruck Council. However in Season 3, from the two ultimate survivors, there will be an Ultimate Sole Survivor, which will earn the winner extra prizes. While in Season 4 instead of a final four, the format differentiates by choosing the final six as there will be four big winners for the season, composed of Ultimate Love Team, Ultimate Hunk, and Ultimate Sweet Heart.

Season synopses[link]