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Giuseppe Sommaruga (1867–1917) was an Italian architect of the Art nouveau movement. He was the pupil of Camillo Boito and Luca Beltrami to the Brera Academy in Milan. His monumental architecture exerted some influence^[1] on the futurist architect Antonio Sant'Elia.

Some of his works:

• the Large Hotel Tre Croci in Campo dei Fiori close to Varèse (1909–1912)
• Mausoleo Faccanoni in Sarnico (1907)
• Palazzina Salmoiraghi in Milan
• Palazzo Castiglioni in Milan (1901–1904)

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• (Italian) (English) VV.AA. Angiolo Mazzoni e l'Architettura Futurista, Supplement of CE.S.A.R. September/December 2008 (Available at "CEntro Studi Architettura Razionalista - Research centre for rationalist architecture - Notebooks". 01-11-2011. http://www.cesar-eur.it/quaderni.php. )

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Giosuè Alessandro Michele Carducci
Born	(1835-07-27)27 July 1835 Valdicastello di Pietrasanta, Tuscany, Italy
Died	16 February 1907(1907-02-16) (aged 71) Bologna, Italy
Occupation	Poet
Nationality	Italian
Notable award(s)	Nobel Prize in Literature 1906

Giosuè Alessandro Michele Carducci (Italian pronunciation: [dʒozuˈɛ karˈduttʃi]; 27 July 1835 – 16 February 1907) was an Italian poet and teacher. He was very influential ^[1] and was regarded as the official national poet of modern Italy.^[2] In 1906 he became the first Italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Biography[link]

He was born in Valdicastello (part of Pietrasanta), a small town in the Province of Lucca in the northwest corner of the region of Tuscany. His father, a doctor, was an advocate of the unification of Italy and was involved with the Carbonari. Because of his politics, the family was forced to move several times during Carducci's childhood, eventually settling for a few years in Florence.

From the time he was in college, he was fascinated with the restrained style of Greek and Roman antiquity, and his mature work reflects a restrained classical style, often using the classical meters of such Latin poets as Horace and Virgil. He translated Book 9 of Homer's Iliad into Italian.

He graduated in 1856 from the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and began teaching school. The following year, he published his first collection of poems, Rime. These were difficult years for Carducci: his father died, and his brother committed suicide.

In 1859, he married Elvira Menicucci, and they had four children. He briefly taught Greek at a high school in Pistoia, and then was appointed Italian professor at the university in Bologna. Here, one of his students was Giovanni Pascoli, who became a poet himself and later succeeded him at the university.
Carducci was a popular lecturer and a fierce critic of literature and society. His political views were consistently opposed to Christianity generally and the secular power of the Catholic Church in particular.

I know neither truth of God nor peace with the Vatican or any priests. They are the real and unaltering enemies of Italy.

he said in his later years.^[3]

This anti-clerical revolutionary zeal is prominently showcased in one famous poem, the deliberately blasphemous and provocative "Inno a Satana" (or "Hymn to Satan".) The poem was composed in 1863 as a dinner party toast, published in 1865, then republished in 1869 by Bologna's radical newspaper, Il Popolo, as a provocation timed to coincide with the 20th Vatican Ecumenical Council, a time when revolutionary fervor directed against the papacy was running high as republicans pressed both politically and militarily for an end of the Vatican’s domination over the papal states.^[4]

While "Inno a Satana" had quite a revolutionary impact, Carducci's finest poetry came in later years. His collections Rime Nuove (New Rhymes) and Odi Barbare (Barbarian Odes) contain his greatest works.^[5]

He was the first Italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1906. He was also elected a Senator of Italy.^[6] Although his reputation rests primarily on his poetry, he also produced a large body of prose works.^[7] Indeed, his prose writings, including literary criticism, biographies, speeches and essays, fill some 20 volumes.^[8] Carducci was also an excellent translator and translated some of Goethe and Heine into Italian.

He died in Bologna at the age of 71. He was an atheist.^[9]

See also[link]

• Jessie White Mario

Sources[link]

• Nobel Prize Presentation Speech

References[link]

External links[link]

• Nobel Prize Biography page
• Carducci: all the poems
• Giosuè Carducci: 19th century poet, statesman and satanist
• Giosuè Carducci poems Original Italian text