The UEFA Champions League /juːˈeɪfə ˈtʃæmpiənz ˈliːɡ/ known simply as the Champions League and originally known as the European Champion Clubs' Cup or European Cup, is an annual continental club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) since 1955 for the top football clubs in Europe.[1] It is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world and the most prestigious club competition in European football. The final of the competition is the most watched annual sporting event worldwide, drawing over 300 million television viewers.[2]
Prior to 1992, the tournament was officially called the "European Champion Clubs' Cup," but was usually referred to simply as the "European Cup."[1] The competition was initially a straight knockout competition open only to the champion club of each country.[1] During the 1990s, the tournament began to be expanded, incorporating a round-robin group phase and more teams.[1] Europe's strongest national leagues now provide up to four teams each for the competition.[3] The UEFA Champions League should not be confused with the UEFA Europa League, formerly known as the UEFA Cup.[4]
The tournament consists of several stages.[5] In the present format, it begins in mid-July with three knockout qualifying rounds and a play-off round.[5] The 10 surviving teams join 22 seeded teams in the group stage, in which there are eight groups of four teams each.[5] The eight group winners and eight runners-up enter the final knockout phase, which culminates with the final match in May.[5] The winner of the UEFA Champions League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.[6][7]
Real Madrid is the most successful club in the competition's history, having won the tournament nine times, including the first five seasons it was contested.[8] Spanish clubs have accumulated the highest number of victories, with 13 wins.[8] The title has been won by 22 different clubs, 12 of which have won the title more than once.[8] Since the tournament changed name and structure in 1992, no club has managed consecutive wins, with Milan being the last club to successfully defend their title, in 1990.[9] The reigning champions of the competition are English club Chelsea, after beating Bayern Munich 4-3 on penalties, following a 1-1 draw after extra time.[10]
The first pan-European tournament was the Challenge Cup, a competition between clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[11] The Mitropa Cup, a competition modeled after the Challenge Cup, was created in 1927 and played between Central European clubs.[12] In 1930, the Coupe des Nations (French: Nations Cup), the first attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe, was played and organized by Swiss club Servette FC.[13] Held in Geneva, it brought together ten champions from across the continent. The tournament was won by Újpest FC of Hungary.[13] Latin European nations came together to form the Latin Cup in 1949.[14] After receiving reports from his journalists over the highly successful Campeonato Sudamericano de Campeones of 1948, Gabriel Hanot, editor of L'Équipe, began proposing the creation of a continent-wide tournament.[15] After the English press declared Wolverhampton Wanderers "Champions of the World" after a successful run of friendlies in the 1950s, Hanot finally managed to convince UEFA to put into practice such a tournament.[1] It was conceived in Paris in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs' Cup.[1]
Real Madrid won the first five competitions, a consecutive record that still stands today.
The first edition of the European Cup took place during the 1955–56 season.[16][17] Sixteen teams participated: Milan of Italy, AGF Aarhus of Denmark, Anderlecht of Belgium, Djurgården of Sweden, Gwardia Warszawa of Poland, Hibernian of Scotland, FK Partizan of Yugoslavia, PSV of the Netherlands, Rapid Wien of Austria, Real Madrid of Spain, Rot-Weiss Essen of West Germany, Saarbrücken of Saar, Servette of Switzerland, Sporting CP of Portugal, Stade de Reims of France, and Vörös Lobogó of Hungary.[16][17] The first European Cup match took place on 4 September 1955, and ended in a 3-3 draw between Sporting CP and Partizan.[16][17] The first goal in European Cup history was scored by João Baptista Martins of Sporting CP.[16][17] The inaugural final took place at the Parc des Princes between Stade Reims and Real Madrid.[16][17][18] The Spanish squad came back from behind to win 4–3 thanks to two goals from Alfredo Di Stéfano and Marquitos each, as well as a brace from Héctor Rial.[16][17][18]
Real Madrid successfully defended the trophy next season in their home stadium, the Santiago Bernabéu, against Fiorentina.[19][20] After a scoreless first half, Real Madrid scored twice in six minutes to defeat the Italians.[19][20][18] In 1958, Milan failed to capitalize after going ahead on the scoreline twice, only for Real Madrid to equalize.[21][22] The final held in Heysel Stadium went to extra time when Francisco Gento scored the game-winning goal to allow Real Madrid to retain the title for the third consecutive season.[21][22][18] In a rematch of the first final, Real Madrid faced Stade Reims at the Neckarstadion for the 1958–59 season final, easily winning 2–0.[23][24][18] West German side Eintracht Frankfurt became the first non-Latin team to reach the European Cup final.[25][26] The 1959–60 season finale still holds the record for the most goals scored, but the record is overshadowed by the 7–3 thrashing Eintracht Frankfurt received in Hampden Park, courtesy of four goals by Ferenc Puskás and a hat-trick by Alfredo Di Stéfano.[25][26][18] This was Real Madrid's fifth, consecutive title, a record that still stands today.[8]
Los Merengues reign ended in the 1960–61 season when bitter rivals FC Barcelona dethroned them in the quarter-finals.[27][28] Barcelona themselves, however, would be defeated in the final by Portuguese outfit Benfica 3–2 at Wankdorf Stadium.[27][28][29] Reinforced by Eusébio, Benfica defeated Real Madrid 5–3 at the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam and kept the title for a second, consecutive season.[30][31][29] Benfica wanted to repeat Real Madrid's successful run of the 1950s after reaching the showpiece event of the 1962–63 European Cup, but a brace from Brazilian-Italian José Altafini at the Wembley Stadium gave the spoils to Milan, making the trophy leave the Iberian peninsula for the first time ever.[32][33][34] Internazionale beat an aging-Real Madrid 3–1 in the Ernst-Happel-Stadion to win the 1963–64 season and replicate their local-rival's success.[35][36][37] The title stayed in the City of Milan for the third year in a row after Internazionale beat Benfica 1–0 at their home ground, the San Siro.[38][39][40]
The UEFA Champions League anthem, officially titled simply as "Champions League", was written by Tony Britten, and is an adaptation of George Frideric Handel's Zadok the Priest (one of his Coronation Anthems).[41][42] UEFA commissioned Britten in 1992 to arrange an anthem, and the piece was performed by London's Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and sung by the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields.[41] The chorus contains the three official languages used by UEFA: English, German, and French. The anthem's chorus is played before each UEFA Champions League game, as well as at the beginning and end of television broadcasts of the matches. The complete anthem is about three minutes long, and has two short verses and the chorus. For the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final in Rome, tenor Andrea Bocelli sang backing lyrics to the Champions League anthem, whilst similarly Juan Diego Flórez provided the tenor for the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final. Girl band All Angels performed at the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final. The anthem has never been released commercially in its original version.
Map of UEFA countries whose teams reached the group stage of the UEFA Champions League
UEFA member country that has been represented in the group stage
UEFA member country that has not been represented in the group stage
Not a UEFA member
As of 2011, the UEFA Champions League commences with a round-robin group stage of 32 teams, which is preceded by two qualification 'streams' for teams that do not receive direct entry to the tournament proper. The two streams are divided between teams qualified by virtue of being league champions, and those qualified by virtue of finishing 2nd–4th in their national championship.
The number of teams that each association enters into the UEFA Champions League is based upon the UEFA coefficients of the member associations. These coefficients are generated by the results of clubs representing each association during the previous five Champions League and UEFA Europa League/UEFA Cup seasons. The higher an association's coefficient, the more teams represent the association in the Champions League, and the fewer qualification rounds the association's teams must compete in.
Five of the remaining ten qualifying places are granted to the winners of a four round qualifying tournament between the remaining 39 or 38 national champions, within which those champions from associations with higher coefficients receive byes to later rounds. The other five are granted to the winners of a two round qualifying tournament between the 15 clubs from the associations ranked 1 through 15, which have qualified based upon finishing second, third, or fourth in their respective national league.
In addition to sporting criteria, any club must be licensed by its national association to participate in the Champions league. To obtain a license, the club must meet certain stadium, infrastructure, and finance requirements.
In 2005–06, Liverpool and Artmedia Bratislava became the first teams to reach the Champions League group stage after playing in all three qualifying rounds. In 2008–09, both BATE Borisov and Anorthosis Famagusta achieved the same feat. Manchester United is the team that has appeared most often in the group stage, 18 times.
Between 2003 and 2008, no differentiation was made between champions and non-champions in qualification. The 16 top ranked teams spread across the biggest domestic leagues qualified directly for the tournament group stage. Prior to this, three preliminary knockout qualifying rounds whittled down the remaining teams, with different teams starting in different rounds.
The tournament proper begins with a group stage of 32 teams, divided into eight groups. Seeding is used whilst making the draw for this stage, whilst teams from the same country may not be drawn into groups together. Each team meets the others in its group home and away in a round-robin format. The winning team and the runners-up from each group then progress to the next round. The third-placed team enters the UEFA Europa League.
For this stage, the winning team from one group plays against the runners-up from another group, and teams from the same association may not be drawn against each other. From the quarter-finals onwards, the draw is entirely random, with association protection. The tournament uses the away goals rule: if the aggregate score of the two games is tied, then the team who scored more goals at their opponent's stadium advances.[43]
The group stage is played through the autumn, whilst the knock-out stage starts after a winter break. The knock-out ties are played in a two-legged format, with the exception of the final. This is typically held in the final two weeks of May.
The UEFA Refereeing Unit is broken down into five experience-based categories in which a referee is placed into Category 4 with the exception of referees from France, Germany, England, Italy, or Spain. Referees from these five countries are typically comfortable with top professional matches and are therefore directly placed into Category 3. After every match, a referee's performance is observed and evaluated on the basis of their performance. Twice per season his Category may be revised. A referee cannot be promoted directly from Category 3 to the Elite Category.[44]
In cooperation with the UEFA Refereeing Unit, the UEFA Referee Committee is responsible for appointing referees to matches. Referees are appointed based on previous matches, marks, performances, and fitness levels. To discourage bias, the Champions League takes nationality into account. No referee may be of the same origins as any club in his or her respecting groups. Referee appointments, suggested by the UEFA Refereeing Unit, are sent to the UEFA Referee Committee to be discussed and/or revised. After a consensus is made, the name of the appointed referee remains confidential up to two days before the match for the purpose of minimizing public influence.[44]
Since 1990, a UEFA international referee cannot exceed the age of 45 years. After turning 45, a referee must step down at the end of his season. The age limit was established to ensure an elite level of fitness. Today, UEFA Champions League referees are required to pass a fitness test to even be considered at the international level.[44]
As of 2010–11, UEFA awards €2.1 million to each team in the play-off round. For reaching the group stage, UEFA awards €3.9 million, plus €550,000 per group match played. A win in the group is awarded €800,000 and a draw is worth €400,000. In addition, UEFA pays teams reaching the first knockout round €3 million, each quarter-finalist €3.3 million, €4.2 million for each semi-finalist, €5.6 million for the runners-up and €9 million for the winners.[45]
- Playoffs: €2,100,000
- Group stage: €3,900,000
- For each match in group stage: €550,000
- Group match victory: €800,000
- Group match draw: €400,000
- Round of 16: €3,000,000
- Quarter-finals: €3,300,000
- Semi-finals: €4,200,000
- Losing finalist: €5,600,000
- Winning the Final: €9,000,000
A large part of the distributed revenue from the UEFA Champions League is linked to the "market pool", the distribution of which is determined by the value of the television market in each country. For the 2010–11 season, Manchester United, who lost the final, earned nearly €53.2 million in total of which €27.3 million was prize money, compared with the €51.0 million earned by Barcelona, who won the tournament and was awarded with €30,7 million of prize money.[46]
Like the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League is sponsored by a group of multinational corporations, in contrast to the single main sponsor of the English Premier League, the French Ligue 1, the Spanish La Liga, the German Bundesliga, or the Italian Serie A. When the Champions League was created in 1992, it was decided that a maximum of eight companies should be allowed to sponsor the event, with each corporation being allocated four advertising boards around the perimeter of the pitch, as well as logo placement at pre- and post-match interviews and a certain number of tickets to each match. This, combined with a deal to ensure tournament sponsors were given priority on television advertisements during matches, ensured that each of the tournament's main sponsors was given maximum exposure.[47]
The advertising boards are a source of criticism, due to their larger size compared to those in other leagues such as the Premier League. Their larger size means that, at some grounds, such as Etihad Stadium, Old Trafford, Anfield, and Stamford Bridge, the front rows of seating cannot be used as their views of the pitch are blocked by the extreme size of the boards; accordingly, some season ticket holders are not guaranteed tickets for games and have to sit in seats other than their usual ones for games. Additionally, some stadia use the flat area in front of the front rows of seating for wheelchairs and disabled seating, so the boards drastically reduce these grounds' disabled supporter capacity.
The Champions League logo is shown on the centre of the
pitch before every game in the competition
The tournament's current main sponsors are:
Adidas is a secondary sponsor and supplies the official match ball, as they do for all other UEFA competitions. Konami's Pro Evolution Soccer is also a secondary sponsor as the official Champions League video game.
Individual clubs may wear jerseys with advertising, even if such sponsors conflict with those of the Champions League. However, only one sponsorship is permitted per jersey in addition to that of the kit manufacturer (exceptions are made for charity sponsorships; FC Barcelona, for example, carry UNICEF as a secondary sponsor), and if clubs play a match in a country where the relevant sponsorship category is restricted (such as the case of France with alcohol), then they must remove that logo from their jerseys.
The competition attracts an extensive television audience, not just in Europe, but throughout the world. The matches are broadcast in over 70 countries with commentaries in more than 40 languages each year.[citation needed] With an estimated audience of 109 million people, the 2009 Champions League final surpassed that year's Super Bowl (106 million viewers) for the first time as the most-watched annual single sport event in the world.[51]
| Club |
Winners |
Runners-up |
Years won |
Years runners-up |
 Real Madrid |
9 |
3 |
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002 |
1962, 1964, 1981 |
 Milan |
7 |
4 |
1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007 |
1958, 1993, 1995, 2005 |
 Liverpool |
5 |
2 |
1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005 |
1985, 2007 |
 Bayern Munich |
4 |
5 |
1974, 1975, 1976, 2001 |
1982, 1987, 1999, 2010, 2012 |
| Barcelona |
4 |
3 |
1992, 2006, 2009, 2011 |
1961, 1986, 1994 |
 Ajax |
4 |
2 |
1971, 1972, 1973, 1995 |
1969, 1996 |
| Manchester United |
3
|
2
|
1968, 1999, 2008 |
2009, 2011 |
| Internazionale |
3 |
2 |
1964, 1965, 2010 |
1967, 1972 |
 Benfica |
2 |
5 |
1961, 1962 |
1963, 1965, 1968, 1988, 1990 |
| Juventus |
2 |
5 |
1985, 1996 |
1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003 |
| Nottingham Forest |
2 |
0 |
1979, 1980 |
|
| Porto |
2 |
0 |
1987, 2004 |
|
 Celtic |
1 |
1 |
1967 |
1970 |
| Hamburg |
1 |
1 |
1983 |
1980 |
 Steaua București |
1 |
1 |
1986 |
1989 |
 Marseille |
1 |
1 |
1993 |
1991 |
| Chelsea |
1 |
1 |
2012 |
2008 |
| Feyenoord |
1 |
0 |
1970 |
|
| Aston Villa |
1 |
0 |
1982 |
|
| PSV Eindhoven |
1 |
0 |
1988 |
|
 Red Star Belgrade |
1 |
0 |
1991 |
|
| Borussia Dortmund |
1 |
0 |
1997 |
|
| Stade de Reims |
0 |
2 |
|
1956, 1959 |
| Valencia |
0 |
2 |
|
2000, 2001 |
| Fiorentina |
0 |
1 |
|
1957 |
| Eintracht Frankfurt |
0 |
1 |
|
1960 |
| Partizan |
0 |
1 |
|
1966 |
 Panathinaikos |
0 |
1 |
|
1971 |
| Atlético Madrid |
0 |
1 |
|
1974 |
| Leeds United |
0 |
1 |
|
1975 |
| Saint-Étienne |
0 |
1 |
|
1976 |
| Borussia Mönchengladbach |
0 |
1 |
|
1977 |
 Brugge |
0 |
1 |
|
1978 |
 Malmö FF |
0 |
1 |
|
1979 |
| Roma |
0 |
1 |
|
1984 |
| Sampdoria |
0 |
1 |
|
1992 |
| Bayer Leverkusen |
0 |
1 |
|
2002 |
| Monaco |
0 |
1 |
|
2004 |
| Arsenal |
0 |
1 |
|
2006 |
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- ^ "Ford Extends 20-Year Partnership with the UEFA Champions League, Europe's Most Prestigious Club Football Competition". http://media.ford.com/news/fordextends20yearpartnershipwiththeuefachampionsleagueeuropesmostprestigiousclubfootballcompetition.htm.
- ^ "Clubs". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2012/clubs/country/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "New format provides fresh impetus". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/history/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Matches". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2012/matches/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "Club competition winners do battle". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/history/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "1989/90 European Champions Clubs' Cup". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 31 January 2010. http://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d "European Champions' Cup". RSSSF. 31 January 2010. http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/ec1.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "1989/90 European Champions Clubs' Cup". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1989/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "2010/11 UEFA Champions League". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2011/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ García, Javier; Kutschera, Ambrosius; Schöggl, Hans; Stokkermans, Karel (2009). "Austria/Habsburg Monarchy - Challenge Cup 1897-1911" (in English). RSSSF. http://www.rsssf.com/tableso/oost-habs-challenge.html. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
- ^ Stokkermans, Karel (2009). "Mitropa Cup" (in English). RSSSF. http://www.rsssf.com/tablesm/mit.html.
- ^ a b Ceulemans, Bart; Michiel, Zandbelt (2009). "Coupe des Nations 1930" (in English). RSSSF. http://www.rsssf.com/tablesc/coupedesnations30.html. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
- ^ Stokkermans, Karel; Gorgazzi, Osvaldo José (2006). "Latin Cup" (in English). RSSSF. http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/latin.html. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
- ^ "Primeira Libertadores – História (Globo Esporte 09/02/20.l.08)". Youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86xAxuxomoo&feature=related. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f "1955/56 European Champions Clubs' Cup". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1955/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f "European Champions' Cup 1955-56 - Details". RSSSF. 31 January 2010. http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec195556det.html#cc. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f "Trofeos de Fútbol". Real Madrid. 31 January 2010. http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/es/Club/1193040475224/PalmaresTotal/Palmares.htm. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b "1956/57 European Champions Clubs' Cup". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1956/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b "Champions' Cup 1956-57". RSSSF. 31 January 2010. http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec195657det.html#cc. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b "1957/58 European Champions Clubs' Cup". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1957/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b "Champions' Cup 1957-58". RSSSF. 31 January 2010. http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec195758det.html#cc. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "1958/59 European Champions Clubs' Cup". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1958/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "Champions' Cup 1958-59". RSSSF. 31 January 2010. http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec195859det.html#cc. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b "1959/60 European Champions Clubs' Cup". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1959/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b "Champions' Cup 1959-60". RSSSF. 31 January 2010. http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec195960det.html#cc. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b "1960/61 European Champions Clubs' Cup". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1960/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b "Champions' Cup 1960-61". RSSSF. 31 January 2010. http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec196061det.html#cc. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b "Anos 60: A "década de ouro"". Sport Lisboa e Benfica. 31 January 2010. http://www.slbenfica.pt/Clube/Historia/DecadaaDecada/Decada60/decada60.asp. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "1961/62 European Champions Clubs' Cup". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1961/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "Champions' Cup 1961-62". RSSSF. 31 January 2010. http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec196162det.html#cc. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "1962/63 European Champions Clubs' Cup". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1962/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "Champions' Cup 1962-63". RSSSF. 31 January 2010. http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec196263det.html#cc. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "Coppa Campioni 1962/63". Associazione Calcio Milan. 31 January 2010. http://www.acmilan.com/it/club/palmares/cdc1962_63. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "1963/64 European Champions Clubs' Cup". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1963/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "Champions' Cup 1963-64". RSSSF. 31 January 2010. http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec196364det.html#cc. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "Palmares: PRIMA COPPA DEI CAMPIONI - 1963/64". Football Club Internazionale Milano. 31 January 2010. http://www.inter.it/aas/palmares/vitt?L=it&IDV=14. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "1964/65 European Champions Clubs' Cup". Union of European Football Associations. 31 January 2010. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=1964/index.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "Champions' Cup 1964-65". RSSSF. 31 January 2010. http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec196465det.html#cc. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "Palmares: PRIMA COPPA DEI CAMPIONI - 1964/65". F.C. Internazionale Milano. 31 January 2010. http://www.inter.it/aas/palmares/vitt?L=it&IDV=15. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ a b UEFA Champions League anthem UEFA.com. Retrieved 6 March 2011
- ^ Media, democracy and European culture p.129. Intellect Books, 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2011
- ^ Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2011/12, pg 10: http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/competitions/Regulations/01/63/02/44/1630244_DOWNLOAD.pdf
- ^ a b c "UEFA Referee". Uefa.com. 7 July 2010. http://www.uefa.com/trainingground/referees/index.html. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ "Clubs get share of Champions League revenue". uefa.com. UEFA. http://www.uefa.com/uefa/management/finance/news/newsid=1528290.html. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
- ^ "€750 million for UEFA Champions League clubs" (PDF). uefadirect (Union of European Football Associations) (110): 6–7. August 2011. http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/EuroExperience/uefaorg/Publications/01/66/55/51/1665551_DOWNLOAD.pdf. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ^ Thompson, Craig; Magnus, Ems (February 2003). "The Uefa Champions League Marketing". Fiba Assist Magazine: 49–50. http://www.ekospor.com/Sports-Marketing/Sport%20Marketing%20uefa.pdf. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
- ^ "Sony Europe extends sponsorship of the UEFA Champions League" (PDF). http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/PressRelease/uefa/UEFAMedia/74/30/41/743041_DOWNLOAD.pdf. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ "UEFA Media Services" (PDF). http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/PressRelease/uefa/UEFAMedia/83/86/32/838632_DOWNLOAD.pdf. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ "UniCredit starts a three year sponsorship of the UEFA Champions League". Unicreditgroup.eu. 20 September 2009. http://www.unicreditgroup.eu/en/pressreleases/PressRelease1248.htm. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
- ^ "Champions League final tops Super Bowl for TV market". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 31 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8490351.stm. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
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