This article concerns the place where a classical judicial body met. It is also the term for the judicial body which met there. For the 16th century literary movement, see Areopagus (poetry). For the regional government during the Greek War of Independence, see Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece. For the modern Greek Supreme Court, see Court of Cassation (Greece).

The Areopagus as viewed from the Acropolis.

Engraved plaque containing Apostle Paul's Areopagus sermon.

The Areopagus or Areios Pagos (Ancient Greek: Ἄρειος Πάγος) is the "Rock of Ares", north-west of the Acropolis, which in classical times functioned as the high Court of Appeal for criminal and civil cases^[1] in Athens. Ares was supposed to have been tried here by the gods for the murder of Poseidon's son Alirrothios (a typical example of an aetiological myth).

The origin of its name is not clear. In Greek pagos means big piece of rock. Areios could have come from Ares or from the Erinyes, as on its foot was erected a temple dedicated to the Erinyes where murderers used to find shelter so as not to face the consequences of their actions. Later, the Romans referred to the rocky hill as "Mars Hill", after Mars, the Roman God of War.^[2] Near the Areopagus was also constructed the basilica of Dionysius Areopagites.

In pre-classical times (before the 5th century BC), the Areopagus was the council of elders of the city, similar to the Roman Senate. Like the Senate, its membership was restricted to those who had held high public office, in this case that of Archon.^[3] In 594 BC, the Areopagus agreed to hand over its functions to Solon for reform. He instituted democratic reforms, reconstituted its membership and returned control to the organization.^[4]

In 462 BC, Ephialtes put through reforms which deprived the Areopagus of almost all its functions except that of a murder tribunal in favour of Heliaia.

In The Eumenides of Aeschylus (458 BC), the Areopagus is the site of the trial of Orestes for killing his mother (Clytemnestra) and her lover (Aegisthus).

Phryne, the hetaera from 4th century BC Greece and famed for her beauty, appeared before the Areopagus accused of profaning the Eleusinian mysteries. Legend has it that she let her cloak drop, so impressing the judges with her almost divine form that she was summarily acquitted.

In an unusual development, the Areopagus acquired a new function in the 4th century BC, investigating corruption, although conviction powers remained with the Ecclesia.

Acropolis of Athens view from Areopagus hill.

The Areopagus, like most city-state institutions, continued to function in Roman times, and it was from this location, drawing from the potential significance of the Athenian altar to the Unknown God, that the Apostle Paul is said to have delivered the famous speech, "Now what you worship as something unknown I am going to proclaim to you. The God who made the world and everything in it is the Lord of heaven and earth and does not live in temples built by hands." ( Acts 17:24)

The term "Areopagus" also refers to the judicial body of aristocratic origin that subsequently formed the higher court of modern Greece.

Athens view from Areopagus hill (night).

Athens view from Areopagus hill (day).

See also[link]

Areopagus sermon

Footnotes[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Areopagus

• Acts 17:16-34 A Biblical account of St. Paul discussing with the Areopagus the nature of the Christian God. Also referred to is the story concerning the altar to "The Unknown God." See also: Agnostics.

Coordinates: 37°58′20″N 23°43′25″E / 37.97222°N 23.72361°E / 37.97222; 23.72361

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Sayali Bhagat
Born	Sayali Bhagat (1984-01-01) 1 January 1984 (age 28) Nasik, Maharashtra, India
Occupation	Actress, model
Years active	2007–present

Sayali Bhagat (Marathi: सायली भगत ; born 1 January 1984) is an Indian actress and former beauty queen. She competed in Femina Miss India 2004 and won the title of Femina Miss India World.^[1]

Early life[link]

Bhagat was born in Nashik, Maharashtra in a traditional family.^{[citation needed]} She studied at Fravashi Academy,^[2] Nasik, and completed her graduation in BMS (Bachelor of Management Studies) from Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute of Finance and Management Studies.^[1] The college is located inside Mumbai University campus, Kalina, Santacruz.^[3]

Career[link]

Like many other beauty contest winners, Bhagat entered the modeling industry followed by Bollywood. Her initial modeling assignments were for Dentzz, SNDT College show and Swarovski gems fashion show.^[3] The Train: Some Lines Should Never Be Crossed was her first Hindi film, co-starring Emraan Hashmi and Geeta Basra. The movie was released on 8 July 2007.^[4]

She also appeared as a journalist from Singapore, who pretends to interview Indian cricketer Rahul Dravid on the show MTV Bakra. In 2009, she was seen in the Hindi movie named, Paying Guests, opposite Javed Jaffrey.^[4] She also appeared in a music video for the popular Punjabi song "Aish Karo" by A.S. Kang.

Filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sayali Bhagat at the Internet Movie Database

This article about an Indian actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Urmila Matondkar
Urmila Matondkar at Karan Johar's 40th birthday party, May 2012.
Born	(1974-02-04) 4 February 1974 (age 38) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Occupation	Actress, television presenter
Years active	1980–present

Urmila Matondkar (born on 4 February 1974) is an Indian film actress.^[1] Matondkar, who made her screen debut as a child artist in the 1980 film Kalyug, debuted as an adult in Narasimha (1991). She established herself as a popular actress in mainstream Hindi cinema with her films such as Rangeela (1995), Judaai (1997), and Satya (1998), all of which earned her Filmfare nominations. These roles contributed to a new screen persona, where she was known for her intense style and dancing skills, and was frequently featured in the Indian media as a sex symbol.^[2][3][4][5]

She subsequently took on several psychological roles, delivering a range of critically acclaimed performances. These parts include a psychopath in Kaun (1999), an obsessive lover in Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (2001), a ghost-possessed woman in Bhoot (2003), and a merciless avenger in Ek Hasina Thi (2004). For her performance in Bhoot, she won her first Filmfare Award in the Best Actress (Critics) category, among others. She followed with leading roles in art and independent films, such as Tehzeeb (2003), Pinjar (2003), Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara (2005), and Bas Ek Pal (2006).

Early life[link]

Urmila Matondkar was born to a Kudaldeshkar family in Mumbai on February 4, 1974. Her father was a lecturer.

Career[link]

Urmila's first role as a child artist was in 1981 with Kalyug and she achieved success at the age of 9 in Shekhar Kapur's Masoom in 1983. She made her adult debut as an actress with the film Bade Ghar Ki Beti. She next starred in the fantasy film Chamatkar, along with Shahrukh Khan.

She went on to frequently collaborate with film director Ram Gopal Verma, who is known for his thrillers. Her first film with him was Antham, which was a bilingual film and was titled as Drohi (1992 film) in (Hindi). She has also made her appearance in Doordarshan Serial Bible Ki Kahaniyan. Since then, she has starred in numerous subsequent RGV pictures, like Gaayam (Telugu), her 1995 musical hit Rangeela. She played a star-struck dancer in the film, and received her first Filmfare Best Actress Award nomination for her performance in the film. Following RGV projects were Anaganaga Oka Roju (1997), Daud (film) (1997), Satya (1998), Kaun (1999), Mast (2000), Jungle (2000), Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (2001), Bhoot (2003), and Ek Hasina Thi (2004).

In 1997 her film Judaai was a hit but her other releases such as Daud and Aflatoon were not as successful.^[6] Her performance in Judaai earned her a Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award nomination.^[7]

In 1998, she earned critical acclaim for her performance in Satya, for which she received another Filmfare nomination. Satya was a critical and commercial success.^[8]

In 1999, she got rave reviews for her performance as a pschycopath in Kaun, which was a moderate success. Khalid Mohamed of The Times of India (who would later cast her in Tehzeeb) wrote that she "rivets the viewer's interest, carrying off entire reels on her shoulders, through a gamut of quicksilver facial expressions. Vulnerable and baffled, she is utterly believable as the traumatised girl-next-door."^[9] She saw further success with Jaanam Samjha Karo, Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain and Khoobsurat, all moderate successes at the box office.

During the 2000s, Matondkar revealed strong, dramatic and psychological features in her roles, and delivered a number of critically acclaimed performances. She won favourable reviews for her role as an obsessive lover in Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (2001), and received various Best Villain nominations for her performance.

In 2003, she was part of several projects. She played the role of a north Indian girl in the background of the 1947 India partition in the critically acclaimed Pinjar. She played the title role in Khalid Mohammed's drama Tehzeeb, starring along Shabana Azmi. However, she was mainly noted for her performance in Bhoot, a horror movie. Matondkar enacted a ghost-possessed woman; her performance was much appreciated by critics and audiences and she won her first Filmfare Award under the Best Actress (Critics' Choice) category, as well as various Best Actress awards at different award ceremonies, such as Star Screen Awards, Zee Cine Awards and Bollywood Movie Awards. She later received the national honour Rajiv Gandhi Award for the film, as a recognition to her achievement in Bollywood. Taran Adarsh wrote of her performance, "...the film clearly belongs to Urmila Matondkar all the way. To state that she is excellent would be doing gross injustice to her work. Sequences when she is possessed are simply astounding. If this performance doesn't deserve an award, no other performance should. It beats all competition hollow."^[10]

In 2004, she got critical recognition for her performance as a merciless avenger in Ram Gopal Verma's Ek Hasina Thi, co-starring Saif Ali Khan. She played the role of a deceived woman who is jailed because of her lover, played by Khan, and later flees from prison to avenge him. Once again, Matondkar was nominated for a Filmfare for her performance in the film.

Next year in 2005, she tried her hand with another horror film, playing the title role in the film Naina, which failed. However, her performance as the caring daughter of Anupam Kher in Jahnu Barua's art film Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara was very well received, and she won her second Bollywood Movie Award for Best Actress.

Apart from holding a successful acting career, she is regarded as an outstanding dancer and has been a featured performer in many Bollywood item numbers. Her best-known item number is the Chamma Chamma sequence from the 1998 China Gate. Other hit numbers include Aaiye Aajaye from the hit film Lajja. She was signed to perform the item song in Ram Gopal Varma Ki Aag, a remake of the 1975 blockbuster Sholay. She played the role originally played by Helen.

In 2007, Matondkar lent her voice for Asha Bhonsle's album Asha and Friends Vol 1, where she performed with Bhosle the duet song "Mehbooba Dilruba". In fact, throughout the 1990s – 2000s, Bhosle sang the maximum number of songs for Urmila. In that same year, she was seen on the second season of the dance reality show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa on Sony Television as a judge along with Jeetendra and Shiamak Davar.

In 2008, Matondkar was seen with Himesh Reshammiya in a remake of the 1980 film Karz, titled Karzzzz. Even though the film flopped miserably at the box office, Urmila was praised for her acting and adding her own flavour to the role of Kamini. That year also marked Matondkar's debut on Indian television as a host of a reality show named Waar Parriwar.

In 2011, Matondkar was one of the judges on the dance reality show named Chak Dhoom Dhoom on Colors channel, along with Javed Jaffrey and Terence Lewis.

Awards and nominations[link]

Filmography[link]

See also[link]

• List of Indian film actresses

References[link]

External links[link]

• Urmila Matondkar at the Internet Movie Database