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Frugivorous
- aracari
- Capsaicin
- Capsicum
- carbohydrates
- cathartic
- cellular respiration
- cotinga
- Crypsis
- dipteran
- Drosophila
- durian
- electron transport
- Emodin
- fruit
- Fruit bats
- Fruitarian
- fruits
- herbivore
- hornbill
- Ilex
- lipids
- mammal
- Mammals
- maned wolf
- Megabat
- mistletoe
- Mutualism (biology)
- narcosis
- omnivore
- orangutan
- parrots
- polyphenol
- protein
- Seed dispersal
- temperate zone
- terpenes
- toucan
- tropics
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frugivorous man
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Published: 30 Oct 2010
- Uploaded: 04 Nov 2010
- Author: TheJUNGLESURFER
man likes food that is soft and full of sun energy
http://wn.com/frugivorous_man
Fruit Bats hanging around...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Published: 22 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 05 Aug 2011
- Author: WildFilmsIndia
Fruit bat fornicating! Fruit bats are frugivorous or nectarivorous, ie, they eat fruits or lick nectar from flowers. Frugivorous bats aid the distribution of plants (and therefore, forests) by carrying the fruits with them and spitting the seeds or eliminating them elsewhere. Fruit bats, like other bats, have very long, webbed fingers that serve as wings. Fruit bats also have very good senses of smell and sight. Fruit bats tend to live in large colonies, or "camps." Within these camps, one male fruit bats usually lives with up to eight female bats. Thisfootage is part of the professionally-shot stock footage archive of Wilderness Films India Ltd., the largest collection of imagery from South Asia. The Wilderness Films India collection comprises of thousands of hours of high quality broadcast imagery, mostly shot on HDCAM 1080i High Definition, HDV and Digital Betacam. Write to us for licensing this footage on a broadcast format, for use in your production! We pride ourselves in bringing the best of India and South Asia to the world... wfi @ vsnl.com and admin@wildfilmsindia.com.
http://wn.com/Fruit_Bats_hanging_around
Плодоядная собака Frugivorous dog
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:04
- Published: 02 May 2010
- Uploaded: 02 May 2010
- Author: kovalev1981
Собака ест арбуз- Dog eats watermelon
http://wn.com/Плодоядная_собака_Frugivorous_dog
Just hangin' around : Fruit Bats
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Published: 21 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 19 May 2011
- Author: WildFilmsIndia
Fruit bats are frugivorous or nectarivorous, ie, they eat fruits or lick nectar from flowers. Frugivorous bats aid the distribution of plants (and therefore, forests) by carrying the fruits with them and spitting the seeds or eliminating them elsewhere. Fruit bats, like other bats, have very long, webbed fingers that serve as wings. Fruit bats also have very good senses of smell and sight. Fruit bats tend to live in large colonies, or "camps." Within these camps, one male fruit bats usually lives with up to eight female bats. Thisfootage is part of the professionally-shot stock footage archive of Wilderness Films India Ltd., the largest collection of imagery from South Asia. The Wilderness Films India collection comprises of thousands of hours of high quality broadcast imagery, mostly shot on HDCAM 1080i High Definition, HDV and Digital Betacam. Write to us for licensing this footage on a broadcast format, for use in your production! We pride ourselves in bringing the best of India and South Asia to the world... wfi @ vsnl.com and admin@wildfilmsindia.com.
http://wn.com/Just_hangin'_around__Fruit_Bats
Butaan lizards with jhay
varanus olivaceus or butaan the lost dragon one of the world's largest, rarest and most mysterious lizards.' Butaan Lizard (Varanus olivaceus) PREMIERING MAY 21 ON ANIMAL PLANET Butaan Lizard (Varanus olivaceus) Habitat: The Butaan Lizard is very rare and can only be found in the forests of the Philippine Islands. Size: It's the largest fruit-eating lizard on the planet and can grow to be 7 feet long and weigh 70 pounds. Prey: Have you ever heard of a frugivore? They eat a diet consisting almost entirely of fruit! Did You Know? This shy animal spends most of its time high in trees, coming down only to eat ripe fruit that has dropped to the ground. Assumed extinct for 130 years, the Butaan lizard is one of the world's rarest reptiles. A giant, fruit-eating tree-dweller, the tremendously shy Butaan has never been filmed in the wild — until now. In this Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdomspecial, biologist Daniel Bennett leads a group of scientists to remote Polillo Island in the Philippines to study and film this little-known species. Few scientists have seen the Butaan in the wild; its habit of hiding out in the high canopies of the forest has made research difficult, not to mention hazardous. Growing up to 7 feet in length, the Butaan — a close relative of the carnivorous Komodo dragon — has a highly specialized, frugivorous diet. It feeds almost exclusively on the tough, reddish-orange fruit of the pandanas palm tree. Over the past 20 years, more than 90 percent of the <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Butaan_lizards_with_jhay
Siamang @ The Seattle Zoo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:26
- Published: 29 Aug 2007
- Uploaded: 26 Aug 2010
- Author: bubbleteamaylee
The Siamang is one of the Lesser Apes. The are aboreal and frugivorous.
http://wn.com/Siamang_@_The_Seattle_Zoo
Lion Tailed Macaque
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:17
- Published: 26 Apr 2009
- Uploaded: 27 Aug 2010
- Author: MrBeaNsLuv
Lion-tailed macaque Scientific name: Macaca silenus Country: India Continent: Asia Diet: Fruits - frugivore, leaves - folivore, small vertebrates and invertebrates. In the Zoo their diet consists of a variety of fruit and vegetables, sunflower seeds, granary bread, peanuts, flakes maize and special primate dietary supplement pellets. Food & feeding: Omnivore Habitats: Tropical dry forest, tropical rainforest Conservation status: Endangered Relatives: Pig-tailed macaque, Baboon, other old world monkeys. Description: The Lion-tailed macaque is a medium-sized monkey with shiny black fur and long greyish-white hair around its face. It gets its name from its long tail, which has a tassel at the end like that of a lion. Both sexes look alike except the males are slightly larger than the females, males weigh around 7 kg, whereas females are around 5 kg. Lifestyle: These handsome monkeys spend most of their time high up in the trees of the dense, wet forests of southwest India. They are primarily frugivorous but will also consume leaves, berries, insects and seeds, using their special cheek pouches to store food whilst they forage. Although they rarely come to the ground, they are excellent swimmers. Unlike other species of macaques that will often live around villages and towns, they are very shy and will avoid humans. Facts by www.bristolzoo.org
http://wn.com/Lion_Tailed_Macaque
Asian Koel - A Female
This is a female Koel and there were 2 of them at another tree...You can hear the beautiful loud calls of them...and some other birds like Barbet ,Bulbul and Honeysucker... Bit shaky, sorry about it :) Asian Koel ======== The Asian Koel (Eudynamys scolopaceus) is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes. It is found in South Asia, China, and Southeast Asia. It forms a superspecies with the closely related Black-billed and Pacific Koels which are sometimes treated as subspecies. The Asian Koel is a brood parasite that lays its eggs in the nests of crows and other hosts, where the young are raised by the foster parents. They are unusual among the cuckoos in being largely frugivorous as adults. The word koel is echoic in origin and the bird is a widely used symbol in Indian poetry. It has been compared with the "nightingale" due to its melodious call. The Asian Koel is a large, long-tailed, cuckoo at 45 cm. The male of the nominate race is glossy bluish-black, with a pale green or grey bill, the iris is crimson, and it has grey legs and feet. The female of the nominate race is brownish on the crown and has rufous streaks on the head. The back, rump and wing coverts are dark brown with white and buff spots. The underparts are whitish, but is heavily striped. They are very vocal during the breeding season (March to August in South Asia), with a range of different calls. The familiar song of the male is a repeated koo-Ooo. The female makes a shrill kik-kik-kik <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Asian_Koel__A_Female
sam neill meat add silly
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Published: 17 Mar 2010
- Uploaded: 15 Apr 2011
- Author: TheJUNGLESURFER
man is intelligent from fruit eating evolution
http://wn.com/sam_neill_meat_add_silly
Butaan lizards with jhay
varanus olivaceus or butaan the lost dragon Butaan Lizard (Varanus olivaceus) PREMIERING MAY 21 ON ANIMAL PLANET Butaan Lizard (Varanus olivaceus) Habitat: The Butaan Lizard is very rare and can only be found in the forests of the Philippine Islands. Size: It's the largest fruit-eating lizard on the planet and can grow to be 7 feet long and weigh 70 pounds. Prey: Have you ever heard of a frugivore? They eat a diet consisting almost entirely of fruit! Did You Know? This shy animal spends most of its time high in trees, coming down only to eat ripe fruit that has dropped to the ground. Assumed extinct for 130 years, the Butaan lizard is one of the world's rarest reptiles. A giant, fruit-eating tree-dweller, the tremendously shy Butaan has never been filmed in the wild — until now. In this Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdomspecial, biologist Daniel Bennett leads a group of scientists to remote Polillo Island in the Philippines to study and film this little-known species. Few scientists have seen the Butaan in the wild; its habit of hiding out in the high canopies of the forest has made research difficult, not to mention hazardous. Growing up to 7 feet in length, the Butaan — a close relative of the carnivorous Komodo dragon — has a highly specialized, frugivorous diet. It feeds almost exclusively on the tough, reddish-orange fruit of the pandanas palm tree. Over the past 20 years, more than 90 percent of the Butaan's habitat has been destroyed to make way for coconut and rice <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Butaan_lizards_with_jhay
What Do I Eat & How Do I Eat It?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:56
- Published: 19 Apr 2010
- Uploaded: 03 Sep 2011
- Author: TheLiveFoodist
One of the most common inquiries into my lifestyle is how I prepare my meals, and what I eat in a day. This video is an introduction into that aspect of my life. My diet consists of mostly sweet fruits and those fruits are taken one at a time at each meal (mono-meal). I also eat a couple heads of lettuce after a fruit meal in the evening. Tender greens and juicy vegetables are how I keep my body sufficiently mineralized on my frugivorous diet.
http://wn.com/What_Do_I_Eat_How_Do_I_Eat_It?
How To Care For Crested Geckos :: Preparing Crested Gecko Diet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Published: 01 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 21 Jul 2011
- Author: PangeaReptile
This video explains what Repashy Crested Gecko Diet is and details the steps involved in preparing food for Crested Geckos. Brought to you by Pangea, breeders of Crested Geckos for over 10 years.
http://wn.com/How_To_Care_For_Crested_Geckos__Preparing_Crested_Gecko_Diet
HUMANS ARE APES
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:50
- Published: 21 Feb 2011
- Uploaded: 28 Feb 2011
- Author: TheJUNGLESURFER
FRUGIVOROUS APES
http://wn.com/HUMANS_ARE_APES
UMass Video Fruit Advisor - June 20, 2008
UMass Video Fruit Advisor - June 20, 2008, at the UMass Cold Spring Orchard. The Cedar Waxwing is one of the most frugivorous birds in North America. Many aspects of its life, from its nomadic habits to its late breeding season, may be traced to its dependence upon fruit. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
http://wn.com/UMass_Video_Fruit_Advisor__June_20,_2008
Bonobo Activity Mating Behavior
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Published: 15 Feb 2008
- Uploaded: 19 Jul 2011
- Author: IrenaScott
Shows the behavior of an animal closely related to people. Shows infant and mother interaction. Also shows bonobo mating behavior face-to-face. He shows the grinning face that bonobos sometimes have during mating. ***The Bonobo, also called the Pygmy or Gracile Chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) belongs to the species (with the common chimpanzee) that is most closely related to humans. Its DNA is 98% identical to that of humans and some researchers think they should be classified with the human species, ie, Homo paniscus. Bonobos have relatively long legs, a matriarchal cultural, and are generally considered frugivorous. They often walk upright and have a human-like appearance. Frans de Waal, one of the leading primate researchers, has stated that the bonobo is capable of empathy, kindness, altruism, and compassion. E. Savage-Rumbaugh and Roger Lewin have extensively studied the ability of the bonobo to learn language. Kanzi has learned over 3000 spoken English words and around 400 lexigrams. He can understand simple grammatical sentences and possibly invent new vocal sounds. The bonobo is also an accomplished tool user. Many consider the bonobo to be the most closely related of all animals to people. The bonobo has been presented as a stand-in for what human ancestors of only a few million years looked like. The bonobo is remarkably intelligent.
http://wn.com/Bonobo_Activity_Mating_Behavior
Live Action ..... Bulbul - May 11, 2007 at 1511
Yellow-vented Bulbuls Order : Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae The Yellow-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus goiavier, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is resident breeder in southeast Asia from southern Thailand and Cambodia south to Borneo and the Philippines. It is found in a wide variety of open habitats, but not deep forest. It is one of the commonest birds in cultivated areas. It appear to be nomadic, roaming from place to place regularly. The Yellow-vented Bulbul builds a well-camouflaged but fragile, loose, deep, cup-shaped nest from grass, leaves, roots, vine stems, and twigs. The nest is untidy on the outside, but it is neatly lined with plant fibers. it may be built in a wide range of places from low bushes to high trees. This is a species adapted to humans and may even nest in gardens. The Yellow-vented Bulbul lays 2-5 eggs in February to June. The Yellow-vented Bulbuls eats berries and small fruits. They also sip nectar, nibble on young shoots, and take some insects. (refer to Wikipedia) Bukit Indah Johor Bahru
http://wn.com/Live_Action__Bulbul__May_11,_2007_at_1511
Live Action ..... Bulbul
Yellow Vented Bulbul Order : Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae It was a not coincidence as this pair of Bulbul going in and out of our matured red palm. We knew a nest was in the making and did not do anything so as not to disturb the pair. We note the timing of the pair which was quite consistent and this gave us the edge to setup the camera. I managed to get the longest USB wire to attached it from the webcam to my laptop. We placed it directly above the nest just hiddened behind the palm leaves. We set this only for a couple of days to watch this pair of bulbuls keeping the eggs warm and feeding the little ones at a later stage. Bukit Indah Johor Bahru May 1 2007
http://wn.com/Live_Action__Bulbul
Live Action ..... Bulbul - Yellow-Vented
Yellow-vented Bulbuls May 2 2007 Order : Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae Main features: Small (20cm); slight crest; white face; yellow under tail coverts. Adult: Olive brown crown, nape, underparts; white side of head, eyebrow, throat, belly; lores black; breast whitish streaked brown; black bill, feet, eyes. No white on tail. Genders look alike. Juvenile: Sides of head brownish; throat greyish. Call: Described as a pleasing liquid bubbling chatter; loud harsh alarm call chweit-chweit. World distribution: Southeast Asia from Myanmar to the Philippines and Java. Not found in Australia. Classification: Family Pycnonotidae. World 137 species (refer to Wikepedia) Bukit Indah Johor Bahru
http://wn.com/Live_Action__Bulbul__Yellow-Vented
Short-nosed fruit bat India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:35
- Published: 04 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 31 Jul 2011
- Author: indiavideodotorg
Short-nosed fruit bat or Cynopterus Brachyotis is a frugivorous bat very common in Kerala, India. For more information on this video click - www.indiavideo.org Video by www.invismultimedia.com
http://wn.com/Short-nosed_fruit_bat_India
Bonobo Mate Peaceful Ape Conflict Resolution
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Published: 21 Apr 2008
- Uploaded: 08 Aug 2011
- Author: IrenaScott
The bonobo may be the most closely related of all species to the human. We share about 98 % of our genetic make-up. We are more closely related to them and chimpanzees than chimpanzees are to gorillas. Behaviorally the bonobo may be more like people than the chimp. However they are among the most recently discovered of species, thus, few people know about them. The effects of captivity and of being around people may influence their behavior. Bonobos are notable because they have very complex behavior and can resolve their conflicts by a variety of means that result in an overall peaceful society. They look like people with neatly parted hair and red lips. The individuals in this video were agitated about something. Bonobos normally are calmer than these; however, the video shows that they were able to get along peaceably. More information: 216.109.125.130 b&type=pb07&fr=flk2&u=www.nerve.com/Dispatches/Small/bonobo/ &w=bonobo+g-g+rub+rubs&d=RIEVsedmPh0j&icp=1&.intl=us The Bonobo, also called the Pygmy or Gracile Chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) belongs to the species (with the common chimpanzee) that is most closely related to humans. Its DNA is 98% identical to that of humans and some researchers think they should be classified with the human species, ie, Homo paniscus. Bonobos have relatively long legs, a matriarchal cultural, and are generally considered frugivorous. They often walk upright and have a human-like appearance. Frans de Waal, one of the leading primate researchers <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Bonobo_Mate_Peaceful_Ape_Conflict_Resolution
Brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) in the rainforest of Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Published: 03 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 24 Jul 2010
- Author: sadabemadagascar
The brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) is one of ten lemur species found at Tsinjoarivo forest, in remote eastern Madagascar. Our research team found this group of brown lemurs while tracking another lemur, the diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema). The brown lemur is mainly frugivorous, and lives in large family groups with several adult males and females. This group was not habituated to human observers, as you can tell by the alarm calls (which sound like soft grunts) and "tail-flagging" (waving the tail from side to side). Their populations at Tsinjoarivo are threatened by deforestation and forest disturbance. They can't find enough food to survive in degraded forest fragments, and can only be found in what undisturbed forest still remains. Check out the research, conservation, and development activities we conduct to promote the balance between humans and wildlife at Tsinjoarivo: visit www.sadabe.org!
http://wn.com/Brown_lemur_Eulemur_fulvus_in_the_rainforest_of_Tsinjoarivo,_Madagascar
Young lizard learns to eat fruit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Published: 25 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 16 Jun 2011
- Author: coldasbutter
Putras Biawak are fruit-eating monitor lizards that live only in lowland dipterocarp in the Philippines. Cropped from footage that lasted about 5 minutes, by Daniel Bennett and Augusto Zafe, The Butaan Project. www.mampam.com
http://wn.com/Young_lizard_learns_to_eat_fruit
James Price Point Monsoon Vine Thickets (remant rainforest)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Published: 05 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 04 Sep 2011
- Author: handsoffcountry
Monsoon Vine Thickets are a rainforest allied ecosystem found in discrete patches along the Dampier peninsula in the west Kimberley. A great diversity of plants found within the vine thickets provide important habitat for the fauna such as Agile Wallaby, Rose Crowned |Fruit Dove, Flying Foxes and the Great Bowerbirds. The area in and around vine thickets are of great significance to indigenous people on the Dampier Peninsula. As a cultural teaching and ecological resource, vine thickets contain many traditional food sources, valuable and reliable sources of nutritious bushtucker and medicine, water and significant sites. Monsoon vine thickets are semi deciduous. Towards the end of the dry season up to 50% of the plants lose their leaves. They rely on the wet season rain to help them flourish. It is believed that the high humidity along the coastal fringe allows them to survive long periods of no rain and provides some protection from fires. Many patches are associated with ground water springs, shallow aquifers and seasonal wet areas. The closed canopy and large fruiting trees, not present in much of the surrounding landscape, provide refuge, habitat and nesting sites for many avian and reptilian species. Monsoon Vine Thickets function as a network ecosystem and the movement of frugivorous (fruit- eating) birds, bats and mammals through themselves ensures sufficient species migration and gene flow to maintain the plant and animal communities in their fragmented state <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/James_Price_Point_Monsoon_Vine_Thickets_remant_rainforest
photo: Creative Commons / Sabine's Sunbird
The White-bellied Green-pigeon feeding on fruit
![Sumatran Orangutan at Bukit Lawang. Compared to the Borne an Orangutan, the Sumatran Orangutan tends to be more frugivorous and especially insectivorous.[3] Preferred fruits include figs and jack fruits.](http://web.archive.org./web/20110910153632im_/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/f2/a7/fee42b2e6a0d5e628b7c47ae1cbc_grande.jpg "Sumatran Orangutan at Bukit Lawang. Compared to the Borne an Orangutan, the Sumatran Orangutan tends to be more frugivorous and especially insectivorous.[3] Preferred fruits include figs and jack fruits.")
photo: Creative Commons
Sumatran Orangutan at Bukit Lawang. Compared to the Borne an Orangutan, the Sumatran Orangutan tends to be more frugivorous and especially insectivorous.[3] Preferred fruits include figs and jack fruits.
photo: Creative Commons / J.M.Garg
At different perches in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
photo: Creative Commons / Darina
Manilkara is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. Collectively known as manilkara trees, they occur throughout the tropics. A close relative is the genus Pouteria.
photo: Creative Commons / Ayacop
The Stump-tailed Macaque (Macaca arctoides), also called the Bear Macaque, is a species of macaque found in Southern Asia. It is primarily frugivorous, with its diet mostly consisting of fruits. It eats many types of vegetation such as seeds, leaves and roots, but also hunts freshwater crabs, frogs, bird eggs and insects.
photo: Creative Commons / Frances76
Luzon Bleeding-heart Pigeon Gallicolumba crinigera, native to the Philippines.
photo: Creative Commons / Outriggr
The Common Ground Dove is among the smallest species in the family.
photo: Creative Commons / Sabine's Sunbird
The broadbills are a family of small passerine birds, Eurylaimidae. The Smithornis and Pseudocalyptomena species occur in sub-Saharan Africa; the rest extend from the eastern Himalayas to Sumatra and Borneo. The family possibly also includes the Sapayoa from the Neotropics and the asities from Madagascar.
photo: Creative Commons / Visionholder
The ruffed lemurs of the genus Varecia are strepsirrhine primates and the largest extant lemurs within the family Lemuridae. Like all living lemurs, they are found only on the island of Madagascar. Formerly considered to be a monotypic genus, two species are now recognized: the Black-and-white Ruffed Lemur, with its three subspecies, and the Red Ruffed Lemur.
photo: Creative Commons / CharlesLam
As in most species, fruit constitutes a large part of the diet of the Black-browed Barbet.
![Sumatran Orangutan at Bukit Lawang. Compared to the Borne an Orangutan, the Sumatran Orangutan tends to be more frugivorous and especially insectivorous.[3] Preferred fruits include figs and jack fruits.](http://web.archive.org./web/20110910153632im_/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/f2/a7/fee42b2e6a0d5e628b7c47ae1cbc_thumb.jpg "Sumatran Orangutan at Bukit Lawang. Compared to the Borne an Orangutan, the Sumatran Orangutan tends to be more frugivorous and especially insectivorous.[3] Preferred fruits include figs and jack fruits.")
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- adaptations
- aracari
- Capsaicin
- Capsicum
- carbohydrates
- cathartic
- cellular respiration
- cotinga
- Crypsis
- dipteran
- Drosophila
- durian
- electron transport
- Emodin
- fruit
- Fruit bats
- Fruitarian
- fruits
- herbivore
- hornbill
- Ilex
- lipids
- mammal
- Mammals
- maned wolf
- Megabat
- mistletoe
- Mutualism (biology)
- narcosis
- omnivore
- orangutan
- parrots
- polyphenol
- protein
- Seed dispersal
- temperate zone
- terpenes
- toucan
- tropics
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DAVID EULITT Chiefs cornerback Javier Arenas (top) was consistent in the return game in 2010, but coaches are still looking at a crop of possible returners, including Quinten Lawrence (bottom) and other young players. "factbox" --> More News During each of the past two offseasons, the Chiefs have...
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Frugivore
(Pongo pygmaeus)]]
A frugivore is a fruit eater. It can be any type of herbivore or omnivore where fruit is a preferred food type. Because approximately 20% of all mammalian herbivores also eat fruit, frugivory is considered to be common among mammals. Since frugivores eat a lot of fruit they are highly dependent on the abundance and nutritional composition of fruits. Frugivores can either benefit fruit-producing plants by dispersing seeds, or they can negatively affect plants by digesting seeds along with the fruits. When both the fruit-producing plant and the frugivore species benefit by fruit-eating behavior their interaction is called a mutualism.
Cryptic coloration (e.g. green fruits blend in with the plant leaves)
Unpalatable textures (e.g. thick skins made of anti-nutritive substances)
Resins and saps (e.g. prevent animals from swallowing)
Repellent substances, hard outer coats, spines, thorns
Fruitarian
Fruit flies
Consumer-Resource Systems
Levey, D. J., W. R. Silva, and M. Galetti (editors) 2002. Seed dispersal and frugivory : ecology, evolution, and conservation New York : CABI Pub. 511 p. ISBN 085199525X
Frugivore seed dispersal
Seed dispersal is important for plants because it allows their progeny to move away from their parents in space and time. The advantages of seed dispersal may have led to the evolution of fleshy fruits, which entice animals to eat the fruits and move the plants seeds from place to place. While many fruit producing plant species would not disperse far without frugivores, they can usually germinate even if they fall to the ground directly below the parent plant.Many types of animals are seed dispersers. Mammal and bird species represent the majority of seed dispersing species. However, frugivorous fish, tortoises, lizards, and even amphibians also disperse seeds. While frugivores and fruit-producing plant species are worldwide, there is some evidence that tropical forests have more frugivore seed dispersers than the temperate zone.
See the 5th International Symposium-Workshop on Frugivores and Seed Dispersal (Forthcoming meeting in 2010)
Plant adaptations to attract dispersers
There are a number of fruit characteristics that seem to be adaptive characteristics to attract frugivores. Many animal-dispersed fruits advertise their palatability to animals with bright colors and attractive smells (mimetic fruits). Fruit pulp is generally rich in water and carbohydrates and low in protein and lipids. However, the exact nutritional composition of fruits varies widely. The seeds of animal-dispersed fruits are often adapted to survive digestion by frugivores. For example, seeds can become more permeable to water after passage through an animal’s gut. This leads to higher germination rates. Some mistletoe seeds even germinate inside the disperser’s intestine. Plants have chemical and physical adaptations.Physical deterrents
Chemical deterrents Chemical deterrents in plants are called secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are compounds produced by the plant that are not essential for the primary processes such as growth and reproduction. Toxins might have evolved to prevent consumption by animals that disperse seeds into unsuitable habitats, to prevent too many fruits from being eaten per feeding bout by preventing too many seeds being deposited in one site, or to prevent digestion of the seeds in the gut of the animal. Secondary chemical defenses are divided into three categories: nitrogen based, carbon based terpenes, and carbon based phenolics.
Examples of secondary chemical defenses in fruit: Capsaicin is a carbon based phenolic compound only found in plant genus Capsicum (chili and bell peppers). Capsaicin is responsible for the pungent, “hot” flavor of peppers and inhibits growth of microbes and invertebrates.
Examples of seed dispersing birds are the hornbill, the toucan, the aracari, the cotinga, and some species of parrots. Frugivores are common in the temperate zone but mostly found in the tropics. Many frugivorous birds feed mainly on fruits until nesting season when they incorporate protein rich insects into their diet.
Many types of animals are seed dispersers. Mammals and bird species represent the majority of seed dispersing species, however, frugivorous fish, tortoises, lizards, and even amphibians also disperse seeds.
Another example of mammalian frugivores is the orangutan, whose diet consists of 65 percent fruit. Orangutans primarily eat fruit, along with young leaves, bark, flowers, honey, insects, and vines. One of their preferred foods is the fruit of the durian tree, which tastes somewhat like sweet, cheesy, garlic custard. They discard the skin, eat the flesh, and spit out the seeds.
Another example of a mammalian frugivore is the Gray-bellied Night Monkey, also known as the owl monkey:
“Owl monkeys are frugivores and supplement their diet with flowers, insects, nectar, and leaves (Wright 1989; 1994). They prefer small, ripe fruit when available and in order to find these, they forage in large-crown trees (larger than ten meters [32.8 ft]) (Wright 1986). Seasonal availability of fruit varies across environments. Aotus species in tropical forests eat more fruit throughout the year because it is more readily available compared to the dry forests where fruit is limited in the dry season and owl monkeys are more dependent on leaves.”
Fruit bats are another example of a mammalian frugivore. See the Megabat article about Diet and Importance.
Ecological significance of frugivore seed dispersal
Frugivore seed dispersal is a common phenomenon in many ecosystems. However, it is not a highly specific type of plant-animal interaction. For example, a single species of frugivorous bird may disperse fruits from several species of plants, or a few species of bird may disperse seeds of one plant species. This lack of specialization could be because fruit availability varies by season and year, which tends to discourage frugivore animals from focusing on just one plant species.
Conservation
Because seed dispersal allows plant species to disperse to other areas the loss of frugivores could change plant communities and lead to the local loss of particular plant species. Since frugivore seed dispersal is so important in the tropics, many researchers have studied the loss of frugivores and related it to changed plant population dynamics. Several studies have noted that even the loss of only large frugivores (i.e. monkeys) could have a negative effect since monkeys are responsible for certain types of long-distance seed dispersal that is not seen with other frugivore types like birds. Frugivores can also benefit from the invasion of exotic fruit-producing species and can be vectors of exotic invasion by dispersing non-native seeds. In short, while anthropogenic habitat loss and change may negatively affect some frugivore species it may positively affect others.
See also
References
Further reading
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