- published: 25 Mar 2008
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- author: MisterMaxHeadroom
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Send this Playlist by SMS
1984 George Orwell Movie Trailer (1984)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
New trailer for 1984(1984) starring John Hurt. Edited by Lectorsmith.
http://wn.com/1984_George_Orwell_Movie_Trailer_1984
New trailer for 1984(1984) starring John Hurt. Edited by Lectorsmith.
Video SparkNotes: Orwell's 1984 Summary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:37
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
Check out George Orwell's 1984 Video SparkNote: Quick and easy 1984 synopsis, analysis, and discussion of major characters and themes in the novel. For more ...
http://wn.com/Video_SparkNotes_Orwell's_1984_Summary
Check out George Orwell's 1984 Video SparkNote: Quick and easy 1984 synopsis, analysis, and discussion of major characters and themes in the novel. For more ...
- published: 21 Oct 2009
- views: 288456
- author: VideoSparkNotes
1984 By George Orwell (Audiobook) Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:06
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
1984 By George Orwell Part 1 Audiobook.
http://wn.com/1984_By_George_Orwell_Audiobook_Part_1
1984 Day: Why People Are Protesting The NSA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:00
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
August 4th, 2013 was declared 1984 Day by many people around the country who went out in their cities to protest the NSA spying program. In NYC, people prote...
http://wn.com/1984_Day_Why_People_Are_Protesting_The_NSA
August 4th, 2013 was declared 1984 Day by many people around the country who went out in their cities to protest the NSA spying program. In NYC, people prote...
- published: 05 Aug 2013
- views: 13935
- author: wearechange
Pet Pyar Aur Paap
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 133:25
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
Super hit movie Pet Pyar Aur Paap (1984) Synopsis: The story is about some people living in slums have to struggle for a single good meal in a day.
http://wn.com/Pet_Pyar_Aur_Paap
Super hit movie Pet Pyar Aur Paap (1984) Synopsis: The story is about some people living in slums have to struggle for a single good meal in a day.
- published: 18 Jul 2012
- views: 35644
- author: UltraMovieParlour
1984 vs. 2013: Why Privacy Matters
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:21
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
Pardon Edward Snowden. https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/petition/pardon-edward-snowden/Dp03vGYD SECTION 1 - EDWARD SNOWDEN AND THE NSA Edward Snowden, NSA fi...
http://wn.com/1984_vs_2013_Why_Privacy_Matters
Pardon Edward Snowden. https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/petition/pardon-edward-snowden/Dp03vGYD SECTION 1 - EDWARD SNOWDEN AND THE NSA Edward Snowden, NSA fi...
- published: 14 Jun 2013
- views: 183350
- author: The Amazing Atheist
1984 Movie Trailer - George Orwell (1984)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
O'brien = Obama?
http://wn.com/1984_Movie_Trailer_George_Orwell_1984
The Best Songs Of 1984
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:28
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
The Best Songs Of 1984.
http://wn.com/The_Best_Songs_Of_1984
George Orwell 1984 Full Movie Hollywood best Greatest blockbuster movie Films
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 90:13
- Updated: 01 Aug 2013
Hollywood Greatest Best Blockbuster Movie Films - George Orwell 1984 Full Movie I created this video with the YouTube Video Editor (http://www.youtube.com/ed...
http://wn.com/George_Orwell_1984_Full_Movie_Hollywood_best_Greatest_blockbuster_movie_Films
Hollywood Greatest Best Blockbuster Movie Films - George Orwell 1984 Full Movie I created this video with the YouTube Video Editor (http://www.youtube.com/ed...
- published: 29 Jun 2013
- views: 488
- author: thetrendsvideos
1984 riots: Forgotten chapter?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:51
- Updated: 07 Aug 2013
28 years after one of the darkest chapters in independent India where 3000 Sikhs were massacred in response to the assassination of Indira Gandhi, many can s...
http://wn.com/1984_riots_Forgotten_chapter?
28 years after one of the darkest chapters in independent India where 3000 Sikhs were massacred in response to the assassination of Indira Gandhi, many can s...
- published: 02 Nov 2012
- views: 18310
- author: NDTV
1984 - A film (George Orwell)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 105:38
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
Ha még több online filmet szeretnél nézni: www.highfly.try.hu.
http://wn.com/1984_A_film_George_Orwell
Ha még több online filmet szeretnél nézni: www.highfly.try.hu.
- published: 07 Oct 2012
- views: 107725
- author: Ricsardka
Apple - 1984
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
Apple 1984.
http://wn.com/Apple_1984
Orwell's 1984 (1956) The best one.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 90:14
- Updated: 09 Aug 2013
The classic, 1956 film version of Orwell's, 1984. Colorized and tinted to enhance the dark expressionism. Wikipedia says this was the least favored version o...
http://wn.com/Orwell's_1984_1956_The_best_one
The classic, 1956 film version of Orwell's, 1984. Colorized and tinted to enhance the dark expressionism. Wikipedia says this was the least favored version o...
- published: 07 Apr 2013
- views: 6758
- author: rialcnis
1984 The Movie - part1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
1984 part 1.
http://wn.com/1984_The_Movie_part1
Van Halen - 1984 (FULL ALBUM)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:41
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
Track List: 1. 1984 2. Jump 3. Panama 4. Top Jimmy 5. Drop Dead Legs 6. Hot for Teacher 7. I'll Wait 8. Girl Gone Bad 9. House of Pain.
http://wn.com/Van_Halen_1984_FULL_ALBUM
Track List: 1. 1984 2. Jump 3. Panama 4. Top Jimmy 5. Drop Dead Legs 6. Hot for Teacher 7. I'll Wait 8. Girl Gone Bad 9. House of Pain.
- published: 31 Jan 2013
- views: 100885
- author: RightToRock1985
1984 Finals G6 Lakers-Celtics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 104:23
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
1984 Finals G6 Lakers-Celtics.
http://wn.com/1984_Finals_G6_Lakers-Celtics
Is 1984 Now?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:16
- Updated: 06 Aug 2013
George Orwell's dystopian novel continues to come true in too many ways.
http://wn.com/Is_1984_Now?
George Orwell's dystopian novel continues to come true in too many ways.
- published: 13 Nov 2012
- views: 186401
- author: SenatorRandPaul
"1984 in 2013: The Assault on Reason" - Allan Gregg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 38:54
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
Well-known pollster Allan Gregg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Gregg) stands up as a defender of facts, data and reason as a basis for good public polic...
http://wn.com/1984_in_2013_The_Assault_on_Reason_Allan_Gregg
Well-known pollster Allan Gregg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Gregg) stands up as a defender of facts, data and reason as a basis for good public polic...
- published: 27 Apr 2013
- views: 7548
- author: AB FedLabour
1984 Room 101
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Updated: 03 Aug 2013
This video is used for educational, journalistic, and informational purposes only as outlined in the Fair Use Notice. "FAIR USE NOTICE: The material on this...
http://wn.com/1984_Room_101
This video is used for educational, journalistic, and informational purposes only as outlined in the Fair Use Notice. "FAIR USE NOTICE: The material on this...
- published: 06 Apr 2011
- views: 51931
- author: TheFucksYourProblem
Is 2013 Actually '1984'?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:07
- Updated: 03 Aug 2013
Does Google know who you are even if you're using a different computer? Are retailers tracking which products you look at on their shelves? Can a laser tell ...
http://wn.com/Is_2013_Actually_'1984'?
Does Google know who you are even if you're using a different computer? Are retailers tracking which products you look at on their shelves? Can a laser tell ...
- published: 12 Jun 2013
- views: 32110
- author: THNKR
The Lost 1984 Video: young Steve Jobs introduces the Macintosh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:11
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
The Original 1984 Macintosh Introduction: the magic moment, when Steve Jobs unveils the Macintosh and releases it from its bag. We've found these historical ...
http://wn.com/The_Lost_1984_Video_young_Steve_Jobs_introduces_the_Macintosh
The Original 1984 Macintosh Introduction: the magic moment, when Steve Jobs unveils the Macintosh and releases it from its bag. We've found these historical ...
- published: 24 Jan 2009
- views: 2349760
- author: macessentials
Footloose Final Dance 1984 to 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
The Original 1984 Footloose dance, followed up by the adaptation of it to 2011 styles of dancing. I apologize for the video quality issue with the second hal...
http://wn.com/Footloose_Final_Dance_1984_to_2011
The Original 1984 Footloose dance, followed up by the adaptation of it to 2011 styles of dancing. I apologize for the video quality issue with the second hal...
- published: 08 Apr 2013
- views: 438180
- author: nugeproductions93
Behind the scenes of "1984" starring John Hurt and Richard Burton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:28
- Updated: 07 Aug 2013
BE SURE TO CHECK OUT "Richard Burton, when will they make a film about the legendary actor? at http://www.facebook.com/pages/Richard-Burton-when-will-they-...
http://wn.com/Behind_the_scenes_of_1984_starring_John_Hurt_and_Richard_Burton
BE SURE TO CHECK OUT "Richard Burton, when will they make a film about the legendary actor? at http://www.facebook.com/pages/Richard-Burton-when-will-they-...
- published: 21 Sep 2010
- views: 12794
- author: BigCountryJASon
photo: AP / Toby Talbot
05 Oct 2013
Negotiations on a sweeping free trade pact between the US and the EU have been postponed because of a partial government shutdown in America. US officials had been due in Brussels next week to discuss the deal aimed at boosting bilateral ties. US President Barack Obama earlier cancelled his trip to Asia because of the shutdown. The US government closed non-essential operations on Tuesday after Congress failed to agree a new budget ... ....(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
03 Oct 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. The larger picture of the U.S. government's slowdown (incorrectly labeled "shutdown") is a struggle over a centralized and incoherent bureaucracy that continues to seize trillions of dollars more than what it spends. This reckless taxation and spending has created an other-governance dependency for some, while others still believe in self-governance ... Constitution originally intended....(size: 6.8Kb)
photo: AP / Charles Dharapak
03 Oct 2013
US President Barack Obama has warned that Wall Street should be concerned that a conservative faction of Republicans is willing to allow the country to default on its debt. The US government has partially closed after Congress failed to agree a budget and will run out of cash on 17 October unless its debt ceiling is raised. In a TV interview on Wednesday, Mr Obama said he was "exasperated" ... Read more from Mark ... James Clapper ... ....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Luis Soto
05 Oct 2013
MEXICO CITY — An alleged drug cartel leader suspected of masterminding the June slayings of nine Guatemalan federal policemen was arrested Friday in the southern Mexico border state of Chiapas, officials said ... The assailants fatally shot eight officers and abducted a police sub-inspector, whose partial remains were found later. The attack may have been in retribution for a cocaine seizure ... (link in Spanish) ... ALSO. ... Twitter ... 0 ... ....(size: 6.8Kb)
photo: US Army / Eddie Siguenza
05 Oct 2013
KABUL, Afghanistan — The United States and Afghanistan have reached an impasse in their talks over the role that American forces will play here beyond next year, officials from both countries say, raising the distinct possibility of a total withdrawal — an outcome that the Pentagon’s top military commanders dismissed just months ago. Connect With Us on Twitter. Follow @nytimesworld for international breaking news and headlines ... Mr ... U.S ... ....(size: 6.7Kb)
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The Times of India
06 Oct 2013
KANPUR. Anupam Shyam Ojha, famous for his character called Sajjan Kumar from the serial 'Pratigya', was in the city on Saturday to campaign in favour of BJP's prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi ... The actor was also questioned about his liking for Modi ... He censured the riots that took place and said in the Anti-Sikh riots of 1984, he saved several houses from getting burnt at his native place in Pratapgarh ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
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Indianapolis Star
06 Oct 2013
A few minutes before 2 a.m., the Purdue pharmacy student stopped breathing. Her body poisoned with alcohol beyond its capacity to function, her gag reflex deadened, her throat clogged with vomit, the 20-year-old woman slumped in the dining room of a fraternity early last Saturday, rapidly suffocating ... There were no riots, like the infamous alcohol-fueled debacle that rocked the community back in 1984 ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
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The Times of India
06 Oct 2013
HYDERABAD. In a historic decision, the Church of South India appointed its first woman Bishop, who hails from a small village in Kurnool. With her appointment Rev E Pushpalalitha becomes the first woman bishop of the Anglican family churches in South Asia, top CSI officials said ... "We were surprised by the decision ... Rev Pushpalalitha who was born in Diguvapadu, Kurnool district in 1956 got her pastor post in 1984 ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
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The Australian
06 Oct 2013
THIS year's gruelling Coolangatta Gold ocean and beach race will have a new men's champion following the withdrawal of defending title holder Ali Day of Mooloolaba ... Victory would see the trophy return to NSW for the first time since Darren Mercer's win for Thirroul in 1992 and before that in 1984 and 1985 when Manly's Guy Leech won the inaugural Coolangatta Gold races that inspired a movie of the same name ... . . ....(size: 2.7Kb)
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The Times of India
06 Oct 2013
The politicians of Bihar have given a cynical new spin to the old saying that behind every successful man is a woman. Take the case of Ajay Singh, whose mother Kaushalya Devi was the Janata Dal (United) MLA from Daraunda in Siwan ... So Singh, a bachelor, decided on a different strategy ... And Manorma Singh of Congress, wife of former chief minister Chandrashekhar Singh, defeated George Fernandes from Banka in 1984 ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
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The State
06 Oct 2013
Players who have hit two or more home runs in one game during the playoffs.. Game 4, 2012 — Jhonny Peralta, Detroit vs. New York, 2. Game 6, 2011 — Miguel Cabrera, Detroit at Texas, 2. Game 5, 2011 — Delmon Young, Detroit vs. Texas, 2. Game 2, 2011 — Nelson Cruz, Texas vs. Detroit, 2. Game 4, 2010 — Josh Hamilton, Texas at New York, 2 ... Oakland, 2 ... Detroit, 2 ... St ... Game 1, 1984 — Gary Matthews, Chicago vs....(size: 5.3Kb)
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noodls
06 Oct 2013
(Source. Louisiana Tech University). Louisiana Tech University's annual Alumni Awards Luncheon will be held at noon Oct. 18 in the Louisiana Tech Student Center as part of this year's Homecoming festivities. Steve Davison of Choudrant will be honored as Louisiana Tech's 2013 Alumnus of the Year while Brent Tippen is the 2013 Young Alumnus of the Year ... Susan Stierheim Adams, a 1984 and 1995 graduate ... O.K ... Written by T ... distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 7.1Kb)
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Huffington Post
06 Oct 2013
(RNS) They’re rarely at worship services and indifferent to doctrine. And they’re surprisingly fuzzy on Jesus ... But it’s not just Jews. It’s a phenomenon among U.S. Christians, too ... Also on HuffPost ... Catholics touch an icon of the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ as it is taken along with the World Youth Day (WYD) Cross that in 1984 Pope John Paul II entrusted the youth of the world, across Rocinha shantytown in Rio de Janeiro on July 18, 2013....(size: 12.9Kb)
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05-10-2013 - Noel King names final 23 man squad to face Germany and Kazakhstan (FAI - The Football Association of Ireland)
noodls05 Oct 2013
(Source. FAI - The Football Association of Ireland). Noel King today announced his final squad to face Germany (October 11 in Cologne) and Kazakhstan (October 15 in Aviva Stadium) after naming a provisional squad earlier this week. Damien Delaney, who was added into the provisional squad on Thursday after he passed a late fitness test at his club, remains in the final squad ... Name. Club. DOB. Caps. Goals ... 12. 0 ... 23/10/1984 ... 28/12/1984 ... 13/01/1984....(size: 3.3Kb)
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The Times of India
05 Oct 2013
WASHINGTON. US President Barack Obama has named yet another Indian American, Kerala University physics graduate Arun M Kumar, to lead the trade promotion arm of the US Commerce Department charged with helping US companies succeed in markets around the world ... From 1980 to 1984, he was the controller of Elxsi Inc and from 1984 to 1988 co-founder, CFO, and Vice President of Operations for Cydrome, Inc, a minisupercomputer company ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
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The Siasat Daily
05 Oct 2013
Washington, October 05. ... Nominating Kumar with four other individuals to key administration posts, Obama said. "The extraordinary dedication these men and women bring to their new roles will greatly serve the American people." ... From 1980 to 1984, he was the controller of Elxsi Inc and from 1984 to 1988 co-founder, CFO, and vice president of Operations for Cydrome, Inc, a minisupercomputer company ... Recommend Twitter. Comments(0)....(size: 3.1Kb)
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Just Skank Presents - Alix Perez (Shogun Audio) Compa (Deep Medi) + More | South Nightclub - 18th October tickets
Skiddle05 Oct 2013
With a history of critically acclaimed releases on legendary labels such as Metalheadz, V recordings and Soul.R, Alix goes on to sign exclusively to Friction's very own imprint Shogun Audio, the home of his remarkable debut album "1984". Straying from the traditional confines of Drum and Bass, 1984 goes onto be one of the most highly anticipated and ......(size: 7.6Kb)
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Huffington Post
05 Oct 2013
A legend of the Detroit Tigers' past encountered the biggest star of the franchise's present before the team took on the Oakland A's in Game 1 of the 2013 ALDS -- and they hugged. Hall of Famer Al Kaline, who earned the nickname "Mr ... "He’s by far the best hitter I’ve ever seen being in Detroit," Kaline told MLive during the 2013 season ... He knows a few things about hitting in Detroit. Also on HuffPost ... 1984 World Series - Tigers ... 14, 1984 ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
This article is about the year 1984. For the number, see 1984 (number). For the novel by George Orwell, see Nineteen Eighty-Four. For other uses, see 1984 (disambiguation).
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1950s 1960s 1970s – 1980s – 1990s 2000s 2010s |
| Years: | 1981 1982 1983 – 1984 – 1985 1986 1987 |
| 1984 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1984 MCMLXXXIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2737 |
| Armenian calendar | 1433 ԹՎ ՌՆԼԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6734 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 140–141 |
| Bengali calendar | 1391 |
| Berber calendar | 2934 |
| British Regnal year | 32 Eliz. 2 – 33 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2528 |
| Burmese calendar | 1346 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7492–7493 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸亥年十一月廿九日 (4620/4680-11-29) — to —
甲子年十一月初十日(4621/4681-11-10) |
| Coptic calendar | 1700–1701 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1976–1977 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5744–5745 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2040–2041 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1906–1907 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5085–5086 |
| Holocene calendar | 11984 |
| Iranian calendar | 1362–1363 |
| Islamic calendar | 1404–1405 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 59 (昭和59年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4317 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 73 民國73年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2527 |
| Unix time | 441763200–473385599 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1984 |
1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year that started on a Sunday, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It is the 1984th year of the Common Era or A.D.; the 984th year of the 2nd millennium; the 84th year of the 20th century; and the 5th year of the 1980s decade.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1
- US Bell System is broken up.
- Brunei becomes a fully independent state.
- January 3 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan meets with Navy Lieutenant Robert Goodman and the Reverend Jesse Jackson at the White House, following Lieutenant Goodman's release from Syrian captivity.
- January 7 – Brunei becomes the 6th member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
- January 10
- The United States and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations.[1]
- Victoria Agreement signed.
- January 18 – The Mitsui Miike coal mine explosion at Ōmuta, Fukuoka, Japan kills 83.
- January 24 – The Apple Macintosh is introduced.
February[link]
- February 1 – Medicare comes into effect in Australia.
- February 3
- Dr. John Buster and the research team at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center announce history's first embryo transfer, from one woman to another resulting in a live birth.
- STS-41-B: Space Shuttle Challenger is launched on the 10th space shuttle mission.
- February 7 – Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk.
- February 8 – The 1984 Winter Olympics open in Sarajevo, SFRY.
- February 13 – Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
- February 19 – The 1984 Winter Olympics close in Sarajevo.
- February 26 – United States Marines pull out of Beirut, Lebanon.
- February 29 – Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau announces his retirement.
March[link]
- March 5 – Iran accuses Iraq of using chemical weapons; the United Nations condemns their use on March 30.
- March 6 – A year-long strike action begins in the British coal industry (see UK Miners' Strike (1984-1985)).
- March 14 – Sinn Féin's Gerry Adams and 3 others are seriously injured in a gun attack by the UVF.
- March 16 – The CIA station chief in Beirut, William Francis Buckley, is kidnapped by Islamic Jihad and later dies in captivity.
- March 22 – Teachers at the McMartin Preschool in Manhattan Beach, California are charged with Satanic ritual abuse of the schoolchildren (the charges are later dropped as completely unfounded).
- March 23 – General Rahimuddin Khan becomes the first man in Pakistan's history to rule over 2 of its provinces, after becoming interim Governor of Sindh.
April[link]
- April 2 – Indian Squadron Leader Rakesh Sharma is launched into space, aboard the Soyuz T-11.
- April 4 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan calls for an international ban on chemical weapons.
- April 9 – The 56th Academy Awards, hosted by Johnny Carson, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion.
- April 12 – Palestinian gunmen take Israeli Bus Number 300 hostage. Israeli special forces storm the bus, freeing the hostages (1 hostage, 2 hijackers killed).
- April 13 – India launches Operation Meghdoot, as most of the Siachen Glacier in Kashmir comes under Indian control.
- April 15 – British comedian Tommy Cooper suffers a massive heart attack and dies while live on TV.
- April 17 – WPC Yvonne Fletcher is shot and killed by a secluded gunman leading to a police siege of the Libyan Embassy in London.
- April 19 – Advance Australia Fair is proclaimed as Australia's national anthem, and green and gold as the national colours.
- April 25 – The term of Sultan Ahmad Shah as the 7th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ends.
- April 26 – Sultan Iskandar, Sultan of Johor, becomes the 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
May[link]
- May 2 – The Liverpool International Garden Festival opens in Liverpool.
- May 5 – The Herreys win the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 for Sweden, with the song Diggi-Loo, Diggi-Ley.
- May 8
- The Soviet Union announces that it will boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.
- Denis Lortie kills 3 government employees in the National Assembly of Quebec building.
- May 11 – A transit of Earth from Mars takes place.
- May 12 – The Louisiana World's Fair opens.
- May 14 – The one dollar coin is introduced in Australia.
- May 23 – Methane gas explosion at Abbeystead water treatment works in Lancashire, England kills 16 people.
- May 27 – An overnight flash flood rages through neighborhoods in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Nearly 15 inches of rain falls in some areas over a four-hour period. 14 people are killed.
- May 31 – Mecklenburg Correctional Center - 6 inmates - including James and Linwood Briley escape from a death row facility, the first and only occasion this has ever happened in the US.
June[link]
- June 1 – William M. Gibbons is released as receiver and trustee of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railroad, after all of its debts and creditors are paid off by order of a federal bankruptcy court.
- June 5 – The Indian government begins Operation Blue Star, the planned attack on the Golden Temple in Amritsar.
- June 6 – Indian troops storm the Golden Temple at Amritsar, the Sikhs' holiest shrine, killing an estimated 2,000 people.
- June 8 – A deadly F5 tornado nearly destroys the town of Barneveld, Wisconsin, killing 9 people, injuring nearly 200, and causing over $25,000,000 in damage.
- June 20 – The biggest exam shake-up in the British education system in over 10 years is announced, with O-level and CSE exams to be replaced by a new exam, the GCSE.
- June 22
- The official name of the Turkish city Urfa is changed into Şanlıurfa.
- Virgin Atlantic Airways makes its inaugural flight.
- June 27 – France beats Spain 2–0 to win the Euro 84.
- June 28 – Richard Ramírez, aka the "Night Stalker," murders his first confirmed victim.
- June 30 – John Napier Turner becomes Canada's 17th Prime Minister.
July[link]
- July 13 – Terry Wallis, a nineteen-year old living in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas falls into a deep coma after a severe automobile accident. He would eventually awaken nineteen years later on June 13, 2003.
- July 14 – New Zealand Prime Minister Robert Muldoon calls a snap election and is heavily defeated by opposition Labour leader David Lange.
- July 18
- Beverly Lynn Burns becomes the first woman Boeing 747 captain in the world.
- In San Ysidro, California, 41-year-old James Oliver Huberty sprays a McDonald's restaurant with gunfire, killing 21 people before being shot and killed.
File:1984-Newspaper-Vending-Machine.jpg
Newspaper vending machine featuring news of the 1984 Summer Olympics, which opened on July 28.
- July 23 – Vanessa Lynn Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown, after nude photos of her appear in Penthouse magazine.
- July 25 – Salyut 7: Cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk.
- July 28–August 12 – The 1984 Summer Olympics are held in Los Angeles, California.
August[link]
- August 1 – Australian banks are deregulated.
- August 4 – The African republic Upper Volta changes its name to Burkina Faso.
- August 11 – United States President Ronald Reagan, during a voice check for a radio broadcast remarks, "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes".
- August 16 – John De Lorean is acquitted of all 8 charges of possessing and distributing cocaine.
- August 17 – Peru recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
- August 21 – Half a million people in Manila demonstrate against the regime of Ferdinand Marcos.
- August 28 – Josef Fritzl drugs and incarcerates his daughter Elisabeth in a secret cellar, in Amstetten, Austria; she was released only after 24 years of sexual abuse and mental ordeal.
- August 30 – STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery takes off on its maiden voyage.
September[link]
- September 2 – Seven people are shot and killed and 12 wounded in the Milperra massacre, a shootout between the rival motorcycle gangs Bandidos and Comancheros in Sydney.
- September 4
- The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, led by Brian Mulroney, wins 211 seats in the House of Commons, forming the largest majority government in Canadian history.
- The Sandinista Front wins the Nicaraguan general elections.
- September 5
- STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery lands after its maiden voyage.
- Western Australia becomes the last Australian state to abolish capital punishment.
- September 14 – P. W. Botha is inaugurated as the first executive State President of South Africa.
- September 17 – Brian Mulroney is sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada.
- September 18 – Joe Kittinger becomes the first person to cross the Atlantic, solo, in a hot air balloon.
- September 20 – Hezbollah car-bombs the U.S. Embassy annex in Beirut, killing 22 people.
- September 26 – The United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China sign the initial agreement to return Hong Kong to China in 1997.
October[link]
- October 2 - Charlie Schmidt created the video tape recording video of Keyboard Cat
- October 4 – Tim Macartney-Snape and Greg Mortimer become the first Australians to summit Mount Everest.
- October 5 – STS-41-G: Marc Garneau becomes the first Canadian in space, aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger.
- October 11 – Aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger, astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan becomes the first American woman to perform a space walk.
- October 12 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) attempts to assassinate Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the British Cabinet in the Brighton hotel bombing.
- October 19 – Polish secret police kidnap Jerzy Popiełuszko, a Catholic priest who supports the Solidarity movement. His dead body is found in a reservoir 11 days later on October 30.
- October 23 – The world learns from moving BBC News TV reports that a famine is plaguing Ethiopia, where thousands of people have already died of starvation due to a famine and as many as 10,000,000 more lives are at risk. [1]
- October 25 – The European Economic Community makes £1.8 million available to help combat the Ethiopian famine. [2]
- October 31 – Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by her 2 Sikh security guards. Anti-Sikh riots break out. Rajiv Gandhi becomes prime minister of India.
November[link]
- November 6 – United States presidential election, 1984: Ronald Reagan defeats Walter F. Mondale with 59% of the popular vote, the highest since Richard Nixon's 61% victory in 1972. Reagan carries 49 states in the electoral college; Mondale wins only his home state of Minnesota by a mere 3,761 vote margin and the District of Columbia.
- November 9 – Cesar Chavez delivers his speech, "What The Future Holds For Farm Workers And Hispanics", at the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco.
- November 14 – Zamboanga City mayor Cesar Climaco, a prominent critic of the government of Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, is assassinated in his home city.
- November 19 – A series of explosions at the PEMEX Petroleum Storage Facility at San Juan Ixhuatepec, in Mexico City, ignites a major fire and kills about 500 people.
- November 25
- An East Rail train derails between Sheung Shui and Fanling stations, Hong Kong.
- Band Aid records the charity single "Do They Know It's Christmas?" to raise money to combat the famine in Ethiopia. It is released December 3, 1984.[2]
- November 28 – Over 250 years after their deaths, William Penn and his wife Hannah Callowhill Penn are made Honorary Citizens of the United States.
- November 30 – The Tamil Tigers begin the purge of the Sinhalese from North and East Sri Lanka; 127 are killed.
December[link]
- December – A peace agreement between Kenya and Somalia is signed in the Egyptian capital Cairo. With this agreement, in which Somalia officially renounces its historical territorial claims, relations between the two countries began to improve.
- December 1 – Controlled Impact Demonstration: NASA crashes a remote controlled Boeing 720.
- December 2 – Bob Hawke's government is re-elected in Australia with a reduced majority.
- December 3
- Bhopal Disaster: A methyl isocyanate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, kills more than 8,000 people outright and injures over half a million (with more later dying from their injuries the death toll is now 23,000+) in the worst industrial disaster in history.
- British Telecom is privatised.
- December 4 – Hezbollah militants hijack a Kuwait Airlines plane and kill 4 passengers.
- December 14 – Nigeria recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
- December 19 – The People's Republic of China and United Kingdom sign the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the future of Hong Kong.
- December 22
- Four African-American youths (Barry Allen, Troy Canty, James Ramseur, and Darrell Cabey) board an express train in The Bronx borough of New York City. They attempt to rob Bernhard Goetz, who shoots them. The event starts a national debate about urban crime in the United States.
- In Malta, Prime Minister Dom Mintoff resigns.
- December 28 – A Soviet cruise missile plunges into Inarinjärvi lake in Finnish Lapland. Finnish authorities announce the fact in public on January 3, 1985.
Date unknown[link]
- Famine in Ethiopia begins and kills a million people by the end of 1984. (1984 Famine in Ethiopia).
- Crack, a smokeable form of cocaine, is first introduced into the Los Angeles area and soon spreads across the United States in what becomes known as the Crack Epidemic.
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Michael Witt, Australian rugby league player
- January 2 - Kristen Hager, Canadian film and television actress
- January 8
- Jeff Francoeur, American baseball player
- Steven Kanumba, Tanzanian actor and director (d. 2012)
- January 10 – Marouane Chamakh, Moroccan football player
- January 12 – Scott Olsen, American baseball player
- January 13
- Eleni Ioannou, Greek martial artist (d. 2004)
- Nathaniel Motte, American songwriter, performer, singer, music producer, film composer, instrumentalist, and playwright (3OH!3)
- January 15
- Megan Quann, American swimmer
- Victor Rasuk, American actor
- January 16 – Craig Beattie, Scottish footballer
- January 17
- Sophie Dee, American pornographic actress
- Cassie Hager, American basketball player
- Calvin Harris, Scottish singer-songwriter
- January 18 – Seung-hui Cho, Korean-born American Virginia Tech massacre gunman (d. 2007)
- January 19
- Thomas Vanek, Austrian Hockey player
- Trent Cutler, Australian rugby league player
- Zakia Mrisho Mohamed, Tanzanian long distance runner
- Felicity Jones, English actress
- January 20
- Toni Gonzaga, Filipina actress and singer
- Olivia Hallinan, English actress
- January 21 – Richard Gutierrez, Filipino actor
- January 22 – Raica Oliveira, Brazilian supermodel
- January 23 – Arjen Robben, Dutch footballer
- January 24 – Witold Kiełtyka, Polish musician (d. 2007)
- January 25
- Robinho, Brazilian footballer
- Stefan Kiessling, German football player
- January 26 – Luo Xuejuan, Chinese swimmer
- January 27 - Davetta Sherwood, American actress and musician
- January 28 – Andre Iguodala, American basketball player
- January 29
- Nuno Morais, Portuguese footballer
- Natalie du Toit, South African swimmer
- January 30
- Chad Power, American actor
- Kid Cudi, American hip hop artist
- Xi Zhang, Chinese contemporary artist
February[link]
- February 1
- Lee Thompson Young, American actor
- Darren Fletcher, Scottish football player
- February 3 – Kim Joon, South Korean rapper, actor, and model
- February 4 – Mauricio Pinilla, Chilean footballer
- February 5
- Nate Salley, American football player
- Carlos Tévez, Argentinian football player
- February 6 – Darren Bent, English footballer
- February 9
- Han Geng, Chinese singer in Korea (Super Junior)
- Logan Bartholomew, American actor
- February 10 – Kim Hyo Jin, Korean actress
- February 11 - Aubrey O'Day, American singer and actress
- February 14 - Robbie Jones, American television and film actor
- February 15 – Dorota Rabczewska, Polish singer and model
- February 16 – Oussama Mellouli, Tunisian swimmer
- February 17 – AB de Villiers, South African Cricketer
- February 18 – Genelle Williams, Canadian actress
- February 20 – Ben Lovejoy, American hockey player
- February 21 – Karina, Japanese model and actress
- February 22 - Tommy Bowe, Irish rugby union footballer
- February 25
- Filip Šebo, Slovak footballer
- Xing Huina, Chinese athlete
- February 26
- Beren Saat, Turkish actress
- Emmanuel Adebayor, Togoleise footballer
- February 28 – Karolína Kurková, Czech model
- February 29
- Alicia Hollowell, American softball pitcher
- Cullen Jones, American swimmer
March[link]
- March 1
- Naima Mora, winner of America's Next Top Model cycle 4
- Claudio Bieler, Argentinian football player
- March 3 – Hayley Marie Norman, American actress and model
- March 4
- Tamir Cohen, Israeli footballer
- Ai Iwamura, Japanese actress
- Zak Whitbread, American soccer player
- March 7
- Dani Woodward, American porn star
- Brandon T. Jackson, American stand-up comedian, actor and rapper
- March 8
- Ross Taylor, New Zealand cricketer
- Nora Jane Noone, Irish actress
- March 9 – Julia Mancuso, US Olympic medalist
- March 10 – Olivia Wilde, American actress
- March 12 - Jaimie Alexander, American actress
- March 16
- Michael Ennis, Australian rugby league player
- Hosea Gear, New Zealand Rugby Union player
- March 20
- Fernando Torres, Spanish football player
- Nomura Yuka, Japanese actress
- Christy Carlson Romano, American stage and film actress
- March 21 - Kerry Bishé, American model, actress and reality television star
- March 24
- Chris Bosh, American basketball player
- Park Bom, Korean singer
- March 25 – Katharine McPhee, American Idol finalist
- March 26
- Stéphanie Lapointe, Canadian singer
- Sara Jean Underwood, American model
- March 28 – Nikki Sanderson, English actress
- March 30
- Anna Nalick, American singer
- Samantha Stosur, Australian tennis player
April[link]
- April 2 - Shawn Roberts, Canadian actor
- April 3 – Allana Slater, Australian gymnast
- April 4 – Sean May, American basketball player
- April 5 – Marshall Allman, American actor
- April 7 – Alex Smith, American football player
- April 8
- Júlia Liptáková, Slovak model
- Kirsten Storms, American actress
- April 9
- Adam Loewen, Canadian pitcher
- Linda Chung, Canadian TVB actress and singer
- April 10
- Mandy Moore, American singer and actress
- Cara DeLizia, American actress
- Natasha Melnick, American television and film actress
- April 11 - Kelli Garner, American actress
- April 13 – Kris Britt, Australian cricketer
- April 14 – Kyle Coetzer, Scottish cricketer
- April 16 - Claire Foy, English actress
- April 17 - Rosanna Davison, Irish model
- April 18 – America Ferrera, American actress
- April 19 – Lee Da Hae, South Korean actress
- April 20
- John Jairo Castillo, Colombian football player
- Tyson Griffin, American MMA fighter
- Nelson Evora, Portuguese athlete
- April 22
- Michelle Ryan, English actress
- Amelle Berrabah, British singer (Sugababes)
- Breanne Benson, Albanian pornographic actress
- April 23 – Alexandra Kosteniuk, Russian chess player
- April 24 – Tyson Ritter, American singer/songwriter (The All-American Rejects)
- April 25 – Melonie Diaz, American actress
- April 26 - Brett Novek, American male fashion model and actor
- April 27 – Patrick Stump, American singer (Fall Out Boy)
- April 29
- Taylor Cole, American actress and model
- Lina Krasnoroutskaya, Russian tennis player and commentator
- Pham Van Quyen, Vietnamese footballer
May[link]
- May 1
- Alexander Farnerud, Swedish footballer
- Keiichiro Koyama, Japanese singer (NEWS) and actor
- Kerry Bishé, American actress
- May 3 – Cheryl Burke, American professional dancer
- May 4 – Little Boots, English pop singer
- May 8 – Martin Compston, Scottish actor and former professional footballer
- May 11 – Andrés Iniesta, Spanish footballer
- May 12 – Junie Browning, American MMA fighter
- May 14
- Michael Rensing, German footballer
- Mark Zuckerberg, Founder and CEO of Facebook
- Gary Ablett Jr., Australian rules footballer
- May 17
- Christine Robinson, Canadian water polo player
- Andreas Kofler, Austrian ski jumper
- May 20 – Naturi Naughton, American singer and actress
- May 23 – Sam Milby, Filipino-American actor, host, singer and model
- May 24 – Sarah Hagan, American actress
- May 25
- Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir, "Miss Iceland", crowned Miss World in 2005
- Kyle Brodziak, Canadian ice hockey player
- Nikolai Pokotylo, Russian singer
- Marion Raven, Norwegian singer-songwriter, former child actress
- May 27 – Darin Brooks, American actor
- May 29
- Kaycee Stroh, American actress
- Carmelo Anthony, American basketball player
- May 31
- Jason Smith, Australian actor
- Milorad Čavić, Serbian swimmer
June[link]
- June 1
- Oliver Tielemans, Dutch race-car driver
- Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar, Mongolian judoka
- Taylor Handley, American actor
- June 4
- Rainie Yang, Taiwanese singer
- Jillian Murray, American Actress
- June 7 – Ari Koivunen, Finnish singer
- June 8
- Todd Boeckman, American football player
- Andrea Casiraghi, Prince of Monaco
- Javier Mascherano, Argentinian footballer
- Torrey DeVitto, American actress and former fashion model
- June 9 – Wesley Sneijder, Dutch footballer
- June 11 – Vágner Love, Brazilian footballer
- June 13 – Bérengère Schuh, French archer
- June 14 - Yury Prilukov, Russian swimmer
- June 15 – Tim Lincecum, American baseball player
- June 16
- Rick Nash, Canadian hockey player
- Emiri Miyasaka, Japanese model
- June 17 – John Gallagher Jr., American actor, singer and dancer
- June 19 - Paul Dano, American actor and producer
- June 23 – Duffy, Welsh singer
- June 24 – J. J. Redick, American basketball player
- June 25
- Lauren Bush-Lauren, American model
- Indigo (actress), American television and voice actress
- June 26
- Raymond Felton, American basketball player
- Lauren Harris, British vocalist
- Aubrey Plaza, American actress
- June 27
- Emma Lahana, New Zealand actress
- Khloé Kardashian, Television personality
- June 29 – Chris Egan, Australian actor
- June 30 – Fantasia Barrino, American singer
July[link]
- July 1 – Donald Thomas, Bahamian high jumper
- July 2 – Vanessa Lee Chester, American television and film actress
- July 3
- Corey Sevier, Canadian actor
- Syed Rasel, Bangladeshi cricketer
- Manny Lawson, American Football player
- July 4 – Jin Akanishi, Japanese singer (KAT-TUN) and actor
- July 5 - Danay García, Cuban film actress
- July 6
- Lauren Harris, English singer
- D. Woods, American R&B singer, dancer, and actress
- July 7 - Mohammad Ashraful, Bangladeshi cricketer
- July 9
- LA Tenorio, Filipino professional basketball player
- Hanna R. Hall, American actress
- Caroline D'Amore, American model, and actress
- July 11
- Tanith Belbin, Canadian figure skater
- Joe Pavelski, American hockey player
- Rachael Taylor, Australian actress
- July 12
- Gareth Gates, English singer
- Michael McGovern, Northern Irish footballer
- July 16 – Katrina Kaif, Indian actress and model
- July 17 – Asami Kimura, Japanese singer
- July 18
- Lee Barnard, English footballer
- Josh Harding, Canadian hockey player
- July 19
- Lasse Gjertsen, Norwegian videographer
- Diana Mocanu, Romanian swimmer
- Alessandra De Rossi, Italian-Filipina actress
- July 21 – Paul Davis, American basketball player
- July 23
- Brandon Roy, National Basketball Association player
- Celeste Thorson, Asian American actress, model
- July 24 – Tyler Kyte, Canadian actor/singer
- July 26 – Kyriakos Ioannou, Cypriot high jumper
- July 28 – Zach Parise, American hockey player
- July 27
- Taylor Schilling, American actress
- Antoine Bethea, professional American football
- July 29 – Todd Bosley, American actor
- July 30
- Anna Bessonova, Ukrainian rhythmic gymnast
- Gabrielle Christian, American actress
August[link]
- August 1 – Bastian Schweinsteiger, German football player
- August 2 – Brandon Browner, National Football League player
- August 3
- Carah Faye Charnow, American singer for the band Shiny Toy Guns
- Kyle Schmid, Canadian actor
- August 6 – Marco Airosa, Angolan footballer
- August 10
- Ryan Eggold, American film and television actor
- Mariel Rodriguez, Filipina actress & model
- August 11 - Melky Cabrera, Major League Baseball outfielder for the Kansas City Royals
- August 12
- Yua Aida, Japanese model and pornographic actress
- Marian Rivera, Filipina actress
- Sherone Simpson, Jamaican athlete
- August 13 - James Morrison, English singer/songwriter and guitarist
- August 14
- Clay Buchholz, Major League Baseball Pitcher
- Robin Söderling, Swedish tennis player
- August 15 - Quinton Aaron, American actor
- August 17 – Garrett Wolfe, American pro football player
- August 19 – Micah Alberti, American model and actor
- August 20
- Mirai Moriyama, Japanese actor
- Tsokye Karchung, Bhutanese beauty queen, Miss Bhutan 2008
- August 21
- Alizée Jacotey, French singer
- Melissa Schuman, American singer and actress
- August 22 – Lee Camp, English footballer
- August 23 - Glen Johnson, English footballer
- August 24
- Kyle Schmid, Canadian actor
- Charlie Villanueva, American basketball player
- Yesung, Korean singer (Super Junior)
- August 25 – Alvin Banks, American football player
- August 27 – Josh Duhon, American actor
- August 28
- Him Law, Hong Kong actor
- Sarah Roemer, American model and actress
- August 31
- Ryan Kesler, American ice hockey player
- Charl Schwartzel, South African golfer
September[link]
- September 2 – Danson Tang, Taiwanese actor, model, and singer
- September 3 – Garrett Hedlund, American actor
- September 5 – Trey Hill, Grammy-nominated musician
- September 6 – Orsi Kocsis, Hungarian model
- September 7
- Farveez Maharoof, Sri Lankan cricketer
- Vera Zvonareva, Russian tennis player
- Kate Lang Johnson, American actress and model
- September 10 – Luke Treadaway, English actor
- September 12 – September, Swedish singer and songwriter
- September 14 – Adam Lamberg, American actor
- September 15 – Prince Harry of Wales, British Prince and son of Charles, Prince of Wales and Diana, Princess of Wales
- September 16
- Sabrina Bryan, American actress and singer
- Katie Melua, Georgian singer
- September 18
- Jack Carpenter, American actor
- Dizzee Rascal, English rapper
- September 19 – Kevin Zegers, Canadian actor
- September 20
- Brian Joubert, French figure skater
- Holly Weber, American actress and model
- September 21 - Dwayne Bowe, American football
- September 22
- Theresa Fu, Hong Kong singer and actress
- Laura Vandervoort, Canadian actress
- MyAnna Buring, Swedish actress
- September 23
- Anneliese van der Pol, Dutch-born actress
- Gabrielle Christian, American television and film actress and model
- Kate French, American television and film actress and model
- September 25
- Rashad McCants, National Basketball Association player
- Zach Woods, American actor and comedian
- September 26 – Keisha Buchanan, British singer (Sugababes)
- September 27 – Avril Lavigne, Canadian singer
- September 28
- Melody Thornton, American singer (Pussycat Dolls)
- Helen Oyeyemi, British novelist
- September 30 – Megan Ewing, American model
October[link]
- October 1 – Matt Cain, American baseball player
- October 2
- John Morris, American actor
- Marion Bartoli, French professional tennis player
- October 3
- Chris Marquette, American actor
- Ashlee Simpson, American singer and actress
- Anthony Le Tallec, French footballer
- Yoon Eun Hye, Korean singer, model, actress and entertainer
- Jessica Parker Kennedy, Canadian actress
- October 4
- Lena Katina, Russian singer
- Álvaro Parente, Portuguese racing driver
- Dana Davis, American actress
- October 5 – Glenn McMillan, Brazilian-Australian actor
- October 6 – Joanna Pacitti, American singer
- October 7 – Ikuta Toma, Japanese drama actor
- October 10
- Chiaki Kuriyama, Japanese actress
- Steve Turner, Australian rugby league player
- October 11 – Jane Zhang,Chinese singer
- October 12 – Emmanuel Kipchirchir Mutai, Kenyan long-distance runner
- October 14 – Santino Quaranta, American soccer player
- October 15 – Chris Olivero, American actor
- October 16
- Ben Smith, Australian rugby league player
- Shayne Ward, British singer
- October 17
- Chris Lowell, American actor
- Randall Munroe, American programmer and webcomic artist
- October 18
- Holly Dunaway, American female boxer
- Lindsey Vonn, American alpine skier
- October 19 – Kaio Almeida, Brazilian swimmer
- October 21 – Marvin Mitchell, American football player
- October 23 – Meghan McCain, Author and Daughter of Senator John McCain
- October 24 - Emily Barclay, English-born New Zealand AFI award winning actress
- October 25
- Sara Lumholdt, Swedish singer
- Katy Perry, American singer and actress
- October 26 – Sasha Cohen, American figure skater
- October 27
- Kelly Osbourne, English singer
- Brady Quinn, American football player
- Irfan Pathan, Indian cricketer
- October 28 – Obafemi Martins, Nigerian footballer
- October 29 – Eric Staal, Canadian hockey player
- October 30 – Eva Marcille, American model
- October 31
- Scott Clifton, American actor, musician, and video blogger
- Nicole Rash, American model
November[link]
- November 4 – Dustin Brown, American hockey player
- November 7 – Amelia Vega, Miss Universe 2003, from the Dominican Republic
- November 8 – Steven Webb, English actor
- November 9
- Beatrice Bofia, Cameroonian-American basketball player
- Delta Goodrem, Australian actress and singer
- November 12
- Yan Zi, Chinese tennis player
- Sandara Park, South Korean girl-group member
- November 17 – Park Han-byul, South Korean actress
- November 21
- Lindsey Haun, American actress
- Jena Malone, American actress
- November 22 – Scarlett Johansson, American actress
- November 24
- Koo Hye Sun, South Korean actress
- Maria Riesch, German alpine skier
- Trey Songz, American singer-songwriter, rapper, record producer and actor
- November 25
- Ian Lacey, Australian rugby league player
- Gaspard Ulliel, French actor
- November 28
- Joross Gamboa, Filipino actor
- Mary Elizabeth Winstead, American actress
- Andrew Bogut, Australian basketball player
- Marc-André Fleury, Canadian hockey player
- Trey Songz, American singer-songwriter, rapper, record producer and actor
- November 29 – Sitti Navarro, Philippine bossa nova artist
- November 30 – Alan Hutton, Scottish professional footballer
December[link]
- December 4
- Lauren London, American actress and model
- Lindsay Felton, American actress
- December 7 – Robert Kubica, Polish Formula One racing driver
- December 8 – Jennifer Grassman, American recording artist and journalist
- December 11 - Xosha Roquemore, American actress
- December 12 – Daniel Agger, Danish football (soccer) player
- December 14
- Chris Brunt, Northern Irish footballer
- Jackson Rathbone, American actor and singer
- December 15
- Yu Fengtong, Chinese speed skater
- Martin Škrtel, Slovakian footballer
- December 16 – Laura More (Muncey), British singer
- December 17
- Asuka Fukuda, Japanese singer
- Shannon Marie Woodward, American actress
- Christina DeRosa, American actress
- Tennessee Thomas, British-born American drummer and actor
- December 18 – Tiffany Mulheron, Scottish actress
- December 20 – David Tavaré, Spanish singer
- December 21 – Jackson Rathbone, American actor
- December 22 – Jonas Altberg, Swedish Eurodance/Techno singer
- December 23 – Alison Sudol, American singer/songwriter and pianist known professionally as A Fine Frenzy
- December 25
- Jessica Origliasso, Australian singer-songwriter, actress and fashion designer
- Lisa Origliasso, Australian singer-songwriter, actress and fashion designer
- December 26 - Jennifer Sipes, American actress and model
- December 27
- Tye'sha Fluker, American basketball player
- Rocío Guirao Díaz, Argentinian model
- December 28
- Martin Kaymer, German golfer
- Festus, American professional wrestler
- December 30 – LeBron James, American basketball player
Deaths[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Alexis Korner, British blues musician and broadcaster (b. 1928)
- January 6 – Ernest Laszlo, Hungarian-American cinematographer (b. 1898)
- January 7 – Alfred Kastler, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
- January 11 – Jack La Rue, American actor (b. 1902)
- January 14
- Brooks Atkinson, American theater critic (b. 1894)
- Ray Kroc, American entrepreneur (b. 1902)
- January 20 – Johnny Weissmuller, Austrian-born swimmer and actor (b. 1904)
- January 21 – Jackie Wilson, American singer (b. 1934)
- January 22 – Sir Count Michael Gonzi, Archbishop of Malta and past politician (b. 1885)
- January 29 – Frances Goodrich, American screenwriter (b. 1890)
- January 30 – Luke Kelly, Irish folk singer (b. 1940)
February[link]
- February 8 – Karel Miljon, Dutch boxer (b. 1903)
- February 9 – Yuri Andropov, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (b. 1914)
- February 10 – David Von Erich, American professional wrestler (b. 1958)
- February 11 – John Comer, English actor (b. 1924)
- February 12
- Anna Anderson, Pretender to the Russian throne (b. 1896)
- Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer (b. 1914)
- February 13 – Naomi Uemura, Japanese adventurer (b. 1941)
- February 15 – Ethel Merman, American singer and actress (b. 1908)
- February 21 – Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- February 22
- Jessamyn West, American writer. (b. 1902)
- Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah a Pakistani religious leader,of Allo Mahar Shrif. (b. 1911)
March[link]
- March 1 – Jackie Coogan, American actor (b. 1914)
- March 5
- Tito Gobbi, Italian operatic baritone (b. 1915)
- William Powell, American actor (b. 1892)
- March 6 – Henry Wilcoxon, British actor (b. 1905)
- March 10 – June Marlowe, American actress (b. 1903)
- March 12 – Arnold Ridley, English playwright and actor (b. 1896)
- March 16 – John Hoagland, American photographer (b. 1947)
- March 18
- Charlie Lau, American baseball player (b. 1933)
- Paul Francis Webster, American lyricist (b. 1907)
- March 24 – Sam Jaffe, American actor (b. 1891)
- March 26 – Ahmed Sékou Touré, president of Guinea (b. 1922)
- March 31 – Jack Howarth, English actor (b. 1896)
April[link]
- April 1
- Marvin Gaye, American singer (b. 1939)
- George Glass, American film producer and publicist (b. 1910)
- Elizabeth Goudge, English writer (b. 1900)
- April 5 – Arthur "Bomber" Harris, British air marshall. (b. 1892)
- April 8 – Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1894)
- April 11 – Edgar V. Saks, Estonian statesman and historian (b. 1910)
- April 15
- Tommy Cooper, Welsh comedian and magician (b. 1921)
- Alexander Trocchi, Scottish writer (b. 1925)
- April 17 – Mark W. Clark, American general (b. 1896)
- April 20 – Hristo Prodanov, Bulgarian mountaineer (b. 1943)
- April 22 – Ansel Adams, American photographer (b. 1902)
- April 26
- Count Basie, American musician and composer (b. 1904)
- May McAvoy, American actress (b. 1899)
May[link]
- May 2 – Jack Barry, American television host and producer (b. 1918)
- May 4 – Diana Dors, English actress (b. 1931)
- May 6 – Mary Cain, Mississippi newspaper editor and politician (b. 1904)
- May 8 – Lila Wallace, American publisher (b. 1889)
- May 16
- Andy Kaufman, American comedian (b. 1949)
- Irwin Shaw, American author (b. 1913)
- May 19 – John Betjeman, English poet (b. 1906)
- May 21
- Andrea Leeds, American actress (b. 1914)
- Ann Little, American actress (b. 1891)
- May 22 – John Marley, American actor (b. 1907)
- May 24 – Vincent J. McMahon, professional wrestling promoter WWF (b. 1914)
- May 28 – Eric Morecambe, British comedian (b. 1926)
June[link]
- June 6 – Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, Sikh theologian, Most powerful Sikh leader of the 20th century (b. 1947)
- June 11 – Enrico Berlinguer, Italian Communist politician (b. 1922)
- June 13 – António Variações, Portuguese singer (b. 1944)
- June 15 – Meredith Willson, American composer (b. 1902)
- June 17 – Chet Allen, American actor (b. 1939)
- June 18 – Alan Berg, American talk radio host (murdered) (b. 1934)
- June 19 – Lee Krasner, American painter (b. 1908)
- June 20 – Estelle Winwood, English actress (b. 1883)
- June 22 – Joseph Losey, American film director (b. 1909)
- June 24 – William Keighley, American film director (b. 1889)
- June 25 – Michel Foucault, French philosopher (b. 1926)
- June 26 – Carl Foreman, American screenwriter (b. 1914)
- June 28 – Yigael Yadin, Israeli archeologist, politician and Military Chief of Staff (b. 1917)
- June 30
- Henri Fabre, pioneer French aviator & inventor (b. 1882)
- Lillian Hellman, American playwright (b. 1905)
July[link]
- July 1 – Moshé Feldenkrais, Ukrainian founder of the Feldenkrais Method (b. 1904)
- July 4 – Jimmie Spheeris, American singer-songwriter (b. 1949)
- July 7 – Flora Robson, English actress (b. 1902)
- July 8 – Brassaï, Hungarian-born photographer (b. 1899)
- July 14 – Philippe Wynne, American musician (b. 1941)
- July 17 – Karl Wolff, German Nazi SS Officer (b. 1900)
- July 19 - Harry Stockwell, American actor and singer (b. 1902)
- July 24 – Armando Morales Barillas, Nicaraguan guitarist (b. 1936)
- July 25 – Big Mama Thornton, American singer (b. 1926)
- July 26
- George Gallup, American statistician and opinion pollster (b. 1901)
- Ed Gein, American serial killer (b. 1906)
- July 27 – James Mason, British actor (b. 1909)
- July 28 – Bess Flowers, American actress (b. 1898)
- July 29 – Fred Waring, American bandleader (b. 1900)
August[link]
- August 2 – Quirino Cristiani, Argentine animated film director (b. 1896)
- August 4 – Mary Miles Minter, American actress (b. 1902)
- August 5 – Richard Burton, Welsh actor (b. 1925)
- August 8 – Richard Deacon, American actor (b. 1921)
- August 11
- Alfred A. Knopf, American publisher (b. 1892)
- Paul Felix Schmidt, Estonian–German chess player (b. 1916)
- August 12 – Christine Hargreaves, English actress (b. 1939)
- August 13
- Clyde Cook, Australian actor (b. 1891)
- Tigran Petrosian, Georgian chess player (b. 1929)
- August 14 – J. B. Priestley, English novelist and playwright (b. 1894)
- August 25
- Truman Capote, American writer (b. 1924)
- Viktor Chukarin, Russian Olympic gymnast (b. 1921)
- Waite Hoyt, American baseball player (b. 1899)
- August 27 – Bernard Youens, English actor (b. 1914)
- August 29 – Mohammed Naguib, 1st President of Egypt (b. 1901)
September[link]
- September 3 – Arthur Schwartz, American composer (b. 1900)
- September 5 – Adam Malik, 3rd Vice President of Indonesia (b. 1917)
- September 6 – Ernest Tubb, American singer (b. 1914)
- September 8 – Frank Lowson English Test Cricketer 1951–1955 (b.1925)
- September 14
- Richard Brautigan, American counter-culture author (suicide) (b. 1935)
- Janet Gaynor, American Academy Award-winning actress (b. 1906)
- September 17 – Richard Basehart, American actor (b. 1914)
- September 20 – Steve Goodman, American folk musician and songwriter (b. 1948)
- September 24 – Neil Hamilton, American actor (b. 1899)
- September 25 – Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (b. 1897)
- September 27 – Toke Townley, English actor (b. 1912)
October[link]
- October 5 – Leonard Rossiter, British actor (b. 1926)
- October 12 – Sir Anthony Berry, British politician (bombing) (b. 1925)
- October 14 – Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (b. 1918)
- October 16 – Peggy Ann Garner, American actress (b. 1932)
- October 18 – Jon-Erik Hexum, American actor (b. 1957)
- October 20
- Carl Ferdinand Cori, Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1896)
- Paul Dirac, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
- October 21 – François Truffaut, French film director (b. 1932)
- October 23
- David Gorcey, American actor (b. 1921)
- Oskar Werner, Austrian actor (b. 1922)
- October 24 – Walter Woolf King, American singer and actor (b. 1899)
- October 30 – June Duprez, English actress (b. 1918)
- October 31 – Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (assassinated) (b. 1917)
November[link]
- November 6 – Gastón Suárez, Bolivian novelist and dramatist (b. 1929)
- November 14 – Cesar Climaco, Filipino politician (assassinated) (b. 1916)
- November 16
- Vic Dickenson, American trombonist (b. 1906)
- Leonard Rose, American cellist (leukemia) (b. 1918)
- November 18 – Mary Hamman, American writer and editor, modern living editor LIFE and eidtor in chief Bride & Home (b. 1907)
December[link]
- December 1 – Roelof Frankot, Dutch painter (b. 1911)
- December 8 – Luther Adler, American actor (b. 1903)
- December 11
- Oskar Seidlin, Silesian-born Jewish-American literary scholar (b. 1911)
- George Waggner, American film director (b. 1894)
- December 14 – Vicente Aleixandre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898)
- December 15 – Jan Peerce, American tenor (b. 1904)
- December 16 – J. Roderick MacArthur, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1920)
- December 20 – Gonzalo Márquez, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (b. 1946)
- December 24 – Peter Lawford, English actor (b. 1923)
- December 28 – Sam Peckinpah, American film director (b. 1925)
- December 29 – Leo Robin, American composer (b. 1900)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer
- Chemistry – Robert Bruce Merrifield
- Medicine – Niels Kaj Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein
- Literature – Jaroslav Seifert
- Peace – Bishop Desmond Mpilo Tutu
- Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Richard Stone
Templeton Prize[link]
- Rev. Michael Bourdeaux, founder of the Keston Institute[3]
References[link]
- ^ "United States-Vatican Diplomatic Relations: The Past and The Future". The Ambassadors REVIEW. Council of American Ambassadors. Spring 2001. http://www.americanambassadors.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Publications.article&articleid=44. Retrieved November 17, 2011. "On January 10, 1984, when President Reagan announced the establishment of formal diplomatic relations with the Holy See, he appointed William A. Wilson, who had been serving as his personal representative to the Pope, as the first US Ambassador..."
- ^ Band Aid – Do They Know It's Christmas? Retrieved November 17, 2011.
- ^ Templeton Prize.org
http://wn.com/1984
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Eric Blair" redirects here. For the politician, see Eric Blair (Ontario politician).
| George Orwell | |
|---|---|
 Orwell's press card portrait, taken in 1933 |
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| Born | Eric Arthur Blair (1903-06-25)25 June 1903 Motihari, Bihar, British India |
| Died | 21 January 1950(1950-01-21) (aged 46) University College Hospital, London, England, United Kingdom |
| Resting place | Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom |
| Pen name | George Orwell |
| Occupation | Novelist, political writer and journalist |
| Language | English |
| Nationality | British |
| Citizenship | British subject |
| Alma mater | Eton College |
| Period | 6 October 1928 – 1 January 1950 |
| Genres | Dystopia, roman à clef, satire |
| Subjects | Anti-fascism and anti-Stalinist left, democratic socialism, literary criticism, news, polemic |
| Notable work(s) | Homage to Catalonia (1938) Animal Farm (1945) Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) essays |
| Notable award(s) | Prometheus Award 1984 Nineteen Eighty-four 2011 Animal Farm |
| Spouse(s) | Eileen O'Shaughnessy (1935–1945, her death) Sonia Brownell (1949–1950, his death) |
| Children | Richard Horatio Blair |
| Relative(s) | Richard Walmesley Blair (father) Ida Mabel Blair (née Limouzin) (mother) Marjorie (sister) Avril (sister) |
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| Signature |  |
Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950),[1] better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist and journalist. His work is marked by keen intelligence and wit, a profound awareness of social injustice, an intense opposition to totalitarianism, a passion for clarity in language and a belief in democratic socialism.[2][3]
Considered perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture,[4] Orwell wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He is best known for the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and the allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945), which together have sold more copies than any two books by any other 20th-century author.[5] His book Homage to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, is widely acclaimed, as are his numerous essays on politics, literature, language and culture. In 2008, The Times ranked him second on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[6]
Orwell's influence on popular and political culture endures, and several of his neologisms, along with the term Orwellian—a byword for totalitarian or manipulative social practices—have entered the vernacular.
Biography[link]
Early life and education[link]
Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903, in Motihari, Bihar, in India.[7] His great-grandfather Charles Blair had been a wealthy country gentleman in Dorset who had married Lady Mary Fane, daughter of Thomas Fane, 8th Earl of Westmorland, and had income as an absentee landlord of slave plantations in Jamaica.[8] His grandfather, Thomas Richard Arthur Blair, was a clergyman.[9] Although the gentility was passed down the generations, the prosperity was not; Eric Blair described his family as "lower-upper-middle class".[10] His father, Richard Walmesley Blair, worked in the Opium Department of the Indian Civil Service. His mother, Ida Mabel Blair (née Limouzin), grew up in Moulmein, Burma where her French father was involved in speculative ventures.[8] Eric had two sisters: Marjorie, five years older, and Avril, five years younger. When Eric was one year old, his mother took him to England.[11][12]
In 1904, Blair's mother settled at Henley-on-Thames. Thereafter, Eric was brought up in the company of his mother and sisters, and apart from a brief visit, in the summer of 1907,[13] he did not see his father again until 1912.[9] His mother's diary from 1905 indicates a lively round of social activity and artistic interests. The family moved to Shiplake before the First World War, and Eric became friendly with the Buddicom family, especially Jacintha Buddicom. When they first met, he was standing on his head in a field, and on being asked why, he said, "You are noticed more if you stand on your head than if you are right way up."[14] Jacintha and Eric read and wrote poetry and dreamed of becoming famous writers. He told her that he might write a book in similar style to that of H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia. During this period, he enjoyed shooting, fishing and birdwatching with Jacintha's brother and sister.[14]
At the age of five, Eric Blair was sent as a day-boy to the convent school in Henley-on-Thames which Marjorie attended (a Roman Catholic convent run by French Ursulines, exiled from France after religious education was banned there in 1903).[15] His mother wanted him to have a public school education, but his family was not wealthy enough to afford the fees, making it necessary for him to obtain a scholarship. Ida Blair's brother Charles Limouzin, who lived on the South Coast of England, was asked to find the best possible school to prepare Eric[16] for public school entrance, and he recommended St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne, East Sussex.[9] Limouzin, who was a proficient golfer, came into contact with the school and its headmaster at the Royal Eastbourne Golf Club where he won several competitions in 1903 and 1904.[17] The headmaster undertook to help Blair to win the scholarship, and made a private financial arrangement which allowed Blair's parents to pay only half the normal fees. In September 1911 Eric arrived at St Cyprian's. He boarded at the school until he left going home only for school holidays. He knew nothing of the reduced-fee arrangement until his third year at the school, though he 'soon recognised that he was from a poorer home'.[18] Blair hated the school[19] and many years later based his posthumously published essay Such, Such Were the Joys on his time there. At St. Cyprian's, Blair first met Cyril Connolly, who himself became a noted writer and who, as the editor of Horizon, published many of Orwell's essays. As part of his school work, Blair wrote two poems that were published in the Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard,[20][21] He came second to Connolly in the Harrow History Prize, had his work praised by the school's external examiner, and earned scholarships to Wellington College and Eton College. An Eton scholarship did not guarantee a place and none was immediately available for Blair. Instead of taking up the Wellington scholarship he elected to stay at St Cyprian's until December 1916 in case a place at Eton materialised.[9]
In January, Blair took up the place at Wellington where he spent the Spring term. In May 1917 a place became available for him as a King's Scholar at Eton which he took up, and he remained at Eton until December 1921 when he left aged eighteen and a half. Wellington, Orwell told his childhood friend Jacintha Buddicom, was 'beastly', but at Eton he said he was 'interested and happy'.[22] His principal tutor was A. S. F. Gow, fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge who remained a source of advice later in his career.[9] Blair was briefly taught French by Aldous Huxley who spent a short interlude teaching at Eton. Stephen Runciman, who was at Eton with Blair, noted that he and his contemporaries appreciated Huxley's use of words and phrases,[23] but there is no evidence of contact between Orwell and Huxley at Eton outside the classroom.[9] Cyril Connolly followed Blair to Eton, but because they were in separate years they did not associate with each other.[24] Blair's academic performance reports suggest that he neglected his academic studies,[23] but during his time at Eton, he worked with Roger Mynors to produce a college magazine, The Election Times, joined in the production of other publications—College Days and Bubble and Squeak—and participated in the Eton Wall Game. His parents could not afford to send him to university without another scholarship, and they concluded from his poor results that he would not be able to obtain one. However, Runciman noted that he had a romantic idea about the East[23] and it was decided that Blair should join the Indian Police Service. To do this, it was necessary to pass an entrance examination. His father had retired to Southwold, Suffolk by this time and Blair was enrolled at a "crammer" there called Craighurst where he brushed up on his classics, English and History. Blair passed the exam, coming seventh out of the twenty-six candidates who exceeded the set pass mark.[9][25]
Policing in Burma[link]
File:OrwellBurmaPassport.jpg
Orwell pictured in a passport photo during his Burma years
Blair's grandmother lived at Moulmein, and with family connections in the area, his choice of posting was Burma. In October 1922 he sailed on board S.S. Herefordshire via the Suez Canal and Ceylon to join the Indian Imperial Police in Burma. A month later, he arrived at Rangoon and made the journey to Mandalay, the site of the police training school. After a short posting at Maymyo, Burma's principal hill station, he was posted to the frontier outpost of Myaungmya in the Irrawaddy Delta at the beginning of 1924.
His imperial policeman's life gave him considerable responsibilities for a young man, while his contemporaries were still at university in England. When he was posted farther east in the Delta to Twante as a sub-divisional officer, he was responsible for the security of some 200,000 people. At the end of 1924 he was promoted to Assistant District Superintendent and posted to Syriam, which was closer to Rangoon. Syriam was the site of the refinery of the Burmah Oil Company, "the surrounding land a barren waste, all vegetation killed off by the fumes of sulphur dioxide pouring out day and night from the stacks of the refinery." Its proximity to Rangoon however, a cosmopolitan seaport, had its rewards: Blair went into the city as often as he could," to browse in a bookshop; to eat well-cooked food; to get away from the boring routine of police life."[26] In September 1925 he went to Insein, the home of Insein Prison the second largest jail in Burma. In Insein, he had "long talks on every conceivable subject" with a woman named Elisa Maria Langford-Rae (later the wife of Kazi Lhendup Dorjee), who noted his "sense of utter fairness in minutest details".[27]
File:KatharBritishClub.JPG
British Club in Kathar (In Orwell's time it consisted of only the ground floor)
In April 1926 he moved to Moulmein, where his grandmother lived. At the end of that year, he went to Katha, in Upper Burma, where he contracted Dengue fever in 1927. He was entitled to a leave in England that year, and in view of his illness, was allowed to go home in July. While on leave in England and on holiday with his family in Cornwall in September 1927, he reappraised his life, decided not to return to Burma, and resigned from the Indian Imperial Police with the intention of becoming a writer. His Burma police experience yielded the novel Burmese Days (1934) and the essays "A Hanging" (1931) and "Shooting an Elephant" (1936). In Burma, Orwell had acquired a reputation as someone who didn't fit in – he spent much of his time alone, reading or pursuing non-pukka activities such as attending the churches of the ethnic Karen group. A colleague, Roger Beadon, recalled (in a 1969 recording for the BBC) that Orwell was adept at learning the language and that before he left Burma, "was able to speak fluently with Burmese priests in 'very high-flown Burmese.'"[28] Orwell wrote later that he felt guilty for his role in the machine of empire and he "began to look more closely at his own country and saw that England also had its oppressed..." Physical marks left by Burma remained with Orwell throughout his life. "While in Burma, he acquired a moustache similar to those worn by officers of the British regiments stationed there. [He] also acquired some tattoos; on each knuckle he had a small untidy blue circle. Many Burmese living in rural areas still sport tattoos like this – they are believed to protect against bullets and snake bites."[29]
London and Paris[link]
In England, he settled back in the family home at Southwold, renewing acquaintance with local friends and attending an Old Etonian dinner. He visited his old tutor Gow at Cambridge for advice on becoming a writer.[30] Early in the autumn of 1927 he moved to London.[31] Ruth Pitter, a family acquaintance, helped him find lodgings, and by the end of 1927 he had moved into rooms in Portobello Road;[32](a blue plaque commemorates his residence there.[33]) Pitter's association with the move "would have lent it a reassuring respectability in Mrs Blair's eyes." Pitter had a sympathetic interest in Blair's writing, pointed out weaknesses in his poetry, and advised him to write about what he knew. In fact he decided to write of "certain aspects of the present that he set out to know" and "ventured into the East End of London – the first of the occasional sorties he would make to discover for himself the world of poverty and the down-and-outers who inhabit it. He had found a subject. These sorties, explorations, expeditions, tours or immersions were made intermittently over a period of five years."[34]
Following the precedent of Jack London, a writer he admired (and particularly London's "The People of the Abyss"), Orwell started his exploratory expeditions slumming in the poorer parts of London. On his first outing he set out to Limehouse Causeway spending his first night in a common lodging house, possibly George Levy's 'kip'. For a while he "went native" in his own country, dressing like a tramp and making no concessions to middle class mores and expectations; he recorded his experiences of the low life for later use in "The Spike", his first published essay, and the latter half of his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London (1933).
In the spring of 1928, he moved to Paris, where the comparatively low cost of living and bohemian lifestyle offered an attraction for many aspiring writers, and he lived in the Rue du Pot de Fer, a working class district in the 5th Arrondissement.[9] His Aunt Nellie Limouzin also lived in Paris and gave him social and, if necessary, financial support. He worked on novels, including an early version of Burmese Days but nothing else survives from that activity.[9] More successful as a journalist, he published articles in Monde, a political/literary journal edited by Henri Barbusse, – his first article as a professional writer, La Censure en Angleterre, appeared in this paper on 6 October 1928 – G. K.'s Weekly – where his first article to appear in England, A Farthing Newspaper, was printed on 29 December 1928 [35] – and Le Progrès Civique (founded by the left-wing coalition Le Cartel des Gauches). Three pieces appeared in successive weeks in Progrès Civique, the first looked at unemployment, the next, a day in the life of a tramp, and the third, the beggars of London. "In one or another of its destructive forms, poverty was to become his obsessive subject – at the heart of almost everything he wrote until Homage to Catalonia."[36]
He fell seriously ill in February 1929 and was taken to the Hôpital Cochin in the 14th arrondissement, a free hospital maintained for the teaching of medical students (the basis of his essay How the Poor Die, published in 1946), and shortly afterwards had all his money stolen from the lodging house. Whether through necessity or simply to collect material, he undertook menial jobs like dishwashing in a fashionable hotel on the rue de Rivoli, providing experiences to be used in Down and Out in Paris and London. In August 1929, he sent a copy of "The Spike" to New Adelphi magazine in London. This was owned by John Middleton Murry who had released editorial control to Max Plowman and Sir Richard Rees. Plowman accepted the work for publication.
Southwold[link]
In December 1929, after a year and three quarters in Paris, Blair returned to England and went directly to his parents' house in Southwold, which was to remain his base for the next five years. The family was well established in the local community, and his sister Avril was running a tea house in the town. He became acquainted with many local people including a gym teacher at St Felix Girls' School, Southwold, Brenda Salkeld, the daughter of a clergyman. Although Salkeld rejected his offer of marriage she was to remain a friend and regular correspondent about his work for many years. He also renewed friendships with older friends such as Dennis Collings, whose girlfriend Eleanor Jacques was also to play a part in his life.[9]
In the spring he had a short stay in Bramley, Leeds with his sister Marjorie and her husband Humphrey Dakin, who was as unappreciative of Blair as when they knew each other as children. Blair was undertaking some review work for Adelphi and acting as a private tutor to a disabled child at Southwold. He followed this up by tutoring a family of three boys one of whom, Richard Peters, later became a distinguished academic.[37] "His history in these years is marked by dualities and contrasts. There is Blair leading a respectable, outwardly eventless life at his parents' house in Southwold, writing; then in contrast, there is Blair as Burton (the name he used in his down-and-out episodes) in search of experience in the kips and spikes, in the East End, on the road, and in the hop fields of Kent."[38] He went painting and bathing on the beach, and there he met Mabel and Francis Fierz who were later to influence his career. Over the next year he visited them in London often meeting their friend Max Plowman. Other homes available to him were those of Ruth Pitter and Richard Rees. These acted as places for him to "change" for his sporadic tramping expeditions where one of his jobs was to do domestic work at a lodgings for half a crown a day.[39]
Meanwhile, Blair now contributed regularly to Adelphi, with "A Hanging" appearing in August 1931. From August to September 1931 his explorations of the lower depths continued, and extended to following the East End tradition of working in the Kent hop fields (an activity which his lead character in A Clergyman's Daughter also engages in), and he kept a diary covering the entire experience. At the end of this, he ended up in the Tooley Street kip, but could not stand it for long and with a financial contribution from his parents moved to Windsor Street where he stayed until Christmas. "Hop Picking", by Eric Blair, appeared in the October 1931 issue of New Statesman, where Cyril Connolly was on the staff. Mabel Fierz put him in contact with Leonard Moore who was to become his literary agent.
At this time Jonathan Cape rejected A Scullion's Diary, the first version of Down and Out. On the advice of Richard Rees he offered it to Faber & Faber, whose editorial director, T. S. Eliot, also rejected it. To conclude the year Blair attempted another exploratory venture of getting himself arrested so that he could spend Christmas in prison, but the relevant authorities did not cooperate and he returned home to Southwold after two days in a police cell.
Teaching[link]
In April 1932 Blair took a job teaching at The Hawthorns High School, a prep school for boys in Hayes, West London. This was a small school that provided private schooling for children of local tradesmen and shopkeepers and comprised only 20 boys and one other master.[40] While at the school he became friendly with the curate of the local parish church and became involved with it. Mabel Fierz had pursued matters with Moore, and at the end of June 1932, Moore told Blair that Victor Gollancz was prepared to publish A Scullion's Diary for a £40 advance, for his recently founded publishing house, Victor Gollancz Ltd, which was an outlet for radical and socialist works.
At the end of the school summer term in 1932 Blair returned to Southwold, where his parents had been able to buy their own home as a result of a legacy. Blair and his sister Avril spent the summer holidays making the house habitable while he also worked on Burmese Days.[41] He was also spending time with Eleanor Jacques but her attachment to Dennis Collings remained an obstacle to his hopes of a more serious relationship.
"Clink", an essay describing his failed attempt to get sent to prison, appeared in the August 1932 number of Adelphi. He returned to teaching at Hayes and prepared for the publication of his work now known as Down and Out in Paris and London which he wished to publish under an assumed name in order to avoid potential embarrassment to his family for having been a tramp.[43] In a letter to Moore (dated 15 November 1932) he left the choice of pseudonym to him and to Gollancz. Four days later, he wrote to Moore, suggesting the pseudonyms P. S. Burton (a name he used when tramping), Kenneth Miles, George Orwell, and H. Lewis Allways.[44] He finally adopted the nom de plume George Orwell because, as he told Eleanor Jacques, "It is a good round English name." Down and Out in Paris and London was published on 9 January 1933. He had little free time and was still working on Burmese Days. Down and Out was successful and it was published by Harper and Brothers in New York.
In the summer of 1933 Blair finished at Hawthorns to take up a teaching job at Frays College, in Uxbridge, West London. This was a much larger establishment with 200 pupils and a full complement of staff. He acquired a motorcycle and took trips through the surrounding countryside. On one of these expeditions he became soaked and caught a chill which developed into pneumonia. He was taken to Uxbridge Cottage Hospital where for a time his life was believed to be in danger. When he was discharged in January 1934, he returned to Southwold to convalesce and, supported by his parents, never returned to teaching.
He was disappointed when Gollancz turned down Burmese Days, mainly on the grounds of potential libel actions but Harpers were prepared to publish it in the United States. Meanwhile back at home Blair started work on the novel A Clergyman's Daughter drawing upon his life as a teacher and on life in Southwold. Eleanor Jacques was now married and had gone to Singapore and Brenda Salkield had left for Ireland, so Blair was relatively lonely in Southwold—pottering on the allotments, walking alone and spending time with his father. Eventually in October, after sending A Clergyman's Daughter to Moore, he left for London to take a job that had been found for him by his Aunt Nellie Limouzin.
Hampstead[link]
File:Orwell hampstead home.JPG
Orwell's former home at 77 Parliament Hill, Hampstead
This job was as a part-time assistant in "Booklovers' Corner", a second-hand bookshop in Hampstead run by Francis and Myfanwy Westrope who were friends of Nellie Limouzin in the Esperanto movement. The Westropes had an easy-going outlook and provided him with comfortable accommodation at Warwick Mansions, Pond Street. He was job sharing with Jon Kimche who also lived with the Westropes. Blair worked at the shop in the afternoons, having the mornings free to write and the evenings to socialise. These experiences provided background for the novel Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936). As well as the various guests of the Westropes, he was able to enjoy the company of Richard Rees and the Adelphi writers and Mabel Fierz. The Westropes and Kimche were members of the Independent Labour Party although at this time Blair was not seriously politically aligned. He was writing for the Adelphi and dealing with pre-publication issues with A Clergymans Daughter and Burmese Days.
At the beginning of 1935 he had to move out of Warwick Mansions, and Mabel Fierz found him a flat in Parliament Hill. A Clergyman's Daughter was published on 11 March 1935. In the spring of 1935 Blair met his future wife Eileen O'Shaughnessy when his landlady, Rosalind Obermeyer, who was studying for a masters degree in psychology at University College London, invited some of her fellow students to a party. One of these students, the future translator of Chekhov and author of memoirs Elizaveta Fen, later recalled Orwell and his friend Richard Rees 'draped' at the fireplace, looking, she thought, 'moth-eaten and prematurely aged.' [45] Around this time, Blair had started to write reviews for the New English Weekly.
In June, Burmese Days was published and following Connolly's review of it in the New Statesman, the two re-established contact. In August, Blair moved into a flat in Kentish Town which he shared with Michael Sayers and Rayner Heppenstall. The relationship was sometimes awkward, Orwell and Heppenstall even coming to blows, though they remained friends and later worked together on BBC broadcasts.[46] He was working on Keep the Aspidistra Flying, and also tried to write a serial for the News Chronicle, which was an unsuccessful venture. By October 1935 his flat-mates had moved out, and he was struggling to pay the rent on his own. He remained until the end of January 1936 when he stopped working at Booklovers' Corner.
[edit] The Road to Wigan Pier
At this time, Victor Gollancz suggested Orwell spend a short time investigating social conditions in economically depressed northern England.[47] Two years earlier J. B. Priestley had written of England north of the Trent and this had stimulated an interest in reportage. Furthermore the depression had introduced a number of working-class writers from the North of England to the reading public.
On 31 January 1936, Orwell set out by public transport and on foot via Coventry, Stafford, the Potteries and Macclesfield, reaching Manchester. Arriving after the banks had closed, he had to stay in a common lodging house. Next day he picked up a list of contact addresses sent by Richard Rees. One of these, trade union official Frank Meade, suggested Wigan, where Orwell spent February staying in dirty lodgings over a tripe shop. At Wigan, he gained entry to many houses to see how people lived, took systematic notes of housing conditions and wages earned, went down a coal mine, and spent days at the local public library consulting public health records and reports on working conditions in mines.
During this time he was distracted by dealing with libel and stylistic issues relating to Keep the Aspidistra Flying. He made a quick visit to Liverpool and spent March in south Yorkshire, spending time in Sheffield and Barnsley. As well as visiting mines, including Grimethorpe, and observing social conditions, he attended meetings of the Communist Party and of Oswald Mosley – "his speech the usual claptrap—The blame for everything was put upon mysterious international gangs of Jews" – where he saw the tactics of the Blackshirts – "one is liable to get both a hammering and a fine for asking a question which Mosley finds it difficult to answer." [48] He punctuated his stay with visits to his sister at Headingley, during which he visited the Brontë Parsonage at Haworth, where he was "chiefly impressed by a pair of Charlotte Brontë's cloth-topped boots, very small, with square toes and lacing up at the sides." [49]
His investigations gave rise to The Road to Wigan Pier, published by Gollancz for the Left Book Club in 1937. The first half of this work documents his social investigations of Lancashire and Yorkshire. It begins with an evocative description of working life in the coal mines. The second half is a long essay on his upbringing and the development of his political conscience, which includes criticism of some of the groups on the left. Gollancz feared the second half would offend readers and inserted a mollifying preface to the book while Orwell was in Spain.
Orwell needed somewhere where he could concentrate on writing his book, and once again help was provided by Aunt Nellie who was living in a cottage at Wallington, Hertfordshire. It was a very small cottage which had been built in the sixteenth century called the "Stores", with almost no modern facilities, in a tiny village some thirty-five miles north of London. Orwell took over the tenancy and moved in on 2 April 1936.[50] He started work on Wigan Pier by the end of April and, as well as writing, spent hours working on the garden and investigated the possibility of reopening the Stores as a village shop. Keep the Aspidistra Flying was published by Gollancz on 20 April 1936. On 4 August Orwell gave a talk at the Adelphi Summer School held at Langham, entitled An Outsider Sees the Distressed Areas; others who spoke at the School included John Strachey, Max Plowman, Karl Polanyi and Reinhold Niebuhr.
Orwell's research for The Road to Wigan Pier led to him being placed under surveillance by the Special Branch in 1936, for 12 years, until 1 year before the publication of 1984.[51]
Orwell married Eileen O'Shaughnessy on 9 June 1936. Shortly afterwards, the political crisis began in Spain and Orwell followed developments there closely. At the end of the year, concerned by Francisco Franco's Falangist uprising, (supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy), Orwell decided to go to Spain to take part in the Spanish Civil War on the Republican side. Under the erroneous impression that he needed papers from some left-wing organisation to cross the frontier, on John Strachey's recommendation he applied unsuccessfully to Harry Pollitt, leader of the British Communist Party. Pollitt was suspicious of Orwell's political reliability; he asked him whether he would undertake to join the International Brigade and advised him to get a safe-conduct from the Spanish Embassy in Paris.[52] Not wishing to commit himself until he'd seen the situation in situ, Orwell instead used his Independent Labour Party contacts to get a letter of introduction to John McNair in Barcelona.
The Spanish Civil War and Catalonia[link]
File:Placegeorgeorwell.jpg
The square in Barcelona renamed in Orwell's honour
Orwell set out for Spain on about 23 December, dining with Henry Miller in Paris on the way. A few days later at Barcelona, he met John McNair of the Independent Labour Party (ILP) Office who quoted him: "I've come to fight against Fascism".[53] Orwell stepped into a complex political situation in Catalonia. The Republican government was supported by a number of factions with conflicting aims, including the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM – Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista), the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (a wing of the Spanish Communist Party, which was backed by Soviet arms and aid). The ILP was linked to the POUM and so Orwell joined the POUM.
After a time at the Lenin Barracks in Barcelona he was sent to the relatively quiet Aragon Front under Georges Kopp. By January 1937 he was at Alcubierre 1,500 feet (460 m) above sea level in the depth of winter. There was very little military action, and the lack of equipment and other deprivations made it uncomfortable. Orwell, with his Cadet Corps and police training was quickly made a corporal. On the arrival of a British ILP Contingent about three weeks later, Orwell and the other English militiaman, Williams, were sent with them to Monte Oscuro. The newly arrived ILP contingent included Bob Smillie, Bob Edwards, Stafford Cottman and Jack Branthwaite. The unit was then sent on to Huesca.
Meanwhile, back in England, Eileen had been handling the issues relating to the publication of The Road to Wigan Pier before setting out for Spain herself, leaving Aunt Nellie Limouzin to look after The Stores. Eileen volunteered for a post in John McNair's office and with the help of Georges Kopp paid visits to her husband, bringing him English tea, chocolate and cigars.[54] Orwell had to spend some days in hospital with a poisoned hand and had most of his possessions stolen by the staff. He returned to the front and saw some action in night attack on the Nationalist trenches where he chased an enemy soldier with a bayonet and bombed an enemy rifle position.
In April, Orwell returned to Barcelona. Wanting to be sent to the Madrid front, which meant he "must join the International Column", he approached a Communist friend attached to the Spanish Medical Aid and explained his case. "Although he did not think much of the Communists, Orwell was still ready to treat them as friends and allies. That would soon change."[55] This was the time of the Barcelona May Days and Orwell was caught up in the factional fighting. He spent much of the time on a roof, with a stack of novels, but encountered Jon Kimche from his Hampstead days during the stay. The subsequent campaign of lies and distortion carried out by the Communist press,[56] in which the POUM was accused of collaborating with the fascists, had a dramatic effect on Orwell. Instead of joining the International Brigades as he had intended, he decided to return to the Aragon Front. Once the May fighting was over, he was approached by a Communist friend who asked if he still intended transferring to the International Brigades. Orwell expressed surprise that they should still want him, because according to the Communist press he was a fascist.[57] "No one who was in Barcelona then, or for months later, will forget the horrible atmosphere produced by fear, suspicion, hatred, censored newspapers, crammed jails, enormous food queues and prowling gangs of armed men."[58]
After his return to the front, he was wounded in the throat by a sniper's bullet. Orwell was considerably taller than the Spanish fighters[59] and had been warned against standing against the trench parapet. Unable to speak, and with blood pouring from his mouth, Orwell was carried on a stretcher to Siétamo, loaded on an ambulance and after a bumpy journey via Barbastro arrived at the hospital at Lleida. He recovered sufficiently to get up and on 27 May 1937 was sent on to Tarragona and two days later to a POUM sanatorium in the suburbs of Barcelona. The bullet had missed his main artery by the barest margin and his voice was barely audible. He received electrotherapy treatment and was declared medically unfit for service.
By the middle of June the political situation in Barcelona had deteriorated and the POUM—painted by the pro-Soviet Communists as a Trotskyist organisation—was outlawed and under attack. The Communist line was that the POUM were 'objectively' Fascist, hindering the Republican cause. " A particularly nasty poster appeared, showing a head with a POUM mask being ripped off to reveal a Swastika-covered face beneath. "[60] Members, including Kopp, were arrested and others were in hiding. Orwell and his wife were under threat and had to lie low,[61] although they broke cover to try to help Kopp.
Finally with their passports in order, they escaped from Spain by train, diverting to Banyuls-sur-Mer for a short stay before returning to England. In the first week of July 1937 Orwell arrived back at Wallington; on 13 July 1937 a deposition was presented to the Tribunal for Espionage & High Treason, Valencia, charging the Orwells with 'rabid Trotskyism', and being agents of the POUM.[62] The trial of the leaders of the POUM and of Orwell (in his absence) took place in Barcelona in October and November 1938. Observing events from French Morocco Orwell wrote that they were " - only a by-product of the Russian Trotskyist trials and from the start every kind of lie, including flagrant absurdities, has been circulated in the Communist press." [63] Orwell's experiences in the Spanish Civil War gave rise to Homage to Catalonia (1938).
Rest and recuperation[link]
Orwell returned to England in June 1937, and stayed at the O'Shaughnessy home at Greenwich. He found his views on the Spanish Civil War out of favour. Kingsley Martin rejected two of his works and Gollancz was equally cautious. At the same time, the communist Daily Worker was running an attack on The Road to Wigan Pier, misquoting Orwell as saying "the working classes smell"; a letter to Gollancz from Orwell threatening libel action brought a stop to this. Orwell was also able to find a more sympathetic publisher for his views in Frederic Warburg of Secker & Warburg. Orwell returned to Wallington, which he found in disarray after his absence. He acquired goats, a rooster he called "Henry Ford", and a poodle puppy he called "Marx"[65][66][67] and settled down to animal husbandry and writing Homage to Catalonia.
There were thoughts of going to India to work on the Pioneer, a newspaper in Lucknow, but by March 1938 Orwell's health had deteriorated. He was admitted to Preston Hall Sanatorium at Aylesford, Kent, a British Legion hospital for ex-servicemen to which his brother-in-law Laurence O'Shaughnessy was attached. He was thought initially to be suffering from tuberculosis and stayed in the sanatorium until September. A stream of visitors came to see him including Common, Heppenstall, Plowman and Cyril Connolly. Connolly brought with him Stephen Spender, a cause of some embarrassment as Orwell had referred to Spender as a "pansy friend" some time earlier. Homage to Catalonia was published by Secker & Warburg and was a commercial flop. In the latter part of his stay at the clinic Orwell was able to go for walks in the countryside and study nature.
The novelist L.H. Myers secretly funded a trip to French Morocco for half a year for Orwell to avoid the English winter and recover his health. The Orwells set out in September 1938 via Gibraltar and Tangier to avoid Spanish Morocco and arrived at Marrakech. They rented a villa on the road to Casablanca and during that time Orwell wrote Coming Up for Air. They arrived back in England on 30 March 1939 and Coming Up for Air was published in June. Orwell spent time in Wallington and Southwold working on a Dickens essay and it was in July 1939 that Orwell's father, Richard Blair, died.
[edit] World War II and Animal Farm
On the outbreak of World War II, Orwell's wife Eileen started work in the Censorship Department in London, staying during the week with her family in Greenwich. Orwell also submitted his name to the Central Register for war effort but nothing transpired. He returned to Wallington, and in the autumn of 1939 he wrote material for Inside the Whale and Other Essays. For the next year he was occupied writing reviews for plays, films and books for The Listener, Time and Tide and New Adelphi. At the beginning of 1940, the first edition of Connolly's Horizon appeared, and this provided a new outlet for Orwell's work as well as new literary contacts. In May the Orwells took lease of a flat in London at Dorset Chambers, Chagford Street, Marylebone. It was the time of the Dunkirk evacuation and the death in France of Eileen's brother Lawrence caused her considerable grief and long-term depression.
Orwell was declared "unfit for any kind of military service" by the Medical Board in June, but soon afterwards found an opportunity to become involved in war activities by joining the Home Guard. He shared Tom Wintringham's socialist vision for the Home Guard as a revolutionary People's Militia. Sergeant Orwell managed to recruit Frederic Warburg to his unit. During the Battle of Britain he used to spend weekends with Warburg and his new friend Zionist Tosco Fyvel at Twyford, Berkshire. At Wallington he worked on "England Your England" and in London wrote reviews for various periodicals. Visiting Eileen's family in Greenwich brought him face-to-face with the effects of the blitz on East London.
Early in 1941 he started writing for the American Partisan Review and contributed to Gollancz' anthology The Betrayal of the Left, written in the light of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (although Orwell referred to it as the Russo-German Pact and the Hitler-Stalin Pact[68]). He also applied unsuccessfully for a job at the Air Ministry. In the Home Guard his mishandling of a mortar put two of his unit in hospital. Meanwhile he was still writing reviews of books and plays and at this time met the novelist Anthony Powell. He also took part in a few radio broadcasts for the Eastern Service of the BBC. In March the Orwells moved to St John's Wood in a 7th floor flat at Langford Court, while at Wallington Orwell was "digging for victory" by planting potatoes.
In August 1941, Orwell finally obtained "war work" when he was taken on full time by the BBC's Eastern Service. He supervised cultural broadcasts to India to counter propaganda from Nazi Germany designed to undermine Imperial links. This was Orwell's first experience of the rigid conformity of life in an office. However it gave him an opportunity to create cultural programmes with contributions from T. S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, E. M. Forster, Ahmed Ali, Mulk Raj Anand, and William Empson among others.
At the end of August he had a dinner with H. G. Wells which degenerated into a row because Wells had taken offence at observations Orwell made about him in a Horizon article. In October Orwell had a bout of bronchitis and the illness recurred frequently. David Astor was looking for a provocative contributor for The Observer and invited Orwell to write for him—the first article appearing in March 1942. In spring of 1942 Eileen changed jobs to work at the Ministry of Food and Orwell's mother and sister Avril took war work in London and came to stay with the Orwells. In the summer, they all moved to a basement at Mortimer Crescent in Kilburn.
At the BBC, Orwell introduced Voice, a literary programme for his Indian broadcasts, and by now was leading an active social life with literary friends, particularly on the political left. Late in 1942, he started writing for the left-wing weekly Tribune directed by Labour MPs Aneurin Bevan and George Strauss. In March 1943 Orwell's mother died and around the same time he told Moore he was starting work on a new book, which would turn out to be Animal Farm.
In September 1943, Orwell resigned from the BBC post that he had occupied for two years. His resignation followed a report confirming his fears that few Indians listened to the broadcasts,[69] but he was also keen to concentrate on writing Animal Farm. At this time he was also discharged from the Home Guard.
In November 1943, Orwell was appointed literary editor at Tribune, where his assistant was his old friend Jon Kimche. On 24 December 1943, Tribune published, under the authorship of "John Freeman" – possibly in reference to the British politician – the short essay "Can Socialists Be Happy?", which has since been widely attributed to Orwell; see Bibliography of George Orwell. Orwell was on staff until early 1945, writing over 80 book reviews[70] as well as the regular column "As I Please". He was still writing reviews for other magazines, and becoming a respected pundit among left-wing circles but also close friends with people on the right like Powell, Astor and Malcolm Muggeridge. By April 1944 Animal Farm was ready for publication. Gollancz refused to publish it, considering it an attack on the Soviet regime which was a crucial ally in the war. A similar fate was met from other publishers (including T. S. Eliot at Faber and Faber) until Jonathan Cape agreed to take it.
In May the Orwells had the opportunity to adopt a child, thanks to the contacts of Eileen's sister Gwen O'Shaughnassy, then a doctor in Newcastle upon Tyne. In June a V-1 flying bomb landed on Mortimer Crescent and the Orwells had to find somewhere else to live. Orwell had to scrabble around in the rubble for his collection of books, which he had finally managed to transfer from Wallington, carting them away in a wheelbarrow.
Another bombshell was Cape's reversal of his plan to publish Animal Farm. The decision followed his personal visit to Peter Smollett, an official at the Ministry of Information. Smollett was later identified as a Soviet agent.[71][72]
The Orwells spent some time in the North East, near Carlton in County Durham, dealing with matters in the adoption of a boy whom they named Richard Horatio Blair.[73] In October 1944 they had set up home in Islington in a flat on the 7th floor of a block. Baby Richard joined them there, and Eileen gave up work to look after her family. Secker and Warburg had agreed to publish Animal Farm, planned for the following March, although it did not appear in print until August 1945. By February 1945 David Astor had invited Orwell to become a war correspondent for the Observer. Orwell had been looking for the opportunity throughout the war, but his failed medical reports prevented him from being allowed anywhere near action. He went to Paris after the liberation of France and to Cologne once it had been occupied by the Allies.
It was while he was there that Eileen went into hospital for a hysterectomy and died under anaesthetic on 29 March 1945. She had not given Orwell much notice about this operation because of worries about the cost and because she expected to make a speedy recovery. Orwell returned home for a while and then went back to Europe. He returned finally to London to cover the 1945 UK General Election at the beginning of July. Animal Farm: A Fairy Story was published in Britain on 17 August 1945, and a year later in the U.S., on 26 August 1946.
[edit] Jura and Nineteen Eighty-Four
Animal Farm struck a particular resonance in the post-war climate and its worldwide success made Orwell a sought-after figure.
For the next four years Orwell mixed journalistic work—mainly for Tribune, The Observer and the Manchester Evening News, though he also contributed to many small-circulation political and literary magazines—with writing his best-known work, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which was published in 1949.
_-_geograph.org.uk_-_451643.jpg)
In the year following Eileen's death he published around 130 articles and was active in various political lobbying campaigns. He employed a housekeeper, Susan Watson, to look after his adopted son at the Islington flat, which visitors now described as "bleak". In September he spent a fortnight on the island of Jura in the Inner Hebrides and saw it as a place to escape from the hassle of London literary life. David Astor was instrumental in arranging a place for Orwell on Jura. Astor's family owned Scottish estates in the area and a fellow Old Etonian Robert Fletcher had a property on the island. During the winter of 1945 to 1946 Orwell made several hopeless and unwelcome marriage proposals to younger women, including Celia Kirwan (who was later to become Arthur Koestler's sister-in-law), Ann Popham who happened to live in the same block of flats and Sonia Brownell, one of Connolly's coterie at the Horizon office. Orwell suffered a tubercular haemorrhage in February 1946 but disguised his illness. In 1945 or early 1946, while still living at Canonbury Square, Orwell wrote an article on "British Cookery", complete with recipes, commissioned by the British Council. Given the post-war shortages, both parties agreed not to publish it.[74] His sister Marjorie died of kidney disease in May and shortly after, on 22 May 1946, Orwell set off to live on the Isle of Jura.
Barnhill[75] was an abandoned farmhouse with outbuildings near the northern end of the island, situated at the end of a five-mile (8 km), heavily rutted track from Ardlussa, where the owners lived. Conditions at the farmhouse were primitive but the natural history and the challenge of improving the place appealed to Orwell. His sister Avril accompanied him there and young novelist Paul Potts made up the party. In July Susan Watson arrived with Orwell's son Richard. Tensions developed and Potts departed after one of his manuscripts was used to light the fire. Orwell meanwhile set to work on Nineteen Eighty-Four. Later Susan Watson's boyfriend David Holbrook arrived. A fan of Orwell since school days, he found the reality very different, with Orwell hostile and disagreeable probably because of Holbrook's membership of the Communist Party.[76] Susan Watson could no longer stand being with Avril and she and her boyfriend left.
Orwell returned to London in late 1946 and picked up his literary journalism again. Now a well-known writer, he was swamped with work. Apart from a visit to Jura in the new year he stayed in London for one of the coldest British winters on record and with such a national shortage of fuel that he burnt his furniture and his child's toys. The heavy smog in the days before the Clean Air Act 1956 did little to help his health about which he was reticent, keeping clear of medical attention. Meanwhile he had to cope with rival claims of publishers Gollancz and Warburg for publishing rights. About this time he co-edited a collection titled British Pamphleteers with Reginald Reynolds. As a result of the success of Animal Farm, Orwell was expecting a large bill from the Inland Revenue and he contacted a firm of accountants of which the senior partner was Jack Harrison. The firm advised Orwell to establish a company to own his copyright and to receive his royalties and set up a "service agreement" so that he could draw a salary. Such a company "George Orwell Productions Ltd" (GOP Ltd) was set up on 12 September 1947 although the service agreement was not then put into effect. Jack Harrison left the details at this stage to junior colleagues.[77]
In April 1947 Orwell left London for good, ending the leases on the Islington flat and Wallington cottage. Back on Jura in gales and rainstorms he struggled to get on with Nineteen Eighty-Four but through the summer and autumn made good progress. During that time his sister's family visited, and Orwell led a disastrous boating expedition which nearly led to loss of life whilst trying to cross the notorious gulf of Corryvreckan and gave him a soaking which was not good for his health. In December a chest specialist was summoned from Glasgow who pronounced Orwell seriously ill and a week before Christmas 1947 he was in Hairmyres hospital in East Kilbride, then a small village in the countryside, on the outskirts of Glasgow. Tuberculosis was diagnosed and the request for permission to import streptomycin to treat Orwell went as far as Aneurin Bevan, now Minister of Health. By the end of July 1948 Orwell was able to return to Jura and by December he had finished the manuscript of Nineteen Eighty-Four. In January 1949, in a very weak condition, he set off for a sanatorium in Gloucestershire, escorted by Richard Rees.
The sanatorium at Cranham consisted of a series of small wooden chalets or huts in a remote part of the Cotswolds near Stroud. Visitors were shocked by Orwell's appearance and concerned by the short-comings and ineffectiveness of the treatment. Friends were worried about his finances, but by now he was comparatively well-off. He was writing to many of his friends, including Jacintha Buddicom, who had "rediscovered" him, and in March 1949, was visited by Celia Kirwan. Kirwan had just started working for a Foreign Office unit, the Information Research Department, set up by the Labour government to publish anti-communist propaganda, and Orwell gave her a list of people he considered to be unsuitable as IRD authors because of their pro-communist leanings. Orwell's list, not published until 2003, consisted mainly of writers but also included actors and Labour MPs.[71][78] Orwell received more streptomycin treatment and improved slightly. In June 1949 Nineteen Eighty-Four was published to immediate critical and popular acclaim.
Final months and death[link]
Orwell courted Sonia Brownell a second time during the summer, and they announced their marriage in September, shortly before he was removed to University College Hospital in London. Sonia took charge of Orwell's affairs and attended diligently in the hospital, causing concern to some old friends such as Muggeridge. In September 1949 Orwell invited his accountant Harrison to visit him in hospital, and Harrison claimed that Orwell then asked him to become director of GOP Ltd and to manage the company but there was no independent witness.[77] Orwell's wedding took place in the hospital room on 13 October 1949, with David Astor as best man.[79] Orwell was in decline and visited by an assortment of visitors including Muggeridge, Connolly, Lucian Freud, Stephen Spender, Evelyn Waugh, Paul Potts, Anthony Powell and his Eton tutor Anthony Gow.[9] Plans to go to the Swiss Alps were mooted. Further meetings were held with his accountant at which Harrison and Mr and Mrs Blair were confirmed as directors of the company and at which Harrison claimed that the "service agreement" was executed, giving copyright to the company.[77] Orwell's health was in decline again by Christmas. On the evening of 20 January 1950, Potts visited Orwell and slipped away on finding him asleep. However a later visit was made by Jack Harrison who claimed that Orwell gave him 25% of the company.[77] Early on the morning of 21 January, an artery burst in his lungs, killing him at age 46.[80]
Orwell had requested to be buried in accordance with the Anglican rite in the graveyard of the closest church to wherever he happened to die. The graveyards in central London had no space, and fearing that he might have to be cremated, against his wishes, his widow appealed to his friends to see whether any of them knew of a church with space in its graveyard.
,_All_Saints,_Sutton_Courtenay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_362277.jpg)
David Astor lived in Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire and negotiated with the vicar for Orwell to be interred in All Saints' Churchyard there, although he had no connection with the village.[81] His gravestone bore the simple epitaph: "Here lies Eric Arthur Blair, born 25 June 1903, died 21 January 1950"; no mention is made on the gravestone of his more famous pen-name.
Orwell's son, Richard Blair, was raised by an aunt after his father's death. He maintains a low public profile, though he has occasionally given interviews about the few memories he has of his father. Richard Blair worked for many years as an agricultural agent for the British government.
In 1979 Sonia brought a High Court action against Harrison who had in the meantime transferred 75% of the company's voting stock to himself and had dissipated much of the value of the company. She was considered to have a strong case, but was becoming increasingly ill and eventually was persuaded to settle out of court on 2 November 1980. She died on 11 December 1980, aged 62.[77]
Literary career[link]
Main article: Bibliography of George Orwell
During most of his career, Orwell was best known for his journalism, in essays, reviews, columns in newspapers and magazines and in his books of reportage: Down and Out in Paris and London (describing a period of poverty in these cities), The Road to Wigan Pier (describing the living conditions of the poor in northern England, and the class divide generally) and Homage to Catalonia. According to Irving Howe, Orwell was "the best English essayist since Hazlitt, perhaps since Dr Johnson."[82]
Modern readers are more often introduced to Orwell as a novelist, particularly through his enormously successful titles Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. The former is often thought to reflect degeneration in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution and the rise of Stalinism; the latter, life under totalitarian rule. Nineteen Eighty-Four is often compared to Brave New World by Aldous Huxley; both are powerful dystopian novels warning of a future world where the state machine exerts complete control over social life. In 1984, Nineteen Eighty-Four and Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 were honoured with the Prometheus Award for their contributions to dystopian literature. In 2011 he received it again for Animal Farm.
Coming Up for Air, his last novel before World War II is the most 'English' of his novels; alarums of war mingle with images of idyllic Thames-side Edwardian childhood of protagonist George Bowling. The novel is pessimistic; industrialism and capitalism have killed the best of Old England, and there were great, new external threats. In homely terms, Bowling posits the totalitarian hypotheses of Borkenau, Orwell, Silone and Koestler: "Old Hitler's something different. So's Joe Stalin. They aren't like these chaps in the old days who crucified people and chopped their heads off and so forth, just for the fun of it ... They're something quite new—something that's never been heard of before".
Literary influences[link]
In an autobiographical piece that Orwell sent to the editors of Twentieth Century Authors in 1940, he wrote: "The writers I care about most and never grow tired of are: Shakespeare, Swift, Fielding, Dickens, Charles Reade, Flaubert and, among modern writers, James Joyce, T. S. Eliot and D. H. Lawrence. But I believe the modern writer who has influenced me most is Somerset Maugham, whom I admire immensely for his power of telling a story straightforwardly and without frills." Elsewhere, Orwell strongly praised the works of Jack London, especially his book The Road. Orwell's investigation of poverty in The Road to Wigan Pier strongly resembles that of Jack London's The People of the Abyss, in which the American journalist disguises himself as an out-of-work sailor in order to investigate the lives of the poor in London. In his essay "Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels" (1946) Orwell wrote: "If I had to make a list of six books which were to be preserved when all others were destroyed, I would certainly put Gulliver's Travels among them.".
Other writers admired by Orwell included: Ralph Waldo Emerson, G. K. Chesterton, George Gissing, Graham Greene, Herman Melville, Henry Miller, Tobias Smollett, Mark Twain, Joseph Conrad and Yevgeny Zamyatin.[83] He was both an admirer and a critic of Rudyard Kipling,[84][85] praising Kipling as a gifted writer and a "good bad poet" whose work is "spurious" and "morally insensitive and aesthetically disgusting," but undeniably seductive and able to speak to certain aspects of reality more effectively than more enlightened authors.[86]
Orwell as literary critic[link]
Throughout his life Orwell continually supported himself as a book reviewer, writing works so long and sophisticated they have had an influence on literary criticism. He wrote in the conclusion to his 1940 essay on Charles Dickens,
When one reads any strongly individual piece of writing, one has the impression of seeing a face somewhere behind the page. It is not necessarily the actual face of the writer. I feel this very strongly with Swift, with Defoe, with Fielding, Stendhal, Thackeray, Flaubert, though in several cases I do not know what these people looked like and do not want to know. What one sees is the face that the writer ought to have. Well, in the case of Dickens I see a face that is not quite the face of Dickens's photographs, though it resembles it. It is the face of a man of about forty, with a small beard and a high colour. He is laughing, with a touch of anger in his laughter, but no triumph, no malignity. It is the face of a man who is always fighting against something, but who fights in the open and is not frightened, the face of a man who is generously angry—in other words, of a nineteenth-century liberal, a free intelligence, a type hated with equal hatred by all the smelly little orthodoxies which are now contending for our souls.
George Woodcock suggested that the last two sentences characterised Orwell as much as his subject.[87]
Reactions to Orwell's works[link]
Arthur Koestler mentioned Orwell's "uncompromising intellectual honesty [which] made him appear almost inhuman at times."[88] Ben Wattenberg stated: "Orwell’s writing pierced intellectual hypocrisy wherever he found it."[89] According to historian Piers Brendon, "Orwell was the saint of common decency who would in earlier days, said his BBC boss Rushbrook Williams, 'have been either canonised – or burnt at the stake'".[90] However, Raymond Williams in Politics and Letters: Interviews with New Left Review describes Orwell as a "successful impersonation of a plain man who bumps into experience in an unmediated way and tells the truth about it."[91] Christopher Norris declared that Orwell's "homespun empiricist outlook – his assumption that the truth was just there to be told in a straightforward common-sense way – now seems not merely naive but culpably self-deluding".[92]
Orwell's work has taken a prominent place in the school literature curriculum in England,[93] with Animal Farm a regular examination topic at the end of secondary education (GCSE), and Nineteen Eighty-Four a topic for subsequent examinations below university level (A Levels). Alan Brown noted that this brings to the forefront questions about the political content of teaching practices. Study aids, in particular with potted biographies, might be seen to help propagate the Orwell myth so that as an embodiment of human values he is presented as a "trustworthy guide", while examination questions sometimes suggest a "right ways of answering" in line with the myth.[94][clarification needed]]]
Historian John Rodden stated: "John Podhoretz did claim that if Orwell were alive today, he’d be standing with the neo-conservatives and against the Left. And the question arises, to what extent can you even begin to predict the political positions of somebody who’s been dead three decades and more by that time?"[89]
In Orwell's Victory, Christopher Hitchens argues, "In answer to the accusation of inconsistency Orwell as a writer was forever taking his own temperature. In other words, here was someone who never stopped testing and adjusting his intelligence".[95]
John Rodden points out the "undeniable conservative features in the Orwell physiognomy" and remarks on how "to some extent Orwell facilitated the kinds of uses and abuses by the Right that his name has been put to. In other ways there has been the politics of selective quotation."[89] Rodden refers to the essay "Why I Write", in which Orwell refers to the Spanish Civil War as being his "watershed political experience", saying "The Spanish War and other events in 1936–37, turned the scale. Thereafter I knew where I stood. Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written directly or indirectly against totalitarianism and for Democratic Socialism as I understand it." (emphasis in original)[89] Rodden goes on to explain how, during the McCarthy era, the introduction to the Signet edition of Animal Farm, which sold more than 20 million copies, makes use of "the politics of ellipsis":
If the book itself, Animal Farm, had left any doubt of the matter, Orwell dispelled it in his essay Why I Write: 'Every line of serious work that I’ve written since 1936 has been written directly or indirectly against Totalitarianism ... dot, dot, dot, dot.' "For Democratic Socialism" is vaporised, just like Winston Smith did it at the Ministry of Truth, and that’s very much what happened beginning of the McCarthy era and just continued, Orwell being selectively quoted.[89]
T.R. Fyvel wrote about Orwell: "His crucial experience ... was his struggle to turn himself into a writer, one which led through long periods of poverty, failure and humiliation, and about which he has written almost nothing directly. The sweat and agony was less in the slum-life than in the effort to turn the experience into literature."[96][97]
Influence on language and writing[link]
In his essay Politics and the English Language (1946), Orwell wrote about the importance of precise and clear language, arguing that vague writing can be used as a powerful tool of political manipulation because it shapes the way we think. In that essay, Orwell provides six rules for writers:
- Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print.
- Never use a long word where a short one will do.
- If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.
- Never use the passive where you can use the active.
- Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.
- Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.[98]
Andrew N. Rubin argues, "Orwell claimed that we should be attentive to how the use of language has limited our capacity for critical thought just as we should be equally concerned with the ways in which dominant modes of thinking have reshaped the very language that we use."[99]
The adjective Orwellian connotes an attitude and a policy of control by propaganda, surveillance, misinformation, denial of truth, and manipulation of the past. In Nineteen Eighty-Four Orwell described a totalitarian government that controlled thought by controlling language, making certain ideas literally unthinkable. Several words and phrases from Nineteen Eighty-Four have entered popular language. Newspeak is a simplified and obfuscatory language designed to make independent thought impossible. Doublethink means holding two contradictory beliefs simultaneously. The Thought Police are those who suppress all dissenting opinion. Prolefeed is homogenised, manufactured superficial literature, film and music, used to control and indoctrinate the populace through docility. Big Brother is a supreme dictator who watches everyone.
Orwell may have been the first to use the term cold war, in his essay, "You and the Atom Bomb", published in Tribune, 19 October 1945. He wrote:
We may be heading not for general breakdown but for an epoch as horribly stable as the slave empires of antiquity. James Burnham's theory has been much discussed, but few people have yet considered its ideological implications;— this is, the kind of world-view, the kind of beliefs, and the social structure that would probably prevail in a State which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of 'cold war' with its neighbours.[100]
Personal life[link]
Childhood[link]
Jacintha Buddicom's account Eric & Us provides an insight into Blair's childhood.[101] She quoted his sister Avril that "he was essentially an aloof, undemonstrative person" and said herself of his friendship with the Buddicoms "I do not think he needed any other friends beyond the schoolfriend he occasionally and appreciatively referred to as 'CC'". Cyril Connolly provides an account of Blair as a child in Enemies of Promise.[24] Years later, Blair mordantly recalled his prep school in the essay "Such, Such Were the Joys", claiming among other things that he "was made to study like a dog" to earn a scholarship, which he alleged was solely to enhance the school's prestige with parents. Jacintha Buddicom repudiated Orwell's schoolboy misery described in the essay, stating that "he was a specially happy child".
Connolly remarked of him as a schoolboy, "The remarkable thing about Orwell was that alone among the boys he was an intellectual and not a parrot for he thought for himself".[24] At Eton, John Vaughan Wilkes, his former headmaster's son recalled, "...he was extremely argumentative—about anything—and criticising the masters and criticising the other boys.... We enjoyed arguing with him. He would generally win the arguments—or think he had anyhow."[102] Roger Mynors concurs: "Endless arguments about all sorts of things, in which he was one of the great leaders. He was one of those boys who thought for himself...."[103]
Blair liked to carry out practical jokes. Buddicom recalls him swinging from the luggage rack in a railway carriage like an orangutan to frighten a woman passenger out of the compartment.[14] At Eton he played tricks on John Crace, his Master in College, among which was to enter a spoof advertisement in a College magazine implying pederasty.[104] Gow, his tutor, said he "made himself as big a nuisance as he could" and "was a very unattractive boy".[105] Later Blair was expelled from the crammer at Southwold for sending a dead rat as a birthday present to the town surveyor.[106] In one of his As I Please essays he refers to a protracted joke when he answered an advertisement for a woman who claimed a cure for obesity.[107]
Blair had an enduring interest in natural history which stemmed from his childhood. In letters from school he wrote about caterpillars and butterflies,[108] and Buddicom recalls his keen interest in ornithology. He also enjoyed fishing and shooting rabbits, and conducting experiments as in cooking a hedgehog[14] or shooting down a jackdaw from the Eton roof to dissect it.[103] His zeal for scientific experiments extended to explosives—again Buddicom recalls a cook giving notice because of the noise. Later in Southwold his sister Avril recalled him blowing up the garden. When teaching he enthused his students with his nature-rambles both at Southwold[109] and Hayes.[110] His adult diaries are permeated with his observations on nature.
Relationships[link]
Buddicom and Blair lost touch shortly after he went to Burma, and she became unsympathetic towards him. She wrote that it was because of the letters he wrote complaining about his life, but an addendum to Eric & Us by Venables reveals that he may have lost sympathy through an incident which was at best a clumsy seduction.[14]
Mabel Fierz, who later became his confidante, said "He used to say the one thing he wished in this world was that he'd been attractive to women. He liked women and had many girlfriends I think in Burma. He had a girl in Southwold and another girl in London. He was rather a womaniser, yet he was afraid he wasn't attractive."[23]
Brenda Salkield (Southwold) preferred friendship to any deeper relationship and maintained a correspondence with Blair for many years, particularly as a sounding board for his ideas. She wrote "He was a great letter writer. Endless letters, And I mean when he wrote you a letter he wrote pages."[23] His correspondence with Eleanor Jacques (London) was more prosaic, dwelling on a closer relationship and referring to past rendezvous or planning future ones in London and Burnham Beeches.[111]
When Orwell was in the sanatorium in Kent his wife's friend Lydia Jackson visited. He invited her for a walk and out of sight "an awkward situation arose."[112] Jackson was to be the most critical of Orwell's marriage to Eileen O'Shaughnessy but their later correspondence hints a complicity. Eileen at the time was more concerned about Orwell's closeness to Brenda Salkield. Orwell was to have an affair with his secretary at Tribune which caused Eileen much distress, and others have been mooted. In a letter to Ann Popham he wrote: 'I was sometimes unfaithful to Eileen, and I also treated her badly, and I think she treated me badly, too, at times, but it was a real marriage, in the sense that we had been through awful struggles together and she understood all about my work, etc.',[113] Similarly he suggested to Celia Kirwan that they had both been unfaithful.[114] There are several testaments that it was a well-matched and happy marriage[115][116][117]
Orwell was very lonely after Eileen's death, and desperate for a wife, both as companion for himself and as mother for Richard. He proposed marriage to four women, and eventually Sonia Brownell accepted.
Religious views[link]
Orwell was a communicant member of the Church of England, he attended holy communion regularly,[118] and allusions to Anglican life are made in his book A Clergyman's Daughter. At the same time he found the church to be a "selfish...church of the landed gentry" with its establishment "out of touch" with the majority of its communicants and altogether a pernicious influence on public life.[119] Moreover, Orwell expressed some skepticism about religion: "It seems rather mean to go to HC [Holy Communion] when one doesn't believe, but I have passed myself off for pious & there is nothing for it but to keep up with the deception."[120] Yet, he was married according to the rites of the Church of England in both his first marriage at the church at Wallington, and in his second marriage on his deathbed in University College Hospital, and he left instructions that he was to receive an Anglican funeral.[121] In their 1972 study, The Unknown Orwell, the writers Peter Stansky and William Abrahams note that at Eton Blair displayed a "sceptical attitude" to Christian belief, and that: "Shaw's preface to his recently published Androcles and the Lion in which an account of the gospels is set forth, very different in tone from what one would be likely to hear from an Anglican clergyman" was "much more to Blair's own taste."[122] Crick observed that Orwell displayed "a pronounced anti-Catholicism".[123]
The ambiguity in his belief in religion mirrored the dichotomies between his public and private lives: Stephen Ingle wrote that it was as if the writer George Orwell "vaunted" his atheism while Eric Blair the individual retained "a deeply ingrained religiosity". Ingle later noted that Orwell did not accept the existence of an afterlife, believing in the finality of death while living and advocating a moral code based on Judeo-Christian beliefs.[79][124]
Political views[link]
Orwell liked to provoke argument by challenging the status quo, but he was also a traditionalist with a love of old English values. He criticised and satirised, from the inside, the various social milieus in which he found himself – provincial town life in A Clergyman's Daughter; middle-class pretention in Keep the Aspidistra Flying; preparatory schools in Such Such were the Joys; colonialism in Burmese Days, and some socialist groups in The Road to Wigan Pier. In his Adelphi days he described himself as a "Tory-anarchist".[125][126]
In 1928, Orwell began his career as a professional writer in Paris. His first article, Censorship in England, was an attempt to account for the 'extraordinary and illogical' suppression of plays and novels on the grounds of public decency, then practised in Britain. His own explanation was that the rise of the 'puritan middle class', who had stricter morals than the aristocracy, tightened the rules of censorship in the 19th century. Orwell's first article to be published in his home country, A Farthing Newspaper, was a critique of the new French daily, the Ami de Peuple. This paper was sold much more cheaply than most others, and was intended for ordinary people to read. However, Orwell pointed out that its proprietor François Coty also owned the right-wing dailies Le Figaro and Le Gaulois, which the Ami de Peuple was supposedly competing against. Orwell suggested that cheap newspapers were no more than a vehicle for advertising and anti-leftist propaganda, and predicted that like India, France might soon see 'free newspapers' which would drive many legitimate dailies out of business.[127]
The Spanish Civil War played the most important part in defining Orwell's socialism. He wrote to Cyril Connolly from Barcelona on 8 June 1937: "I have seen wonderful things and at last really believe in Socialism, which I never did before".[128][129] Having witnessed the success of the anarcho-syndicalist communities, for example in Anarchist Catalonia, and the subsequent brutal suppression of the anarcho-syndicalists, anti-Stalin communist parties and revolutionaries by the Soviet Union-backed Communists, Orwell returned from Catalonia a staunch anti-Stalinist and joined the Independent Labour Party, his card being issued on 13 June 1938.[108] Although he was never a Trotskyist, he was strongly influenced by the Trotskyist and anarchist critiques of the Soviet regime, and by the anarchists' emphasis on individual freedom. In Part 2 of The Road to Wigan Pier, published by the Left Book Club, Orwell stated: "a real Socialist is one who wishes – not merely conceives it as desirable, but actively wishes – to see tyranny overthrown". Orwell stated in "Why I Write" (1946): "Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it."[130] Orwell was a proponent of a federal socialist Europe, a position outlined in his 1947 essay "Toward European Unity", which first appeared in Partisan Review. According to biographer John Newsinger,
the other crucial dimension to Orwell's socialism was his recognition that the Soviet Union was not socialist. Unlike many on the left, instead of abandoning socialism once he discovered the full horror of Stalinist rule in the Soviet Union, Orwell abandoned the Soviet Union and instead remained a socialist—indeed he became more committed to the socialist cause than ever."[57]
In his 1938 essay "Why I joined the Independent Labour Party", published in the ILP-affiliated New Leader, Orwell wrote:
For some years past I have managed to make the capitalist class pay me several pounds a week for writing books against capitalism. But I do not delude myself that this state of affairs is going to last forever ... the only régime which, in the long run, will dare to permit freedom of speech is a Socialist régime. If Fascism triumphs I am finished as a writer – that is to say, finished in my only effective capacity. That of itself would be a sufficient reason for joining a Socialist party.[131]
Towards the end of the essay, he wrote: "I do not mean I have lost all faith in the Labour Party. My most earnest hope is that the Labour Party will win a clear majority in the next General Election."[132]
Orwell was opposed to rearmament against Nazi Germany—but he changed his view after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the outbreak of the war. He left the ILP because of its opposition to the war and adopted a political position of "revolutionary patriotism". In December 1940 he wrote in Tribune (the Labour left's weekly): "We are in a strange period of history in which a revolutionary has to be a patriot and a patriot has to be a revolutionary." During the war, Orwell was highly critical of the popular idea that an Anglo-Soviet alliance would be the basis of a post-war world of peace and prosperity. In 1942, commenting on journalist E. H. Carr's pro-Soviet views, Orwell stated: "all the appeasers, e.g. Professor E. H. Carr, have switched their allegiance from Hitler to Stalin."[133]
On anarchism, Orwell wrote in The Road to Wigan Pier: "I worked out an anarchistic theory that all government is evil, that the punishment always does more harm than the crime and the people can be trusted to behave decently if you will only let them alone." He continued however and argued that "it is always necessary to protect peaceful people from violence. In any state of society where crime can be profitable you have got to have a harsh criminal law and administer it ruthlessly."
In his reply (dated 15 November 1943) to an invitation from the Duchess of Atholl to speak for the British League for European Freedom, he stated that he didn't agree with their objectives. He admitted that what they said was "more truthful than the lying propaganda found in most of the press" but added that he could not "associate himself with an essentially Conservative body" that claimed to "defend democracy in Europe" but had "nothing to say about British imperialism". His closing paragraph stated: "I belong to the Left and must work inside it, much as I hate Russian totalitarianism and its poisonous influence in this country."[134]
Orwell joined the staff of Tribune as literary editor, and from then until his death, was a left-wing (though hardly orthodox) Labour-supporting democratic socialist.[135] On 1 September 1944, about the Warsaw Uprising, Orwell expressed in Tribune his hostility against the influence of the alliance with the USSR over the allies: "Do remember that dishonesty and cowardice always have to be paid for. Do not imagine that for years on end you can make yourself the boot-licking propagandist of the sovietic regime, or any other regime, and then suddenly return to honesty and reason. Once a whore, always a whore." According to Newsinger, although Orwell "was always critical of the 1945–51 Labour government's moderation, his support for it began to pull him to the right politically. This did not lead him to embrace conservatism, imperialism or reaction, but to defend, albeit critically, Labour reformism."[136] Between 1945 and 1947, with A. J. Ayer and Bertrand Russell, he contributed a series of articles and essays to Polemic, a short-lived British "Magazine of Philosophy, Psychology, and Aesthetics" edited by the ex-Communist Humphrey Slater.[137][138]
Writing in the spring of 1945 a long essay titled "Antisemitism in Britain", for the Contemporary Jewish Record, Orwell stated that anti-Semitism was on the increase in Britain, and that it was "irrational and will not yield to arguments". He argued that it would be useful to discover why anti-Semites could "swallow such absurdities on one particular subject while remaining sane on others".[139] He wrote: "For quite six years the English admirers of Hitler contrived not to learn of the existence of Dachau and Buchenwald. ... Many English people have heard almost nothing about the extermination of German and Polish Jews during the present war. Their own anti-Semitism has caused this vast crime to bounce off their consciousness."[140] In Nineteen Eighty-Four, written shortly after the war, Orwell portrayed the Party as enlisting anti-Semitic passions against their enemy, Goldstein.
Orwell publicly defended P.G. Wodehouse against charges of being a Nazi sympathiser, a defence based on Wodehouse's lack of interest in and ignorance of politics.
The British intelligence group Special Branch maintained a file on Orwell for more than 20 years of his life. The dossier, published by The National Archives, mentions that according to one investigator, Orwell had "advanced Communist views and several of his Indian friends say that they have often seen him at Communist meetings". MI5, the intelligence department of the Home Office, noted: "It is evident from his recent writings – 'The Lion and the Unicorn' – and his contribution to Gollancz's symposium The Betrayal of the Left that he does not hold with the Communist Party nor they with him."[141]
Social interactions[link]
Orwell was noted for very close and enduring friendships with a few friends, but these were generally people with a similar background or with a similar level of literary ability. Ungregarious, he was out of place in a crowd and his discomfort was exacerbated when he was outside his own class. Though representing himself as a spokesman for the common man, he often appeared out of place with real working people. His brother-in-law Humphrey Dakin, a "Hail fellow, well met" type, who took him to a local pub in Leeds, said that he was told by the landlord: "Don't bring that bugger in here again".[142] Adrian Fierz commented "He wasn't interested in racing or greyhounds or pub crawling or shove ha'penny. He just did not have much in common with people who did not share his intellectual interests".[143] Awkwardness attended many of his encounters with working-class representatives, as with Pollitt and McNair.[144] but his courtesy and good manners were often commented on. Jack Common observed on meeting him for the first time, "Right away manners, and more than manners—breeding—showed through".[145]
In his tramping days, he did domestic work for a time. His extreme politeness was recalled by a member of the family he worked for; she declared that the family referred to him as "Laurel" after the film comedian.[39] With his gangling figure and awkwardness, Orwell's friends often saw him as a figure of fun. Geoffrey Gorer commented "He was awfully likely to knock things off tables, trip over things. I mean, he was a gangling, physically badly co-ordinated young man. I think his feelings that even the inanimate world was against him..."[146] When he shared a flat with Heppenstall and Sayer, he was treated in a patronising manner by the younger men.[147] At the BBC, in the 1940s, "everybody would pull his leg",[148] and Spender described him as having real entertainment value "like, as I say, watching a Charlie Chaplin movie".[149] A friend of Eileen's reminisced about her tolerance and humour, often at Orwell's expense.[116]
One biography of Orwell accused him of having had an authoritarian streak.[150] In Burma, he struck out at a Burmese boy who while "fooling around" with his friends had "accidentally bumped into him" at a station, with the result that Orwell "fell heavily" down some stairs.[151] One of his former pupils recalled being beaten so hard he could not sit down for a week.[152] When sharing a flat with Orwell, Heppenstall came home late one night in an advanced stage of loud inebriation. The upshot was that Heppenstall ended up with a bloody nose and was locked in a room. When he complained, Orwell hit him a crack across the legs with a shooting stick and Heppenstall then had to defend himself with a chair. Years later, after Orwell's death, Heppenstall wrote a dramatic account of the incident called "The Shooting Stick"[153] and Mabel Fierz confirmed that Heppenstall came to her in a sorry state the following day.[154]
However, Orwell got on well with young people. The pupil he beat considered him the best of teachers, and the young recruits in Barcelona tried to drink him under the table—though without success. His nephew recalled Uncle Eric laughing louder than anyone in the cinema at a Charlie Chaplin film.[115]
In the wake of his most famous works, he attracted many uncritical hangers-on, but many others who sought him found him aloof and even dull. With his soft voice, he was sometimes shouted down or excluded from discussions.[155] At this time, he was severely ill; it was wartime or the austerity period after it; during the war his wife suffered from depression; and after her death he was lonely and unhappy. In addition to that, he always lived frugally and seemed unable to care for himself properly. As a result of all this, people found his circumstances bleak.[156] Some, like Michael Ayrton, called him "Gloomy George", but others developed the idea that he was a "secular saint".
Lifestyle[link]
Orwell was a heavy smoker, rolling his own cigarettes from strong shag tobacco, in spite of his bronchial condition. He undermined his health with a penchant for the rugged life which often put him in cold and damp situations both in the long term as in Catalonia and Jura, and short term, for example in motorcycling in the rain and a shipwreck of his own creation. His love of strong tea was legendary—he had Fortnum & Mason's tea brought to him in Catalonia[9] and in 1946 published "A Nice Cup of Tea" on how to make it. He appreciated English beer, taken regularly and moderately, despised drinkers of lager[157] and wrote about an imagined, ideal pub in his 1946 newspaper article "The Moon Under Water".[158] Not being particular about food, he enjoyed the wartime "Victory Pie"[159] extolled canteen food at the BBC[148] and once ate the cat's dinner by mistake.[160] However he preferred traditional English dishes such as roast beef and kippers[161] and reports of his Islington days refer to the cosy afternoon tea table.
His dress sense was unpredictable and usually casual.[162] In Southwold he had the best cloth from the local tailor,[163] but was equally happy in his tramping outfit. His attire in the Spanish Civil War, along with his size 12 boots was a source of amusement.[164][165] David Astor described him as looking like a prep school master,[166] while according to the Special Branch dossier, Orwell's tendency of clothing himself "in Bohemian fashion" revealed that the author was "a Communist".[167]
Orwell's confusing approach to matters of social decorum—on the one hand expecting a working class guest to dress for dinner,[168] and on the other hand slurping tea out of a saucer at the BBC canteen[169]—helped stoke his reputation as an English eccentric.
Biographies[link]
File:Malcolm muggeridge.jpg
Orwell's widow commissioned journalist Malcolm Muggeridge to write a biography of her husband in spite of his wishes that none be produced. The book was never written.
Orwell's will requested that no biography of him be written, and his wife Sonia Brownell repelled every attempt by those who tried to persuade her to let them write about him. Various recollections and interpretations were published in the 1950s and 1960s but Sonia saw the 1968 Collected Works[107] as the record of his life. She did appoint Malcolm Muggeridge as official biographer, but later biographers have seen this as deliberate spoiling as Muggeridge eventually gave up the work.[61] In 1973 American authors Stansky and Williams[170] produced an unauthorised account of his early years which inevitably lacked Sonia Brownell's input. She then commissioned Bernard Crick, a left-wing professor of politics at the University of London to complete a biography and asked all Orwell's friends to co-operate.[171] Crick collated a considerable amount of material in his work which was published in 1980,[108] but his questioning of the literal truth of Orwell's first-person writings led to conflict with Sonia who tried unsuccessfully to suppress the book. Crick concentrated on the facts of Orwell's life rather than his character, and as a professor of politics presented primarily a political perspective on Orwell's life and work.[172]
After Sonia Brownell's death many more works were produced in the 1980s with 1984 being a particularly fruitful year for Orwelliana. These included collections of reminiscences by Coppard and Crick[106] and Stephen Wadhams.[23]
In 1991 a biography was produced by Michael Shelden, an American Professor of Literature.[27] Shelden was more concerned with the literary nature of Orwell’s work, seeking explanations for Orwell's character and treating his first person writings as autobiographical. Shelden introduced several new pieces of information correcting some of the errors and omissions in Crick's earlier work.[173] Shelden attributed to Orwell an obsessive belief in his failure and inadequacy.
Peter Davison's production of the Complete Works of George Orwell, completed in 2000[174] put most of the Orwell Archive in the public domain. Jeffrey Meyers, a prolific American biographer, was first to take advantage of this and produced a work[175] that was more willing to investigate the darker side of Orwell and question the saintly image.[173] Why Orwell Matters was published by Christopher Hitchens in 2002.
In 2003, the centenary of Orwell's birth resulted in the two most up-to-date biographies by Gordon Bowker[176] and D. J. Taylor, both academics and writers in the United Kingdom. Taylor notes the stage management which surrounds much of Orwell's behaviour,[9] and Bowker highlights the essential sense of decency which he considers to have been Orwell's main driver.[177][178]
Bibliography[link]
Main article: George Orwell bibliography
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Novels
- 1934 – Burmese Days
- 1935 – A Clergyman's Daughter
- 1936 – Keep the Aspidistra Flying
- 1939 – Coming Up for Air
- 1945 – Animal Farm
- 1949 – Nineteen Eighty-Four
- Books based on personal experiences
While the substance of many of Orwell's novels, particularly Burmese Days, is drawn from his personal experiences, the following are works presented as narrative documentaries, rather than being fictionalised.
- 1933 – Down and Out in Paris and London
- 1937 – The Road to Wigan Pier
- 1938 – Homage to Catalonia
Notes[link]
- ^ "George Orwell". UCL Orwell Archives. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/special-coll/orwell.shtml. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
- ^ "Why I Write" in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p.23 (Penguin)
- ^ Orwell, George (1968) [1958]. Bott, George. ed. Selected Writings. London: Heinemann. p. 103. ISBN 0-435-13675-5. "Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it. [italics from printed source]"
- ^ "Still the Moon Under Water". The Economist (London). 28 July 2009 (Article available to paid subscribers only.). http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?source=hptextfeature&story_id=11826680.
- ^ Rodden, John, ed. (2007). The Cambridge companion to George Orwell. Cambridge University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-521-67507-3.
- ^ "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". Times online (The Times). 5 January 2008. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3127837.ece. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
- ^ Crick, Bernard (2004). "Eric Arthur Blair [pseud. George Orwell] (1903–1950)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, England, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b Stansky, Peter; Abrahams, William (1994). "From Bengal to St Cyprian's". The unknown Orwell: Orwell, the transformation. Stanford, California, United States: Stanford University Press. pp. 5–12. ISBN 978-0-8047-2342-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Taylor, D. J. (2003), Orwell: The Life, Henry Holt and Company, ISBN 0-8050-7473-2
- ^ Orwell, George (February 1937), "8", The Road to Wigan Pier, Left Book Club, p. 1
- ^ Crick, Bernard (1980), George Orwell: A Life, Secker & Warburg
- ^ Stansky and Abrahams had suggested that Mrs Blair moved to England in 1907 based on information given by Avril Blair reminiscing of a time before she was born. The evidence to the contrary is the diary of Ida Blair for 1905 and a photograph of Eric aged three in an English suburban garden. The earlier date also coincides with a difficult posting for Blair senior, and Marjorie (then six years old) needing an English education.
- ^ A Kind of Compulsion 1903–36, xviii
- ^ a b c d e Buddicom, Jacintha (1974), Eric and Us, Frewin, ISBN 0-85632-076-5
- ^ Bowker, Gordon, George Orwell, p. 21
- ^ Bowker, Gordon, George Orwell, p. 28
- ^ "Royal Eastbourne Golf Club – Hambro Bowl". Regc.unospace.net. http://www.regc.unospace.net/members/handicaps_competitions/rolls_of_honour/men_5/hambro_bowl_3. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ^ Bowker,p.30
- ^ Jacob, Alaric (1984), "Sharing Orwell's Joys, but not his Fears", in Norris, Christopher, Inside the Myth, Lawrence and Wishart
- ^ Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard, 2 October 1914
- ^ Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard, 21 July 1916
- ^ Eric and Us, 58 , Jacintha Buddicom
- ^ a b c d e f Wadhams, Stephen (1984), Remembering Orwell, Penguin
- ^ a b c Connolly, Cyril (1973) [1938]. Enemies of Promise. London: Deutsch. ISBN 978-0-233-96488-1.
- ^ A Kind of Compulsion, p.87, gives Blair as 7th of 29 successful candidates, and 21st of the 23 successful candidates who passed the Indian Imperial Police riding test, in September 1922.
- ^ Stansky & Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, p.170-171
- ^ a b Michael Shelden Orwell: The Authorised Biography William Heinemann 1991
- ^ A Kind of Compulsion, 1903–36, p.87
- ^ Emma Larkin, Introduction, Burmese Days, Penguin Classics edition, 2009
- ^ Bernard Crick George Orwell: A Life, quote from interview with Gow
- ^ Stansky & Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, p.195
- ^ Ruth Pitter BBC Overseas Service broadcast, 3 January 1956
- ^ Plaque #2825 on Open Plaques.
- ^ Stansky & Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, p.204
- ^ A Kind of Compulsion (1903–36), p.113
- ^ Stansky & Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, p. 216
- ^ R. S. Peters A Boy's View of George Orwell Psychology and Ethical Development Allen & Unwin 1974
- ^ Stansky & Abrahams, p.230 The Unknown Orwell
- ^ a b Stella Judt I once met George Orwell in I once Met 1996
- ^ Bernard Crick Interview with Geoffrey Stevens in George Orwell: A Life
- ^ Avril Dunn My Brother George Orwell Twentieth Century 1961
- ^ Voorhees (1986: 11)
- ^ Leys, Simon (6 May 2011). "The Intimate Orwell". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/may/26/intimate-orwell/?pagination=false. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
- ^ Orwell, Sonia and Angus, Ian (eds.)Orwell: An Age Like This, letters 31 and 33 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World)
- ^ Stansky & Abrahams, Orwell:The Transformation p 100-101
- ^ A Kind of Compulsion, p.392
- ^ The conventional view that this was a specific commission with a £500 advance is based on a recollection by Geoffrey Gorer. However Taylor argues that Orwell's subsequent circumstances showed no indication of such largesse, Gollancz was not a person to part with such a sum on speculation, and Gollancz took little proprietorial interest in progress—D. J. Taylor Orwell: The Life Chatto & Windus 2003
- ^ A Kind of Compulsion, p.457
- ^ A Kind of Compulsion,p.450. The Road to Wigan Pier Diary
- ^ A Kind of Compulsion, p.468
- ^ "Freedom of Information, National Archives" http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/releases/2005/highlights_july/july19/default.htm)
- ^ "Notes on the Spanish Militias" in Orwell in Spain, p.278
- ^ John McNair—Interview with Ian Angus UCL 1964
- ^ Letter to Eileen Blair April 1937 in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p.296 (Penguin)
- ^ Bowker, p.216
- ^ "The accusation of espionage against the P.O.U.M. rested solely upon articles in the Communist press and the activities of the Communist-controlled secret police." Homage to Catalonia p.168. Penguin, 1980
- ^ a b "Newsinger, John "Orwell and the Spanish Revolution" ''International Socialism Journal'' Issue 62 Spring 1994". Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk. http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj62/newsinger.htm. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ^ Bowker, quoting Orwell in Homage To Catalonia, p.219
- ^ Harry Milton – The Man Who Saved Orwell, Hoover Institution, http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3475881.html, retrieved 23 December 2008
- ^ Gordon Bowker, Orwell, p.218 ISBN 978-0-349-11551-1
- ^ a b The author states that evidence discovered at the National Historical Archives in Madrid in 1989 of a security police report to the Tribunal for Espionage and High Treason described 'Eric Blair and his wife Eileen Blair, as 'known Trotskyists' and as 'linking agents of the ILP and the POUM'. Newsinger goes on to state that given Orwell's precarious health, "there can be little doubt that if he had been arrested he would have died in prison."
- ^ Facing Unpleasant Facts, p.xxix, Secker & Warburg, 2000
- ^ Facing Unpleasant Facts, p.31, 224
- ^ "Gordon Bowker: Orwell's London". theorwellprize.co.uk. http://theorwellprize.co.uk/george-orwell/about-orwell/gordon-bowker-orwells-london. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ "Another piece of the puzzle – Charles' George Orwell Links". Netcharles.com. http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/col-piece-of-puzzle.htm. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ^ "George Orwell Biography". Paralumun.com. http://www.paralumun.com/bioorwell.htm. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ^ "THE ORWELL PRIZE". Orwelldiaries.wordpress.com. 16 August 2010. http://orwelldiaries.wordpress.com/2010/08/16/16-8-40/. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ^ The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 2 – My Country Right or Left 1940–1943 p40 (Penguin)
- ^ Muggeridge, Malcolm (1962), Burmese Days (Introduction), Time Inc., http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Burmese_Days/english/e_mm_int Muggeridge recalls that he asked Orwell if such broadcasts were useful, "'Perhaps not', he said, somewhat crestfallen. He added, more cheerfully, that anyway, no one could pick up the broadcasts except on short-wave sets which cost about the equivalent of an Indian labourer's earnings over 10 years."
- ^ Orwell, G.; Davison, P. (1999). I Have Tried to Tell the Truth. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-20370-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=yRHBGAAACAAJ&dq=isbn:0436205521&ei=lD2hSaj0CYLeyAS79p20Dg&hl=es.
- ^ a b Garton Ash, Timothy (25 September 2003). "Orwell's List". The New York Review of Books.
- ^ Caute, David (2009). Politics and the Novel during the Cold War. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 79. ISBN 1-4128-1161-9.
- ^ "He had led a quiet life as Richard Blair, not ‘Richard Orwell’": Shelden (1991: 398; 489)
- ^ "The Orwell Prize | Life and Work—Exclusive Access to the Orwell Archive". Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071210180526/http://www.theorwellprize.co.uk/life-and-work.aspx. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- ^ Barnhill, http://www.orwelltoday.com/jurabarnhillvisit.shtml is located at 56°06′39″N 5°41′30″W / 56.11083°N 5.69167°W / 56.11083; -5.69167 (British national grid reference system NR705970)
- ^ David Holbrook in Stephen Wadham's Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
- ^ a b c d e Tim Carroll A writer wronged The Sunday Times 15 August 2004
- ^ Ezard, John (21 June 2003). "Blair's babe: Did love turn Orwell into a government stooge?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2003/jun/21/books.artsandhumanities.
- ^ a b Ingle, Stephen (1993). George Orwell: a political life. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-7190-3233-4.
- ^ "George Orwell, Author, 46, Dead. British Writer, Acclaimed for His '1984' and 'Animal Farm,' is Victim of Tuberculosis. Two Novels Popular Here Distaste for Imperialism". The New York Times. 22 January 1950.
- ^ Andrew Anthony, 'Review: George Orwell's Books', The Observer, 11 May 2003, Observer Review Pages, Pg. 1.
- ^ Howe, Irving (January 1969; reprinted in Newsweek), George Orwell: "As the bones know", Harper's Magazine . Howe considered Orwell "the finest journalist of his day and the foremost architect of the English essay since Hazlitt".
- ^ Letter to Gleb Struve, 17 February 1944, Orwell: Essays, Journalism and Letters Vol 3, ed Sonia Brownell and Ian Angus
- ^ "Malcolm Muggeridge: Introduction". http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Burmese_Days/english/e_mm_int. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- ^ "Does Orwell Matter?". http://www.hoover.org/multimedia/uk/2939606.html. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- ^ "George Orwell: Rudyard Kipling". http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/kipling/english/e_rkip. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- ^ George Woodcock Introduction to Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin 1984
- ^ Orwell Today, http://www.orwelltoday.com/orwellpersona.shtml
- ^ a b c d e "Orwell’s Century" Think Tank with Ben Wattenberg. PBS
- ^ Brendon, Piers (7 June 2003), "The saint of common decency", The Guardian (UK), http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/jun/07/biography.georgeorwell
- ^ Raymond Williams Politics and Letters 1979
- ^ Christopher Norris Language, Truth and Ideology:Orwell and the Post War Left in Inside the Myth:Orwell views from the Left Lawrence and Whishart 1984
- ^ Rodden, John (2002). George Orwell: the politics of literary reputation. Edison, NJ: Transaction. pp. 394–395. ISBN 978-0-7658-0896-7.
- ^ Alan Brown Examining Orwell: Political and Literary Values in Education in Christopher Norris Inside the Myth Orwell:Views from the Left Lawrence and Wishart 1984
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher, Editorial review of Orwell's Victory, http://www.amazon.com/dp/0141005351
- ^ T R Fyvel A Writer's Life World Review June 1950
- ^ T. R. Fyvel, A Case for George Orwell?, Twentieth Century, September 1956, pp.257–8
- ^ Orwell, George (April 1946). "Politics and the English Language". mtholyoke.edu. Horizon. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/orwell46.htm. Retrieved 15 July2010.
- ^ Rubin, Andrew N. "The Rhetoric of Perpetual War". http://outsidethewhale.com/2011/10/04/70/. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
- ^ Orwell, George (19 October 1945). "You and the Atom Bomb". Tribune. http://orwell.ru/library/articles/ABomb/english/e_abomb.html. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
- ^ Jacintha Buddicom Eric & Us Frewin 1974.
- ^ John Wilkes in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell" Penguin Books 1984.
- ^ a b Roger Mynors in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984.
- ^ Hollis, Christopher (1956). A study of George Orwell: The man and his works. London: Hollis & Carter. OCLC 2742921.
- ^ Interview with Bernard Crick in George Orwell: A life
- ^ a b Audrey Coppard and Bernard Crick Orwell Remembered 1984
- ^ a b Orwell, George; Angus, Ian; Orwell, Sonia (1969). The collected essays, journalism and letters of George Orwell. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-35015-3.
- ^ a b c Crick, Bernard (1980). George Orwell: A Life. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-11450-2.
- ^ R. S. Peters A Boy's View of George Orwell in Psychology and Ethical Development Allen & Unwin 1974
- ^ Geoffrey Stevens in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin 1984
- ^ Correspondence in Collected Essays Journalism and Letters, Secker & Warburg 1968
- ^ Peter Davison ed. George Orwell: Complete Works XI 336
- ^ George Orwell: A Life, Bernard Crick, p.480
- ^ Celia Goodman interview with Shelden June 1989 in Michael Shelden Orwell:The Authorised Biography
- ^ a b Henry Dakin in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell
- ^ a b Patrica Donahue in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell
- ^ Michael Meyer Not Prince Hamlet: Literary and Theatrcal Memoirs 1989
- ^ Thomas Cushman and John Rodden eds., George Orwell: Into the Twenty-first Century (2004), p. 98
- ^ Voorhees, Richard A. (1986). The paradox of George Orwell. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue University Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-911198-80-6.
- ^ “Letter to Eleanor Jaques, 19 Oct., 1932” in The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell: An Age Like This, ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus. Harcourt, Brace & World Inc. New York, 1968. p. 102
- ^ Why Orwell Matters (2003), p. 123
- ^ Stansky & Abrahams,The Unknown Orwell, p105
- ^ Crick, p.229
- ^ Ingle, Stephen (2006). The social and political thought of George Orwell: a reassessment. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 0-415-35735-7.
- ^ Richard Rees, Orwell: Fugitive from the Camp of Victory, Secker & Warburg 1961
- ^ Rayner Heppenstall, Four Absentees, Barrie and Rockcliff 1960
- ^ P Davison A Kind of Compulsion Secker & Warburg. London, 2000 pp. 117–121
- ^ Cyril Connolly George Orwell 3 in The Evening Colonnade David Bruce and Watson 1973
- ^ The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p.301 (Penguin)
- ^ "Why I Write" in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p.23 (Penguin)
- ^ The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p.373 (Penguin)
- ^ "Why I Write" in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p.374 (Penguin)
- ^ Collini, Stefan (5 March 2008). "E. H. Carr: historian of the future". Times. UK. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article3490032.ece. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
- ^ Orwell, Sonia and Angus, Ian (eds.). The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 4: In Front of Your Nose (1945–1950) (Penguin)
- ^ Woodcock, George (1967). The crystal spirit: a study of George Orwell. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 247. ISBN 0-947795-05-7.
- ^ "John Newsinger in ''Socialist Review'' Issue 276 July/August 2003". Pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk. http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr276/newsinger.htm. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ^ Buckman, David (13 November 1998). "Where are the Hirsts of the 1930s now?". The Independent (London).
- ^ Collini, Stefan (2006). Absent Minds: Intellectuals in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929105-2
- ^ "Antisemitism in Britain", in As I Please: 1943–1945, pp. 332–341.
- ^ "Notes on Nationalism", 1945.
- ^ "MI5 confused by Orwell's politics". BBC News. 4 September 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6976576.stm. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
- ^ Ian Angus Interview 23–25 April 1965 quoted in Stansky and Abrahams The Unknown George Orwell
- ^ Adrian Fierz in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell
- ^ John McNair George Orwell: The Man I knew MA Thesis—Newcastle University Library 1965 quoted in Bernard Crick George Orwell: A Life
- ^ Jack Common Collection Newcastle University Library quoted in Bernard Crick George Orwell: A Life Secker & Warburg 1980
- ^ Geoffrey Gorer – recorded for Melvyn Bragg BBC Omnibus production The Road to the Left 1970
- ^ Rayner Heppenstall Four Absentees in Audrey Coppard and Bernard Crick Orwell Remembered 1984
- ^ a b Sunday Wilshin in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
- ^ Stephen Spender in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
- ^ "Powell's Books – Synopses and Reviews of D J Taylor ''Orwell:The Life''". Powells.com. 12 October 2010. http://www.powells.com/biblio/1-9780805076936-1. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ^ Maung Htin Aung George Orwell and Burma in Miriam Goss The World of George Orwell Weidenfield & Nicholson 1971
- ^ Geoffrey Stevens, Bernard Crick Interview in George Orwell: A Life Secker & Warburg 1980
- ^ Heppenstall "The Shooting Stick Twentieth Century April 1955
- ^ Mabel Fierz, Bernard Crick Interview (1973) in George Orwell: A Life Secker & Warburg 1980
- ^ Michael Meyer Not Prince Hamlet: Literary and Theatrical Memoirs Secker and Warburg 1989
- ^ T. R. Fyval George Orwell: A Personal Memoir 1982
- ^ Lettice Cooper in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
- ^ Orwell, George (9 February 1946), The Moon Under Water, Evening Standard, http://www.theorwellprize.co.uk/the-award/works/orwellessaymoonunderwater.aspx
- ^ Julian Symonds in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
- ^ Patricia Donahue in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
- ^ George Orwell: A Life, Bernard Crick, p.502
- ^ George Orwell: A Life, Bernard Crick, p.504
- ^ Jack Denny in Stephen Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
- ^ Bob Edwards in Audrey Coppard and Bernard Crick Orwell Remembered 1984
- ^ Jennie Lee in Peter Davison Complete Works XI 5
- ^ David Astor Interview in Michael Shelden
- ^ "Watching Orwell—International Herald Tribune". http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/09/07/opinion/edorwell.php. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- ^ Jack Braithwaite in Wadhams Remembering Orwell Penguin Books 1984
- ^ John Morris Some are more equal than others Penguin New Writing No. 40 1950
- ^ Peter Stansky and William Abrahams The Unknown Orwell Constable 1972
- ^ Gordon Bowker – Orwell and the biographers in John Rodden The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell Cambridge University Press 2007
- ^ "VQR » Wintry Conscience". http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1982/spring/meyers-wintry-conscience/. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- ^ a b Gordon Bowker – Orwell and the biographers in John Rodden The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell Cambridge University Press 2007
- ^ Peter Davison The Complete Works of George Orwell Random House, ISBN 0-15-135101-5
- ^ Jeffrey Meyers Orwell: Wintry Conscience of a Generation W. W. Norton & Company, Incorporated, 2001 ISBN 0-393-32263-7
- ^ "The Orwell Prize | Gordon Bowker: The Biography Orwell Never Wrote (essay)". Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081206155331/http://www.theorwellprize.co.uk/the-award/works/gordonbowker1.aspx. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- ^ Gordon Bowker George Orwell Little, Brown 2003
- ^ Observer review: Orwell by DJ Taylor and George Orwell by Gordon Bowker Observer on Sunday 1 June 2003
References[link]
- Anderson, Paul (ed). Orwell in Tribune: 'As I Please' and Other Writings. Methuen/Politico's 2006. ISBN 1-84275-155-7
- Bounds, Philip. Orwell and Marxism: The Political and Cultural Thinking of George Orwell. I.B. Tauris. 2009. ISBN 1-84511-807-3
- Bowker, Gordon. George Orwell. Little Brown. 2003. ISBN 0-316-86115-4
- Buddicom, Jacintha. Eric & Us. Finlay Publisher. 2006. ISBN 0-9553708-0-9
- Caute, David. Dr. Orwell and Mr. Blair, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-81438-9
- Crick, Bernard. George Orwell: A Life. Penguin. 1982. ISBN 0-14-005856-7
- Flynn, Nigel. George Orwell. The Rourke Corporation, Inc. 1990. ISBN 0-86593-018-X
- Hitchens, Christopher. Why Orwell Matters. Basic Books. 2003. ISBN 0-465-03049-1
- Hollis, Christopher. A Study of George Orwell: The Man and His Works. Chicago: Henry Regnery Co. 1956.
- Larkin, Emma. Secret Histories: Finding George Orwell in a Burmese Teashop. Penguin. 2005. ISBN 1-59420-052-1
- Lee, Robert A, Orwell's Fiction. University of Notre Dame Press, 1969. LC 74-75151
- Leif, Ruth Ann, Homage to Oceania. The Prophetic Vision of George Orwell. Ohio State U.P. [1969]
- Meyers, Jeffery. Orwell: Wintry Conscience of a Generation. W.W.Norton. 2000. ISBN 0-393-32263-7
- Newsinger, John. Orwell's Politics. Macmillan. 1999. ISBN 0-333-68287-4
- Rodden, John (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell. Cambridge. 2007. ISBN 978-0-521-67507-9
- Shelden, Michael. Orwell: The Authorized Biography. HarperCollins. 1991. ISBN 0-06-016709-2
- Smith, D. & Mosher, M. Orwell for Beginners. 1984. London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative.
- Taylor, D. J. Orwell: The Life. Henry Holt and Company. 2003. ISBN 0-8050-7473-2
- West, W. J. The Larger Evils. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. 1992. ISBN 0-86241-382-6 (Nineteen Eighty-Four – The truth behind the satire.)
- West, W. J. (ed.) George Orwell: The Lost Writings. New York: Arbor House. 1984. ISBN 0-87795-745-2
- Williams, Raymond, Orwell, Fontana/Collins, 1971
- Wood, James "A Fine Rage." The New Yorker. 2009. 85(9):54.
- Woodcock, George. The Crystal Spirit. Little Brown. 1966. ISBN 1-55164-268-9
External links[link]
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| Find more about George Orwell on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
- George Orwell at the Open Directory Project
- Works by or about George Orwell in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- George Orwell at Encyclopædia Britannica
- George Orwell at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by George Orwell on Open Library at the Internet Archive
- George Orwell – Penguin Books official website for George Orwell
- George Orwell archive at the Marxists Internet Archive
- George Orwell at the Internet Book List
- The Orwell Diaries: a daily extract from Orwell's diary from the same date seventy years before
- Blair, Eric Arthur (George Orwell) (1903–1950) at the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- George Orwell at the BBC
- Works by George Orwell (public domain in Canada)
- George Orwell articles at Byliner
- Booknotes interview with Jeffrey Meyers on Orwell: Wintry Conscience of a Generation, 11 March 2001.
- George Orwell plaques recorded on openplaques.org
- Portraits of George Orwell at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Archival material relating to George Orwell listed at the UK National Register of Archives
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Orwell, George |
| Alternative names | Blair, Eric Arthur |
| Short description | British author and journalist |
| Date of birth | (1903-06-25)25 June 1903 |
| Place of birth | Motihari, Bihar, India |
| Date of death | 21 January 1950(1950-01-21) |
| Place of death | London, England |
http://wn.com/George_Orwell
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2012) |
- No to be confused with New Zealand musician Alan Gregg.
Allan Gregg (born January 14, 1952) is a Canadian pollster, political advisor, and pundit.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Gregg was born in Edmonton, Alberta. He was the eldest child in his family which consisted of four boys and one girl. Gregg graduated from Harry Ainley High School at the second top of his class with honors. Gregg then went on to study political science at the University of Alberta and Carleton University in Ottawa. He briefly served as a professor while working on his PhD, but abandoned his studies due to the birth of his first child in 1975.
Tory strategist[link]
Gregg has long been involved in Canadian politics, but decided to travel south of the border to work with master Republican Party pollster Richard Wirthlin and learned much from him. He then returned to Canada in the late 1970s. He first came to national attention as the national campaign secretary of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada successful effort in the 1979 federal election.
Soon after that campaign, Gregg founded Decima Research, a joint polling/public relations firm. The company became the Conservative party's polling firm, and Gregg played an important role in the 1984 election when the PC Party was led by Brian Mulroney. With the Conservative victory, Decima Research and Gregg entered the halls of power, and he was frequently at Prime Minister Mulroney's side. Decima and Gregg worked for the federal Tories, operated in many provincial elections, and expanded worldwide, participating in over forty-five elections on three continents.
Gregg was an unusual-looking figure in Canadian politics, and especially in the Tory party. He adopted a unique style including gold earrings, bright red shoes, long hair, and a great deal of leather clothing. He founded a record label, The Song Corp., and was co-manager of the Tragically Hip. He also served a five year stint as president of the Toronto International Film Festival.
He rose to greater prominence in the 1988 election where he handled communications and polling for the PC Party. Long an advocate for negative campaigning, he directed the famed "bridge bombing" attack on Liberal leader John Turner that was designed to break the bridge linking anti-free trade voters to Turner. The offensive was a success, Turner's popularity dropped, and the Tories were re-elected. He also played an important role in the 1992 Canadian referendum where he crafted the message that the doom of Canada would be the certain result of a "No" vote.
1993 election[link]
Gregg was given even more responsibility in the 1993 federal election campaign. He was senior pollster as well as top strategist and communications manager.
The 1993 Conservative Federal campaign was an unmitigated disaster for all concerned, including Gregg. Other campaign leaders complained that his many duties meant he missed too many meetings. Gregg again pushed for negative tactics, crafting an attack ad one of which Canadians found especially distasteful and offensive. The ad ridiculed a facial deformity of Liberal leader Jean Chrétien which was a result of a childhood polio infection. This ad backfired and the Conservatives were reduced to two seats in the Canadian House of Commons from their previous 151 seats. This was the result of a number of factors, including the intense unpopularity of former Conservative Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. His party suffered the worst defeat ever in Canadian history for an incumbent federal party.
While the Tory campaign was not going well, the television ad (which aired on only one evening) was a memorable element. Modern Canadian national political campaign coverage has had few noteworthy campaign moments, but much like the 1984 Mulroney Turner debate ("You had an option"), this advertising mistake was memorable. Attacking a physical defect was widely seen by Canadians as a low blow and as an American-style no-holds-barred campaign style that should not be imported. Several years later Gregg wrote about this in the pages of Saturday Night magazine, where his mea culpa rang hollow, as he continued to argue that "the ad tested well in the focus groups."
Pollster[link]
After the campaign, Gregg left public life for a time. He quit Decima, and sold his share of the company for millions of dollars. He cut his hair, and turned to a more reserved form of dress.
After a year off, he founded a new company, The Strategic Counsel, a market research and consulting firm, but one geared towards business rather than politics. He returned to the public eye as a columnist in Maclean's Magazine and a frequent pundit on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation news for several years.
Gregg also has a weekly television show, Allan Gregg in Conversation with... on the public broadcaster TVOntario. It has a half-hour, in-depth interview format, in which the subject of the interview is usually an author discussing a current release. The books discussed are usually of a political or medical nature.
In 2001, he strongly denounced negative campaigning in a lecture at the School of Journalism and Communication at Carleton University, saying that it would destroy politics as we know it and "invite totally unaccountable forces" to "influence society without the countervailing force of representative democracy".[1]
Personal life[link]
Gregg has three children; Christian (b. 1975), Allanah (b. 1986), and Connor (b. 1988).
Further reading[link]
- "Changing horses in mid-stream: Before last fall's trouncing at the polls, Allan Gregg was the Tory party's whiz kid. Today, the 42-year-old is looking for new challenges." Ian Austen, Southam News. Aug 14, 1994. pg. B.2
- "Allan Gregg's record label to partner with musicians: Takes an 'artist friendly' approach to payments, benefits" Brenda Bouw. National Post. Mar 3, 2000. pg. C.1.
- "Campbell loyalists sore at bid to blame her for sad campaign" Rosemary Speirs. The Vancouver Sun. Oct 30, 1993. pg. A.12
References[link]
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2009) |
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gregg, Allan |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | January 14, 1952 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Allan_Gregg
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Gregg
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the biography, see Steve Jobs (book).
| Steve Jobs | |
|---|---|
 Jobs holding a white iPhone 4 at Worldwide Developers Conference 2010 |
|
| Born | Steven Paul Jobs (1955-02-24)February 24, 1955[1][2] San Francisco, California, U.S.[1][2] |
| Died | October 5, 2011(2011-10-05) (aged 56)[2] Palo Alto, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Pancreatic cancer |
| Nationality | American |
| Ethnicity | Syrian, German[3] |
| Alma mater | Reed College (dropped out) |
| Occupation | Co-founder, Chairman and CEO, Apple Inc. Co-founder and CEO, Pixar Co-founder and CEO, NeXT Inc. |
| Years active | 1974–2011 |
| Board member of | The Walt Disney Company[4] Apple Inc. |
| Religion | Zen Buddhism |
| Spouse | Laurene Powell (1991–2011, his death) |
| Children | Lisa Brennan-Jobs Reed Erin Eve |
| Relatives | Mona Simpson (sister) |
| Signature |  |
Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (/ˈdʒɒbz/; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011)[5][6] was an American businessman, designer and inventor. He is best known as the co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution[7][8] and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields. Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, when Disney acquired Pixar.
In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak engineered one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. During this period he also led efforts that would begin the desktop publishing revolution, notably through the introduction of the LaserWriter and the associated PageMaker software.[9]
After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off as Pixar.[10] He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an executive producer. He remained CEO and majority shareholder at 50.1 percent until its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in 2006,[11] making Jobs Disney's largest individual shareholder at seven percent and a member of Disney's Board of Directors.[12][13]
After difficulties developing a new Mac operating system, Apple purchased NeXT in 1996 in order to use NeXTSTEP as the basis for what became Mac OS X.[14] As part of the deal Jobs was named Apple advisor. As Apple floundered, Jobs took control of the company and was named "interim CEO" in 1997, or as he jokingly referred to it, "iCEO". Under his leadership, Apple was saved from near bankruptcy, and became profitable by 1998.[15][16] Over the next decade, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store and the App Store.[17] The success of these products and services, providing several years of stable financial returns, propelled Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.[18] The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history.[19][20][21]
In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas neuroendocrine tumor. Though it was initially treated, he reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as his health declined.[22] On medical leave for most of 2011, Jobs resigned as Apple CEO in August that year and was elected Chairman of the Board. He died of respiratory arrest related to his metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011.
Jobs has received a number of honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology and music industries. He has widely been referred to as "legendary", a "futurist" or simply "visionary",[23][24][25][26] and has been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution",[27] a "master of innovation",[28][29] and a "design perfectionist".[30][31]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955 to two university students, Joanne Carole Schieble and Syrian-born Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (Arabic: عبدالفتاح جندلي), who were both unmarried at the time.[32] Jandali, who was teaching in Wisconsin when Steve was born in 1955, said he had no choice but to put the baby up for adoption because his girlfriend's family objected to their relationship.[33] The baby was adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922–1993) and Clara Jobs (1924–1986), an Armenian-American[3] whose maiden name was Hagopian.[34] Later, when asked about his "adoptive parents," Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs "were my parents."[35] He stated in his authorized biography that they "were my parents 1,000%."[36] Unknown to him, his biological parents would subsequently marry (December 1955), have a second child Mona Simpson in 1957, and divorce in 1962.[36]
The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California when Steve was five years old.[1][2] The parents later adopted a daughter, Patti. Paul was a machinist for a company that made lasers, and taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands.[1] The father showed Steve how to work on electronics in the family garage, demonstrating to his son how to take apart and rebuild electronics such as radios and televisions. As a result, Steve became interested in and developed a hobby of technical tinkering.[37]
Clara was an accountant[35] who taught him to read before he went to school.[1] Clara Jobs had been a payroll clerk for Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech firms in what became known as Silicon Valley.[38]
Jobs's youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. At Monta Loma Elementary school in Mountain View, he was a prankster whose fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested so well, however, that administrators wanted to skip him ahead to high school—a proposal his parents declined.[39]
Jobs then attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.[2] At Homestead, Jobs became friends with Bill Fernandez, a neighbor who shared the same interests in electronics. Fernandez introduced Jobs to another, older computer whiz kid, Stephen Wozniak (also known as "Woz"). In 1969 Woz started building a little computer board with Fernandez that they named “The Cream Soda Computer”, which they showed to Jobs; he seemed really interested.[40] Jobs frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was later hired there, working with Wozniak as a summer employee.[41]
Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Reed was an expensive college which Paul and Clara could ill afford. They were spending much of their life savings on their son’s higher education.[40] Jobs dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes, including a course on calligraphy.[42] He continued auditing classes at Reed while sleeping on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple.[43] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."[43]
Early career[link]
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This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (March 2012) |
In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California.[44] He traveled to India in mid-1974[45] to visit Neem Karoli Baba[46] at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, an early Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted as Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973.[44] Then they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram of Hariakhan Baba. In India, they spent a lot of time on bus rides from Delhi to Uttar Pradesh and back, then up to Himachal Pradesh and back.[44]
After staying for seven months, Jobs left India[47] and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke.[44] Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved and he wore traditional Indian clothing.[48][49] During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, later calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life".[50] He also became a serious practitioner of Zen Buddhism, engaged in lengthy meditation retreats at the Tassajara Zen Mountain Center, the oldest Sōtō Zen monastery in the US.[51] He considered taking up monastic residence at Eihei-ji in Japan, and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen.[52] Jobs would later say that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.[50]
Jobs then returned to Atari, and was assigned to create a circuit board for the arcade video game Breakout. According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. At that time, Jobs had little specialized knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line.[further explanation needed] According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari gave them only $700 (instead of the offered $5,000), and that Wozniak's share was thus $350.[53] Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later, but said that if Jobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.[54]
In the early 1970s, Jobs and Wozniak were drawn to technology like a magnet. Wozniak had designed a low-cost digital "blue box" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance calls. Jobs decided that they could make money selling it. The clandestine sales of the illegal "blue boxes" went well, and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind that electronics could be fun and profitable.[55]
In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own business, which they named “Apple Computer Company” in remembrance of a happy summer Jobs had spent picking apples. At first they started off selling circuit boards, but eventually they produced a complete computer prototype.[56] Jobs began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak in 1975.[2] He greatly admired Edwin H. Land, the inventor of instant photography and founder of Polaroid Corporation, and would explicitly model his own career after that of Land's.[57][58]
Career[link]
Apple Computer[link]
See also: History of Apple
Jobs and Steve Wozniak met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. In 1976, Wozniak invented the Apple I computer. Jobs, Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne founded Apple computer in the garage of Jobs's parents in order to sell it.[59] They received funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer Mike Markkula.[60]
In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to serve as CEO for what turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?"[61]
In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa. One year later, Apple employee Jef Raskin invented the Macintosh.[62][63]
The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled "1984". At Apple's annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience; Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium".[64]
While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. Disappointing sales caused a deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Sculley and it eventually became a power struggle between Jobs and Sculley.[65] Jobs kept meetings running past midnight, sent out lengthy faxes, then called new meetings at 7:00 am.[66]
Sculley learned that Jobs—believing Sculley to be "bad for Apple" and the wrong person to lead the company—had been attempting to organize a boardroom coup, and on May 24, 1985, called a board meeting to resolve the matter.[65] Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties as head of the Macintosh division.[67][68] Jobs resigned from Apple five months later[65] and founded NeXT Inc. the same year.[66][69]
In a speech Jobs gave at Stanford University in 2005, he said being fired from Apple was the best thing that could have happened to him; "The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life." And he added, "I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful-tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it."[43][70][71]
NeXT Computer[link]
See also: NeXT
After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT Computer in 1985, with $7 million. A year later, Jobs was running out of money, and with no product on the horizon, he appealed for venture capital. Eventually, he attracted the attention of billionaire Ross Perot who invested heavily in the company.[72] NeXT workstations were first released in 1990, priced at $9,999. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced, but was largely dismissed as cost-prohibitive by the educational sector for which it was designed.[73] The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief among them its object-oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new technologies, such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the built-in Ethernet port. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web on a NeXT computer at CERN.[74]
The revised, second-generation NeXTcube was released in 1990, also. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative NeXTMail multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionize human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters.[75] Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.[76] This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel.[77] The company reported its first profit of $1.03 million in 1994.[72] In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released WebObjects, a framework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store,[77] MobileMe services, and the iTunes Store.
Pixar and Disney[link]
In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.[78]
The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, with Jobs credited as executive producer,[79] brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the company produced box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc. (2001); Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004); Cars (2006); Ratatouille (2007); WALL-E (2008); Up (2009); and Toy Story 3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3 each received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.[80]
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In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,[82] and in early 2004, Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films after its contract with Disney expired.
In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock.[12] Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceeded those of Eisner, who holds 1.7 percent, and of Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who until his 2009 death held about one percent of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner — especially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixar — accelerated Eisner's ousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger and also helped oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses from a seat on a special six-person steering committee.[83] Upon Jobs's death his shares in Disney were transferred to the Steven P. Jobs Trust led by Laurene Jobs.[84]
Return to Apple[link]
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $427 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996,[85] bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became de facto chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive in September.[86] In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."[87] Jobs also changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.[88] Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO".[89]
The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship".[90]
Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences. In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the US by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker.[43] The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-player—recycle all e-waste".
In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any US customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.[91]
Resignation[link]
In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained with the company as chairman of the company's board.[92][93] Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped five percent in after-hours trading.[94] This relatively small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was associated with the fact that his health had been in the news for several years, and he had been on medical leave since January 2011.[95] It was believed, according to Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a negative way beyond Apple, including at The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.[96] In after-hours trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped 1.5 percent.[97]
Business life[link]
Wealth[link]
Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of Apple,[98] Jobs held 5.426 million Apple shares worth $2.1 billion, as well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar) worth $4.4 billion.[99][100] Jobs quipped that the $1 per annum he was paid by Apple was based on attending one meeting for 50 cents while the other 50 cents was based on his performance.[101] Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd wealthiest American.[102]
Stock options backdating issue[link]
.jpg)
In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that the options had been backdated, and that the exercise price should have been $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,[103] though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.[104]
On July 1, 2008, a $7-billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.[105][106]
Management style[link]
Jobs was a demanding perfectionist[107][108] who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky
-
There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will.[109]
Much was made of Jobs's aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrote that he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs".[110] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in Michael Moritz's The Little Kingdom, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of NeXT.
NeXT Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, "The highs were unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable", to which Jobs's office replied that his personality had changed since then.[111]
In 2005, Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.[112] In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."[113] Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France", alluding to Jobs's compelling and larger-than-life persona.[114] Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.[115]
Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting in 1987 when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".[116] On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he ran then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."[117] In 2006, Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's market capitalization rose above Dell's. The email read:
Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.[118]
Jobs was also a board member at Gap Inc. from 1999 to 2002.[119]
Reality distortion field[link]
Main article: Reality distortion field
Apple's Bud Tribble coined the term "reality distortion field" in 1981, to describe Jobs's charisma and its effects on the developers working on the Macintosh project.[120] Tribble claimed that the term came from Star Trek.[120] Since then the term has also been used to refer to perceptions of Jobs's keynote speeches.[121]
The RDF was said by Andy Hertzfeld to be Steve Jobs's ability to convince himself and others to believe almost anything, using a mix of charm, charisma, bravado, hyperbole, marketing, appeasement, and persistence. Although the subject of criticism, Jobs's so-called reality distortion field was also recognized as creating a sense that the impossible was possible. Once the term became widely known, it was often used in the technology press to describe Jobs's sway over the public, particularly regarding new product announcements.[122][123]
Inventions and designs[link]
His design sense was greatly influenced by the Buddhism which he experienced in India while on a seven-month spiritual journey.[124] His sense of intuition was also influenced by the spiritual people with whom he studied.[124]
As of October 9, 2011 (2011 -10-09)[update], Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 342 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Most of these are design patents (specific product designs) as opposed to utility patents (inventions).[125][126] He has 43 issued US patents on inventions.[127] The patent on the Mac OS X Dock user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.[128]
Applying his Triple F Model to Apple under Steve Jobs, Anand Kurian opines that Job's contribution in the area of pure ‘Function’ are less significant, but that his contribution in the areas of ‘Functionality’ and ‘Form’ are major and substantial.[129]
Apple I Computer[link]
Main article: Apple I
The first significant invention that Steve Jobs was involved in was the Apple I which came along in 1976. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, who was at the time working for HP, scraped together some cash for printed circuit boards. Then they planned to sell the machine as a kit for $666.66. A store called the Byte Shop ordered 50 fully assembled devices, and sold them all.[130] The Apple’s first computer was for hobbyists and engineers so it was made in small numbers.[131]
Apple II Computer[link]
Main article: Apple II
During 1976, Steve Wozniak began work on the Apple II, and left HP to join Apple computer. In March 1977, Apple Computer moved from Jobs's garage to an office in Cupertino. Apple Computer delivered its first Apple II system, for US$1295 in April 1977.[132] Steve Jobs once said the Apple II could be described as an "appliance" computer. The Apple II was the first computer to be enclosed in plastic.[133] Jobs insisted that molded plastic was essential to the computer as a consumer item. The Apple II was “elegantly styled" and it became compared to an "overgrown pocket calculator".[134]
Ten months after its introduction, Apple Computer began work on an enhanced Apple II with custom chips, code-named Annie, in 1978. At the same year, they began work on a supercomputer named Lisa; it featured a bit-sliced architecture. After two and a half years, 50,000 Apple II units had been sold until 1979. Nearly one-third of Canadians credited the Apple II as the first personal computer which having the most impact on society.[135]
The Macintosh Computer[link]
The Macintosh was introduced in January 1984. The computer had no “Mac” name on the front, but rather just the Apple logo.[130] The Macintosh have a friendly appearance since it was meant to be easy to use. The disk drive is below the display, the Macintosh was taller, narrower, more symmetrical, and far more suggestive of a face. The Macintosh was identified as a computer that ordinary people could understand.[136]
The NeXT Computer[link]
Main article: NeXT Computer
After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started a company that built workstation computers. The NeXT Computer was introduced in 1989. Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the world’s first web browser on the NeXT Computer. The NeXT Computer was the basis for today’s Macintosh OS X and iPhone operating system (iOS).[137]
iMac[link]
Main article: IMac
Apple iMac was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design was directly the result of Jobs's return to Apple. Apple boasted "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's".[138] Described as "cartoonlike" the first iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic, was unlike any personal computer that came before. In 1999, Apple introduced Graphite gray Apple iMac and since has switched to all-white. Design ideas were intended to create a connection with the user such as the handle and a breathing light effect when the computer went to sleep..[139] The Apple iMac sold for $1,299 at that time. There was some technical revolutions for iMac too. The USB ports being the only device inputs on the iMac. So the iMac’s success helped popularize the interface among third party peripheral makers, which is evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made of translucent plastic to match the iMac design.[140]
iPod[link]
Main article: IPod
The first generation of iPod was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size achieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first generation iPod ranged from 5G to 10 Gigabytes.[141] The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in the music industry.[142] Also, the iPod’s success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone.[131] After the 1st generation of iPod, Apple released the hard drive-based iPod classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, video-capable iPod Nano, screenless iPod Shuffle in the following years.[142]
iPhone[link]
Main article: IPhone
Jobs began work on the first iPhone in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. Time magazine declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007.[143] The Apple iPhone is a small device with multimedia capabilities and functions as a quad-band touch screen smartphone.[144] A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008 with the key feature was support for GPS, 3G data and quad-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS, added voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor was introduced by Phil Schiller.[145] iPhone 4 was thinner than previous models, had a five megapixel camera which can record videos in 720p HD, and added a secondary front facing camera for video calls.[146] A major feature of the iPhone 4S, introduced in October 2011, was Siri, which is a virtual assistant that is capable of voice recognition.[143]
Philanthropy[link]
Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates's efforts.[147] In contrast to Gates, Jobs did not sign the Giving Pledge of Warren Buffett which challenged the world’s richest billionaires to give at least half their wealth to charity.[148] In an interview with Playboy in 1985, Jobs said in respect to money that “the challenges are to figure out how to live with it and to reinvest it back into the world which means either giving it away or using it to express your concerns or values.”[149] Jobs also added that when he has some time we would start a public foundation but for now he does charitable acts privately.[150]
After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially.[151] Jobs’s friends told The New York Times that he felt that expanding Apple would have done more good than giving money to charity.[152] Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of devices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the largest contributor to the charity since its initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono cited Jobs saying there was "nothing better than the chance to save lives," when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in the program.[153] Through its sales, Apple has been the largest contributor to the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, according to Bono.[154]
Personal life[link]
Jobs's birth parents met at the University of Wisconsin. Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, a Syrian Muslim,[155] taught there. Joanne Carole Schieble was his student; they were the same age because Jandali had "gotten his PhD really young." [156][157][158] Schieble had a career as a speech language pathologist. Jandali taught political science at the University of Nevada in the 1960s, and then made his career in the food and beverage industry, and since 2006, has been a vice president at a casino in Reno, Nevada.[159][160] In December 1955, ten months after giving up their baby boy, Schieble and Jandali married. In 1957 they had a daughter, Mona. They divorced in 1962, and Jandali lost touch with his daughter.[161] Her mother remarried and had Mona take the surname of her stepfather, so she became known as Mona Simpson.[157]
In the 1980s, Jobs found his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, who told him he had a biological sister, Mona Simpson. They met for the first time in 1985[161] and became close friends. The siblings kept their relationship secret until 1986, when Mona introduced him at a party for her first book.[35]
After deciding to search for their father, Simpson found Jandali managing a coffee shop. Without knowing who his son had become, Jandali told Mona that he had previously managed a popular restaurant in the Silicon Valley where "Even Steve Jobs used to eat there. Yeah, he was a great tipper." In a taped interview with his biographer Walter Isaacson, aired on 60 Minutes,[162] Jobs said: "When I was looking for my biological mother, obviously, you know, I was looking for my biological father at the same time, and I learned a little bit about him and I didn't like what I learned. I asked her to not tell him that we ever met...not tell him anything about me."[163] Jobs was in occasional touch with his mother Joanne Simpson,[151][164] who lives in a nursing home in Los Angeles.[157] When speaking about his biological parents, Jobs stated: "They were my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more."[36] Jandali stated in an interview with the The Sun in August 2011, that his efforts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful. Jandali mailed in his medical history after Jobs's pancreatic disorder was made public that year.[165][166][167]
In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated:
- I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like Omar Sharif. I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not yet furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man and he was my brother.[161]
Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, was born in 1978, the daughter of his longtime partner Chris Ann Brennan, a Bay Area painter.[151] For two years, she raised their daughter on welfare while Jobs denied paternity by claiming he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.[151] Jobs later married Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991, in a ceremony at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. Presiding over the wedding was Kobun Chino Otogawa, a Zen Buddhist monk. Their son, Reed, was born September 1991, followed by daughters Erin in August 1995, and Eve in 1998.[168] The family lives in Palo Alto, California.[169]
In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan" (Dylan was the Apple icon's favorite musician). In another unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children.
Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60 Minutes, he replied:
My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people.[170]
In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin, and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 singer Bono. Jobs never moved in.[171][172]
In 1984, Jobs purchased the Jackling House, a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California. Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept a 1966 BMW R60/2 motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a meal catered by Greens Restaurant.[173][174] Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.[175]
Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007, Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.[176] The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished beginning in February 2011.[177]
Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake (that was sometimes reported to be made by St. Croix), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers.[178][179] Jobs told Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style." [180] He was a pescetarian.[181]
Jobs's car was a silver Mercedes-Benz SL 55 AMG, which did not display its license plates, as he took advantage of a California law which gives a maximum of six months for new vehicles to receive plates; Jobs leased a new SL every six months.[182]
In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs revealed at one point he met with U.S. President Barack Obama, complained of the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Mr. Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency." Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a U.S. university should automatically be offered a green card. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done.... It infuriates me." [183]
Jobs contributed to a number of political candidates and causes during his life, giving $209,000 to Democrats, $45,700 to associated special interests and $1,000 to a Republican.[184]
Health issues[link]
In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with cancer,[185] and in mid-2004, he announced to his employees that he had a cancerous tumor in his pancreas.[186] The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very poor;[187] Jobs stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.[186] Despite his diagnosis, Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for mainstream medical intervention for nine months,[151] instead consuming a special alternative medicine diet in an attempt to thwart the disease. According to Harvard researcher Dr. Ramzi Amir, his choice of alternative treatment "led to an unnecessarily early death."[185] According to Jobs's biographer, Walter Isaacson, "for nine months he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer – a decision he later regretted as his health declined."[188] "Instead, he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies and other treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. He also was influenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and other unproven approaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004."[189] He eventually underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004, that appeared to successfully remove the tumor.[190][191][192] Jobs apparently did not receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy.[186][193] During Jobs's absence, Tim Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.[186]
In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,[194][195] together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health.[196] In contrast, according to an Ars Technica journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine".[197] Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."[198]
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.[199] Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,[200] while others surmised his cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure.[193] During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the opinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company.[201][202] The New York Times published an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer."[203]
On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,[204] intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.[205] Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 Let's Rock keynote by quoting Mark Twain: "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."[206] At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his blood pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.[207]
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health.[208][209] In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on Apple.com,[210] Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "hormone imbalance" for several months.[211]
On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought", and announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,[212] with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."[212]
In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee.[213][214] Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent".[213]
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.[215][216] Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDC keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7).[217]
Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011. "Unfortunately, that day has come," wrote Jobs, for he could "no longer meet [his] duties and expectations as Apple's CEO". Jobs became chairman of the board and named Tim Cook his successor.[218][219] Jobs had worked for Apple until the day before his death.[220]
Death[link]
Jobs died at his California home around 3 p.m. on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a relapse of his previously treated islet-cell neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer,[2][221][222] resulting in respiratory arrest.[223] He had lost consciousness the day before, and died with his wife, children and sister at his side.[224]
Both Apple and Microsoft flew their flags at half-staff throughout their respective headquarters and campuses.[225][226] Bob Iger ordered all Disney properties, including Walt Disney World and Disneyland, to fly their flags at half-staff, from October 6 to 12, 2011.[227]
His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:
We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.
His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts.[228]
For two weeks following his death, Apple's corporate Web site displayed a simple page, showing Jobs's name and lifespan next to his grayscale portrait.[229] Clicking on the image led to an obituary, which read:
Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple.[229]
An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and thoughts.[230][231] Over a million tributes were sent, which are now displayed on the Steve Jobs memorial page.
Also dedicating its homepage to Jobs was Pixar, with a photo of Jobs, John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull, and the eulogy they wrote:[232]
Steve was an extraordinary visionary, our very dear friend, and our guiding light of the Pixar family. He saw the potential of what Pixar could be before the rest of us, and beyond what anyone ever imagined. Steve took a chance on us and believed in our crazy dream of making computer animated films; the one thing he always said was to 'make it great.' He is why Pixar turned out the way we did and his strength, integrity, and love of life has made us all better people. He will forever be part of Pixar's DNA. Our hearts go out to his wife Laurene and their children during this incredibly difficult time.[232]
A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, of which details were not revealed out of respect to Jobs's family.[233] Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages.[234] Sunday, October 16, 2011, was declared "Steve Jobs Day" by Governor Jerry Brown of California.[235] On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at Stanford University. Those in attendance included Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, close friends of Jobs, and politicians, along with Jobs's family. Bono, Yo Yo Ma, and Joan Baez performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. The service was highly secured, with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter flying overhead from an area news station.[236][237]
A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino. Present were Cook, Bill Campbell, Norah Jones, Al Gore, and Coldplay, and Jobs's widow, Laurene, was in attendance. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service is available on Apple's website.[238]
Jobs is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial Park, the only non-denominational cemetery in Palo Alto.[239][240]. He is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children, and Lisa Brennan-Jobs, his daughter from a previous relationship.[241] His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully".[242][243] He "looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them" (Mona Simpson). His last words, spoken hours before his death, were:
- "Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow."[161]
Media coverage[link]
Steve Jobs's death broke news headlines on ABC, CBS, and NBC. [244] Numerous newspapers around the world carried news of his death on their front pages the next day. Several notable people, including US President Barack Obama,[245] British Prime Minister David Cameron,[246] Microsoft founder Bill Gates,[247] and The Walt Disney Company's Bob Iger commented on the death of Jobs. Wired News collected reactions and posted them in tribute on their homepage.[248] Other statements of condolence were made by many of Jobs's friends and colleagues, such as Steve Wozniak and George Lucas.[249][250]
Major media published commemorative works. Time published a commemorative issue for Jobs on October 8, 2011. The issues cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff, in which he is sitting in the lotus position holding the original Macintosh computer, first published in Rolling Stone in January 1984. The issue marked the eighth time Jobs has been featured on the cover of Time.[251] The issue included a photographic essay by Diana Walker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman, and a six-page essay by Walter Isaacson. Isaacson's essay served as a preview of his biography, Steve Jobs.[252]
Bloomberg Businessweek also published an commemorative, ad-free issue, featuring extensive essays by Steve Jurvetson, John Sculley, Sean Wisely, William Gibson, and Walter Isaacson. On its cover, Steve Jobs is pictured in gray scale, along with his name and lifespan.
Although reporters wrote glowing elegies after Jobs died, Los Angeles Times media critic James Rainey reported that they "came courtesy of reporters who—after deadline and off the record—would tell stories about a company obsessed with secrecy to the point of paranoia. They remind us how Apple shut down a youthful fanboy blogger, punished a publisher that dared to print an unauthorized Jobs biography and repeatedly ran afoul of the most basic tenets of a free press."[253]
Free software pioneer Richard Stallman drew attention to the tight corporate control Apple exercised over consumer computers and handheld devices, how Apple restricted news reporters, and persistently violated privacy: "Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died".[254][255] Malcolm Gladwell in The New Yorker asserted that "Jobs's sensibility was editorial, not inventive. His gift lay in taking what was in front of him ... and ruthlessly refining it."[256]
Apple "has taken stances that, in my opinion, are outright hostile to the practice of journalism," said longtime Silicon Valley reporter Dan Gillmor.[253] Under Jobs, Apple sued three "small fry" bloggers who reported tips about the company and its unreleased products and tried to use the courts to force them to reveal their sources. Under Jobs, Apple even sued a teenager, Nicholas Ciarelli, who wrote enthusiastic speculation about Apple products beginning at age 13. His popular blog, ThinkSecret, was a play on Apple's slogan "Think Different." [253] Rainey wrote that Apple wanted to kill ThinkSecret as "It thought any leaks, even favorable ones, diluted the punch of its highly choreographed product launches with Jobs, in his iconic jeans and mock turtleneck outfit, as the star." [253]
Honors and public recognition[link]
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After Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When Time named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year", the magazine published a long profile of Jobs as "the most famous maestro of the micro".[257][258]
Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1985, with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor),[259] and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as the Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987.[260] On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune magazine.[261] On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[262]
In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement,[263] having previously been named Entrepreneur of the Decade 20 years earlier in 1989, by Inc. magazine.[264] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune magazine.[265]
In November 2010, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.[266] In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay [267] by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.'".[268] The Financial Times closed by rhetorically asking of this quote, "How wrong can you be."[267]
At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, Jobs was widely described as a visionary, pioneer and genius[269][270][271][272]—perhaps one of the foremost—in the field of business,[265][273] innovation,[274] and product design,[275] and a man who had profoundly changed the face of the modern world,[269][271][274] revolutionized at least six different industries,[270] and who was an "exemplar for all chief executives".[270] His death was widely mourned[274] and considered a loss to the world by commentators across the globe.[272]
After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of his time.[276][277] In his The Daily Show eulogy, Jon Stewart said that unlike others of Jobs's ilk, such as Thomas Edison or Henry Ford, Jobs died young. He felt that we had, in a sense, "wrung everything out of" these other men, but his feeling on Jobs was that "we're not done with you yet."[278]
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On December 21, 2011, Graphisoft company in Budapest presented the world's first bronze statue of Steve Jobs, calling him one of the greatest personalities of the modern age.[279]
In January 2012, when young adults (ages 16 – 25) were asked to identify the greatest innovator of all time, Steve Jobs placed second behind Thomas Edison.[280]
On February 12, 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded the Grammy Trustees Award, an award for those who have influenced the music industry in areas unrelated to performance.[281]
In March 2012, global business magazine Fortune named Steve Jobs the "greatest entrepreneur of our time", describing him as "brilliant, visionary, inspiring", and "the quintessential entrepreneur of our generation".[282]
The Disney movie John Carter is dedicated to Jobs[283], as well as the Pixar film Brave.
Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater[link]
Books[link]
- The Little Kingdom (1984) by Michael Moritz, documenting the founding of (then) Apple Computer.
- The Second Coming of Steve Jobs (2001), by Alan Deutschman
- iCon: Steve Jobs (2005), by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon
- iWoz (2006), by Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple. It is an autobiography of Steve Wozniak, but it covers much of Jobs's life and work at Apple.
- Steve Jobs (2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson.
- Inside Apple (2012), a book by Adam Lashinsky that reveals the secret systems, tactics, and leadership strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work.
Documentaries[link]
- The Machine That Changed the World – Part 3 of this 1992 five-part documentary, called The Paperback Computer, prominently featured Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple.
- Triumph of the Nerds – a 1996 three-part documentary for PBS, about the rise of the home computer/personal computer.
- Nerds 2.0.1 – a 1998 three-part documentary for PBS, (and sequel to Triumph of the Nerds) which chronicles the development of the Internet.
- iGenius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World – a 2011 Discovery Channel documentary hosted by Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman.[284]
- Steve Jobs: One Last Thing – a 2011 PBS documentary produced by Pioneer Productions.[285] A slightly shortened and localized[286] version of the show was broadcast[287] in the United Kingdom the following day titled, Steve Jobs: iChanged the World – on Channel 4.[288]
- In February 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation released a 191-page file on Steve Jobs. The report was compiled during a 1991 background investigation of Jobs by the FBI after former president George H. W. Bush recommended his appointment to the President's Export Council. It consists of interviews with co-workers, friends, family members and even neighbors of Jobs.[289]
Films[link]
- Jobs – an upcoming independent film by Joshua Michael Stern. Jobs will be portrayed by Ashton Kutcher.[290]
- Pirates of Silicon Valley – a 1999 TNT film which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft from the early 1970s to 1997. Jobs is portrayed by Noah Wyle.[291]
Theater[link]
- The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs - The Public Theater, New York City, 2012, starring Mike Daisey.[292]
References[link]
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- ^ "Apple flies flags at half staff for Steve Jobs". KOKI-TV. October 6, 2011. http://www.fox23.com/news/local/story/Apple-flies-flags-at-half-staff-for-Steve-Jobs/9F9t6Xb5z0iPKxHtnEzEuA.cspx. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ "Microsoft lowers flags to half staff in tribute to Steve Jobs". Network World. October 6, 2011. http://www.networkworld.com/community/blog/microsoft-flies-flags-half-staff-in-tribute-to-jobs. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ "Disney World flags at half-staff in memory of Steve Jobs". Bay News 9. October 6, 2011. http://www.baynews9.com/article/news/2011/october/325041/Disney-World-flags-at-halfstaff-in-memory-of-Steve-Jobs. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ written by Tim Cook, CEO (October 5, 2011). "Statement by Apple's Board of Directors" (Press release). Apple Inc.. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/10/05Statement-by-Apples-Board-of-Directors.html. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
- ^ a b Pepitone, Julianne (6 October 2011). "Steve Jobs: The homepage tributes" (Web). CNN. http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2011/technology/1110/gallery.steve_jobs_homepage_tributes/index.html. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ "Apple website pays tribute to Steve Jobs". The Times of India (India). October 5, 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Apple-website-pays-tribute-to-Steve-Jobs/articleshow/10251979.cms. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
- ^ "Remembering Steve Jobs". Apple Inc.. http://www.apple.com/stevejobs. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ a b "Pixar Animation Studios". Pixar. http://www.pixar.com/stevejobs.html. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
- ^ Ian Sherr; Geoffrey A. Fowler (October 7, 2011). "Steve Jobs Funeral Is Friday". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203388804576617200082218020.html.
- ^ "Remembering Steve Jobs". Apple Inc.. http://www.apple.com/stevejobs. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
- ^ Fernandez, Sofia M. (2011-10-14). "Private Steve Jobs Memorial Set for Oct. 16 – The Hollywood Reporter". Hollywoodreporter.com. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/steve-jobs-memorial-apple-jerry-brown-248866. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ "Steve Jobs Memorial Service To Be Held Oct. 16". Online.wsj.com. 2011-10-15. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204002304576631531431248662.html. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ Vascellaro, Jessica E. (2011-10-17). "Steve Jobs's Family Gave Moving Words at Sunday Memorial – Digits – WSJ". Blogs.wsj.com. http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/10/17/steve-jobs%E2%80%99s-family-gave-moving-words-at-sunday-memorial/. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ A Celebration of Steve's Life Apple.com Retrieved on October 26, 2011
- ^ "Steve Jobs Died of Respiratory Arrest Amid Pancreatic Tumor". Abcnews.go.com. 2011-10-10. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2011/10/steve-jobs-died-of-respiratory-arrest-amid-pancreatic-tumor/. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ Gupta, Poornima (2011-10-10). "Steve Jobs died of respiratory arrest, tumor". News.yahoo.com. http://news.yahoo.com/steve-jobs-died-respiratory-arrest-tumor-235948271.html. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ Griggs, Brandon (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs, Apple founder, dies". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/05/us/obit-steve-jobs/index.html.
- ^ "Statement by Steve Jobs' Family" (Press release). Steve Jobs' Family. October 5, 2011. http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20111005006888/en/Statement-Steve-Jobs%E2%80%99-Family. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ Yukari Iwatani Kane; Geoffrey A. Fowler (October 6, 2011). "Steven Paul Jobs, 1955–2011: Apple Co-Founder Transformed Technology, Media, Retailing And Built One of the World's Most Valuable Companies". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304447804576410753210811910.html. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
- ^ Video on YouTube
- ^ "Statement by the President on the Passing of Steve Jobs" (Press release). The White House. October 5, 2011. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/10/05/statement-president-passing-steve-jobs.
- ^ "Prime Minister pays tribute to Steve Jobs". Number10.gov.uk. 2011-10-06. http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/steve-jobs/. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ "Steve Jobs". Thegatesnotes.com. 2011-10-05. http://www.thegatesnotes.com/Personal/Steve-Jobs. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ "1955–2011: Steve Jobs". Wired News. October 6, 2011. http://www.wired.com/promo/memorial/stevejobs.
- ^ "Industry Icons Unique Legacy". Sky News. October 6, 2011. http://news.sky.com/home/business/article/16084012. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
- ^ Patricia Sellers (October 6, 2011). "George Lucas on Steve Jobs". Fortune. http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2011/10/06/george-lucas-steve-jobs. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ "TIME's Steve Jobs Covers". Time. April 2, 2010. http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1977507,00.html. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (October 6, 2011). "The day Steve Jobs called Walter Isaacson". Fortune. http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/10/06/the-day-steve-jobs-called-walter-isaacson/. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Rainey, James (7 October 2011). "Steve Jobs and Apple vs. a free press". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-onthemedia-20111008,0,7256248.column. Retrieved 25 October 2011. "The man and his company's focus on control led to repeated fights with reporters"
- ^ "Richard Stallman's dissenting view on Steve Jobs". Los Angeles Times. 8 October 2011. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/10/steve-jobs-stallman-dissenting-view.html. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ Amrutha Gayathri (8 October 2011). "Richard Stallman's Remarks on Steve Jobs: 'I'm Not Glad He's Dead, but I'm Glad He's Gone'". International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/227480/20111008/steve-jobs-death-2011-richard-stallman-remarks-fsf-founder-free-software-linux-apple-computers-apple.htm. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
- ^ Gladwell, Malcolm. "The tweaker: The real genius of Steve Jobs.". The New Yorker. Conde Nast. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/14/111114fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=all. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
- ^ Cocks, Jay; Michael Moritz (January 3, 1983). "The Updated Book of Jobs". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,953633,00.html. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ Golden, Frederic (January 3, 1983). "Other Maestros of the Micro". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,953634,00.html. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ "The National Medal Of Technology Recipients 1985 Laureates". Uspto.gov. http://www.uspto.gov/nmti/recipients_85.html. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ "National Winners | public service awards". Jefferson Awards.org. http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ "25 most powerful people in business – #1: Steve Jobs". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ Jobs inducted into California Hall of Fame, California Museum. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ "Steve Jobs bigger than Oprah!" (PDF). http://www.ja.org/files/polls/Teens-Entrepreneurship-Part-2.pdf. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ Bo Burlingham and George Gendron (1989-04-01). "The Entrepreneur of the Decade". Inc. magazine. http://www.inc.com/magazine/19890401/5602.html. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
- ^ a b Lashinsky, Adam (November 5, 2009). "Steve Jobs: CEO of the decade". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/2009/11/04/technology/steve_jobs_ceo_decade.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ The most Powerful People on Earth
- ^ a b Richard Waters; Joseph Menn (December 22, 2011). "Silicon Valley visionary who put Apple on top". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. http://www.webcitation.org/64cSQTLyj. Retrieved 11 January 2012. "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: “Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.” How wrong can you be."
- ^ Richard Waters and Joseph Menn, "Silicon Valley visionary who put Apple on top", Financial Times, December 22, 2010. The actual text from the biography is:
Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. That's why it hired a soft-drinks guy in the first place. By now, however, I knew this was a lunatic plan; our race to realize it had been a death march. Technology companies are only superficially in the same category as consumer products companies. We couldn't bend reality to all our dreams of changing the world. The world would also have to change us. Our perspective had been hopelessly wrong. High tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product. The consumer business had collapsed at the end of 1984. Most people who bought computers stuffed them in the closet because balancing a checkbook wasn't reason enough to flick on the switch. Consumers weren't ready to put computers in their homes as easily as they installed telephones, refrigerators, televisions, and even Cuisinarts. They weren't willing to pay a couple of thousand dollars for something they didn't know what to do with.—John Sculley and John A. Byrne, Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple – a journey of adventure, ideas and the future, Harper & Row, 1987
- ^ a b Roeper, Richard (2011). "Steve Jobs' impact goes far beyond phones, computers". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/8064619-417/steve-jobs-impact-goes-far-beyond-computers.html. Retrieved October 7, 2011. "Steve Jobs was one of the most foremost pioneers of our time ... he made a difference that will be felt for 560 years to come"
- ^ a b c "Leading article: The sad loss of one of a kind". The Independent (London: INM). October 6, 2011. ISSN 0951-9467. OCLC 185201487. http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-sad-loss-of-one-of-a-kind-2366636.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs revolutionised no fewer than six different industries: personal computers, mobile phones, music publishing, animated films, digital publishing and tablet computing ... His genius was unconfined ... an exemplar for all chief executives ... a visionary ... ""
- ^ a b Fairweather, Alastair (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs: A genius to the end". Mail & Guardian Online (South Africa). http://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-07-steve-jobs-a-genius-to-the-end/. Retrieved October 7, 2011. "Through sheer hard work... Jobs changed the world, not once, but three times. His companies and products have delighted and inspired hundreds of millions."
- ^ a b Rushton, Katherine (October 6, 2011). "Apple: can the company continue the magic of Steve Jobs?". The Daily Telegraph (London: TMG). ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/8810051/Apple-can-the-company-continue-the-magic-of-Steve-Jobs.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs encapsulated a rare union of technological genius and an instinctive and perfectionist eye for design ... his death is a major loss to the world at large"
- ^ Schuman, Michael (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs the businessman: Can Apple thrive without him?". Time. http://curiouscapitalist.blogs.time.com/2011/10/06/steve-jobs-the-businessman-can-apple-thrive-without-him. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "[I]n the world of business, he will also be honored as an absolutely brilliant CEO ... Jobs was probably unrivaled in the world today in matching great ideas with savvy marketing and pristine execution"
- ^ a b c Chapman, Glen (October 6, 2011). "Apple 'genius' Steve Jobs dies from cancer". WNCF TV. http://www.wncftv.com/news/entertainment/?feed=bim&id=131228449. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Tributes flowed in from around the world ... Ordinary people, many of whom learned of his death on their iPhones and iPads, swamped Twitter using the trending hashtag #thankyousteve to pay tribute..."
- ^ Gelernter, David (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs and the Coolest Show on Earth". The Wall Street Journal (New York: Dow Jones). ISSN 0099-9660. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203388804576614951355580150.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs had a genius for seeing what was good and refining, repackaging and reselling it with dazzling panache. He knew what engineering was for, he understood elegance and he made machines that were works of art."
- ^ Cain Miller, Claire (August 25, 2011). "Where Some Earn Enmity, Jobs Won Affection". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/technology/jobs-rare-among-ceos-engendered-affection.html. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ Nocera, Joe (August 26, 2011). "What Makes Steve Jobs Great". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/27/opinion/nocera-what-makes-steve-jobs-great.html. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ Jon Stewart (October 6, 2011). October 06, 2011 – Jason Sudeikis. Comedy Partners. Event occurs at 19:45. http://www.thedailyshow.com/full-episodes/thu-october-6-2011-jason-sudeikis. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
- ^ a b "Steve Jobs statue unveiled in Hungary science park". GlobalPost. December 21, 2011. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/weird-wide-web/steve-jobs-apple-iphone-statue-budapest-hungary-graphisoft. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
- ^ "Thomas Edison, Steve Jobs top young adult list of greatest innovators". Los Angeles Times. 2012-01-27. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/thomas-edison-steve-jobs-top-young-adult-list-of-greatest-innovators.html. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
- ^ Arico, Joe (December 22, 2011). "Steve Jobs Wins Special Grammy". Mobiledia.com. http://www.mobiledia.com/news/121854.html. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
- ^ "Fortune Names Steve Jobs "Greatest Entrepreneur Of Our Time"". Fortune. 2012-03-26. http://www.everythingicafe.com/fortune-names-steve-jobs-greatest-entrepreneur-of-our-time/2012/03/26/. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ "John Carter Dedicated to Steve Jobs". Vulture. 2012-04-08. http://www.vulture.com/2012/02/john-carter-dedicated-to-steve-jobs.html. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
- ^ Nede, Jethro (October 10, 2011). ""MythBusters" stars Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman host the one-hour documentary". Hollywoodreporter.com. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/steve-jobs-documentary-on-discovery-246273. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ "Steve Jobs: One Last Thing PBS show website". Pbs.org. 2011-10-05. http://www.pbs.org/programs/steve-jobs-one-last-thing. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ The narrator in the UK version of the show has a British accent, for the purpose of catering to the local market.
- ^ Truta, Filip. "'Steve Jobs: iChanged the World' Documentary Airs Tonight in the UK". Softpedia. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Steve-Jobs-iChanged-the-World-Documentary-Airs-Tonight-in-the-UK-232019.shtml. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
- ^ "Steve Jobs: iChanged the World". http://www.channel4.com. http://www.channel4.com/programmes/steve-jobs-ichanged-the-world/4od. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
- ^ Hindustan Times- FBI releases file on Steve Jobs
- ^ Joshua Michael Stern will begin shooting the film in May, with Five Star Institute's Mark Hulme producing and financing; Sony is planning a separate Jobs biopic.
- ^ "Noah Wyle on playing Steve Jobs" Fortune
- ^ "The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs", The Public Theater website
Further reading[link]
- Butcher, Lee (1987). Accidental Millionaire: The rise and fall of Steve Jobs at Apple. Paragon House. ISBN 978-0-913729-79-3.
- Caddes, Carolyn (1986). Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers. Tioga Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-935382-56-9.
- Cringely, Robert X. (1996). Accidental Empires. HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-88730-855-4.
- Denning, Peter J.; Frenkel, Karen A. (1989). "A conversation with Steve Jobs". Communications of the ACM 32 (4): 436–433. DOI:10.1145/63334.63336.
- Deutschman, Alan (2001). The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-0433-8.
- Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (1999). Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer. McGraw-Hill Trade. ISBN 0-07-135892-7.
- Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley. O'Reilly Books. ISBN 0-596-00719-1.
- Kahney, Leander (2004). The Cult of Mac. No Starch Press. ISBN 1-886411-83-2.
- Levy, Steven (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Anchor Press, Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-19195-2.
- Levy, Steven (1994). Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed Everything. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-85244-9.
- Malone, Michael S. (1999). Infinite Loop. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-638-4. Bantam Doubleday Dell. ISBN 0-385-48684-7.
- Markoff, John (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03382-0.
- Simon, William L.; Young, Jeffrey S. (2005). iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-72083-6.
- Stross, Randall E. (1993). Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing. Atheneum Books. ISBN 0-689-12135-0.
- Slater, Robert (1987). Portraits in Silicon. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19262-4. Chapter 28
- Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward. Scott, Foresman & Co.. ISBN 0-673-18864-7.
- Wozniak, Steve (2006). iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I invented the personal computer, co-founded Apple and had fun doing it. W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0-393-06143-4.
External links[link]
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Book: Apple Inc. |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
| Find more about Steve Jobs on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Jobs's Macworld keynote in 1997 where he announced the partnership with Microsoft on YouTube
- Steve Jobs (June 2005). Steve Jobs's 2005 Stanford Commencement Address. Stanford University. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/videos/987.html.
- "Thoughts on Flash" by Steve Jobs, April 2010.
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Steve Jobs at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Steve Jobs in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Bloomberg Game Changers: Steve Jobs A 48 minute video on Steve Jobs by Bloomberg
- Steve Jobs Profile at Forbes
- Cammeron, Brenna (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs Dies: A Timeline Of His Health". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/05/steve-jobs-health-timeline_n_997313.html.
- "Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at". AllThingsD. http://allthingsd.com/tag/steve-jobs/.
- Steve Jobs remembrance notes from the community.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation dossier on Steven Paul Jobs.
Articles[link]
- "Thirty Years of Innovation at Apple: Jobs on the Job". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). 2007. http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2007/steve_jobs/. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012. [dead link]
- Hertzfeld, Andy. "The Original Macintosh". folklore.org (Andy Hertzfeld). http://folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Macintosh&characters=Steve%20Jobs&detail=medium. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Lohr, Steve (January 12, 1997). "Creating Jobs". The New York Times Magazine (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/magazine/creating-jobs.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Booth, Cathy; Jackson, David S.; Marchant, Valerie (October 6, 2011). "STEVE'S JOB: RESTART APPLE". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986849,00.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Elkind, Peter (March 5, 2008). "The trouble with Steve Jobs". Fortune (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
- McCracken, Harry (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs, 1955–2011: Mourning Technology's Great Reinventor". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2096251,00.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- "The FBI File on Steve Jobs". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213042545376200.html. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
Interviews[link]
- Steve Jobs in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview, Rolling Stone – 1994, republished January 17, 2011. Archived URL
- Smithsonian Institution Oral History InterviewPDF (143 KB) – April 20, 1995.
- The Seed of Apple's Innovation, BusinessWeek – October 12, 2004.
- How Big Can Apple Get?, Fortune – February 21, 2005.
- 'Good for the Soul' at the Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2006) Newsweek, October 15, 2006.
- Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (video and transcript of on stage interview), AllThingsD, May 30, 2007.
- Videotaped Deposition of Steven P. Jobs in front of the Securities and Exchange Commission, March 18, 2008
- Interview with Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, Jobs's biological father, by Mohannad Al-Haj Ali, published in Al Hayat and reprinted by Ya Libnan, February 28, 2011
- Steve Jobs on Charlie Rose
- "Steve Jobs's Appearances at D, the Full Video Sessions". AllThingsD. http://allthingsd.com/20111005/steve-jobs-appearances-at-d-the-full-sessions/.
| Business positions | ||
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| Preceded by Gil Amelio |
CEO of Apple 1997–2011 |
Succeeded by Tim Cook |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jobs, Steve |
| Alternative names | Jobs, Steven Paul |
| Short description | CEO and Co-Founder of Apple, Inc. |
| Date of birth | 1955-02-24 |
| Place of birth | San Francisco, California, United States |
| Date of death | 2011-10-05 |
| Place of death | Palo Alto, California, United States |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the singer/guitarist, see Mississippi John Hurt.
| John Hurt | |
|---|---|
 Hurt at the Festival de Dinard, 2009 |
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| Born | John Vincent Hurt (1940-01-22) 22 January 1940 (age 72) Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1961–present |
| Spouse | Annette Robertson (1962–64; divorced) Donna Peacock (1984–90; divorced) Jo Dalton (1990–96; divorced; 2 children) Ann Rees Meyers (2005–present) |
John Vincent Hurt, CBE (born 22 January 1940) is an English actor and former voice actor. Among other honours, he has received two Academy Award nominations, a Golden Globe Award, and four BAFTA Awards, with the fourth being a Lifetime Achievement recognition.[1]
Hurt is known for his leading roles as Joseph Merrick (billed as John Merrick) in The Elephant Man, Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four, Mr. Braddock in The Hit, Stephen Ward in Scandal, and Quentin Crisp in The Naked Civil Servant and An Englishman in New York. Recognizable for his distinctive rich voice,[2] he has also enjoyed a successful voice acting career, starring in films such as Watership Down, The Lord of the Rings and Dogville, as well as BBC television series Merlin.
Hurt initially came to prominence for his role as Richard Rich in the 1966 film A Man for All Seasons, and has since appeared in such popular motion pictures as: Alien, Midnight Express, Rob Roy, V for Vendetta, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, the first, penultimate, and last Harry Potter films, the Hellboy film series, and Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy. Hurt is one of England's best-known, most prolific and sought-after actors, and has had a versatile film career spanning six decades.[3] He is also known for his many Shakespearean roles.[4] His character's final scene in Alien is consistently named as one of the most memorable in cinematic history.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
Contents |
Early life[link]
John Hurt was born in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, when his father was vicar of Shirebrook.[12] He is the son of Phyllis (née Massey), an amateur actress and engineer, and Arnould Herbert Hurt, a mathematician who became an Anglican clergyman.[4] Hurt has an older brother, Br. Anselm (born Michael), a Roman Catholic convert, who became a monk and writer at Glenstal Abbey, to whose books his younger brother John has contributed.[13]
Hurt also has an adopted sister, Monica. His father was a vicar at St John in Sunderland, but in 1937 he moved his family to Derbyshire, where he became Perpetual Curate of Holy Trinity church. When John was five, his father became the vicar of St Stephens Church at Woodville, South Derbyshire and remained there until 1952. In 1945, John's father founded 1st Woodville (St Stephens) Scout Group which is still going strong today.[citation needed]
Hurt had a strict upbringing: the family lived opposite a cinema but he was not allowed to visit. He was also not permitted to mix with local children because in his parents' view they were "too common".[14] Hurt's mother died in 1975, and his father died in 1999 at the age of 95.
Education[link]
At the age of eight he was sent to the Anglican St Michael's Preparatory School in Otford, Kent, where he eventually developed his passion for acting. He decided he wanted to become an actor, and his first role was that of a girl in a school production The Bluebird (L'Oiseau Bleu) by Maurice Maeterlinck. While he was a pupil at the school he was abused by Donald Cormack (now deceased), then Senior Master of the school and later Head Teacher (until his retirement in 1981).[15] Hurt described how Cormack would remove his two false front teeth and put his tongue in the boys' mouths, and how he would rub their faces with his stubble. Hurt said that the experience affected him "hugely".[16]
His father moved to St Aidan's Church in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire. Hurt (then aged 12) became a boarder at Christ's Hospital School (then a grammar school) in Lincoln, because he had failed the entrance exam for admission to his brother's school. Hurt often accompanied his mother to Cleethorpes Repertory Theatre, but his parents disliked his acting ambitions and encouraged him to become an art teacher instead. His headmaster, Mr Franklin, laughed when Hurt told him he wanted to be an actor, saying "you wouldn't stand a chance in the profession."[14]
Aged 17, Hurt enrolled in Grimsby Art School (now the East Coast School of Art & Design), where he studied art. In 1959 Hurt won a scholarship allowing him to study for an Art Teachers Diploma (ATD) at Central St. Martins College in Holborn, London. Despite the scholarship, paying for his studies was financially difficult and so he persuaded some of his friends to pose nude and sold the portraits. In 1960 he won a scholarship to RADA where he trained for two years. He was then cast in small roles on TV.[citation needed].
Career[link]
Hurt's first film was The Wild and the Willing (1962), but his first major role was as Richard Rich in A Man for All Seasons (1966). His portrayal of Quentin Crisp in the 1975 TV play The Naked Civil Servant gave prominence and earned him the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor. The following year, Hurt played the Roman emperor Caligula in the BBC drama serial, I, Claudius. In 1978, he appeared in Midnight Express, for which he won a Golden Globe, a BAFTA and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (the latter of which he lost to Christopher Walken for his performance in The Deer Hunter). Hurt played Hazel, the heroic rabbit leader of his warren in the film adaptation of Watership Down and later played the major villain, General Woundwort, in the animated television series version.
His roles at the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s included Kane, the memorable first victim of the title creature in the film Alien (a role which he reprised as a parody in Spaceballs); would-be art school radical Scrawdyke in Little Malcolm; and "John" Merrick in the Joseph Merrick biography The Elephant Man, for which he won a BAFTA and was nominated for a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Actor. He also had a starring role in Sam Peckinpah's critically panned but moderately successful final film, The Osterman Weekend (1983). Also in 1983 he starred as the Fool opposite Laurence Olivier's King in King Lear. Hurt also appeared as Raskolnikov in the BBC series Crime and Punishment in 1980.
Hurt has taken roles in famous political allegories, first playing the hero in an early production and then the tyrannical villain in a later work. For instance, he played Winston Smith in the 1984 adaptation of the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four and then assumed the role of Adam Sutler (a Big Brother-esque leader of a fascist Great Britain) in the 2006 film V for Vendetta, a film that drew many parallels to the world of Orwell's 1984.
In 1985, Hurt starred in Disney's The Black Cauldron, voicing the film's main antagonist, the Horned King. In 1986, Hurt provided the voiceover for AIDS: Iceberg / Tombstone, a public information film warning of the dangers of AIDS. In 1988 He voiced the main role in The StoryTeller, a professional capturer of imagination. He had a memorable supporting role as "Bird" O'Donnell in Jim Sheridan's 1990 film The Field, which garnered him another BAFTA nomination. In 2001, he played Mr. Ollivander, the wand-maker, in the first Harry Potter film, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. He returned for the adaptation of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, though his scenes in that film were cut. He also returned for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2. In 1999, Hurt provided narration on the British musical group Art of Noise's concept album The Seduction of Claude Debussy. He was made a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) in June 2004. During this time, he narrated a four part series on the Universe which was released on DVD in 1999. In May 2008, he appeared in Steven Spielberg's Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull as Harold Oxley.[17] He is also the voice of The Great Dragon Kilgharrah, who aids the young warlock Merlin as he protects the future king Arthur, in the BBC television series Merlin.[18]
In 2008, 33 years after The Naked Civil Servant, Hurt reprised the role of Quentin Crisp in An Englishman in New York. This film depicts Crisp's later years in New York.[19]
In June 2009, Hurt played the on-screen Big Brother for Paper Zoo Theatre Company's production of Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. The theatre production premiered at the National Media Museum, in Bradford and will be touring during early 2010. Hurt said, "I think Paper Zoo thought it would be quite ironic to have the person who played Winston having risen in the party. From the Chestnut Tree Cafe, he's managed to get his wits together again, now understanding that 2 and 2 make 5, and becomes Big Brother. So it tickled my fancy, and of course I looked up Paper Zoo, and they seem to me to be the sort of company that’s essential in the country as we know it, and doing a lot of really good stuff."[20]
Hurt is due to appear alongside Ben Kingsley in a new feature entitle Broken Dream which will be directed by Neil Jordan in 2011.[21] At the 65th British Academy Film Awards Hurt won the award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema.
Personal life[link]
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This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2012) |
In 1962, Hurt's father left his parish in Cleethorpes to become headmaster of St Michael's College in the Central American country of Belize. In that same year, John Hurt first performed on the London stage and married actress Annette Robertson. The marriage ended in 1964. In 1967 he began his longest relationship, with French model Marie-Lise Volpeliere-Pierrot, sister of fashion photographer Jean-Claude Volpeliere-Pierrot. The couple had planned to get married after fifteen years, when events took a tragic turn on 26 January 1983: Hurt and Volpeliere-Pierrot went horse riding early in the morning near their house in Ascott-under-Wychwood, Oxfordshire. Volpeliere-Pierrot was thrown off her horse and suffered a tragic fall. She went into a coma and died later that day.[citation needed]
Hurt married Texan actress and old friend Donna Peacock at a local Registrar's office on 6 September 1984. The couple moved to Kenya. They divorced in early January 1990.
On 24 January 1990, Hurt married American production assistant Jo Dalton whom he had met while filming Scandal. With her he had two sons: Sasha John Vincent Hurt (born 6 February 1990) and Nick Hurt (born 5 February 1993), who are currently residing in County Waterford, Ireland. Nick has gone to acting school in England and wishes to follow in his father's footsteps. This marriage ended in 1996 and was followed with a seven year relationship with Dublin born presenter and writer Sarah Owens. The couple moved to County Wicklow where they settled close to their friends, director John Boorman and Claddagh Records founder and Guinness heir The Hon Garech de Brun. In July 2002 the couple separated. In March 2005, Hurt married his fourth wife, advertising film producer Anwen Rees Meyers.
In January 2002, Hurt received an honorary degree from the University of Derby and in January 2006 received the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from the University of Hull.
In 2007, Hurt took part in the BBC genealogical television series Who Do You Think You Are?, which investigated part of his family history. Prior to participating in the programme, Hurt had harboured a love of Ireland and was enamoured of a 'deeply beguiling' family legend that suggested his great-grandmother had been the illegitimate daughter of Irish nobleman, the Marquess of Sligo. The genealogical evidence uncovered seemed to contradict the family legend, rendering the 'suggestion' doubtful. Coincidentally, the search revealed that his great-grandmother had previously lived in Grimsby at a location within a mile of the art college at which Hurt had once enrolled.[22]
Since 2006, John Hurt has been a patron of Project Harar, a UK-based charity working in Ethiopia for children with facial disfigurements.[23]
Since 2009, he has been patron of QUAD. On 25 September 2009 Hurt visited QUAD and took part in a Q&A directly preceding a screening of the film The Night Train as part of the festivities, celebrating the first birthday at QUAD (opened on 26 September 2008). The day after, 26 September, John Hurt was guest of honour at Derby County vs Bristol City and went on the pitch at Pride Park Stadium at half time to oversee a prize draw.[citation needed]
Filmography[link]
Films[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1962 | Wild and the Willing, TheThe Wild and the Willing | Phil | |
| 1963 | This Is My Street | Charlie | |
| 1966 | Man for All Seasons, AA Man for All Seasons | Richard Rich | |
| 1967 | Sailor from Gibraltar, TheThe Sailor from Gibraltar | John | |
| 1969 | In Search of Gregory | Daniel | |
| 1969 | Sinful Davey | Davey Haggart | |
| 1969 | Before Winter Comes | Lieutenant Pilkington | |
| 1971 | Mr. Forbush and the Penguins | Richard Forbush | |
| 1971 | 10 Rillington Place | Timothy John Evans | Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role |
| 1972 | Pied Piper, TheThe Pied Piper | Franz | |
| 1974 | Little Malcolm | Malcolm Scrawdyke | |
| 1975 | Ghoul, TheThe Ghoul | Tom Rawlings | |
| 1975 | Linea del fiume, LaLa Linea del fiume | Chandler | |
| 1977 | East of Elephant Rock | Nash | |
| 1977 | Three Dangerous Ladies | Lt. Simmonds | |
| 1977 | Disappearance, TheThe Disappearance | Atkinson | |
| 1978 | Watership Down | Hazel | Voice role |
| 1978 | Shout, TheThe Shout | Anthony Fielding | |
| 1978 | Midnight Express | Max | Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated – Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 1978 | Lord of the Rings, TheThe Lord of the Rings | Aragorn | Voice role |
| 1979 | Alien | Kane | DVDX Award for Best Audio Commentary (New for DVD) (2003 re-issue in Alien Quadrilogy, shared with Ridley Scott, Ronald Shusett, Terry Rawlings, Sigourney Weaver, Tom Skerritt, Veronica Cartwright and Harry Dean Stanton) Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role |
| 1980 | Elephant Man, TheThe Elephant Man | John Merrick | BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominated – Academy Award for Best Actor Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama |
| 1980 | Heaven's Gate | Billy Irvine | |
| 1981 | Night Crossing | Peter Strelzyk | |
| 1981 | History of the World, Part I | Jesus Christ | |
| 1982 | Partners | Kerwin | |
| 1982 | Plague Dogs, TheThe Plague Dogs | Snitter | Voice |
| 1983 | Osterman Weekend, TheThe Osterman Weekend | Lawrence Fassett | |
| 1984 | Champions | Bob Champion | Evening Standard British Film Awards for Best ActorAlso for The Hit and Nineteen Eighty-Four |
| 1984 | Success Is the Best Revenge | Dino Montecurva | |
| 1984 | Hit, TheThe Hit | Braddock | Evening Standard British Film Awards for Best ActorAlso for Champions and Nineteen Eighty-Four Mystfest for Best ActorShared with: Terence Stamp and Tim Roth |
| 1984 | Nineteen Eighty-Four | Winston Smith | Evening Standard British Film Awards for Best ActorAlso for Champions and The Hit Fantasporto for Best ActorTied with Eddy Mitchell for Frankenstein 90 Valladolid International Film Festival for Best ActorTied with Richard Burton |
| 1985 | After Darkness | Peter Hunningford | Entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival |
| 1985 | Black Cauldron, TheThe Black Cauldron | The Horned King | Voice |
| 1986 | Jake Speed | Sid | |
| 1987 | Hunting of the Snark, TheThe Hunting of the Snark | Narrator | Voice |
| 1987 | Rocinante | Bill | |
| 1987 | From the Hip | Douglas Benoit | |
| 1987 | Spaceballs | Kane | Cameo of his "Alien" (1979) character 'Kane', humorously self-parodied with the line: "Oh no... Not again!" |
| 1987 | Aria | The Actor | Segment "I pagliacci" |
| 1987 | Vincent | Narrator (Vincent van Gogh's Letters to his bother) | Voice |
| 1987 | White Mischief | Gilbert Colvile | |
| 1988 | Bengali Night, TheThe Bengali Night | Lucien Metz | |
| 1989 | Scandal | Stephen Ward | |
| 1989 | Little Sweetheart | Robert Burger | |
| 1990 | Romeo-Juliet | La Dame aux Chats Mercutio |
|
| 1990 | Windprints | Charles Rutherford | |
| 1990 | Field, TheThe Field | Bird O'Donnell | Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role |
| 1990 | Frankenstein Unbound | Dr. Joe Buchanan Narrator |
|
| 1991 | I Dreamt I Woke Up | John Boorman's Alter Ego | |
| 1991 | King Ralph | Lord Percival Graves | |
| 1992 | Lapse of Memory | Conrad Farmer | |
| 1993 | Kölcsönkapott idő | Sean | |
| 1993 | L'Oeil qui ment | Anthony / Le Marquis | |
| 1993 | Monolith | Villano | |
| 1993 | Even Cowgirls Get the Blues | The Countess | |
| 1994 | Rabbit Ears: Aladdin and the Magic Lamp | Storyteller | Direct-to-video release |
| 1994 | Thumbelina | Mr. Mole | Voice |
| 1994 | Felidae | Pascal (Claudandus) | Voice (English dub) |
| 1994 | Second Best | Uncle Turpin | |
| 1995 | Two Nudes Bathing | Marquis de Prey | |
| 1995 | Saigon Baby | Jack Lee | |
| 1995 | Rob Roy | John Graham, Marquis of Montrose | |
| 1995 | Dead Man | John Scholfield | |
| 1995 | Wild Bill | Charley Prince | |
| 1997 | Tender Loving Care | Dr. Turner | Interactive CD-ROM film |
| 1997 | Love and Death on Long Island | Giles De'Ath | FIPRESCI Prize – Special Mention of Chicago International Film FestivalShared with: Richard Kwietniowski Nominated – British Independent Film Awards for Best Performance by a British Actor in an Independent Film |
| 1997 | Contact | S.R. Hadden | |
| 1997 | Bandyta | Babits | |
| 1998 | The Commissioner | James Morton | Entered into the 48th Berlin International Film Festival |
| 1998 | Night Train | Michael Poole | Verona Love Screens Film Festival for Best Actor |
| 1998 | All the Little Animals | Mr. Summers | |
| 1999 | Climb, TheThe Climb | Chuck Langer | |
| 1999 | New Blood | Alan White | |
| 1999 | Monkey's Tale, AA Monkey's Tale | Sebastian | English dub of French film Le Château des singes |
| 1999 | If... Dog... Rabbit... | Sean Cooper | |
| 1999 | You're Dead... | Maitland | |
| 2000 | Tigger Movie, TheThe Tigger Movie | Narrator | Voice |
| 2000 | Lost Souls | Father Lareaux | |
| 2001 | Tabloid | Vince | |
| 2001 | Captain Corelli's Mandolin | Dr. Iannis | |
| 2001 | Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone | Mr. Ollivander | |
| 2002 | Miranda | Christian | |
| 2002 | Crime and Punishment | Porfiry | |
| 2003 | Owning Mahowny | Victor Foss | |
| 2003 | Meeting Che Guevara & the Man from Maybury Hill | Man from Maybury Hill | |
| 2003 | Dogville | Narrator | Voice |
| 2004 | Hellboy | Professor Trevor "Broom" Bruttenholm | |
| 2004 | Pride | Harry | Voice |
| 2005 | Short Order | Felix | |
| 2005 | Valiant | Felix | Voice |
| 2005 | Proposition, TheThe Proposition | Jellon Lamb | Nominated – Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role |
| 2005 | Shooting Dogs | Christopher | |
| 2005 | Manderlay | Narrator | Voice |
| 2005 | Skeleton Key, TheThe Skeleton Key | Ben Devereaux | |
| 2006 | V for Vendetta | Adam Sutler | |
| 2006 | Perfume: The Story of a Murderer | Narrator | Voice |
| 2007 | Boxes | Le père de Fanny | |
| 2008 | Outlander | Rothgar | |
| 2008 | Oxford Murders, TheThe Oxford Murders | Arthur Seldom | |
| 2008 | Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull | Dr. Harold Oxley | |
| 2008 | Hellboy II: The Golden Army | Professor Trevor 'Broom' Bruttenholm | Cameo |
| 2008 | Lecture 21 | Mondrian Kilroy | |
| 2009 | Limits of Control, TheThe Limits of Control | Guitar | |
| 2009 | New York, I Love You | Waiter | |
| 2009 | 44 Inch Chest | Old Man Peanut | Nominated – London Film Critics' Circle for Best British Supporting Actor |
| 2010 | Lou | Doyle | |
| 2010 | Ultramarines: The Movie | Carnak | Voice |
| 2010 | Brighton Rock | Phil Corkery | |
| 2010 | Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 | Mr. Ollivander | |
| 2011 | Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 | Mr. Ollivander | |
| 2011 | Melancholia | Dexter | |
| 2011 | Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy | Control | |
| 2011 | Immortals | Old Zeus | |
| 2012 | The Absinthe Drinkers | Antonio Argenti | filming |
Television[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 | Drama 61–67 | Private Briggs | Episode 1.16: "Drama '61: Local Incident" |
| 1962 | Z-Cars | James Hogan | Episode 1.29: "Assault" |
| 1963 | First Night | Garry | Episode 1.12: "Menace" |
| 1964 | Armchair Theatre | Unknown | Episode 4.102: "A Jug of Bread" |
| 1964 | Thursday Theatre | Orpheus | Episode 1.11: "Point of Departure" |
| 1964–1965 | ITV Play of the Week | Various characters | Appeared in three episodes |
| 1965 | Gideon's Way | Freddy Tinsdale | Episode 1.14: "The Tin God" |
| 1973 | Wessex Tales | Joshua Harlborough | Episode 1.3: "A Tragedy of Two Ambitions" |
| 1974 | Playboy of the Western World, TheThe Playboy of the Western World | Christopher "Christy" Mahon | television film |
| 1975 | Naked Civil Servant, TheThe Naked Civil Servant | Quentin Crisp | television film British Academy Television Award for Best Actor; #4 in BFI TV 100 |
| 1976 | Shades of Greene | Fred | Episode 2.6: "A Drive in the Country" |
| 1976 | Play for Today | Alec Cassell | Episode 6.22: "The Peddler" |
| 1976 | Sweeney, TheThe Sweeney | Tony Grey | Episode 3.4: "Tomorrow Man" |
| 1976 | I, Claudius | Caligula | TV mini-series |
| 1977 | Spectre | Mitri Cyon | television film |
| 1979 | Crime and Punishment | Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov | TV mini-series |
| 1983 | King Lear | The Fool | television film |
| 1988 | Deadline | Granville Jones | television film |
| 1988 | Storyteller, TheThe Storyteller | The Storyteller | Appeared in all nine first series episodes |
| 1990 | Investigation: Inside a Terrorist Bombing, TheThe Investigation: Inside a Terrorist Bombing | Chris Mullin | television film |
| 1991 | Journey to Knock | Alfred | television film |
| 1991 | Red Fox | Archie Carpenter | TV mini-series |
| 1992 | Six Characters in Search of an Author | The Father | television film |
| 1993 | Great Moments in Aviation | Rex Goodyear | |
| 1995 | Prisoners in Time | Eric Lomax | |
| 1998 | Saturday Night Live | March Hare | Episode 23.17 |
| 1999–2000 | Watership Down | General Woundwort | Multiple episodes; voice |
| 2001 | Beckett on Film – Krapp's Last Tape | Krapp | television film |
| 2002 | Bait | Jack Blake | |
| 2004 | Alan Clark Diaries, TheThe Alan Clark Diaries | Alan Clark | TV serial |
| 2004 | Pride | Harry | television film; voice |
| 2005 | Hiroshima | Narrator | Voice |
| 2007 | Hellboy: Blood and Iron | Professor Trevor 'Broom' Bruttenholm | television film; voice |
| 2007 | Masters of Science Fiction | Samswope | Episode 1.4: "The Discarded" |
| 2008 | Recount | Warren Christopher | television film |
| 2008–Present | Merlin (Seasons 1,2,3,4 – pres) | The Great Dragon, Killgarrah | Voice; does not appear in every episode, yet is credited in the opening title sequence for each episode. |
| 2009 | The Gruffalo | The Owl | television film (Children's), voice |
| 2009 | Paul O'Grady Show, TheThe Paul O'Grady Show | Himself | Penultimate episode |
| 2009 | Englishman in New York, AnAn Englishman in New York | Quentin Crisp | television film Berlin International Film Festival – Teddy Award Nominated – British Academy Television Award for Best Actor |
| 2010 | Whistle and I'll Come to You | James Parkin | television film |
| 2010 | Human Planet | Narrator | Documentary |
| 2011 | Harry's Arctic Heroes | Narrator | Documentary |
| 2011 | Planet Dinosaur | Narrator | Documentary |
| 2011 | The Gruffalo's Child[24] | The Owl | television film (Children's), voice |
| 2012 | Labyrinth | Audric Baillard | TV miniseries |
| 2012 | The Jonathan Ross Show | Himself | One episode |
Video games[link]
- Privateer 2: The Darkening (1996) – Joe the Bartender
- Tender Loving Care (1998) – Dr. Turner
- Lord of the Rings: Conquest (2009) - Narrator
Other projects, contributions[link]
- When Love Speaks (2002, EMI Classics) – "Sonnet 145"
("Those lips that Love's own hand did make") - Hurt performs in drag for the promotional video for Attitude by the music group Suede.
- Hurt is seen as the 'Brian Epstein' esque mogul in Paul McCartney's 1982 video for the song 'Take It Away'. McCartney explains in the video commentary section of The McCartney Years DVD (for the song 'Take it Away') that Hurt himself was a friend of The Beatles and Brian Epstein, and that The Beatles had watched Hurt act in the mid-60's and thought him a fine actor.
- Hurt is the narrator on the album The Seduction of Claude Debussy by the band Art of Noise (1999).
- John Hurt is the narrator of the 4 part series released in 1999 on The Universe for Channel 4 International, available on DVD.
- Hurt co-starred along side Kiefer Sutherland in the 10 part web series The Confession.
References[link]
- ^ Awards for John Hurt at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ "John Hurt – Biography". Talk Talk. http://www.talktalk.co.uk/entertainment/film/biography/artist/john-hurt/biography/56?page=3. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ John Hurt – Biography
- ^ a b "John Hurt Biography (1940–)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/43/John-Hurt.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ "Alien named as top 18-rated scene". BBC. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- ^ "100 Greatest Scary Moments". episode 4 of 100. 25 October 2003. 50 minutes in. Channel 4.
- ^ Kermode, Mark (19 October 2003). "All fright on the night". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2003/oct/19/features.review. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
- ^ "Scariest movie scenes ever". Virgin Media. http://www.virginmedia.com/movies/movieextras/top10s/scariest-scenes.php. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ Green, Graeme. "John Hurt talks Harry Potter, flamenco and chestbursters". Metro. http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/805670-john-hurt-talks-harry-potter-flamenco-and-chestbursters. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ "The 100 Scariest Movie Moments". Bravo. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071030070540/http://www.bravotv.com/The_100_Scariest_Movie_Moments/index.shtml. Retrieved 29 May 2010. (via Internet Archive)
- ^ "The making of Alien's chestburster scene". The Guardian (UK). 13 October 2009. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/oct/13/making-of-alien-chestburster. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ "BBC Radio Derby". http://www.bbc.co.uk/derby/realmedia/2002/01/john_hurt.ram. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ "Br. Alselm's cookbook". Glenstal.org. 17 October 2009. http://www.glenstal.org/shop/product_info.php?cPath=2&products_id=63. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ a b "The Guardian Interview: John Hurt". Guardian (UK). 1 July 2000. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2000/apr/27/guardianinterviewsatbfisouthbank. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ "History of St Michael's School, accessed 21 March 2010. (On Cormack's subsequent appointment to the Headship. For details of the abuse he perpetrated see the reference to the ',Independent on Sunday',)". Stmichaels.kent.sch.uk. http://www.stmichaels.kent.sch.uk/school-visitors/12/history-of-the-school. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ Sholto Byrnes (16 October 2005). "John Hurt: I was abused, too". Independent on Sunday (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/john-hurt-i-was-abused-too-511182.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ "IESB First Look: Indy IV Looks Back at the Original Trilogy" (Video). IESB. 1 May 2008. http://www.iesb.net/index.php?option=com_seyret&Itemid=227&task=videodirectlink&id=990. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1199099/epcast
- ^ "Actor Hurt to reprise Crisp role". BBC News. 29 April 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7373997.stm. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ "John Hurt on 1984". National Media Museum. http://www.nationalmediamuseum.org.uk/1984/interview.asp. Retrieved 28 October 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Ben Kinglsey & John Hurt for Neil Jordan – John Boorman's 'Broken Dream'". IFTN. http://iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=4283808&tpl=archnews&force=1. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? BBC Magazine – About the series". Bbc whodoyouthinkyouare.com. http://www.bbcwhodoyouthinkyouare.com/stories.php?art=39448. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ "John Hurt". Project Harar. 19 July 2006. http://projectharar.co.uk/john_hurt.html. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ "The Gruffalo's Child". BBC One. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b018nrhm. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John Hurt |
- John Hurt at the Internet Movie Database
- John Hurt at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
- Actor's Compendium
- Biography on BBC site
- Receiving his honorary degree from Hull University in January 2006
- March 2006 Observer article
- Project Harar
- John Hurt lights a candle for Rwanda
- John Hurt narrates Human Planet 2011
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hurt, John |
| Alternative names | Hurt, John Vincent |
| Short description | English Actor |
| Date of birth | 1940-01-22 |
| Place of birth | Shirebrook, Derbyshire, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/John_Hurt
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- 1984 - David Bowie
- 1984 - Van Halen
- 1984 - Tina Turner
- 1984 - Saves The Day
- 1984 - New Model Army
- 1984 - Billy Squier
- 1984 - Jay Jay Johanson
- 1984 - Roger Miret & The Disasters
- 1984 - Roger Miret And The Disasters
- 1984 - Spirit
- 1984 - Chaotic Alliance
- 1984 - Jamie Kennedy & Stu Stone
- 1984 - Face First
- 1984 - Silence Is Sexy
- 1984 - Hope Lane Is A Dead End
Someday they won't let you, now you must agree
The times, they are a-telling, and the changing isn't free
We've read it in the tea leaves, the tracks are on TV
Beware the sound mixture of 1984
They'll split your pretty cranium, and fill it full of air
They'll tell that you're eighty, but brother, you won't care
You'll be shooting up on anything, tomorrow's never there
Beware the sound mixture in 1984
Come see, come see, remember me?
We played love all my movie roll
You said it would last, but I guess we've grown
In 1984, who could ask for more
1984, who could ask for mor-or-or-or-ore
Mor-or-or-or-ore
I'm looking for a vehicle, I'm looking for a ride
I'm looking for a party, I'm looking for a side
I'm looking for the treason that I knew in '65
Beware the sound mixture of 1984
Come see, come see, remember me?
We played love all my movie roll
You said it would last, but I guess we've grown
In 1984, who could ask for more
1984, who could ask for mor-or-or-or-ore
Mor-or-or-or-ore
1984
1984
1984, more
1984,
1984, more
[instrumental]
1984
Someday they won't let you, now you must agree
The times they are a telling and the changing isn't free
They read it in the tea leaves and the tracks are on TV
Beware the savage jaw in 1984
They'll split your pretty cranium and fill it full of air
They'll tell you that you're eighty and really you won't care
You'll be shooting up on everything, tomorrow's never there
Beware the savage jaw in 1984
(Come see, come see, remember me)
I played in an all night movie role
Yeah you said it would last but I guess we've enrolled
In 1984
(Who could ask for more)
1984
(Who could ask for more)
I'm looking for a vehicle, I'm looking for a ride
I'm looking for a party, I'm looking for a side
I'm looking for a treason that I knew in sixty-five
Beware the savage jaw in 1984
(Come see, come see, remember me)
I played in an all night movie role
Yeah you said it would last but I guess we've enrolled
In 1984
(Who could ask for more)
1984
(Who could ask for more)
1984
1984
1984
I'm dead inside and dying more everyday
Castrate my eyes and cut the lines in my face
The alcohol the empty walls regress regress erase regret
Return me now to where I was long ago
Yeah Yeah Yeah
I need you, I need your love.
I'm trying, to rise above.
I want you, to bring me back to life.
I feel their voices in the back of my head
I hear their eyes and turn when nobody is there
The TV screens, the magazines depress disease deny your
dreams
Dislocate drain to drifting losing control
Yeah Yeah Yeah
I need you, I need your love.
I'm trying, to rise above.
I want you, to bring me back to life.
The lack, the need, the fear, the greed
Redeem amend remember when
Return me now to where I was long ago
I need you, I need your love.
I'm trying, to rise above.
The vans they come in convoys now, stealing through the dawn
Silent in the countryside in the hills up to the north
There's road blocks on the Meden bridge
There's click, click clicking on the phone
They're sealing off our villages, sealing off our homes
This ain't some tin-pot story arriving from a distant shore
But our own sweet, green and pleasant land in 1984
Her father crossed the battle lines in the first months of the war
She frowns down at the soup kitchen - she doesn't have a father anymore
It's cold in the early mornings, standing with your mates
Staring at the thick blue line armed and ready at the gates
This ain't some tin-pot story arriving from a distant shore
But our own sweet, green and pleasant land in 1984
The servants of our great nation
Have lied in the name of us all
While the officers of peace and order
Are busy breaking every law
There's hundreds on trumped-up charges
Hundreds on the streets
The future of our villages
Sown with bitter seeds
And hatred starts to rumble where there was no hate before
In our own sweet green and pleasant land in 1984
Nobody wanted to see the blood
As the blue lights flash through in the night
But all the words fell on deaf ears
And now the blind frustration bites
Two nations under one crown divided more and more
In our own sweet green and pleasant land in 1984
From over the air comes a voice without care
Says we're doin' all right
But day out and day in from what he's been sayin'
We're in for a fight
I glance at myself and the world rushin' by
I can see for myself and the fear comes alive
Shades of termination--we're dyin' to survive
1984
Machine is the mind--it will rule by design
So you're never alone
We store information without confirmation
Accept the unknown
I think to myself of the times we have tried
To be true to ourselves and to live with the lie
Avoid the contradictions--just keep yourself alive
1984
I can't help it...I can't help it...I can't help it...
Life is your decision--we choose to do or die
Can you live with the reality of 1985
Polite conversation ain't no consolation
For blanks in your eyes
Amidst the confusion there lives the illusion
That love will survive
But I got a chance with myself if I try
To be sure of myself and myself choose to try
Fight for stimulation and love to stay alive
Saturday I've come to hate you so
You hesitate to show me how
When I need your embrace
It's too late, it's already been to long
And now it seems so wrong to sit
All by myself and wait
Closer 1984
Valentine, still I want it more
Lonely tears were falling on New Year's Eve
It might be the worst but at least
It's only once a year
But Saturday the loneliest day of all
If somebody made a call to me
But maybe I would explain
Closer 1984
Valentine, still I want it more
Closer 1984
Paradise, still I want it more
Closer 1984
Valentine, still I want it more
Closer 1984
In 1984 we ruled the streets of New York City
Street rock'n'roll, Street Hardcore!
In the day we sweat it out
For the love of the Lower East side
With our gangs Street fights!
1984! Short hair rock'n'roll!
1984! Skinheads!
Society tried its best to kill us
But we knew never to turn
Glory days of 1984!
We were the endangered species
We fucking blew them all to pieces!
In 1984 we ruled the streets of New York City
Street rock'n'roll, Street Hardcore!
In the day we sweat it out
For the love of the Lower East side
With our gangs Street fights!
1984! Short hair rock'n'roll!
1984! Skinheads!
Society tried its best to kill us
But we knew never to turn
Glory days of 1984!
We were the endangered species
We fucking blew them all to pieces!
With our strive and our loyalty
1984
Knockin' on your door
Will you let it come?
Will you let it run your life?
1984
Knockin' on your door
Will you let it come?
Will you let it run your life?
Someone will be waiting for you at your door
When you get home tonight
Ah yes, he's gonna tell you darkness gives you much more
Than you get from the light
Classic plastic guards well they're your special friend
He sees you every night
Well he call himself the brother but you know it's no game
You're never out of his sight
1984
Knockin' on your door
Will you let it come?
Will you let it run your life?
It's time you started thinking inside your head
That you should stand up and fight
Oh just where will you be when your freedom is dead
Won't you listen tonight?
Those classic plastic coppers, they are your special friends
They see you every night
Well they call themselves protection but they know it's no game
You're never out of their sight
1984
Knockin' on your door
Will you let it come?
Will you let it run?
1984
Knockin' on your door
Will you let it come?
Past is altered by the future, how can the past ever be true?
If the present day people make false facts they can blind you
The truth is now a lie and all history is erased
Double think, thought crimes, all made to keep you in your place
1984 - You are a slave day in, day out
1984 - Just a time slot nine to five is what it's all about
1984 - Hard-line, war crimes, what you know
1984 - Take away all the facts, then we can't fucking grow
In my room the cameras sit on every side of me
Silently I sit and watch the death of privacy
The Proles live freely because they don't pose threat
To become a Party member's something you'll regret
1984 - We all stay distracted stapled to our telescreens
1984 - Keeping us convinced we're not just another machine
1984 - Hard-line, war crimes, what you know
1984 - Take away all the facts, then we can't fucking grow
Everyone sit down for Two Minute Hate is here
And watch the enemy Goldstein march his troops in fear
But after that Big Brother is there to save the day
To make you believe in what he's about to say
1984 - Everyone speaks in code or what they call Newspeak
1984 - While slowly they erase another word each week
1984 - Hard line, war crimes, what you know
1984 - Take away all the facts you can't fucking grow
1984 - Death of a man, is creation of another
1984 - I geuss that is life under Big Brother
1984 - If there is hope it lies in the Proles
1984 - But without change man will decompose
"War is peace!"
"Freedom is slavery!"
"Ignorance is strength!"
[Jamie Kennedy:]
1984 lying in the grass,
First time I ever got some ass.
Pop rock in my mouth, wanna go down south,
But the whopper in my stomach really gave me gas
[Stu Stone:]
Listen ya crazy mutha fucka, lets get class,
I got a fresh pack of hubba bubba berry blast
I got money to kill n' ass to burn,
Drive car in the wall and a salon perm
[Jamie Kennedy:]
Michael Jackson's got a glove, (I kinda like his glove) and the radios pickin a song, (I need love)
I do too, so I hit the pavement, with my homeboy Stu.
[Stu Stone:]
Break out the cardboard, breakout the beat box, take off your new shoes, pop lockin' in sox.
Hey Stu, I got the robot down on lock, I got a Cabbage Patch kid, and is still in box.
[Chorus: Both]
Where's the beef? Where? Where? Where's the Beef? (Where the beef at bitch!)
Where's the beef? Where? Where? Where's the Beef? (Who's got beef?)
[Stu Stone:]
Where's da beef, mutha fucka, it's in your teeth. While your girlfriends underneath
Why you chewin, n perusin , start on screwin, ya super freak!
[Jamie Kennedy:]
Maybe super freaky, but im super cool. I got a He-Man thermos that I rock at school.
My melacosta? clean, and im fresh on the scene. Got a rubix cube, cant figure out man...
[Stu Stone:]
I got a rubix cube to, but mines all black, I just peel off all the stickers and don't put em back.
Nancy got me feelin antsy , sayin no to drugs. Mr. Drumond givin Arnold n Willis more hugs.
[Chorus]
To the left, left, left. To the right, right, right.
To the left, left, left. To the right, right, right.
Now everybody!
Are you ready to dance?
My friend, you're gonna lose
I don't understand the paths you choose
It's your life, but you know as well as I
You can't fill an empty plate by piling on the spice
You can't fill an empty plate by piling on the spice
My friend, take a look inside
Look at the person who resides
How long before you get your fill?
Before you realize you can't medicate away all all your ills?
Before you realize you can't medicate away all all your ills?
CHORUS:
My friend, look at those things you do
The only one you fool is you
It's your life and you can toss the dice
but you can't fill an empty plate by piling on the spice
You can't fill an empty plate by piling on the spice
CHORUS:
That's why I don't even try
The details are coming back
Painting over black
They wake me and make me smile
On Saturday mornings
I was walking on the chairs
If I could I'd meet you there
Pictures made in '84
I can't see them any more
I remember everything
The sound of the neighbours phone
Our broken doorbell's drone
I still hear it loud and clear
When the war was still cold
The stories we were told
They took place so far from here
Sit still and wait
I'm sailing a stormy lake
Picures made in '84
I can't see them any more
I remember everything
In a dream and on tv
All the memories come to me
I just want them to remain
The details are coming back
Painting over black
They wake me and make me smile
Picures made in '84
I can't see them any more
I remember everything
In a dream and on TV
All the memories come to me
How much joy can a man find
in a quiet secluded enclosure?
Don't let size by deceiving...
I'd be happy if I never left this room.
It's a hypothetical shelter
until the nuke is dropped
and we'll go down in flames.
The end of this dying nation won't begin with me.
Shut down all the power and ignore the media.
The newspaper brings worse news every day.
Shut down all the power and ignore the media.
I can't stand to watch the news of these dying troops.
Wasted money and wasted lives; get us out of war.
I can't stand to watch this dying anymore.
Wasted money and wasted lives; get us out of war.
Living under tyrants is no way to live.
Wasted money and wasted lives; get us out of war.
Once it's 2009, we'll rejoice.
Wasted money and wasted lives; get us out of war.
Democracy is lost... Let's bring it back ourselves.
Wasted money, wasted lives.
We've gone to hell in a handbasket overnight.
