- published: 11 Oct 2012
- views: 296
- author: ironworker jeff
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ALBUMS
- Wonderful Christmas Time (feat. Dolly Parton)
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- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
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- Old Days
- Another Rainy Day in New York City
- If You Leave Me Now
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- King of Might Have Been
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- Why Can't We
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- Colour My World
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- Hard Habit to Break
- Look Away
- Beginnings
- Happy Man
- Will You Still Love Me?
- No Tell Lover
- I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love
- Never Been in Love Before
- What Kind of Man Would I Be?
- Wishing You Were Here
- 25 or 6 to 4
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
- Colour My World
- Just You 'n' Me
- Saturday in the Park
- Feelin' Stronger Every Day
- Make Me Smile
- Wishing You Were Here
- Call on Me
- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
- Beginnings
- In the Country
- Fancy Colours
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is (Free Form Intro)
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
- South California Purples
- Questions 67 and 68
- Sing a Mean Tune Kid
- Beginnings
- Movin' In
- The Road
- Poem for the People
- In the Country
- Wake Up Sunshine
- Make Me Smile
- So Much to Say, So Much to Give
- Anxiety's Moment
- West Virginia Fantasies
- Colour My World
- To Be Free
- Now More Than Ever
- Fancy Colours
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- Memories of Love
- It Better End Soon (1st Movement)
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- It Better End Soon (3rd Movement)
- It Better End Soon (4th Movement)
- Where Do We Go From Here
- Introduction
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
- Beginnings
- Questions 67 and 68
- Listen
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- Ballet for a Girl in Buchannon
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- Fancy Colours
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- Poem for the People
- It Better End Soon Movements 1, 3, 4
- Once or Twice
- You Are on My Mind
- Skin Tight
- If You Leave Me Now
- Together Again
- Another Rainy Day in New York City
- Mama Mama
- Scrapbook
- Gently I'll Wake You
- You Get It Up
- Hope for Love
- I'd Rather Be Rich (original version/rehearsal)
- Your Love's an Attitude
- A Hit by Varèse
- All Is Well
- Now That You've Gone
- Dialogue (Part I)
- Dialogue (Part II)
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- Saturday in the Park
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- Baby, What a Big Surprise
- 'Till the End of Time
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- Ain't It Time
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- Show Me the Way
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- Morning Blues Again
- When All the Laughter Dies in Sorrow
- Canon
- Once Upon a Time...
- Progress?
- The Approaching Storm
- Man Vs. Man: The End
- If You Leave Me Now
- Hard to Say I'm Sorry
- You're the Inspiration
- I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love
- Baby, What a Big Surprise
- Hard Habit to Break
- Will You Still Love Me?
- What Kind of Man Would I Be?
- Look Away
- Love Me Tomorrow
- Along Comes a Woman
- Stay the Night
- You Come to My Senses
- I'm a Man
- You're Not Alone
- Take Me Back to Chicago
- 25 or 6 to 4
- Saturday in the Park
- Colour My World
- Make Me Smile (new edit)
- 25 or 6 to 4
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is? (new edit)
- Beginnings
- Questions 67 and 68
- I'm a Man (new edit)
- Colour My World
- Free
- Lowdown
- Saturday in the Park
- Dialogue (Part I & II) (single version)
- Just You 'n' Me
- Feelin' Stronger Every Day
- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
- Wishing You Were Here
- Call on Me
- Happy Man (GH2 edit)
- Another Rainy Day in New York City
- If You Leave Me Now
- If You Leave Me Now
- Hard to Say I'm Sorry
- You're the Inspiration
- Hard Habit to Break
- Will You Still Love Me?
- Baby, What a Big Surprise
- Look Away
- What Kind of Man Would I Be?
- I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love
- Love Me Tomorrow
- Just You 'n' Me
- Happy Man
- You're Not Alone
- Chasin' the Wind
- Wishing You Were Here
- No Tell Lover
- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
- Colour My World
- You Come to My Senses
- We Can Last Forever
- Prelude to Aire
- Aire
- Devil's Sweet
- Italian From New York
- Hanky Panky
- Life Saver
- Happy Man
- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
- Mongonucleosis
- Song of the Evergreens
- Byblos
- Wishing You Were Here
- Call on Me
- Woman Don't Want to Love Me
- Skinny Boy
- Byblos (rehearsal)
- If You Leave Me Now
- Baby, What a Big Surprise
- Saturday in the Park
- Wishing You Were Here
- 25 or 6 to 4
- I'm a Man
- Feelin' Stronger Every Day
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
- Street Player
- Low Down
- Take Me Back to Chicago
- Make Me Smile
- Beginnings
- I've Been Searchin' So Long
- Questions 67 & 68
- The Ballet
- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
- Mongonucleosis
- Hard Habit to Break
- Call on Me
- Feelin' Stronger Every Day
- Just You 'N' Me
- Beginnings
- Hard to Say I'm Sorry / Get Away
- 25 or 6 to 4
- Back to You
- If I Should Ever Lose You
- (Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher
- 25 or 6 to 4
- Feelin' Stronger Every Day
- If You Leave Me Now
- Take Me Back to Chicago
- Love Me Tomorrow
- Baby What a Big Surprise
- Stay the Night
- You're the Inspiration
- Hard to Say I'm Sorry
- Wishing You Were Here
- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
- Colour My World
- Little Drummer Boy
- God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen
- Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas
- The Christmas Song
- O Come All Ye Faithful
- Child's Prayer
- Feliz Navidad
- Santa Claus Is Coming to Town
- Christmas Time Is Here
- Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!
- What Child Is This
- White Christmas
- Silent Night
- One Little Candle
- Dialogue (Part 1 & 2)
- Old Days
- All Roads Lead to You
- Love Me Tomorrow
- Baby, What a Big Surprise
- You're Not Alone
- What Kind of Man Would I Be
- No Tell Lover
- Show Me a Sign
- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
- Call on Me
- I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love
- Feelin' Stronger Every Day
- Stay the Night
- I'm a Man
- 25 or 6 to 4
- Questions 67 & 68
- Make Me Smile
- 25 or 6 to 4
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
- Beginnings
- Saturday in the Park
- Wishing You Were Here
- If You Leave Me Now
- Baby, What a Big Surprise
- Hard to Say I'm Sorry
- Love Me Tomorrow
- Hard Habit to Break
- If You Leave Me Now
- Baby What a Big Surprise
- Saturday in the Park
- Wishing You Were Here
- 25 or 6 to 4
- I'm a Man
- Feelin' Stronger Everyday
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
- Street Player
- Low Down
- Take Me Back to Chicago
- Make Me Smile
- Beginnings
- I've Been Searchin' So Long
- Questions
- Bigger Than Elvis
- Let's Take a Lifetime
- Dialogue (Part I & II)
- A Hit by Varèse
- Lowdown (Japanese version)
- State of the Union
- Saturday in the Park
- Make Me Smile
- So Much to Say, So Much to Give
- Anxiety's Moment
- West Virginia Fantasies
- Colour My World
- To Be Free
- Now More Than Ever
- Beginnings
- Mississippi Delta City Blues
- Take Me Back to Chicago
- Mississippi Delta City Blues
- Baby, What a Big Surprise
- Prelude (Little One)
- Little One
- Not Tell Lover
- Closer to You
- Gone Long Gone
- Alive Again
- Must Have Been Crazy
- Doin' Business
- Song for You
- Thunder and Lightning
- The American Dream
- Beginnings (live)
- Make Me Smile
- 25 or 6 to 4
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
- Bigger Than Elvis
- Free
- Lowdown
- Beginnings
- Colour My World
- Questions 67 & 68
- Saturday in the Park (live)
- Dialogue (Part I & II) (live)
- Feelin' Stronger Every Day
- Just You 'n' Me
- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
- Chicago
- Caravan
- Dream a Little Dream of Me (feat. Jade, Paul Shaffer)
- Goody Goody
- Moonlight Serenade
- Night & Day
- Blues in the Night
- Sing, Sing, Sing (feat. Gipsy Kings)
- Sophisticated Lady
- In the Mood
- Don't Get Around Much Anymore
- Take the "A" Train
- Baby What a Big Surprise
- Dialogue (Part II)
- No Tell Lover
- Alive Again
- Old Days
- If You Leave Me Now
- Questions 67 & 68
- Happy Man
- Gone Long Gone
- Take Me Back to Chicago
- If You Leave Me Now
- Saturday in the Park
- Feelin' Stronger Everyday
- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
- 25 or 6 to 4
- Baby, What a Big Surprise
- Wishing You Were Here
- No Tell Lover
- Another Rainy Day in New York City
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
- Song for You
- Introduction
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
- Beginnings
- Questions 67 & 68
- Listen
- Poem 58
- I'm a Man
- Make Me Smile
- So Much to Say, So Much to Give
- Anxiety's Moment
- West Virginia Fantasies
- Colour My World
- To Be Free
- Now More Than Ever
- Fancy Colors
- 25 or 6 to 4
- Where Do We Go From Here
- Life Saver
- Happy Man
- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
- Sunny Boy
- Byblos
- Wishing You Were Here
- Call on Me
- Brand New Love Affair Part I & II
- Harry Truman
- Old Days
- You Are on My Mind
- If You Leave Me Now
- Together Again
- Another Rainy Day in New York City
- Hope for Love
- Flight 602
- Free
- What Else Can I Say
- Mother
- Lowdown
- A Song for Richard and His Friends
- A Hit by Varèse
- Saturday in the Park
- Dialogue (Part I)
- Dialogue (Part II)
- Alma Mater
- Feelin' Stronger Every Day
- In Terms of Two
- Critic's Choice
- Just You 'n' Me
- Something in This City Changes People
- Explain It to My Heart
- If It Were You
- You Come to My Senses
- Somebody, Somewhere
- What Does It Take
- One From the Heart
- Chasin' the Wind
- God Save the Queen
- Man to Woman
- Only Time Can Heal the Wounded
- Who Do You Love
- Holdin' On
- Hard to Say I'm Sorry / Get Away
- Look Away
- Stay the Night
- Will You Still Love Me?
- Love Me Tomorrow
- What Kind of Man Would I Be? (remix)
- You're the Inspiration
- I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love
- Hard Habit to Break
- Along Comes a Woman
- If She Would Have Been Faithful...
- We Can Last Forever
- If You Leave Me Now
- Baby What a Big Surprise
- Where Did the Loving Go?
- Take Me Back to Chicago
- Hard to Say I'm Sorry
- Love Me Tomorrow
- Hard Habit to Break
- Only You
- You're the Inspiration
- Along Comes a Woman
- Remember the Feeling
- If She Would Have Been Faithful
- Will You Still Love Me
- What Kind of Man Would I Be?
- Look Away
- Colour My World
- Questions 67 & 68
- No Tell Lover
- Old Days
- If You Leave Me Now
- 25 Or 6 To 4
- Another Rainy Day In New York City
- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
- Make Me Smile
- I'm A Man
- Baby What A Big Surprise
- Call On Me
- Feelin' Stronger Everyday
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
- Saturday In The Park
- Just You 'N' Me
- Wishing You Were Here
- In the Country
- Fancy Colours
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is? (free form intro)
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
- South California Purples
- Questions 67 and 68
- 25 Or 6 To 4
- Saturday In The Park
- Make Me A Smile
- The Approaching Storm
- Lowdown
- In The Country
- Listen
- Free
- I Don't Want Your Money
- Question 67 and 68
- Beginnings
- If You Leave Me Now
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
- Beginnings
- Questions 67 & 68
- I'm a Man
- Wake Up Sunshine
- Make Me Smile
- 25 or 6 to 4
- Lowdown
- Dialogue, Parts I & II
- Saturday in the Park
- Just You 'n' Me
- Feelin' Stronger Every Day
- All the Years
- Stone of Sisyphus
- Bigger Than Elvis
- Sleeping in the Middle of the Bed
- Mah Jongg
- Let's Take a Lifetime
- The Pull
- Candle for the Dark
- Plaid
- Cry for the Lost
- Get on This
- The Show Must Go On
- If You Leave Me Now
- Hard to Say I'm Sorry
- You're the Inspiration
- Hard Habit to Break
- Will You Still Love Me?
- Baby, What a Big Surprise
- Look Away
- What Kind of Man Would I Be?
- I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love
- Love Me Tomorrow
- Just You 'n Me
- Happy Man
- You're Not Alone
- Song For You
- Wishing You Were Here
- No Tell Lover
- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
- You Come to my Senses
- Anyway You Want
- Brand New Love Affair (Part 1 and 2)
- Never Been in Love Before
- Hideaway
- Till We Meet Again
- Harry Truman
- Oh, Thank You Great Spirit
- Long Time No See
- Ain't It Blue
- Old Days
- Baby, What a Big Surprise
- Happy Man
- Take Me Back to Chicago
- If You Leave Me Now
- Old Days
- Song for You
- Thunder and Lightning
- Wishing You Were Here
- Mama Take
- Run Away
- If You Leave Me Now
- Saturday in the Park
- Take Me Back to Chicago
- 25 or 6 to 4
- Baby What a Big Surprise
- Colour My World
- Alive Again
- Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
- Dialogue (Part II)
- Questions 67 & 68
- Happy Man
- Make Me Smile
- Gone Long Gone
- Old Days
- (I've Been) Searchin' So Long
- Just You 'n' Me
Send this Playlist by SMS
1985 CHICAGO BEARS a season to remember with Johnny Morris part 2 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:25
- Updated: 31 May 2013
http://wn.com/1985_CHICAGO_BEARS_a_season_to_remember_with_Johnny_Morris_part_2_of_2
1985 CHICAGO BEARS a season to remember with Johnny Morris part 1 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/1985_CHICAGO_BEARS_a_season_to_remember_with_Johnny_Morris_part_1_of_2
1985 Chicago Bears 46 Defense.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:20
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
1985 Chicago Bears 46 Defense.
http://wn.com/1985_Chicago_Bears_46_Defense
1985 Chicago Bears vs Joe Montana & SF 49ers part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:36
- Updated: 25 Jul 2013
http://wn.com/1985_Chicago_Bears_vs_Joe_Montana_SF_49ers_part_1
1985 Chicago Bears a tradition of Defense part 1 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:01
- Updated: 10 Aug 2013
http://wn.com/1985_Chicago_Bears_a_tradition_of_Defense_part_1_of_2
- published: 10 Aug 2013
- views: 36
1985 Chicago Bears remembered reunion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:30
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
1985 Chicago Bears remembered reunion.
http://wn.com/1985_Chicago_Bears_remembered_reunion
1985 Chicago Bears - WLS TV Janet Davies PLAY IT AGAIN - SEASON REVIEW
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 11 Jun 2013
This is a season review of the season,heading into the playoffs,by my favroite ladies in the chicago broadcast circuit,this was off of video from channel 7 W...
http://wn.com/1985_Chicago_Bears_WLS_TV_Janet_Davies_PLAY_IT_AGAIN_SEASON_REVIEW
This is a season review of the season,heading into the playoffs,by my favroite ladies in the chicago broadcast circuit,this was off of video from channel 7 W...
- published: 20 Jan 2013
- views: 132
- author: WADDTVCh15
1985 - CHICAGO BEARS 44, DALLAS COWBOYS 0
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:31
- Updated: 26 Sep 2013
http://wn.com/1985_CHICAGO_BEARS_44,_DALLAS_COWBOYS_0
- published: 26 Sep 2013
- views: 90
Chicago Bears 1985 Season part 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:18
- Updated: 29 May 2013
Part 3 recaps week 16 through the playoffs. This originally aired in 1986. It chronicals the Chicago Bears 1985 Super Bowl season. The video quality is a lit...
http://wn.com/Chicago_Bears_1985_Season_part_3
Part 3 recaps week 16 through the playoffs. This originally aired in 1986. It chronicals the Chicago Bears 1985 Super Bowl season. The video quality is a lit...
- published: 17 Jul 2008
- views: 45958
- author: Jeff Alvarado
1985 Chicago Bears vs Green Bay Packers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:54
- Updated: 20 Jan 2011
http://bit.ly/egd10H - Watch the SuperBowl and The PlayOffs on your PC at this link and all next seasons games including college football http//bit.ly/egd10H...
http://wn.com/1985_Chicago_Bears_vs_Green_Bay_Packers
http://bit.ly/egd10H - Watch the SuperBowl and The PlayOffs on your PC at this link and all next seasons games including college football http//bit.ly/egd10H...
- published: 17 Jan 2011
- views: 942
- author: mattersalot197
Chicago Bears 1985 Season part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:28
- Updated: 06 Aug 2013
Part 2 recaps weeks 9-15. This originally aired in 1986. It chronicals the Chicago Bears 1985 Super Bowl season. The video quality is a little poor, but if y...
http://wn.com/Chicago_Bears_1985_Season_part_2
Part 2 recaps weeks 9-15. This originally aired in 1986. It chronicals the Chicago Bears 1985 Super Bowl season. The video quality is a little poor, but if y...
- published: 18 Jul 2008
- views: 75782
- author: Jeff Alvarado
1985 Chicago 8 Bears vs N.E. Patriots SB XX NFL yearbook
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:49
- Updated: 01 Aug 2013
A clp fm the NFL Channel.
http://wn.com/1985_Chicago_8_Bears_vs_NE_Patriots_SB_XX_NFL_yearbook
1985 CHICAGO BEARS PLAYOFFS Pre game show vs New York Giants part 1 of 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Updated: 12 Mar 2013
http://wn.com/1985_CHICAGO_BEARS_PLAYOFFS_Pre_game_show_vs_New_York_Giants_part_1_of_5
1986 CHICAGO BEARS season recap with Johnny Morris part 1 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/1986_CHICAGO_BEARS_season_recap_with_Johnny_Morris_part_1_of_2
1985 CHICAGO BEARS SB XX Celebration parade live part 1 of 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:04
- Updated: 01 Jul 2013
http://wn.com/1985_CHICAGO_BEARS_SB_XX_Celebration_parade_live_part_1_of_3
1985 Chicago Bears vs Denver Broncos & QB John Elway part 4 of 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:03
- Updated: 31 Jul 2013
http://wn.com/1985_Chicago_Bears_vs_Denver_Broncos_QB_John_Elway_part_4_of_4
1986 CHICAGO BEARS season recap with Johnny Morris part 2 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:03
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/1986_CHICAGO_BEARS_season_recap_with_Johnny_Morris_part_2_of_2
Hitler Has Been Told The Chicago Bears Raised His Season Tickets Again
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 29 Aug 2013
The Fuhrer has been told the Chicago Bears have once again raised the prices of his season tickets. What will he do now?
http://wn.com/Hitler_Has_Been_Told_The_Chicago_Bears_Raised_His_Season_Tickets_Again
The Fuhrer has been told the Chicago Bears have once again raised the prices of his season tickets. What will he do now?
- published: 29 Aug 2013
- views: 33
Dolphins Bears 1985
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:57
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
On December 2, 1985, the 8-4 Miami Dolphins hosted the 12-0 Chicago Bears in the Orange Bowl on Monday Night Football. The Bears were undefeated and rolling ...
http://wn.com/Dolphins_Bears_1985
On December 2, 1985, the 8-4 Miami Dolphins hosted the 12-0 Chicago Bears in the Orange Bowl on Monday Night Football. The Bears were undefeated and rolling ...
- published: 22 May 2011
- views: 59517
- author: sluggotv
1985 Chicago Bears WORLD CHAMPIONS part 2 the story of the 1985 Chicago Bears part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:39
- Updated: 03 Jun 2013
http://wn.com/1985_Chicago_Bears_WORLD_CHAMPIONS_part_2_the_story_of_the_1985_Chicago_Bears_part_2
Chicago Bears 1980 Yearbook - Focus On First
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:25
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
The Story of the 1980 Chicago Bears Season Highlights from NFL Films.
http://wn.com/Chicago_Bears_1980_Yearbook_Focus_On_First
The Story of the 1980 Chicago Bears Season Highlights from NFL Films.
- published: 27 Jan 2013
- views: 1426
- author: HisBearness
Pre Season Chicago Bears vs. San Diego Chargers Review/ Bears Win 33-28/ Bears 1-1/ Better Game
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:47
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
title
http://wn.com/Pre_Season_Chicago_Bears_vs_San_Diego_Chargers_Review_Bears_Win_33-28_Bears_1-1_Better_Game
title
- published: 16 Aug 2013
- views: 63
Chicago Bears 1994 Yearbook - All For One
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:22
- Updated: 03 Aug 2013
Review of the 1994 Chicago Bears Season. Season Highlights.
http://wn.com/Chicago_Bears_1994_Yearbook_All_For_One
Review of the 1994 Chicago Bears Season. Season Highlights.
- published: 26 Aug 2012
- views: 3300
- author: HisBearness
| 1985 Chicago Bears season | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
|||||||
| Head coach | Mike Ditka | ||||||
| Home field | Soldier Field | ||||||
| Results | |||||||
| Record | 15–1 | ||||||
| Division Place | 1st NFC Central | ||||||
| Playoff finish | Won NFC Divisional Playoff Won NFC Championship Won Super Bowl XX |
||||||
| Timeline | |||||||
|
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The 1985 Chicago Bears season was their 66th regular season and 16th post-season completed in the National Football League.
The club posted a 15–1 record becoming only the second team in NFL history to finish a season with a 15–1 record since the NFL went to a 16 game schedule in 1978.[1] They earned the top seed in the NFC for the playoffs; they remain the last 15-win team to win the Super Bowl.[2]
The Bears defeated their three post season opponents by a combined score of 91-10 en route to a victory in Super Bowl XX, their ninth NFL Championship. The Bears became the only team in NFL history to record back-to-back shutouts in the postseason, with a 21-0 win over New York and a 24-0 victory over the Rams.
This was also the team's cheerleading squad Chicago Honey Bears' final season with the team, as team owner Virginia Halas McCaskey eventually terminated them.[3]
The team's starting middle linebacker, linebacker Mike Singletary was named NFL Defensive Player of the Year and the UPI Defensive NFC Player of the Year. Running back Walter Payton won the NFC Offensive Player of the Year, head coach Mike Ditka was named NFL Coach of the Year and defensive end Richard Dent was named Super Bowl MVP.
The 1985 Chicago Bears are one of the few teams to consistently challenge the undefeated 1972 Miami Dolphins for the unofficial title of the greatest NFL team of all time.[4][5] In 2007, the 1985 Bears were ranked as the second greatest Super Bowl championship team on the NFL Network's documentary series America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions, ranking behind the 1972 Dolphins. Many sources, however, such as ESPN, rate the 1985 Chicago Bears as the greatest NFL team ever.[6]
The Bears were first in scoring defense, allowing only 198 points in the regular season, with an average of allowing only 12.4 points/game, as well as scoring more points than given up. They were also second in scoring with 456 points, trailing only the Chargers that season. They also led the league in turnover differential at plus-23. The team also had 4 shutouts over the Dallas Cowboys, Atlanta Falcons, and the New York Giants and Los Angeles Rams in the postseason.[7]
Their defense, with their 46 defense and led by Buddy Ryan, was known for being one of the greatest in league history, with their linebacking corps (Mike Singletary, Wilber Marshall, and Otis Wilson) being ranked #5 for the greatest linebacking corps in NFL history in NFL Top 10.[8] The Bears were famous (or infamous) for getting to the quarterback repeatedly, with a notable moment being a sack by Marshall against the Detroit Lions where he knocked quarterback Joe Ferguson unconscious..[9] The irony of the defense's success was that two of the Bears top defensive players, linebacker Al Harris and strong safety Todd Bell, missed the entire season due to contract disputes.[10] Additionally, the team possessed several talented offensive players to back up their defense.
After the loss to the Miami Dolphins, most of the team recorded the song The Super Bowl Shuffle (Defensive lineman Dan Hampton refused to play due to the song's arrogance), becoming the first sports team to record a rap song (The 49ers recorded a post-disco song the year before: We Are The 49ers). The song's popularity led to it being #41 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and the song funded $300,000 in profit for the Chicago Community Trust to help needy families in Chicago with clothing, shelter, and food, hence Walter Payton's rap lyric: "now we're not doing this because we're greedy, the Bears are doing it to feed the needy".
In 2011, the Bears made their visit to the White House, 25 years after their intended visit, due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.[11] A year before, during Super Bowl XLIV, the surviving members of the Bears recreated The Super Bowl Shuffle as the Boost Mobile Shuffle, promoting Boost Mobile.[12]
Offseason[link]
1985 NFL Draft[link]
Main article: 1985 NFL Draft
| Round | Name | Position | College |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | William Perry | Defensive Tackle | Clemson |
| 2 | Reggie Phillips | Cornerback | SMU |
| 3 | James Manness | Wide Receiver | TCU |
| 4 | Kevin Butler | Kicker | Georgia |
| 7 | Charles Bennett | Defensive End | SW La. |
| 8 | Steve Buxton | Tackle | Indiana State |
| 9 | Thomas Sanders | Running back | Texas A&M |
| 10 | Pat Coryatt | Defensive tackle | Baylor |
| 11 | Jim Morrissey | Linebacker | Michigan State |
Preseason[link]
| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Game site | Record |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | August 9, 1985 | St. Louis Cardinals | L 3-10 | Busch Stadium | 0-1 |
| 2 | August 17, 1985 | Indianapolis Colts | L 13-24 | Soldier Field | 0-2 |
| 3 | August 26, 1985 | Dallas Cowboys | L 13-15 | Texas Stadium | 0-3 |
| 4 | August 31, 1985 | Buffalo Bills | W 45-14 | Soldier Field | 1-3 |
Regular season[link]
| "I think we were just a group of guys that came together at a point in time, that really loved the game, and really loved each other. We had so much passion for the game, and so much pride in what we did." |
| ~Bears linebacker Mike Singletary (In an America's Game segment[13] |
Schedule[link]
| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Game site | Record | Attendance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | September 8, 1985 | Tampa Bay Buccaneers | W 38-28 | Soldier Field | 1-0 | 57,828 |
| 2 | September 15, 1985 | New England Patriots | W 20–7 | Soldier Field | 2-0 | 60,533 |
| 3 | September 19, 1985 | at Minnesota Vikings | W 33-24 | Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome | 3-0 | 61,242 |
| 4 | September 29, 1985 | Washington Redskins | W 45-10 | Soldier Field | 4-0 | 63,708 |
| 5 | October 6, 1985 | at Tampa Bay Buccaneers | W 27-19 | Tampa Stadium | 5-0 | 51,795 |
| 6 | October 13, 1985 | at San Francisco 49ers | W 26-10 | Candlestick Park | 6-0 | 60,523 |
| 7 | October 21, 1985 | Green Bay Packers | W 23-7 | Soldier Field | 7-0 | 65,095 |
| 8 | October 27, 1985 | Minnesota Vikings | W 27-9 | Soldier Field | 8-0 | 63,815 |
| 9 | November 3, 1985 | at Green Bay Packers | W 16-10 | Lambeau Field | 9-0 | 55,343 |
| 10 | November 10, 1985 | Detroit Lions | W 24-3 | Soldier Field | 10-0 | 53,467 |
| 11 | November 17, 1985 | at Dallas Cowboys | W 44-0 | Texas Stadium | 11-0 | 63,855 |
| 12 | November 24, 1985 | Atlanta Falcons | W 36-0 | Soldier Field | 12-0 | 61,769 |
| 13 | December 2, 1985 | at Miami Dolphins | L 24-38 | Orange Bowl | 12-1 | 75,594 |
| 14 | December 8, 1985 | Indianapolis Colts | W 17-10 | Soldier Field | 13-1 | 59,997 |
| 15 | December 14, 1985 | at New York Jets | W 19-6 | The Meadowlands | 14-1 | 74,752 |
| 16 | December 22, 1985 | at Detroit Lions | W 37-17 | Pontiac Silverdome | 15-1 | 74,042 |
Regular season results[link]
Week 1: vs Tampa Bay Buccaneers[link]
|
In the season opener against the Bucs, the Bears defense seemed lost for much of the first half of the game by allowing 28 points, but the offense was able to lead the Bears to a victory after Jim McMahon scored 3 touchdowns, with Matt Suhey scoring on another. Leslie Frazier was also able to give the Bears defense their first highlight of the season by returning a Steve DeBerg interception 29 yards for a touchdown.
Week 2: vs New England Patriots[link]
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In a Super Bowl XX preview, the Bears defense was able to find their groove by forcing 4 turnovers on New England, and allowing them to only a touchdown in the fourth quarter.
Week 3: at Minnesota Vikings[link]
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The following week against rival Minnesota, backup quarterback Steve Fuller was called up to take the place of Jim McMahon, who was sidelined with a pinched nerve. With the Bears trailing the Vikings, eventually allowed an anxious McMahon to return to the game. Without any delay, McMahon spearheaded a Bears comeback and victory, with the game being famously called The Viking Miracle.[17]
Week 4: vs Washington Redskins[link]
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Week 5: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers[link]
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Week 6: at San Francisco 49ers[link]
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9 months after their humiliating defeat at the hands of the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game, the Bears claimed their revenge by sacking Joe Montana a then-career high 7 times. In return for 49ers coach Bill Walsh's idea of sending in lineman Guy McIntyre in as fullback the season before, Mike Ditka sent in rookie William Perry in, but as a runner, rather than a blocker. After the game, Ditka was arrested for DWI.[21]
Week 7: vs Green Bay Packers[link]
|
The Bears defeated the Packers on Monday Night Football in a decisive 23-7 victory, with Perry becoming a folk hero after scoring his first career touchdown on a 1-yard run.[23]
Week 8: vs Minnesota Vikings[link]
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Week 9: at Green Bay Packers[link]
|
The Packers increased tensions in the Bears-Packers rivalry after putting horse manure in the Bears locker room. However, the Bears had the last laugh against their hated rival, winning 16-10, and Perry scored his first career receiving touchdown along the way, and Packers Mark Lee (American football) and Ken Stills intensified the game after Lee sent Payton over a bench and Stills leveling Matt Suhey.[26]
Week 10: vs Detroit Lions[link]
|
The Bears recorded their first of 3 consecutive shutouts against the Lions.
Week 11: at Dallas Cowboys[link]
|
In a student vs teacher matchup, the Bears shutout the Cowboys, handing them their worst loss in franchise history, as well as the first time they were shutout in 15 years. The win also gave the Bears the NFC Central division title.
Week 12: vs Atlanta Falcons[link]
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In the coldest game of the season, the Bears recorded their third straight shutout against Atlanta, with defensive lineman Henry Waechter sacking Bob Holly in the endzone for a safety.
Week 13: at Miami Dolphins[link]
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The Bears’ hopes for a perfect season were thwarted when Dan Marino and the Dolphins defeated the McMahon-less Bears on Monday Night Football, 38-24.
Week 14: vs Indianapolis Colts[link]
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Week 15: at New York Jets[link]
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Week 16: at Detroit Lions[link]
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The game featured a particular sack on Lions quarterback Joe Ferguson where he was knocked unconscious by Bears linebacker Wilber Marshall.[33][34]
Standings[link]
| NFC Central | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| W | L | T | PCT | PF | PA | STK | |||
| Chicago Bears | 15 | 1 | 0 | .938 | 456 | 198 | W3 | ||
| Green Bay Packers | 8 | 8 | 0 | .500 | 337 | 355 | W2 | ||
| Minnesota Vikings | 7 | 9 | 0 | .438 | 346 | 359 | L2 | ||
| Detroit Lions | 7 | 9 | 0 | .438 | 307 | 366 | L3 | ||
| Tampa Bay Buccaneers | 2 | 14 | 0 | .125 | 294 | 448 | L4 | ||
1985 roster[link]
Depth chart[link]
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Playoffs[link]
For more details on this topic, see NFL playoffs, 1985-86.
| Round | Date | Opponent | Result | Game site | TV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Divisional Round | January 5, 1986 | New York Giants | W 21-0 | Soldier Field | CBS |
| NFC Championship | January 12, 1986 | Los Angeles Rams | W 24-0 | Soldier Field | CBS |
| Super Bowl XX | January 26, 1986 | New England Patriots | W 46-10 | Louisiana Superdome | NBC |
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[edit] NFC Divisional Playoff: Chicago Bears 21, New York Giants 0
The Bears defense dominated the game by allowing only 32 rushing yards and sacked Giants quarterback Phil Simms for 60 yards. Chicago's first touchdown resulted on a New York punt attempt from their own 12-yard line. The wind caught the ball just enough for punter Sean Landeta to completely miss it, and Shaun Gayle picked it up and ran 5 yards for a touchdown. Bears quarterback Jim McMahon later threw two touchdown passes in the third quarter, both to Dennis McKinnon. McMahon finished the game with 216 passing yards, while running back Walter Payton rushed for 94 yards.
[edit] NFC Championship: Chicago Bears 24, Los Angeles Rams 0
The Bears defense dominated the game by limiting Rams running back Eric Dickerson to 46 yards, and holding quarterback Dieter Brock to 10 out of 31 completions for 66 passing yards. Los Angeles only gained 130 yards of total offense. Chicago quarterback Jim McMahon scored on a 16-yard touchdown run in the first quarter, and later threw a 22-yard touchdown pass to Willie Gault in the third quarter. Kicker Kevin Butler kicked a 34-yard field goal in the first period. In the fourth quarter, defensive lineman Richard Dent forced Brock to fumble, and linebacker Wilber Marshall picked up the loose ball and returned it 52 yards for a touchdown.
[edit] Super Bowl XX: Chicago Bears 46, New England Patriots 10For more details on this topic, see Super Bowl XX.
The Patriots took a quick lead after linebacker Larry McGrew recovered a fumble from Walter Payton at the Chicago 19-yard line on the second play of the game, setting up Tony Franklin's 36-yard field goal 1:19 into the first quarter. The Bears struck back with a 7 play, 59-yard drive, featuring a 43-yard pass completion from Jim McMahon to wide receiver Willie Gault, to set up a field goal from Kevin Butler, tying the score 3-3. After both teams traded punts, Richard Dent and linebacker Wilber Marshall shared a sack on Eason, forcing a fumble that lineman Dan Hampton recovered on the Patriots 13-yard line. Chicago then drove to the 3-yard line, but had to settle for another field goal from Butler after rookie defensive lineman William "Refrigerator" Perry was tackled for a 1-yard loss while trying to throw his first NFL pass on a halfback option play. On the Patriots' ensuing drive, Dent forced running back Craig James to fumble, which was recovered by linebacker Mike Singletary at the 13-yard line. Two plays later, Bears fullback Matt Suhey scored on an 11-yard touchdown run to increase the lead 13-3. New England took the ensuing kickoff and ran one play before the first quarter ended, which resulted in positive yardage for the first time in the game (a 3-yard run by James). But after an incomplete pass and a 4-yard loss, they had to send in punter Rich Camarillo again, and receiver Keith Ortego returned the ball 12 yards to the 41-yard line. The Bears subsequently drove 59 yards in 10 plays, featuring a 24-yard reception by Suhey, to score on McMahon's 2-yard touchdown run to increase their lead, 20-3. After the ensuing kickoff, New England lost 13 yards in 3 plays and had to punt again, but got the ball back with great field position when defensive back Raymond Clayborn recovered a fumble from Suhey at their own 46-yard line. Patriots coach Raymond Berry then replaced Eason with Steve Grogan to see if he could spark the Patriots offense. But Grogan could only lead them to the 37-yard line and they decided to punt rather than risk a 55-yard field goal attempt. The Bears then marched 72 yards in 11 plays, moving the ball inside the Patriots 10-yard line. New England kept them out of the end zone, but Butler kicked his third field goal on the last play of the half to give Chicago a 23-3 halftime lead. The Bears had absolutely dominated New England in the first half, holding them to 21 offensive plays (only 4 of which resulted in positive yardage), -19 total offensive yards, 2 pass completions, 1 first down, and 3 points. Meanwhile, Chicago gained 236 yards and scored 23 points themselves. After the Patriots received the second half opening kickoff, they managed to get one first down, but then had to punt after Grogan was sacked twice. Camarillo, who punted 4 times in the first half, managed to pin the Bears back at their own 4-yard line with a Super Bowl record 62-yard punt. But the Patriots defense still had no ability to stop Chicago's offense. On their very first play, McMahon faked a handoff to Payton, then threw a 60-yard completion to Gault. Eight plays later, McMahon finished the Super Bowl record 96-yard drive with a 1-yard touchdown run to make the Bears lead 30-3. On New England's second drive of the period, Chicago cornerback Reggie Phillips intercepted a pass from Grogan and returned it 28 yards for a touchdown to increase the lead 37-3. On the second play of their ensuing possession, the Patriots turned the ball over again, when receiver Cedric Jones lost a fumble after catching a 19-yard pass from Grogan. A few plays later, McMahon's 27-yard completion to receiver Dennis Gentry moved the ball to the 1-yard line, setting up perhaps the most memorable moment of the game. William "the Refrigerator" Perry was brought on to score on offense, as he had done twice in the regular season. His touchdown made the score 44-3. The Patriots finally scored a touchdown early in the fourth quarter, advancing the ball 76 yards in 12 plays and scoring on an 8-yard pass from Grogan to receiver Irving Fryar. But the Bears defense dominated New England for the rest of the game, forcing another fumble, another interception, and defensive lineman Henry Waechter's sack on Grogan in the end zone for a safety to make the final score 46-10. One irony in the Bears victory was that Payton had a relatively poor performance statistically running the ball and never scored a touchdown in Super Bowl XX, his first and only Super Bowl appearance during his Hall of Fame career. However, if one views the game and watches the Patriot's defense, it is clear that their primary goal was stopping Payton and he frequently had three and four defenders keyed on him on nearly every play. This allowed the rest of the Bear's offense far more opportunities to score than had the Patriots employed a more balanced defense. Ultimately Payton was the Bears' leading rusher during the game, the Patriots defense held him to only 61 yards on 22 carries, with his longest run being only 7 yards. He was given several opportunities to score near the goal line, but New England stopped him every time before he reached the end zone (such as his 2-yard loss from the New England 3-yard line a few plays before Butler's second field goal, and his 2-yard run from the 4-yard line right before McMahon's first rushing touchdown). Thus, Chicago head coach Mike Ditka opted to go for other plays to counter the Patriots defense. Perry's touchdown and McMahon's rushing touchdowns are widely considered as scoring opportunities that were denied to Payton. Ditka has since gone on record stating that his biggest regret of his career was not creating a scoring opportunity for Payton during the game. McMahon, who completed 12 out of 20 passes for 256 yards, became the first quarterback in a Super Bowl to score 2 rushing touchdowns. Bears receiver Willie Gault finished the game with 129 receiving yards on just 4 receptions, an average of over 32.2 yards per catch. He also returned 4 kickoffs for 49 yards. Suhey had 11 carries for 52 yards and a touchdown, and caught a pass for 24 yards. Singletary tied a Super Bowl record with 2 fumble recoveries. Eason became the first Super Bowl starting quarterback to fail to complete a pass, going 0 for 6 attempts. The Bears also dominated Patriots starting running back James, holding him to 1 yard on 5 carries, with 1 fumble. Grogan completed 17 out of 30 passes for 177 yards and 1 touchdown, with 2 interceptions. Although Fullback Tony Collins was the Patriots leading rusher, he was limited to just 4 yards on 3 carries, and caught 2 passes for 19 yards. New England receiver Stephen Starring returned 7 kickoffs for 153 yards and caught 2 passes for 39 yards.
|
Awards[link]
- NFL Champions (9)
- National Football Conference Championship
- NFC Central Division Championship
- Richard Dent, Super Bowl XX Most Valuable Player
- Mike Ditka, 1985 AP NFL Coach of Year
- Mike Ditka, 1985 Sporting News NFL Coach of Year
- Mike Ditka, 1985 UPI NFL Coach of Year
- Walter Payton, Bert Bell Award[38]
- Walter Payton, UPI NFC Player of the Year, Offense
- Mike Singletary, National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award
- Mike Singletary, UPI NFC Player of the Year, Defense
- Mike Singletary, NFC Defensive Player of the Year
Hall of Famers[link]
- 1988 Enshrinement Mike Ditka: 1961-1966 (player)
- 1993 Enshrinement Walter Payton: 1975-1987
- 1998 Enshrinement Mike Singletary: 1981-1992
- 2002 Enshrinement Dan Hampton: 1979-1990
- 2011 Enshrinement Richard Dent: 1983-1993, 1995
Players that became coaches[link]
- Mike Singletary, Head Coach of the San Francisco 49ers (2008–2010); Minnesota Vikings (2011–present; linebackers coach)
- Leslie Frazier, Head Coach of the Minnesota Vikings (2010–present)
- Ron Rivera, Defensive Coordinator of the Bears (2004–2006); Head Coach of the Carolina Panthers (2011–present)
- Brian Cabral, Interim Head Coach of the Colorado Buffaloes (2010)
- Steve McMichael, Head Coach Chicago Slaughter, CIFL (2007–present)
- Dennis Gentry, Running Backs Coach Chicago Enforcers, XFL (2001)
- Jeff Fisher, Head Coach of the Tennessee Titans, (1994–2010); St. Louis Rams (2012–present) was on injured reserve
References[link]
- ^ The first team in history to accomplish this feat was the San Francisco 49ers who did it the previous season and were later joined by the 1998 Minnesota Vikings, the 2004 Pittsburgh Steelers and the 2011 Green Bay Packers as the only teams in league history to go 15-1. The 2007 New England Patriots went undefeated in the regular season, winning all 16 of their games.
- ^ as of 2011
- ^ Chicago Honey Bears.net
- ^ ESPN.com - Page2 - Greatest NFL teams of all time
- ^ Greatest NFL Teams of All Time
- ^ 1985 Bears Voted Best Super Bowl Winner
- ^ 1985 Chicago Bears - NFL's 10 Greatest Teams - 125th Anniversary - Sporting News
- ^ Top 10 linebacking corps in NFL history
- ^ 1985 Bears: Wilber Marshall's Bonecrushing Hit [Video] - Chicago Sports Mob
- ^ Numbelivable!, p.105, Michael X. Ferraro and John Veneziano, Triumph Books, Chicago, Illinois, 2007, ISBN 978-1-57243-990-0
- ^ 1985 Bears honored by President Obama
- ^ MediaPost Publications Boost Mobile 'Shuffles' Into Its First Super Bowl 01/21/2010
- ^ America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions, "#2. 1985 Chicago Bears." Premiered on CBS, Feb. 3, 2007
- ^ Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Chicago Bears - September 8th, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ New England Patriots at Chicago Bears - September 15th, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Chicago Bears at Minnesota Vikings - September 19th, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Hey-Let's check out the Viking Miracle (McMahon owns the Vikings) - Windy City Gridiron
- ^ Washington Redskins at Chicago Bears - September 29th, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Chicago Bears at Tampa Bay Buccaneers - October 6th, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Chicago Bears at San Francisco 49ers - October 13th, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ SPORTS PEOPLE - SPORTS PEOPLE - Ditka's Defense Falters - NYTimes.com
- ^ Green Bay Packers at Chicago Bears - October 21st, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Fridge a huge hero after icing Packers
- ^ Minnesota Vikings at Chicago Bears - October 27th, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Chicago Bears at Green Bay Packers - November 3rd, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Green Bay Packers vs. Chicago Bears: A Look Back at the NFL's Oldest Rivalry | Bleacher Report
- ^ a b Detroit Lions at Chicago Bears - November 10th, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Atlanta Falcons at Chicago Bears - November 24th, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Chicago Bears at Miami Dolphins - December 2nd, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Indianapolis Colts at Chicago Bears - December 8th, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Chicago Bears at New York Jets - December 14th, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Chicago Bears at Detroit Lions - December 22nd, 1985 - Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Taking a Look in the Bears History Book: Wilber Marshall, Part 1 - Windy City Gridiron
- ^ Marshall's torments not likely to fade - USATODAY.com
- ^ (PDF) 2010 NFL Record and Fact Book. National Football League. p. 383. http://www.nfl.info/download/2010%20NFL%20Record%20and%20Fact%20Book.pdf. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
- ^
- ^
- ^ Bert Bell Award Professional Player of the Year | Maxwell Football Club
Further reading[link]
- Hamnik, Al (2010-09-12). "Super Bowl XX champion Bears still beloved". The Times. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010. http://www.nwitimes.com/sports/football/professional/bears/article_804a0305-2676-529f-962a-75ab50731ceb.html. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
- "Chicago Bears History: 1985 Season". Chicago Bears History Website. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. http://www.bearshistory.com/seasons/1985chicagobears.aspx. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
- Total Football: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League (ISBN 0-06-270174-6)
- The Sporting News Complete Super Bowl Book 1995 (ISBN 0-89204-523-X)
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: 1985 Chicago Bears season |
| Preceded by San Francisco 49ers 1984 |
Super Bowl champion 1985 |
Succeeded by New York Giants 1986 |
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| AFC | East | Central | West | East | Central | West | NFC |
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| Buffalo | Cincinnati | Denver | Dallas | Chicago | Atlanta | ||
| Indianapolis | Cleveland | Kansas City | NY Giants | Detroit | LA Rams | ||
| Miami | Houston | LA Raiders | Philadelphia | Green Bay | New Orleans | ||
| New England | Pittsburgh | San Diego | St. Louis | Minnesota | San Francisco | ||
| NY Jets | Seattle | Washington | Tampa Bay | ||||
| 1985 NFL Draft • NFL Playoffs • Pro Bowl • Super Bowl XX | |||||||
http://wn.com/1985_Chicago_Bears_season
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Chicago_Bears_season
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. city. For the broadway musical, see Chicago (musical). For the train, see City of Chicago (train). For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation).
| Chicago | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
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| Nickname(s): The Windy City, The Second City, Chi-Town, Hog Butcher for the World, City of Big Shoulders, The City That Works, White City, and others found at List of nicknames for Chicago | |||
| Motto: Latin: Urbs in Horto (City in a Garden), Make Big Plans (Make No Small Plans), I Will | |||
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 Chicago
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| Coordinates: 41°52′55″N 87°37′40″W / 41.88194°N 87.62778°W / 41.88194; -87.62778Coordinates: 41°52′55″N 87°37′40″W / 41.88194°N 87.62778°W / 41.88194; -87.62778 | |||
| Country | United States | ||
| State | Illinois | ||
| Counties | Cook, DuPage | ||
| Settled | 1770s | ||
| Incorporated | March 4, 1837 | ||
| Named for | Miami-Illinois: shikaakwa ("Wild onion") |
||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Mayor–council | ||
| • Mayor | Rahm Emanuel (D) | ||
| • City Council | |||
| Area | |||
| • City | 234.0 sq mi (606.1 km2) | ||
| • Land | 227.2 sq mi (588 km2) | ||
| • Water | 6.9 sq mi (18 km2) 3.0% | ||
| • Urban | 2,122.8 sq mi (5,498 km2) | ||
| • Metro | 10,874 sq mi (28,160 km2) | ||
| Elevation | 597 ft (182 m) | ||
| Population (2010 Census)[1][2] | |||
| • City | 2,695,598 | ||
| • Rank | 3rd US | ||
| • Density | 11,864.4/sq mi (4,447.4/km2) | ||
| • Urban | 8,711,000 | ||
| • Metro | 9,461,105 | ||
| Demonym | Chicagoan | ||
| Time zone | CST (UTC−06:00) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC−05:00) | ||
| Area code(s) | 312, 773, 872 | ||
| Website | cityofchicago.org | ||
| [3] | |||
Chicago (
i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents.[1] Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States,[4][5][6] with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County,[7] though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed.[8] Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors.[9] Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles.[10] Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
Chicago's notoriety has found expression in numerous forms of popular culture, including novels, plays, movies, songs, various types of journals (for example, sports, entertainment, business, trade, and academic), and the news media. The city has many nicknames, which reflect the impressions and opinions about historical and contemporary Chicago. The best known include: "Chi-town", "Windy City," "Second City,"[n 1] and the "City of the Big Shoulders."[n 2]
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Chicago
See also: Origin of the name "Windy City"
During the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples. The 1780s saw the arrival of the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, who is believed to be of Haitian and French descent.[12] In 1795, following the Northwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over by some Native Americans in the Treaty of Greenville to the United States for a military post.
In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in the War of 1812, Battle of Fort Dearborn. The Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1804 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were eventually forcibly removed from their land following the Treaty of Chicago in 1833. On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of around 200 at that time.[13] Within seven years it would grow to a population of over 4,000. On the 15th day of June, 1835, the first public land sales commenced with Edmund Dick Taylor as U.S. receiver of public moneys. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837.
The name "Chicago" is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, translated as "wild onion" or "wild garlic," from the Miami-Illinois language.[14][15][16][17] The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir written about the time.[18] The wild garlic plants, Allium tricoccum, were described by LaSalle's comrade, naturalist-diarist Henri Joutel, in his journal of LaSalle's last expedition.[19][20]
As the site of the Chicago Portage, the city emerged as an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, opened in 1848, which also marked the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants abroad. Manufacturing and retail sectors became dominant among Midwestern cities, influencing the American economy, particularly in meatpacking, with the advent of the refrigerated rail car and the regional centrality of the city's Union Stock Yards.[21]
In the 1850s Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas, the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.[22] These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for the nation's presidency at the 1860 Republican National Convention and went on to defeat Douglas in the general election, setting the stage for the American Civil War.
To accommodate rapid population growth and demand for better sanitation, the city implemented various infrastructural improvements. In February 1856, the Chesbrough plan for the building of the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system was approved by the Common Council.[23] The project raised much of central Chicago to a new grade. While raising Chicago, and at first improving the health of the city, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River, then into Lake Michigan, polluting the primary source of fresh water for the city. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that it flowed away from Lake Michigan, rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that connects to the Illinois River, which flows into the Mississippi River.
In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire broke out, destroying an area of about 4 miles long and 1 mile wide, a large section of the city at the time. Much of the city, including railroads and stockyards, survived intact, and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone which would set the precedent for worldwide construction.[24] During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction.[25] Labor conflicts and unrest followed, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886. Concern for social problems among Chicago's lower classes led Jane Addams to be a co-founder of Hull House in 1889. Programs developed there became a model for the new field of social work.
During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City, and later state laws, that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera, small pox, and yellow fever were not only passed, but also enforced. These in turn became templates for public health reform in many other cities and states.[26] The city invested in many large, well-landscaped municipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate and driving force for improving public health in Chicago was Dr. John H. Rauch, M.D., who established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866, created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with festering, shallow graves, and helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health in 1867 in response to an outbreak of cholera. Ten years later he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago.[27]
In the 19th century, Chicago became the nation's railroad center, a title it still holds. In 1883, the standardized system of North American Time Zones was adopted by the general time convention of railway managers in Chicago.[28] This gave the continent its uniform system for telling time.
In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at the present location of Jackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history.[29] The University of Chicago was founded in 1892 on the same South Side location. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects Washington and Jackson Parks.
Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the eastern states. Of the total population in 1900 not less than 77% were foreign-born, or born in the United States of foreign parentage. Germans, Irish, Poles, Swedes and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population.[30] In 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population.[31]
20th and 21st centuries[link]
The 1920s saw gangsters, including Al Capone, battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era.[32] In 1924, Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization, the Society for Human Rights. This organization produced the first American publication for gays, Friendship and Freedom.
The 1920s also saw a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted blacks from the South. Between 1910 and 1930, the black population of Chicago dramatically increased from 44,103 to 233,903.[33] Arriving in the hundreds of thousands during the Great Migration, the newcomers had an immense cultural impact. It was during this wave that Chicago became a center for jazz, with King Oliver leading the way.[34]
In 1933, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was fatally wounded in Miami, Florida during a failed assassination attempt on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition Worlds Fair.[35] The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding.[36]
On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at Chicago's University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945.
Mayor Richard J. Daley was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics. Starting in the early 1960s due to blockbusting, many white residents, as in most American cities, left the city for the suburbs. Whole neighborhoods were completely changed based on race. Structural changes in industry caused heavy losses of jobs for lower skilled workers. In 1966, James Bevel, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Albert Raby led the Chicago Open Housing Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, including full-scale riots, or in some cases police riots, in city streets. Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower, which in 1974 became the world's tallest building), University of Illinois at Chicago, McCormick Place, and O'Hare International Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. When Richard J. Daley died, Michael Anthony Bilandic served as mayor for three years. Bilandic's subsequent loss in a primary election has been attributed to the city's inability to properly plow city streets during a heavy snowstorm. In 1979, Jane Byrne, the city's first female mayor, was elected. She popularized the city further as a movie location and tourist destination.
In 1983, Harold Washington became the first African American to be elected to the office of mayor, in one of the closest mayoral elections in Chicago. After Washington won the Democratic primary, racial motivations caused a few Democratic alderman and ward committeemen to back the Republican candidate Bernard Epton, who ran on the race-baiting slogan Before it's too late.[37] Washington's term in office saw new attention given to poor and minority neighborhoods. Washington died in office of a heart attack in 1987, shortly after being elected to a second term. The balance of Washington's second term was served by 6th ward Alderman Eugene Sawyer. Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development. After successfully standing for reelection five times and becoming Chicago's longest serving Mayor, Richard M. Daley announced he would step down at the end of his final term in 2011.
On February 23, 2011, former White House chief of staff and congressman Rahm Emanuel won the municipal election to succeed Daley, beating five rivals with 55 percent of the vote. The other five candidates split the remaining 45 percent of votes.[38] Emanuel was sworn in as Mayor on May 16, 2011.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Chicago
Topography[link]
Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois at the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in Chicago Metropolitan Area situated in the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region. Chicago rests on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds. The city lies beside freshwater Lake Michigan, and two rivers— the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrial far South Side – flow entirely or partially through Chicago. The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal connects the Chicago River with the Des Plaines River, which runs to the west of the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect, moderating Chicago's climate; making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.
When Chicago was founded in 1833, most of the early building began around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.[39] The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas, is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176 m) above sea level. The lowest points are along the lake shore at 577 ft (176 m), while the highest point, at 735 ft (224 m), is a landfill located in the Hegewisch community area on the city's far south side.
The Chicago Loop is the central business district, but Chicago is also a city of neighborhoods. Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's lakefront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include Lincoln Park, Grant Park, Burnham Park and Jackson Park. 29 public beaches are also found along the shore. Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for Navy Pier, Northerly Island, the Museum Campus, and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings can be found close to the waterfront.
An informal name for the Chicago metropolitan area is Chicagoland, used primarily by copywriters, advertising agencies, and traffic reporters. There is no precise definition for the term "Chicagoland," but it generally means the city and its suburbs together. The Chicago Tribune, which coined the term, includes the city of Chicago, the rest of Cook County, eight nearby Illinois counties: Lake, McHenry, DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Grundy, Will and Kankakee, and three counties in Indiana: Lake, Porter and LaPorte.[40] The Illinois Department of Tourism defines Chicagoland as Cook County without the city of Chicago, and only Lake, DuPage, Kane and Will counties.[41] The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce defines it as all of Cook and DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will counties.[42]
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Chicago
The city lies within the humid continental climate zone, and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are hot and humid, with a July daily average of 84.7 °F (29.3 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 21 days.[43] Winters are cold, snowy, and windy, with some sunny days, and with a January average of 23.5 °F (−4.7 °C). Temperatures often (43 days) stay below freezing for an entire day, and lows below 0 °F (−18 °C) occur on eight nights per year.[43] Spring and fall are mild seasons with low humidity.
According to the National Weather Service, Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 107 °F (42 °C) was recorded on June 1, 1934, and July 11, 1936, both at Midway Airport. The lowest temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded on January 20, 1985,[43] at O'Hare Airport. The city can experience extreme winter cold waves and summer heat waves that may last for several consecutive days. Severe weather is also common in the Chicago area, such as the F4 tornado that devastated the south side of the city on April 21, 1967. As well as the F-5 that ravaged some of the Southwest suburbs on August 28, 1990
| Chicago | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Climate data for Chicago (Midway Airport), 1981-2010 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 67 (19) |
75 (24) |
86 (30) |
92 (33) |
102 (39) |
107 (42) |
106 (41) |
102 (39) |
101 (38) |
94 (34) |
81 (27) |
71 (22) |
107 (42) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 32.1 (0.1) |
36.5 (2.5) |
47.6 (8.7) |
60.0 (15.6) |
70.9 (21.6) |
80.6 (27.0) |
84.8 (29.3) |
82.6 (28.1) |
75.8 (24.3) |
63.2 (17.3) |
49.1 (9.5) |
35.8 (2.1) |
59.92 (15.51) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 18.5 (−7.5) |
22.2 (−5.4) |
31.2 (−0.4) |
41.3 (5.2) |
51.2 (10.7) |
61.4 (16.3) |
66.9 (19.4) |
65.7 (18.7) |
57.5 (14.2) |
45.5 (7.5) |
34.7 (1.5) |
22.7 (−5.2) |
43.23 (6.24) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −25 (−32) |
−20 (−29) |
−7 (−22) |
10 (−12) |
28 (−2) |
35 (2) |
46 (8) |
43 (6) |
34 (1) |
20 (−7) |
−3 (−19) |
−20 (−29) |
−25 (−32) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | 2.05 (52.1) |
1.93 (49) |
2.73 (69.3) |
3.63 (92.2) |
4.12 (104.6) |
4.06 (103.1) |
4.01 (101.9) |
3.99 (101.3) |
3.31 (84.1) |
3.23 (82) |
3.42 (86.9) |
2.57 (65.3) |
39.05 (991.9) |
| Snowfall inches (cm) | 11.6 (29.5) |
9.6 (24.4) |
5.5 (14) |
1.0 (2.5) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.1 (0.3) |
1.3 (3.3) |
8.7 (22.1) |
37.8 (96) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.7 | 8.8 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 9.0 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 123.1 |
| Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 8.4 | 5.7 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 6.7 | 27.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 136.4 | 138.4 | 186.0 | 216.0 | 282.1 | 312.0 | 319.3 | 282.1 | 228.0 | 192.2 | 114.0 | 105.4 | 2,511.9 |
| Source no. 1: NOAA [44], The Weather Channel (records) [45] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: HKO (sun only, 1961−1990) [46] | |||||||||||||
Cityscape[link]
Architecture[link]
Further information: Architecture of Chicago, List of tallest buildings in Chicago, and List of Chicago Landmarks
The outcome of the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in the skyscraper era, which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.[47] Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and most dense.[48] The United States' two tallest towers are both located in Chicago; Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower, and the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere), and Trump International Hotel and Tower. The Loop's historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building, the Fine Arts Building, 35 East Wacker, and the Chicago Building, 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments by Mies van der Rohe. Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such as Daniel Burnham, Louis Sullivan, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, and Helmut Jahn. The Merchandise Mart, once first on the list of largest buildings in the world, and still listed as 20th, has its own ZIP code, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River. Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code), Trump International Hotel and Tower, the Aon Center (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the John Hancock Center. Industrial districts, such as some areas on the South Side, the areas along the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and Northwest Indiana are clustered.
Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the Prairie School, movements in architecture. Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found in Chicago. Large swaths of Chicago's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brick bungalows built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the Polish Cathedral style of church architecture. The Chicago suburb of Oak Park was home to famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who had designed The Robie House located near the University of Chicago as well as many prominent buildings across the country.
Unlike many Midwestern and East Coast cities, Chicago tends to have wider streets. A positive effect of this is that it alleviates the feeling of being engulfed by the city's large skyscrapers. Most of the city's residential streets also tend to have a wide patch of grass and/or trees located between the street and the sidewalk itself. This has the effect of keeping pedestrians walking on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic. Chicago's Western Avenue is the longest continuous urban street in the world. Other famous streets include North Michigan Avenue, North State Street, Clark, and Belmont Avenue. The City Beautiful movement inspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways.
Culture and contemporary life[link]
See also: Culture of Chicago, List of people from Chicago, Theatre in Chicago, and Visual arts of Chicago
The city's waterfront allure and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. Over one-third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods (from Rogers Park in the north to South Shore in the south). The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include the Mexican villages, such as Pilsen along 18th street, and La Villita along 26th Street, the Puerto Rican enclave Paseo Boricua in the Humboldt Park neighborhood, "Greektown" along South Halsted St, "Little Italy" along Taylor St, "Chinatown, Chicago" on the South Side, "Polish Patches" in Avondale and Belmont-Central, "Little Seoul" around Lawrence Avenue, a cluster of Vietnamese restaurants on Argyle Street, and South Asian (Indian/Pakistani) along Devon Avenue.
Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, and commercial institutions and home to Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions (for example, CBOT, Chicago Fed) are located within a section of downtown called "The Loop", which is an eight-block by five-block square of city streets that are encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term "The Loop" is largely used to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes the Near North Side, the Near South Side, and the Near West Side, as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famous skyscrapers, abundant restaurants, shopping, museums, a stadium for the Chicago Bears, convention facilities, parkland, and beaches.
The North Side is the most densely populated section of the city outside of downtown and many high-rises line this side of the city along the lakefront. Lincoln Park is a 1,200-acre (490 ha) park stretching for 5.5 mi (8.9 km) along the waterfront and containing the Lincoln Park Zoo and the Lincoln Park Conservatory. The River North neighborhood features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City. As a Polonia center, due to the city's having a very large Polish population, Chicago celebrates every Labor Day weekend at the Taste of Polonia Festival in the Jefferson Park area.[49] The Chicago Cubs play in the North Side's Lakeview neighborhood, in the Wrigleyville district. Lakeview is also home to Boystown, which, along with Andersonville, are the best known LGBT neighborhoods.
The South Side is home to the University of Chicago (UC), ranked one of the world's top ten universities; and the Museum of Science and Industry. Burnham Park stretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is home of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sits Washington Park. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called the Midway Plaisance, running adjacent to the UC. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African American Bud Billiken Day parade. The American automaker Ford Motor Company has an assembly plant located on the South Side, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are here. The Chicago White Sox play in the South Side's Armour Square neighborhood.
The West Side holds the Garfield Park Conservatory, one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any US city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here include Humboldt Park's Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Puerto Rican Day Parade, as well as the National Museum of Mexican Art and St. Adalbert's Church in Pilsen. The Near West Side holds the University of Illinois at Chicago and television production company of Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Studios. The Chicago Bulls and Chicago Blackhawks play on Madison Street.
Entertainment, the arts, and performing arts
Chicago's theatre community spawned modern improvisational theater. Two renowned comedy troupes emerged: The Second City and I.O. (formerly known as ImprovOlympic). Renowned Chicago theater companies include the Steppenwolf Theatre Company (on the city's north side), the Goodman Theatre, and the Victory Gardens Theater. Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at theaters such as Broadway In Chicago's Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre, Broadway In Chicago's Bank of America Theatre, Broadway In Chicago's Cadillac Palace Theatre, Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University, and Broadway In Chicago's Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place. Polish language productions for Chicago's large Polish speaking population can be seen at the historic Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park. Since 1968, the Joseph Jefferson Awards are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area.
Classical music offerings include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world,[50] which performs at Symphony Center. Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. A new and interesting addition to the Chicago classical music scene is also the Renovo String Orchestra of Chicago. [51] In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park. Ravinia Park, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is also a favorite destination for many Chicagoans, with performances occasionally given in Chicago locations such as the Harris Theater. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago. The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago was founded by Lithuanian Chicagoans in 1956,[52] and presents operas in Lithuanian.
The Joffrey Ballet and Chicago Festival Ballet perform in various venues, including the Harris Theater in Millennium Park. Chicago is home to several other modern and jazz dance troupes, such as the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago.
Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include Chicago blues, Chicago soul, jazz, and gospel. The city is the birthplace of house music and is the site of an influential hip-hop scene. In the 1980s, the city was a center for industrial, punk and new wave. This influence continued into the alternative rock of the 1990s. The city has been an epicenter for rave culture since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago indie. Annual festivals feature various acts such as Lollapalooza and Pitchfork Music Festival.
Chicago has a distinctive fine art tradition. For much of the twentieth century it nurtured a strong style of figurative surrealism, as in the works of Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of the Chicago Imagists, such as Roger Brown, Leon Golub, Robert Lostutter, Jim Nutt, and Barbara Rossi produced bizarre representational paintings.
Chicago is home to a number of large, outdoor works by well-known artists. These include the Chicago Picasso, Miró's Chicago, Flamingo and Flying Dragon by Alexander Calder, Monument with Standing Beast by Jean Dubuffet, Batcolumn by Claes Oldenburg, Cloud Gate by Anish Kapoor, Crown Fountain by Jaume Plensa, and the Four Seasons mosaic by Marc Chagall.
Tourism[link]
In 2008[update], Chicago attracted 32.4 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.7 million domestic business travelers and 1.3 million overseas visitors.[9] These visitors contributed more than US$11.8 billion to Chicago's economy.[9] Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Chicago the fourth most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.[53] Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of Soldier Field. The historic Chicago Cultural Center (1897), originally serving as the Chicago Public Library, now houses the city's Visitor Information Center, galleries and exhibit halls. The ceiling of its Preston Bradley Hall includes a 38 ft (12 m) Tiffany glass dome. Grant Park holds Millennium Park, Buckingham Fountain (1927), and the Art Institute of Chicago. The park also hosts the annual Taste of Chicago festival. In Millennium Park, there is the reflective Cloud Gate sculpture. Also, an outdoor restaurant transforms into an ice rink in the winter season. Two tall glass sculptures make up the Crown Fountain. The fountain's two towers display visual effects from LED images of Chicagoans' faces, along with water spouting from their lips. Frank Gehry's detailed, stainless steel band shell, the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, hosts the classical Grant Park Music Festival concert series. Behind the pavilion's stage is the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies, including the Chicago Opera Theater and Music of the Baroque.
Navy Pier, located just east of Streeterville, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Its 150-foot (46 m) tall Ferris wheel is one of the most visited landmarks in the Midwest, attracting about 8 million people annually.[54] Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a ferris wheel.
On June 4, 1998, the city officially opened the Museum Campus, a 10-acre (4.0 ha) lakefront park, surrounding three of the city's main museums, each of which is of national importance: the Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, the Field Museum of Natural History, and the Shedd Aquarium. The Museum Campus joins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the Chicago History Museum, the DuSable Museum of African American History, the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum, the Polish Museum of America, the Museum of Broadcast Communications and the Museum of Science and Industry.
The top activity while visitors tour Chicago for leisure is entertainment, approximately 33% of all leisure travelers. Facilities such as McCormick Place and the Chicago Theatre contribute to this percentage.[55]
Parks[link]
Main article: Parks of Chicago
When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto Urbs in Horto, a Latin phrase which translates into English as "City in a Garden". Today, the Chicago Park District consists of 552 parks with over 7,300 acres (3,000 ha) of municipal parkland. There are 33 sand Chicago beaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, 16 historic lagoons, and 10 bird and wildlife gardens.[56] Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it second only to Central Park in New York City in number of visitors.[57] With berths for more than 5,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system; even larger than systems in cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, or Miami. In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, DuSable Park on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park in a section of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.
The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest, prairie, wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's periphery, home to both the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe and the Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield.
Cuisine[link]
See also: Chicago farmers' markets, Chicago Dining, Food manufacturers of Chicago, and Culture of Chicago#Cuisine
Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties, all of which reflect the city's ethnic and working class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned deep-dish pizza, this style is said to have originated at Pizzeria Uno. The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.
The Chicago-style hot dog, typically a Vienna Beef dog, is loaded with an array of fixings that often includes neon green pickle relish, yellow mustard, pickled sport peppers, tomato wedges, dill pickle spear and topped off with celery salt – all on a S. Rosen's poppy seed bun.[58] Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style dog frown upon the use of ketchup as a garnish, but may prefer to add giardiniera.
There are several distinctly Chicago sandwiches, among them the Italian beef sandwich, which is thinly sliced beef slowly simmered au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo – an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. Another is the Maxwell Street Polish, a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa — on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.[59]
Ethnically originated creations include chicken Vesuvio, with roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. Another is the Puerto Rican-influenced jibarito, a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. There is also the tamale with chile, mother-in-law sandwich.[60] Yet another is the Greek saganaki, an appetizer of cheese served flambé at the table.[61]
The Taste of Chicago in Grant Park runs from the final week of June through Fourth of July weekend. Hundreds of local restaurants take part.
A number of well-known chefs have restaurants in Chicago, including Charlie Trotter, Rick Tramonto, Grant Achatz, and Rick Bayless. In 2003, Robb Report named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination."
The city is home to 23 Michelin-starred restaurants, with one three-star restaurant, Alinea.
Chicago features a wide selection of vegetarian cuisine, with 22 fully vegetarian restaurants and many vegetarian-friendly establishments within the city.[62][63]
Religion[link]
The wealth of Chicago's religious heritage is displayed in its sacred architecture (especially Roman Catholic) and institutions. Christianity is predominant among the city's population. The city also includes adherents of Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism, and the Bahá'í, among others.
The city played host to the first two Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893 and 1993. Chicago contains many theological institutions, which include seminaries and colleges such as the Moody Bible Institute and DePaul University. Chicago is the seat of numerous religious leaders from a host of bishops of a wide array of Christian denominations as well as other religions. In the northern suburb of Wilmette, Illinois, is the Bahá'í Temple, the only temple for the Bahá'í Faith in North America.
Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, including Mother Teresa and the Dalai Lama. Pope John Paul II visited Chicago in 1979 during his first trip ever to the United States after being elected to the Papacy in 1978.
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Chicago
Chicago was named the Best Sports City in the United States by The Sporting News in 1993, 2006, 2010.[64] The city is home to two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League (NL), who play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and the Chicago White Sox of the American League (AL), who play in U.S. Cellular Field on the South Side. Chicago is the only city that has had more than one MLB franchise every year since the AL began in 1901. The Chicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of the National Football League (NFL), have won nine NFL Championships, including Super Bowl XX. The other remaining charter franchise, the Chicago Cardinals, also started out in the city, but are now known as the Arizona Cardinals. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field just off the shore of Lake Michigan. Once a home to stock car racing, Soldier field was an aging stadium and was in dire need of renovation by the end of the 20th century. In 2003, Soldier Field re-opened after an extensive renovation, which increased the number of luxury boxes in the stadium and dramatically improved the day of game experience for Bears fans.
The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) are one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world. During the 1990s with Michael Jordan leading them, the Bulls took six NBA championships in eight seasons. The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL), who began play in 1926, and are one of the "Original Six", teams of the National Hockey League (NHL), have won four Stanley Cups. The Blackhawks are the 2010 Stanley Cup champions, and hosted the 2009 NHL Winter Classic at Wrigley Field. Both the Bulls and Blackhawks play at the United Center on the Near West Side. The Chicago Rush has been a member of the Arena Football League since 2001 and won ArenaBowl XX, playing in suburban Rosemont. The Arena Football League front office is also in Chicago. The Chicago Fire are members of Major League Soccer and reside at Toyota Park in suburban Bridgeview, after playing its first eight seasons at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and four U.S. Open Cups since their founding in 1997.
While four of the five major franchises have won championships within recent time – the Bears (1985), the Bulls (91, '92, '93, '96, '97, and '98), the White Sox (2005), and the Blackhawks (2010) — the Chicago Cubs are known for their drought of over 100 years without a championship (currently 103 years as of the 2011 MLB season). The last time the Cubs were in a World Series was 1945. Some fans claim the Curse of the Billy Goat is responsible for the drought.
The Chicago Marathon has been held each year since 1977 except for in 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of five World Marathon Majors.[65] In 1994, the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field on Chicago's downtown lakefront.
After a months' long process that saw the elimination of several American and international cities, Chicago was selected on April 14, 2007, to represent the United States internationally in the bidding for the 2016 Summer Olympics.[66][67] Chicago had previously hosted the 1959 Pan American Games and the 2006 Gay Games. Chicago was selected to host the 1904 Olympics, but they were transferred to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair.[68] On June 4, 2008, the International Olympic Committee narrowed the field further and selected Chicago as one of four candidate cities for the 2016 games. On October 2, 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected as the host city, with Chicago being eliminated in the first round of voting.
Starting just off Navy Pier is Chicago Yacht Club's Race to Mackinac, a 330-mile (530 km) offshore sailboat race held each July that is the longest annual freshwater sailing distance race in the world. 2010 marks the 102nd running of the "Mac".[69]
Five area colleges play in Division I conferences: DePaul University (Big East Conference), Northwestern University (Big Ten Conference), Chicago State University (Great West Conference), Loyola University Chicago (Horizon League), and the University of Illinois at Chicago (Horizon League).
Media[link]
Further information: Media in Chicago, Chicago literature, List of fiction set in Chicago, and Chicago International Film Festival
The Chicago metropolitan area is the third-largest media market in North America, after New York City and Los Angeles.[70] Each of the big four U.S. television networks, CBS, ABC, NBC and Fox, directly owns and operates a high-definition television station in Chicago (WBBM, WLS, WMAQ and WFLD, respectively). WGN-TV, which is owned by the Tribune Company, is carried with some programming differences, as "WGN America" on cable and satellite TV nationwide and in parts of the Caribbean. The city is also the home of several talk shows, including former The Oprah Winfrey Show on WLS-TV, while Chicago Public Radio produces programs such as PRI's This American Life and NPR's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! Chicago's PBS station can be seen on WTTW, producer of shows, such as Sneak Previews, The Frugal Gourmet, Lamb Chop's Play-Along and The McLaughlin Group, just to name a few and WYCC.
There are two major daily newspapers published in Chicago: the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times, with the former having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such as Chicago, the Dziennik Związkowy (Polish Daily News), Draugas (the Lithuanian daily newspaper), the Chicago Reader, the SouthtownStar, the Chicago Defender, the Daily Herald, Newcity,[71][72] StreetWise and the Windy City Times. The entertainment and cultural magazine Time Out Chicago is also published in the city.
Chicago is a filming-friendly location. Since the 1980s, many motion pictures have been filmed in the city, most notably The Blues Brothers; Ferris Bueller's Day Off; Home Alone; The Fugitive; I, Robot; Wanted; Batman Begins; The Dark Knight; and Transformers: Dark of the Moon.
Chicago has also been the setting for many popular television shows. Chicago-based TV shows include the situation comedies Perfect Strangers, its spinoff Family Matters, and The Bob Newhart Show. The city served as the venue for the medical dramas ER and Chicago Hope, as well as the fantasy drama series Early Edition and 2005–2009 drama Prison Break, The Good Wife is also set in Chicago. It is also the setting for Glee's 2012 Nationals Show Choir Competition. Discovery Channel films two shows in Chicago: Cook County Jail and the Chicago version of Cash Cab. Chicago is currently the setting of ABC sitcom Happy Endings.
Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including Beyond the Beltway with Bruce DuMont on Sunday evenings.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Chicago
Chicago has the third largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—approximately US$532 billion according to 2010 estimates,[73][74] after only to the urban agglomerations of New York City and Los Angeles, in the first and second place, respectively. The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification.[75] Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index.[76] Additionally, the Chicago metropolitan area recorded the greatest number of new or expanded corporate facilities in the United States for six out of the seven years from 2001 to 2008.[77] The Chicago metropolitan area has the third largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.[78] In 2009, Chicago placed 9th on the UBS list of the world's richest cities.[79] Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists John Crerar, John Whitfield Bunn, Richard Teller Crane, Marshall Field, John Farwell, Morris Selz, Julius Rosenwald and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.
Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second largest central business district in the US.[80] The city is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). The city is also home to major financial and futures exchanges, including the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the "Merc"), which is owned, along with the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) by Chicago's CME Group. The CME Group, in addition, owns the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX) and the Dow Jones Indexes.[81] Perhaps due to the influence of the Chicago school of economics, the city also has markets trading unusual contracts such as emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange) and equity style indices (on the U.S. Futures Exchange). Chase Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's Chase Tower.[82]
The city and its surrounding metropolitan area are home to the second largest labor pool in the United States with approximately 4.25 million workers.[83] In addition, the state of Illinois is home to 66 Fortune 1000 companies, including those in Chicago.[84] The city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims one Dow 30 company: aerospace giant Boeing, which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001.[85][86] Two more Dow 30 companies, Kraft Foods and McDonalds. are in Chicago suburbs, as are Sears Holdings Corporation and the technology spin-offs of Motorola. Chicago is also home to United Continental Holdings, with headquarters in the United Building and operations center at Willis Tower, and its United Airlines subsidiary.
Manufacturing, printing, publishing and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, including Baxter International, Boeing, Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare Financial Services division of General Electric. Moreover, the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which helped move goods from the Great Lakes south on the Mississippi River, and of the railroads in the 19th century made the city a major transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s, Chicago became a major grain port, and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry expanded. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as Armour and Company, created global enterprises. Though the meatpacking industry currently plays a lesser role in the city's economy, Chicago continues to be a major transportation and distribution center. Lured by a combination of large business customers, federal research dollars, and a large hiring pool fed by the area's universities, Chicago is also home to a growing number of web startup companies like CareerBuilder, Orbitz, 37signals, Groupon, and Feedburner.[87]
Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, as home to Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs,[88] while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the Brass Era car builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.[89] Chicago was also home to the Schwinn Bicycle Company.
Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third largest in the world.[90] Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando) in number of conventions hosted annually.[91]
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1840 | 4,470 |
|
|
| 1850 | 29,963 | 570.3% | |
| 1860 | 112,172 | 274.4% | |
| 1870 | 298,977 | 166.5% | |
| 1880 | 503,185 | 68.3% | |
| 1890 | 1,099,850 | 118.6% | |
| 1900 | 1,698,575 | 54.4% | |
| 1910 | 2,185,283 | 28.7% | |
| 1920 | 2,701,705 | 23.6% | |
| 1930 | 3,376,438 | 25.0% | |
| 1940 | 3,396,808 | 0.6% | |
| 1950 | 3,620,962 | 6.6% | |
| 1960 | 3,550,404 | −1.9% | |
| 1970 | 3,366,957 | −5.2% | |
| 1980 | 3,005,072 | −10.7% | |
| 1990 | 2,783,726 | −7.4% | |
| 2000 | 2,896,016 | 4.0% | |
| 2010 | 2,695,598 | −6.9% | |
Main article: Demographics of Chicago
During its first 100 years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, less than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4000. Within the span of forty years, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 in 1850 to over 1 million by 1890. By the close of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth largest city in the world,[92] and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,[93] and reached its highest ever-recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census.
From the last two decades of the 19th Century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including (but by no means limited to) Italians, Jews, Poles, and Czechs.[94] To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrial working class, was added an additional influx of African-Americans from the American South — with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.[94]
Owing to racial discrimination in housing, the great majority of American blacks moving to Chicago in these years were clustered in a so-called "Black Belt" on the city's South Side.[94] By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's African-American population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition.[94] Chicago's South Side emerged as America's second largest urban black concentration, following New York's Harlem.[94]
As of the 2010 census,[95] there were 2,695,598 people with 1,045,560 households residing within Chicago. More than half the population of the state of Illinois lives in the Chicago metropolitan area. Chicago is also one of the nation's most densely populated major cities. The racial composition of the city was:
- 45.0% White (31.7% non-Hispanic whites);
- 32.9% Black or African American;
- 13.4% from some other race;
- 5.5% Asian (1.6% Chinese, 1.1% Indian, 1.1% Filipino, 0.4% Korean, 0.3% Pakistani, 0.3% Vietnamese, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Thai);
- 2.7% from two or more races;
- 0.5% American Indian.
Chicago has a Hispanic or Latino population of 28.9%. (Its members may belong to any race; 21.4% Mexican, 3.8% Puerto Rican, 0.7% Guatemalan, 0.6% Ecuadorian, 0.3% Cuban, 0.3% Colombian, 0.2% Honduran, 0.2% Salvadoran, 0.2% Peruvian)[96] The Guatemalan, Colombian and Peruvian communities have skyrocketed in the 2000s, and some estimates give higher percentages.
Based on Census data from 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $38,625, and the median income for a family was $42,724. Males had a median income of $35,907 versus $30,536 for females. About 16.6% of families and 19.6% of the population lived below the poverty line.[97]
The city's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 59% in 1970 to 31.7% in 2010.[98] As of the 2007 US Census American Community Survey the largest European ancestries were: Irish: (201,836) German: (200,392) Polish: (179,868) Italian: (96,599) English: (60,307).[99]
According to the 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates for Total Ancestry Reported, for the city of Chicago, the majority of residents, or 64% of 2,986,974 people, reported their ancestry as "other groups".[100] Of the 36% of residents that reported their ancestries in groups that were measured by the U.S. Census Bureau, the largest groups, based on the total population, were: Irish (6.6%); German (6.5%); Polish (5.3%); Italian (3.5%); Assyrian (3.5%); English (2.0%); Sub-Saharan African (1.2%); American (1.1%); Filipino (1.0%); Russian (0.97%); Swedish (0.91%); French (except Basque) (0.9%); Arab (0.7%); Greek (0.6%); Dutch (0.5%); Norwegian (0.5%); Scottish (0.5%); European (0.5%); West Indian (0.5%); Lithuanian (0.4%); Ukrainian (0.38%); Czech (0.4%); Hungarian (0.3%); Scotch-Irish (0.2%); Welsh (0.2%); Danish (0.2%); French Canadian (0.2%); Slovak (0.2%); British (0.1%); Swiss (0.1%); and Portuguese (0.1%).[100] The city also has a large Assyrian population numbering between 80,000–120,000, and it is the location of the seat of the head of the Assyrian Church of the East, Mar Dinkha IV. [101]
Law and government[link]
Main articles: Law and government of Chicago and Political history of Chicago
Chicago is the county seat of Cook County. The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the Cook County Circuit Court of the State of Illinois court system, or in the Northern District of Illinois, in the federal system. In the former, the public prosecutor is the Illinois State's Attorney, in the latter, the United States Attorney.
The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. In addition to the mayor, Chicago's two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. The council enacts local ordinances and approves the city budget. Government priorities and activities are established in a budget ordinance usually adopted each November. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions.
During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization dominated by ethnic ward-heelers. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations.[102] For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been "solid blue" in presidential elections since 1992. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent the rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains close to 25% of the state's population, and as such, eight of Illinois' 19 U.S. Representatives have part of Chicago in their districts.
Former Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley's (in office 1955 – 1976) mastery of machine politics preserved the Chicago Democratic Machine long after the demise of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.[103] During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington (in office 1983 – 1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest serving mayor, Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. On May 16, 2011, Rahm Emanuel was sworn in as the 55th mayor of Chicago. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.
City planning[link]
See also: Community areas in Chicago
Chicago has four main sections: Downtown (which contains the Loop), the North Side, the South Side, and the West Side. The three sides of the city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white strips. These sections can further be informally subdivided or grouped, for example as shown on the map (right). Further sectional references are the Northwest side and the Southwest side. In the late 1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinct community areas, which can further be subdivided into over 200 neighborhoods.
The central commercial area often is portrayed, as in the map at right, to include parts of Near North Side and Near South Side, as well as the Loop. The North Side is the most densely populated residential section of the city and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront. The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains the University of Chicago and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago.
Chicago's streets were laid out in a street grid that grew from the city's original townsite plat. Streets following the Public Land Survey System section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and 16 in the other direction. The grid's regularity would provide an efficient means to develop new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Indian trails, also cross the city. Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the Plan of Chicago, but only the extension of Ogden Avenue was ever constructed.
Crime[link]
Main articles: Crime in Chicago and Organized crime in Chicago
Murders in the city peaked first in 1974, with 970 murders when the city's population was over three million people (resulting in a murder rate of around 29 per 100,000), and again in 1992 with 943 murders, resulting in a murder rate of 34 per 100,000.[104] Chicago, along with other major US cities, experienced a significant reduction in violent crime rates through the 1990s, eventually recording 448 homicides in 2004, the lowest total since 1965 (15.65 per 100,000.) Chicago's homicide tally remained steady throughout 2005, 2006, and 2007 with 449, 452, and 435 respectively.
In 2008, murders rebounded to 510, 2nd highest in the country, breaking 500 for the first time since 2003.[105][106] For 2009 the murder count was down about 10% for the year, to 458.[107]
2010 saw Chicago's murder rate at its lowest levels since 1965. Overall, 435 homicides were recorded for the year, a 5% decrease from 2009.[108]
Education[link]
Main article: Chicago Public Schools
Schools and libraries[link]
There are 675 public schools,[109] 394 private schools, 83 colleges, and 88 libraries in Chicago. Chicago Public Schools (CPS) is the governing body of the school district that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are 9 selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools. They are designed to meet the needs of Chicago’s most academically advanced students. The schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and Advanced Placement (AP) courses.[110] Northside College Preparatory High School is ranked number one in the city of Chicago. The oldest magnet school in the City of Chicago, Whitney M. Young Magnet High School, was opened in 1975, was attended by the First Lady of the United States, Michelle Obama, and ranked number two.Walter Payton College Prep High School is ranked number three. The Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.[111] The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,000 students (2005 stat.), ranks as the third largest in the US[112]
Chicago's private schools are largely Catholic and Lutheran schools. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates the city's Catholic schools, including the Jesuit preparatory schools. Some of the more prominent Catholic schools are St. Rita of Cascia High School, De La Salle Institute, Gordon Technical High School, Cristo Rey Jesuit High School, Brother Rice High School, St. Ignatius College Preparatory School, St. Scholastica Academy, Mount Carmel High School, Mother McAuley Liberal Arts High School, Marist High School, St. Patrick High School, Maria High School and Resurrection High School. In addition to Chicago's network of 32 Lutheran schools,[113] there are also several private schools run by other denominations and faiths, such as the Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Ridge. Additionally, a number of private schools are run in a completely secular educational environment, such as the Latin School of Chicago, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools in Hyde Park, the Francis W. Parker School, the Chicago City Day School in Lake View, the Feltre School in River North and the Morgan Park Academy. Chicago is also home of the private Chicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the arts, such as Media Arts, Visual Arts, Music, Dance, Musical Theatre and Theatre.
The Chicago Public Library system operates 79 public libraries including the central library, two regional libraries, and numerous branches distributed throughout the city.
Colleges and universities[link]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of colleges and universities in Chicago.
Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities that are in the city proper or in the immediate environs. These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States, as determined by U.S. News & World Report. Top universities in Chicago are: The University of Chicago; Northwestern University; Loyola University Chicago; DePaul University; Illinois Institute of Technology; and University of Illinois at Chicago.[114] Other notable schools include: Chicago State University; the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, the Illinois Institute of Art - Chicago; East–West University; National-Louis University; North Park University; Northeastern Illinois University; Columbia College Chicago; Robert Morris University; Roosevelt University; Saint Xavier University; and Rush University.
William Rainey Harper, the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of the junior college concept, establishing nearby Joliet Junior College as the first in the nation in 1901.[115] His legacy continues with the multiple community colleges in the Chicago proper, including the seven City Colleges of Chicago, Richard J. Daley College, Kennedy–King College, Malcolm X College, Olive–Harvey College, Harry S Truman College, Harold Washington College and Wilbur Wright College, in addition to the privately held MacCormac College.
Chicago proper also has a large concentration of graduate schools, seminaries and theological schools such as the Adler School of Professional Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, the Catholic Theological Union, Moody Bible Institute and the University of Chicago Divinity School.
Transportation[link]
Main articles: Transportation in Chicago and Roads and freeways in Chicago
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Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore.[116]
Freeways[link]
Main article: Roads and freeways in Chicago
Nine interstate highways run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson.
The Kennedy Expressway and the Dan Ryan Expressway are the busiest state maintained routes in the City of Chicago and its suburbs.[117]
Transit systems[link]
The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.
- The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) handles public transportation in the city of Chicago and a few adjacent suburbs outside of the Chicago city limits. The CTA operates an extensive network of buses and a rapid transit elevated and subway system known as the 'L' (for "elevated"), with lines designated by colors. These rapid transit lines also serve both Midway and O'Hare Airports. The CTA's rail lines consist of the Red, Blue, Green, Orange, Brown, Purple, Pink, and Yellow lines. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24 hour service which makes Chicago one of a handful of cities around the world (and one of two in the United States -the other being New York City) to offer rail service 24 hours a day, every day of the year, within the city's limits.
- Metra, the nation's second-most used passenger regional rail network, operates an 11-line commuter rail service in Chicago and its suburbs. The Metra Electric Line shares its trackage with Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District's South Shore Line, which provides commuter service between South Bend and Chicago.
- Pace provides bus and paratransit service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.[118]
Greyhound Lines provides inter-city bus service to and from the city, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of Megabus (North America).
Amtrak long distance services originate from Union Station. Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation. The services terminate in San Francisco, Washington D.C., New York City, Indianapolis, New Orleans, Portland, Seattle, Milwaukee, Quincy, St. Louis, Carbondale, Boston, Grand Rapids, Port Huron, Pontiac, Los Angeles, and San Antonio. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the Chicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad. Parts of this were built, but it was ultimately never completed.
Six of the seven Class I railroads meet in Chicago, with the exception being the Kansas City Southern Railway.[119] As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).[120] About one-third of the country's freight trains pass through the city, making it a major national bottleneck.[121] Announced in 2003, the Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency (CREATE) initiative is using about $1.5B in private railroad, state, local, and federal funding to improve rail infrastructure in the region to reduce freight rail congestion by about one third.[122]
Airports[link]
Main article: Transportation in Chicago#Airports
Chicago is served by O'Hare International Airport, the world's second busiest airport, on the far Northwest Side and Midway International Airport on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second busiest by total passenger traffic (due to government enforced flight caps).[123] Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. Gary/Chicago International Airport and Chicago Rockford International Airport, located in Gary, Indiana and Rockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternate Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. Both Gary and Rockford are vying to become Chicago's third major airport, although the state of Illinois in recent years has been leaning towards building an entirely new airport in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago. The City of Chicago is the world headquarters for United Airlines, the world's largest airline. It is also a hub for United Airlines and American Airlines at O'Hare. Chicago is a hub for Southwest Airlines at Midway.
Port authority[link]
Main article: Port of Chicago
The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[124]
- Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminal: at the mouth of the Calumet River, it includes 100 acres (0.40 km2) of warehouses and facilities on Lake Michigan with over 780,000 square meters (8,390,000 square feet) of storage.
- Lake Calumet terminal: located at the union of the Grand Calumet River and Little Calumet River 6 miles (9.7 km) inland from Lake Michigan. Includes three transit sheds totaling over 29,000 square meters (315,000 square feet) adjacent to over 900 linear meters (3000 linear feet) of ship and barge berthing.
- Grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along Lake Calumet.
- The Illinois International Port district also operates Foreign trade zone No. 22, which extends 60 miles (97 km) from Chicago's city limits.
Infrastructure[link]
Utilities[link]
Electricity for most of northern Illinois is provided by Commonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of Exelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any US state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city started the installation of wind turbines on government buildings with the aim to promote the use of renewable energy.[125][126][127]
Natural Gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago.
Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now landfilled, mainly in the Calumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had a blue bag program to divert certain refuse from landfills.[128] In the fall of 2007 the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling similar to that of other cities due to low participation rates in the blue bag program. After completion of the pilot the city will determine whether to roll it out to all wards.
Health systems[link]
Chicago is home to the Illinois Medical District, on the Near West Side. It includes Rush University Medical Center, the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, the largest trauma-center in the city.
Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including Northwestern Memorial Hospital and the University of Chicago Medical Center. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes the Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2010–11;[129] the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by U.S. News & World Report; the new Prentice Women's Hospital; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, which is currently under construction.
The University of Illinois College of Medicine at UIC is the largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and Urbana–Champaign).[130]
In addition, the Chicago Medical School and Loyola University Chicago's Stritch School of Medicine are located in the suburbs of North Chicago and Maywood, respectively. The Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is in Downers Grove.
The American Medical Association, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education, American Osteopathic Association, American Dental Association, Academy of General Dentistry, American Dietetic Association, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Clinical Pathology, American College of Healthcare Executives and the American Hospital Association, and Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association are all based in Chicago.
Telecommunications[link]
Using only 3% of the total available bandwidth capacity and 13% of the available fiber pairs, Chicago area data centers move data for local, area, regional and international networks.[8]
Sister cities[link]
Chicago has 28 Sister Cities around the world.[131] Like Chicago, many of them are or were the second most populous city or second most influential city of their country, or they are the main city of a country that has had large amounts of immigrants settle in Chicago. Paris is a Partner City, due to the one sister city policy of their respective French commune.[132]
To celebrate the sister cities, Chicago hosts a yearly festival in Daley Plaza, which features cultural acts and food tastings from the other cities.[131] In addition, the Chicago Sister Cities program hosts a number of delegation and formal exchanges.[131] In some cases, these exchanges have led to further informal collaborations, such as the academic relationship between the Buehler Center on Aging, Health & Society at the Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University and the Institute of Gerontology of Ukraine (originally of the Soviet Union), that was originally established as part of the Chicago-Kiev sister cities program.[133]
Partner City
Paris (France) 1996
Sister Cities
Warsaw (Poland) 1960
Milan (Italy) 1973
Osaka (Japan) 1973
Casablanca (Morocco) 1982
Shanghai (China) 1985- Shenyang (China) 1985
Gothenburg (Sweden) 1987
Accra (Ghana) 1989
Prague (Czech Republic) 1990
Kiev (Ukraine) 1991
Mexico City (Mexico) 1991
Toronto (Canada) 1991
Birmingham (United Kingdom) 1993
Vilnius (Lithuania) 1993
Hamburg (Germany) 1994
Petah Tikva (Israel) 1994
Athens (Greece) 1997
Durban (South Africa) 1997
Galway (Ireland) 1997
Manama (Bahrain) 2004
Moscow (Russia) 1997
Lucerne (Switzerland) 1998
Delhi (India) 2001
Amman (Jordan) 2004
São Paulo (Brazil) 2004
Belgrade (Serbia) 2005
Lahore (Pakistan) 2007
Busan (South Korea) 2007- Tianjin (China) 2008
Bogotá (Colombia) 2009
See also[link]
- List of cities with most skyscrapers
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Central Chicago
- National Register of Historic Places listings in North Side Chicago
- National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago
- National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side Chicago
Notes[link]
- ^ A. J. Liebling, a New York City writer, coined the term "Second City", labeling Chicago a provincial backwater.
- ^ Carl Sandburg referred to Chicago as the "City of Big Shoulders" in one of his poems, referencing both the blue-collar power house of Chicago's early economy as well as its numerous skyscrapers (whose steel frame designs were largely pioneered in Chicago).[11]
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- ^ Factfinder2census.gov
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- ^ Schneirov 1998, pp 173–174
- ^ Montejano 1998, pp 33–34
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- ^ "Murder rate jumps in 2008". ABC News. http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=6580432. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
- ^ "Chicago's Murder Rate Double American Soldiers Killed in Iraq". Tres Sugar. September 5, 2008. http://www.tressugar.com/1919267.
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- ^ Gorner, Jeremy (January 3, 2011). "Chicago homicides in 2010 fell to lowest level since 1965". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-01-03/news/ct-met-chicago-crime-statistics-20110103_1_superintendent-jody-weis-chicago-homicides-violent-crimes. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
- ^ "Chicago Public Schools – Stats and Facts". Chicago Public Schools. http://www.cps.edu/About_CPS/At-a-glance/Pages/Stats_and_facts.aspx. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- ^ "Chicago Public Schools : Selective enrollment". Chicago Public Schools. http://www.cps.edu/Schools/High_schools/Pages/Selectiveenrollment.aspx. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ "Top 100 Chicago-area high schools". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/news/education/2846182,chicago-area-high-school-rank.article. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
- ^ CPS At A Glance (2005) Chicago Public Schools at www.cps.k12.il.us/AtAGlance.html.
- ^ Pogorzelski 2008, p 58
- ^ "Carnegie Classifications | Institution Profile". Classifications.carnegiefoundation.org. http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org/lookup_listings/view_institution.php?unit_id=145600&start_page=institution.php&clq=%7B%22ipug2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ipgrad2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22enrprofile2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ugprfile2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22sizeset2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22basic2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22eng2005_ids%22%3A%22%22%2C%22search_string%22%3A%22university+of+illinois+chicago%22%2C%22first_letter%22%3A%22%22%2C%22level%22%3A%22%22%2C%22control%22%3A%22%22%2C%22accred%22%3A%22%22%2C%22state%22%3A%22%22%2C%22region%22%3A%22%22%2C%22urbanicity%22%3A%22%22%2C%22womens%22%3A%22%22%2C%22hbcu%22%3A%22%22%2C%22hsi%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tribal%22%3A%22%22%2C%22msi%22%3A%22%22%2C%22landgrant%22%3A%22%22%2C%22coplac%22%3A%22%22%2C%22urban%22%3A%22%22%7D. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ "History". Joliet Junior College. 2009. http://www.jjc.edu/about/pages/default.aspx. Retrieved July 19, 2009.
- ^ Madigan 2004, p.52.
- ^ "Illinois Department of Transportation". Dot.il.gov. http://www.dot.il.gov/trafficmaps/table.htm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "New Yorkers are top transit users", by Les Christie,CNNmoney.com, 2007-6-29. Retrieved 2009-9-21.
- ^ Appendix C: Regional Freight Transportation Profiles. Assessing the Effects of Freight Movement on Air Quality at the National and Regional Level. U.S. Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration (April 2005).
- ^ Winsor, Jeromie (July 14, 2003). "Metropolitan Planning Council". Metroplanning.org. http://www.metroplanning.org/articleDetail.asp?objectID=1707. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
- ^ "The heartland fast-freight rail system". Entrepreneur.com. http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/171140041.html. Retrieved May 4, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Preliminary Traffic Results for 2005 Show Firm Rebound (March 14, 2006)PDF (520 KB). Airports Council International.
- ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (November 2007). "Calumet Harbor, IL and IN." Retrieved on November 11, 2008.
- ^ "IIT.edu". IIT.edu. June 20, 2003. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080605021018/http://www.iit.edu/~ipro307f/faq.html. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
- ^ "KentLaw.edu". KentLaw.edu. http://www.kentlaw.edu/news/advisory/adv030707.html. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
- ^ By Martin LaMonica Staff Writer, CNET News. "'Micro' wind turbines are coming to town | CNET News.com". News.com.com. http://news.com.com/Micro+wind+turbines+are+coming+to+town/2100-11398_3-6037539.html. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
- ^ "Waste Disposal". Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1322.html. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Best Hospitals in Chicago, IL – US News Best Hospitals". Health.usnews.com. 2011-03-29. http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/chicago-il. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ About The University of Illinois College of Medicine (2007). UIC College of Medicine at www.medicine.uic.edu/about.
- ^ a b c "Chicago Sister Cities". Chicago Sister Cities International. 2009. http://www.chicagosistercities.com/. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
- ^ "Le jumelage avec Rome" (in French). Municipalité de Paris. http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
- ^ Berdes, PhD, Celia; Levin, Andrew. "Director Emeritus James Webster Looks Backward, Forward". Annual Report 2008. Buehler Center on Aging, Health & Society. pp. 5–7. http://www.northwestern.edu/aging/pdf/Annual2008.pdf. Retrieved July 1, 2009. [dead link]
Bibliography[link]
- Clymer, Floyd (1950). Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925. New York: Bonanza Books. OCLC 1966986.
- Cronon, William (1992) [1991]. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-30873-1. OCLC 26609682.
- Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31015-9. OCLC 54454572.
- Madigan, Charles, ed. (2004). Global Chicago. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02941-0. OCLC 54400307.
- Miller, Donald L. (1996). City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80194-9. OCLC 493430274.
- Montejano, David, ed. (1999). Chicano Politics and Society in the Late Twentieth Century. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-75215-6. OCLC 38879251.
- Norcliffe, Glen (2001). The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869–1900. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-4398-4. OCLC 46625313.
- Pacyga, Dominic A. (2009). Chicago: A Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-64431-6. OCLC 298670853.
- Pogorzelski, Daniel; Maloof, John (2008). Portage Park (IL) (Images of America). Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-5229-1. OCLC 212843071.
- Robert J. Sampson (2012). Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226734569.
- Sawyer, R. Keith (2002). Improvised dialogue: emergence and creativity in conversation. Westport, Conn.: Ablex Pub.. ISBN 1-56750-677-1. OCLC 59373382.
- Schneirov, Richard (1998). Labor and urban politics: class conflict and the origins of modern liberalism in Chicago, 1864–97. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06676-6. OCLC 37246254.
- Smith, Carl S. (2006). The Plan of Chicago: Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City. Chicago visions + revisions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76471-0. OCLC 261199152.
- Spears, Timothy B. (2005). Chicago dreaming: Midwesterners and the city, 1871–1919. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76874-0. OCLC 56086689.
- Swanson, Stevenson (1997). Chicago Days: 150 Defining Moments in the Life of a Great City. Chicago Tribune (Firm). Chicago: Cantigny First Division Foundation. ISBN 1-890093-03-3. OCLC 36066057.
External links[link]
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http://wn.com/Chicago
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other persons named Johnny Morris, see Johnny Morris (disambiguation).
| Johnny Morris | |
|---|---|
| Born | Ernest John Morris (1916-06-20)20 June 1916 Newport, Wales |
| Died | 6 May 1999(1999-05-06) (aged 82) Wiltshire, England |
| Occupation | Television presenter |
| Employer | BBC |
| Known for | Tales of the Riverbank (1960) Animal Magic (1962–1983) |
Ernest John "Johnny" Morris OBE (20 June 1916 – 6 May 1999) [1]) was a Welsh television presenter. He is known for his children's programmes for the BBC on the topic of zoology, most notably Animal Magic and for narrating the imported, Canadian-produced Tales of the Riverbank series of stories about Hammy the Hamster, Roderick the Rat, GP the Guinea Pig, and their assorted animal friends along a riverbank and .
Contents |
Early life[link]
Morris was born in Newport, Monmouthshire, Wales, the son of a postmaster. He learned to play the violin as a child and toured the valleys of South Wales, performing with his cello-playing father. Morris attended Hatherleigh School, Newport and worked as a solicitor's clerk, a timekeeper on a building site, a salesman and managing a 2,000-acre (8.1 km2) farm in Wiltshire for thirteen years,.[2]
Radio and television career[link]
Morris was discovered telling stories in a pub by the then BBC Home Service West Regional producer Desmond Hawkins. Morris made his radio debut in 1946, and featured in a number of Regional series throughout the 1950s often employed on light and entertainment programmes as a storyteller, such as in Pass the Salt, or as a commentator on local events.
A natural mimic and impersonator, Morris first appeared on television as The Hot Chestnut Man, a short slot in which he was shown sitting roasting the chestnuts, he would tell a humorous yarn in a West Country accent, often ending with a moral.
In 1960 he narrated the imported, Canadian-produced Tales of the Riverbank series of stories about Hammy the Hamster, Roderick the Rat, GP the Guinea Pig, and their assorted animal friends along a riverbank. The show used slowed-down footage of real animals filmed doing humanised things such as driving a car or boat, and living in houses. In the 1960s Morris also narrated books 1 - 11 of The Railway Stories, recordings of the Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry. The recordings of the first eight books were rereleased in LP format in the '70s but the other three sets of recordings were never reissued and in the end rerecorded by Willie Rushton.
Morris's ability to create a world which children could relate to through his mimicry led to his best-known role, that of the presenter, narrator and 'zoo keeper' for Animal Magic. For more than 400 editions, from 1962 until 1983, and with inserts shot at Bristol Zoo Gardens, Morris would carry out a comic dialogue with the animals, whom he also voiced. His regular companion on the show was Dotty the Ring-tailed Lemur. When the idea of imposing human qualities and voices upon animals fell out of favour the series was discontinued.
Morris carried over his comedic commentary technique into other programmes, such as Follow the Rhine, a BBC2 travelogue which included a witty Morris commentary featuring his companion Tubby Foster – actually his producer Brian Patten. Follow the Rhine was based on Morris' earlier BBC Radio 4 series Johnny's Jaunts. These series chronicled not only the Rhine journey but other worldwide journeys and were broadcast between 1957 and 1976. Included in this series were tales based upon his visits to such places as Austria (a skiing misadventure!), Spain, Hong Kong, Japan, USA, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, South America, South Sea Islands, France; and even a cruise on the River Thames.
Morris was also Vice President of the Bluebell Railway in Sussex from its early days in the 1960s until the late 1980s, attending several anniversaries and landmark events over the first few decades of the railway's existence. He also made two promotional LP's for the Railway in the 1970s.
In the 1970s, Morris read children's bedtime stories for the Post Office to be heard via the telephone. Children could dial 150 and hear a different story over the telephone each week. He was also a presenter on BBC School Radio's Singing Together and wrote and read stories on BBC School Radio's A Service for Schools which was later renamed Together.
In a nod to his role with Animal Magic, Morris also added his voice to the award-winning Creature Comforts series of electricity advertisements, created by Aardman Animations. These advertisements featured animated claymation animals speaking about their life and conditions in a way comparable to the dialogues that Morris has created in the earlier television show.
Although latterly criticised in the 1990s for his anthropomorphic technique of introducing television viewers to animals, Morris was active in environmentalism, and in his eighties demonstrated against the building of the Newbury Bypass near his home.[2] In June 2004, Morris and Bill Oddie were jointly profiled in the first of a three part BBC Two series, The Way We Went Wild, about television wildlife presenters.
Moris was awarded the OBE in 1984. His autobiography, There's Lovely, was first published in 1989.
Death[link]
A diabetic, Morris collapsed at his home in Hungerford, Berkshire in March 1999 when he was about to star in new animal series Wild Thing on ITV.[3] Admitted to the Princess Margaret Hospital, Swindon for tests, he was discharged to a nursing home in the Devizes and Marlborough district, where he died on 6 May 1999.[4] His wife, Eileen,[5] had died ten years previously, but he had two stepsons.[6] He bequeathed his house to his co-host on Animal Magic, Terry Nutkins, and cut his family out of his will. Morris also left a large sum of cash to his housekeeper, Rita Offer, and smaller sums to his gardener and his builder. He left nothing to his stepsons, his grandchildren and great-grandchildren.[7]
Bibliography[link]
Morris was also a writer. His books include:
- Just Like you and Me - ISBN 0-900873-66-3
References[link]
- ^ GRO Register of Deaths: MAY 1999 1d 263 DEV & MARL - Ernest John Morris, DoB = 20 Jun 1916, aged 82
- ^ a b Naturalist who brought Animal Magic to millions BBC News - 6 May 1999
- ^ Illness stops Morris comeback BBC News – March 31, 1999
- ^ Friends mourn 'magic' Johnny Morris BBC News – May 7, 1999
- ^ BBC web-site
- ^ The Independent – 8 May 1999
- ^ "Johnny Morris cut family from will" – The Independent, 17 November 1999
External links[link]
- Johnny Morris at the Internet Movie Database
- Johnny Morris at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
- BBC Obituary - Johnny Morris
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Morris, Johnny |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 20 June 1916 |
| Place of birth | Newport, Wales |
| Date of death | 6 May 1999 |
| Place of death | Wiltshire, England |
http://wn.com/Johnny_Morris
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Morris
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Joe Montana, see Joe Montana (disambiguation).
 Montana in February 2006 |
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Joseph Clifford "Joe" Montana, Jr. (born June 11, 1956), nicknamed Joe Cool, Golden Joe, The Golden Great and Comeback Joe,[1] is a retired professional football player, a hall of fame quarterback with the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs.[2] Montana started his NFL career in 1979 with San Francisco, where he played for the next 14 seasons.[3] Traded before the 1993 season, he spent his final two years in the league with Kansas City. While a member of the 49ers, Montana started in four Super Bowl games and won all of them. Montana was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2000, his first year of eligibility.[4]
In 1989, and again in 1990, the Associated Press named Montana the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP), and Sports Illustrated magazine named Montana the 1990 "Sportsman of the Year".[5] Four years earlier, in 1986, Montana won the AP NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award.[6] Montana was elected to eight Pro Bowls, as well as being voted 1st team All-Pro by the AP in 1987, 1989, and 1990. Montana had the highest passer rating in the National Football Conference (NFC) five times (1981, 1984, 1985, 1987, and 1989); and, in both 1987 and 1989, Montana had the highest passer rating in the entire NFL.[7]
Noted for his ability to remain calm under pressure, Montana helped his teams to 31 fourth quarter come-from-behind wins.[3] In the closing moments of the 1981 NFC Championship Game and Super Bowl XXIII, Montana threw game-winning touchdown passes. The touchdown at the end of the championship game was so memorable that sports journalists, fans, and many others, refer to the play simply as "The Catch". The touchdown in the closing moments of Super Bowl XXIII came at the end of a 92-yard drive.
The 49ers retired the number 16, the jersey number Montana wore while with the team. In 1993, Montana was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs and led the franchise to its first AFC Championship Game in January 1994. In 1994, Montana earned a spot on the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team; he is also a member of the NFL 1980s All-Decade Team. In 1999, editors at The Sporting News ranked Montana third on their list of Football's 100 Greatest Players. Also in 1999, ESPN named Montana the 25th greatest athlete of the 20th century. In 2006, Sports Illustrated rated him the number one clutch quarterback of all-time.[8]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Montana was born to Joseph Clifford Montana, Sr. (born 1932) and Theresa Marie Bavuso Montana (1935–2004) in New Eagle, Pennsylvania, a borough of Washington County located in the western portion of the state. He grew up in the neighbor city of Monongahela, a coal mining town 25 miles (40 km) south of Pittsburgh.[9] His maternal grandparents, Vincenzo "James" Bavuso and Josephine Savarino Bavuso, were both Italian immigrants. His maternal grandmother, Josephine Savarino Bavuso (1909–1993), emigrated from Sicily to the United States with her parents, Domenico Savarino (1885–1960) and Vincenza Diecidue Savarino (1885–1930), in 1921. Upon their arrival in the United States, the Savarino Family first settled in eastern Ohio in the small coal mining community of Harpersville, Smithfield Township, Jefferson County. A few years later, the family relocated to the Elm Grove area of Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. Vincenzo "James" Bavuso and Josephine Savarino married in 1928 in Wheeling and later relocated to California, Washington County in Western Pennsylvania where their children — Samuel, Dominick, Theresa (Montana's mother), Virginia and Patricia Bavuso — were born and raised.
Joe Montana expressed an early interest in sports, and it was Montana Sr. who first taught him the game of football. Montana started to play youth football when he was just eight years old, aided in part by his father. Montana Sr. listed his son as a nine-year-old so that Montana could meet the league's minimum age requirement.[10]
During his formative years, Montana took an interest in baseball and basketball, in addition to football. In fact, basketball was Montana's favorite sport as a child.[11] Montana Sr. started a local basketball team that his son played on. The team practiced and played at the local armory and played their games in various regional tournaments.
Montana received his primary education at Waverly Elementary and his secondary education at Finleyville Junior High (known as Finleyville Middle School) and Ringgold High School.[11] While at Ringgold, Montana played football, baseball, and basketball.[9] Montana showed potential as a basketball player and helped Ringgold win the 1973 WPIAL Class AAA boys' basketball championship while being named an all-state player.[12] He was so good that during his senior year, North Carolina State offered Montana a basketball scholarship.[3] Although Montana turned down the scholarship, he seriously considered NCSU because of a promise that he could play both basketball and football for the university.
Montana spent his first two years on the high school football team as a backup. As a junior, Montana earned the job as the Ringgold Rams' starting quarterback.[9] Montana held the role for the final two years of his high school career; after his senior year, Parade named him to their All-American team.[3]
One of Montana's most notable performances during his high school years was during his senior year in a game against Monessen High School. Although Monessen scored a game-tying touchdown in the final moments,[11] Montana's performance garnered attention from college recruiters, particularly those from Notre Dame.[9] In the game, Montana completed 12 passes in 22 attempts, threw for 223 yards, and scored three passing touchdowns and one rushing touchdown.[11]
Notre Dame eventually offered Montana a scholarship, and he accepted. One contributing factor in Montana's choice of colleges was that Terry Hanratty, his boyhood idol, had attended Notre Dame.[3] In 2006, thirty-two years after Montana had graduated, Ringgold renamed their football stadium "Joe Montana Stadium."[12]
College career[link]
1974[link]
When Montana arrived at Notre Dame in the fall of 1974, the football program was coached by Ara Parseghian. Under Parseghian's tenure, Notre Dame had won the NCAA national championship in 1966 and 1973. Parseghian's success as a coach helped him recruit highly talented players. Though Montana was a talented player, under Notre Dame policy in 1974 freshmen were not permitted to practice with or play on the varsity team, and consequently Montana played only in a few freshman team games.[11] Montana's first significant contributions to the Notre Dame football team came during his sophomore year.
On December 15, 1974, Parseghian resigned due to health problems.[11] The university hired Dan Devine to replace Parseghian. Despite his limited playing time the previous year, Montana performed well during the 1975 spring practice. Devine was so impressed that he later told his wife: "I'm gonna start Joe Montana in the final spring game." When she replied, "Who's Joe Montana?", Devine said: "He's the guy who's going to feed our family for the next few years."[11]
1975[link]
Devine did not feel Montana was ready to be the full-time starter in 1975;[11] however, Montana played a key role in Notre Dame's victory over North Carolina.[11] During the game, played in Chapel Hill, Montana came in with 5:11 left to play. At the time, North Carolina led by a score of 14–6. Montana spent one minute and two seconds of game time on the field. In that time, he had 129 passing yards and Notre Dame won the game 21–14.[11]
Against Air Force, Notre Dame's next opponent, Montana again entered the game in the fourth quarter. Although Air Force led 30–10, Notre Dame won the game 31-30.[11] After the win against North Carolina, Devine said that Moose Krause, the Notre Dame Athletic Director, said that the game was the "greatest comeback I've ever seen."[11] After the game against Air Force, Krause was quoted as saying: "This one's better than last week."[11] In those two games, Montana had demonstrated his ability to perform well in high pressure circumstances. That characteristic would prove valuable, and Montana relied on it throughout his football career.[11]
1976[link]
Before the start of the 1976 season, Montana separated his shoulder,[11] and was unable to compete that year and redshirted, earning him one more year of eligibility than other members of his scholarship class.
1977[link]
When the 1977 season began, Montana was the third quarterback listed on the team's depth chart, behind Rusty Lisch and Gary Forystek.[3] Notre Dame won their season opener and then lost to Mississippi by a score of 20–13. Montana did not appear in either of those games.[13] In their third game of the season, Notre Dame played Purdue. Lisch started and was then replaced by Forystek. In one play, Forystek suffered a broken vertebra, a broken clavicle, and a severe concussion; it was the last play of Forystek's sports career.[11] Devine inserted Lisch back into the game before Montana finally had the opportunity to play. Montana entered with approximately 11 minutes remaining and Purdue leading 24-14; he threw for 154 yards and one touchdown, and Notre Dame won the game 31-24.[11]
After the game, Devine made Montana the first quarterback on the depth chart[3] and the team won their remaining nine games. In their final game of the season, Notre Dame defeated top-ranked Texas by a score of 38–10 in the Cotton Bowl.[14] Notre Dame's record of eleven wins and one loss earned them the NCAA national title, the only title the school won while Devine was head coach.
1978[link]
The following year, Montana helped Notre Dame to a come from behind win against the Pitt Panthers. He almost pulled off a second one against USC, Notre Dame's primary rival. Trailing 24–6 in the second half, Montana led a fourth-quarter rally to put Notre Dame ahead, 25–24 with 45 seconds remaining, only to see the Trojans win, 27–25, on a last-second field goal.
On January 1, 1979, Notre Dame returned to the Cotton Bowl, this time against Houston. Montana's performance in that game is one of the most celebrated of his entire football career;[11] the circumstances of the game have led to it being referred to as the "Chicken Soup Game".[15]
Montana fell ill during the game, received warmed intravenous fluids during halftime, during which he also drank chicken soup, and went back into the game in the fourth quarter. Notre Dame ran their last offensive play with four seconds remaining on the game clock. The Irish scored a touchdown and won the game 35 to 34. As a result of the game, Notre Dame went on to produce a promotional film called Seven and a Half Minutes to Destiny. Coach Devine later referred to the piece as a "Joe Montana film."[11]
Graduation and the NFL Draft[link]
Montana graduated from Notre Dame with a degree in business administration and marketing. Although the NFL Combine was not formed until 1982, NFL scouts still evaluated potential draftees through the use of combines in 1979. Candidates were rated in a number of categories on a scale of one to nine, with one being the worst mark and nine being the best mark.[11] The categories they used were contingent on the position that the athlete played.[16]
Despite his performance on the field, Montana was not rated highly by most scouts. At one combine, Montana rated out as six-and-a-half overall with a six in arm strength, used to judge how hard and how far a prospect could throw the ball. By comparison, Jack Thompson of Washington State rated an eight, the highest grade among eligible quarterbacks.[11]
In the 1979 NFL Draft, the San Francisco 49ers selected Montana at the end of the third round with the 82nd overall pick.[17] Montana was the fourth quarterback taken, behind Thompson, Phil Simms, and Steve Fuller, all selected in the first round.
Professional career[link]
San Francisco 49ers[link]
1979-1980[link]
Although Montana appeared in all 16 regular season games during the 1979 season, he only threw 23 passes. He spent most of the season as the backup on the San Francisco depth chart behind starter Steve DeBerg.
Montana became the starting quarterback midway through the 1980 season.[18]
On December 7, 1980, San Francisco hosted the winless New Orleans Saints. The Saints took a 35–7 lead at halftime. At the start of the fourth quarter, New Orleans still led by a score of 35–21, but San Francisco tied the game by the end of regulation play. In overtime, Ray Wersching kicked a field goal to win the game for San Francisco, 38–35. This marked the first fourth quarter comeback victory in Montana's NFL career. During his 16 seasons in the NFL, this happened a total of 31 times with Montana at quarterback; 26 of those coming as a 49er.[19]
Though San Francisco finished 1980 with a record of 6-10, Montana passed for 1,795 yards and 15 touchdown passes against nine interceptions. He also completed 64.5 percent of his passes, which led the league.
1981–1983[link]
Montana began the 1981 season as San Francisco's starting quarterback. The season ended up as one of the franchise's most successful seasons to that point. Backed in part by Montana's strong performance at quarterback, the team finished the regular season with a 13–3 record. In fact, Montana helped San Francisco win two of those games with fourth-quarter comebacks. The season was a precursor to one of Montana's most memorable moments as a professional quarterback.[20]
Main article: The Catch (American football)
On January 10, 1982, San Francisco faced the Dallas Cowboys at Candlestick Park in the National Football Conference Championship Game. The final quarter was marked by one of the most notable plays in NFL history. Larry Schwartz of ESPN.com later defined the 1981 NFC Championship as Montana's signature game.[10]
When San Francisco took possession with 4:54 left in regulation play, Dallas led 27–21; the drive began on San Francisco's 11-yard line. Behind six successful Montana completions and four running plays, San Francisco moved the ball to the Dallas 13-yard line. After one unsuccessful pass and then a seven-yard gain, San Francisco faced third down from the Dallas 6-yard line. Montana took the snap and ran to his right. He then made an off-balance pass toward the back of the end zone, and San Francisco wide receiver Dwight Clark made a leaping catch for the game-tying touchdown. With just 51 seconds left on the game clock, Wersching kicked the extra point and San Francisco won the game 28–27. The catch by Clark was coined simply The Catch, and it put San Francisco into Super Bowl XVI.
San Francisco faced the Cincinnati Bengals in Super Bowl XVI. Montana completed 14 of 22 passes for 157 yards with one touchdown passing and one rushing touchdown. San Francisco won the game 26–21, and in recognition of his performance, Montana won the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award, which he accomplished two more times before he retired. The Super Bowl win also made Montana one of only two quarterbacks (along with Joe Namath) to win a college national championship and a Super Bowl.
Montana had a prolific season in 1982. However, the regular season was shortened to nine games when members of the Player's Association went on strike. Although San Francisco failed to make the playoffs, Montana threw for 2,613 yards and 17 touchdowns during the year. He also set what was then an NFL record with five consecutive 300 yard passing games.
The next year, Montana threw for 3,910 yards and 26 touchdowns in 16 regular season games. The team ended the regular season with a 10-6 record and finished first in the NFC West. In the divisional playoff game, they faced the Detroit Lions. Yet again, Montana demonstrated his ability to perform well in high-pressure situations. Despite being out-played in terms of total yardage, the 49ers trailed by just six points as the game neared its conclusion. However, with 1:23 remaining in regulation, the 49ers offense had the ball at the Lions 14-yard line. Montana completed a touchdown pass to wide receiver Freddie Solomon, and San Francisco took the lead on the ensuing extra-point.[21]
The victory placed the 49ers in the NFC Championship game against the Washington Redskins. As he had done before, Montana asserted himself late in the game. The Redskins led 21–0 at the start of the fourth quarter, but Montana helped lead the 49ers back. Aided by three fourth-quarter Montana touchdown passes, the 49ers tied the game at 21. However, Redskins placekicker Mark Moseley kicked a 25-yard field goal in the waning moments of the game. Despite Montana's efforts, the team lost 24-21.
1984[link]
Though the Miami Dolphins finished the 1972 NFL season with no losses, the regular season at the time comprised only 14 games. Thus, when the 49ers finished the 1984 NFL season with a 15–1 record, they became the first team to win 15 games in a single season.[22]
Montana again had an excellent season and earned his second consecutive trip to the Pro Bowl. In their first two playoff games, the 49ers defeated the New York Giants and the Chicago Bears by a combined score of 44-10. In Super Bowl XIX, the 49ers faced the Dolphins, whose quarterback was Dan Marino.
In the game, Montana threw for three touchdowns and completed 24 of 35 passes. He established the Super Bowl record for most yards passing in a single game (331) and supplemented his passing with 59 yards rushing. The 49ers defeated the Dolphins 38-16 and Montana earned his second Super Bowl MVP award. After the game, 49ers head coach Bill Walsh said: "Joe Montana is the greatest quarterback today, maybe the greatest quarterback of all time."[18]
1985–1987[link]
Aided in part by Montana's performance at quarterback, the 49ers advanced to the NFL Playoffs again in 1985; however, they lost in the NFC Wild card game to the New York Giants.
In 1986, Montana suffered a severe back injury during week one of the season. The injury was to a spinal disc in Montana's lower back and required immediate surgery. The injury was so severe that Montana's doctors suggested that Montana retire.[23] On September 15, 1986, the 49ers placed Montana on the injured reserve list; however, he returned to the team on November 6 of that year.[24] In his first game back from injury Montana passed for 270 yards and three touchdown passes in a 43-17 49er victory against the St. Louis Cardinals. Despite the fact that Montana appeared in just eight games, and, though he threw more interceptions than touchdown passes for the only time in his career,[24] the 49ers finished the season with a record of 10–5–1. Montana was also the co-recipient of the 1986 NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award, an award which he shared with Vikings quarterback Tommy Kramer.
In 1987, Montana had 31 touchdown passes, a career high, in just 13 games. In 1987, he also set the NFL record for most consecutive pass attempts without an incomplete pass (22),[25] passed for 3,054 yards, and had a passer rating of 102.1.[26] Though the 49ers finished with the best record in the NFL, they lost in the NFC semi-finals to the Minnesota Vikings.[27]
Prior to the 1987 season, Bill Walsh completed a trade for Steve Young, then a quarterback with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.[28] Young went on to appear in eight regular season games for the team and finished the year with a passer rating of 120.8.[29]
1988–1989[link]
Young's performance in 1987 was strong enough that by the time the 1988 season began, a controversy was in place as to who should get more playing time at quarterback. Young appeared in 11 games that year and rumors surfaced claiming that Montana might be traded.[25]
Despite the competition for playing time, Montana received most of the playing time during the 1988 season. After a home loss to the Los Angeles Raiders that left the 49ers with a 6–5 record, the 49ers were in danger of missing the playoffs. Montana regained the starting position and led the 49ers to a 10-6 record and the NFC Western Division title.[30]
The 49ers earned a trip to Super Bowl XXIII when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings and the Chicago Bears in the playoffs. In the NFC Divisional Playoffs, the 49ers faced Minnesota, who had eliminated them the year before. Montana threw three first-half touchdowns as the 49ers won 34-9. The victory over the Bears in the NFC Championship game is of particular note. Played at Soldier Field in Chicago, with temperatures in the single digits and a strong wind, Montana threw for 288 yards and 3 touchdowns. His first touchdown pass came on a play in which Montana threw a perfect sideline pass to Jerry Rice on a 3rd down play late in the first quarter, and Rice outran two Bears defenders for a 61-yard score. The 49ers won 28-3 to advance to Super Bowl XXIII.[30]
In January 1989, the 49ers again faced the Bengals in the Super Bowl. Of his third trip to the Super Bowl, Montana told the San Jose Mercury News: "This trip to the Super Bowl is more gratifying than the others because the road has been harder." Then, in Super Bowl XXIII, Montana had one of the best performances of his career. He completed 23 of 36 passes for a Super Bowl record 357 yards and two touchdowns. Despite his great performance, the 49ers found themselves trailing the Cincinnati Bengals 16-13 with only 3:20 left in the game and the ball on their own 8-yard line. But Montana calmly drove them down the field, completing 8 of 9 passes for 97 yards and throwing the game-winning touchdown pass to John Taylor with only 34 seconds left.[31]
1989 proved to be successful for Montana and the 49ers. The team finished the regular season with an NFL-best 14–2 record,[32] and their two losses were by a total of only five points. Montana threw for 3,521 yards and 26 touchdowns, with only 8 interceptions, giving him what was then the highest single-season passer rating in NFL history, a mark subsequently broken by Young in 1994. He also rushed for 227 yards and three touchdowns on the ground, and earned the NFL Most Valuable Player Award. In a memorable comeback win in week 4 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Montana threw four touchdown passes in the 4th quarter. He finished with 428 yards passing and five touchdown passes in the victory. The 49ers were successful in the playoffs, easily beating the Minnesota Vikings 41–13 and the Los Angeles Rams 30-3. Montana threw for a total of 503 yards and 6 touchdowns in those 2 games, without a single interception. Then, in Super Bowl XXIV, Montana became the first player (and to date, the only player) ever to win Super Bowl MVP honors for a third time, throwing for 297 yards and a then Super Bowl record five touchdowns, while also rushing for 15 yards as the 49ers defeated the Denver Broncos 55-10, the most lopsided score in Super Bowl history.[33]
1990[link]
In 1990, Montana once again led the 49ers to the best regular season record (14–2) in the NFL.[34] He was named by Sports Illustrated as Sportsman of the Year. A highlight from the season was a rematch with the Atlanta Falcons. Intent on blitzing Montana most of the game, Atlanta's defense allowed Montana to throw for a career-best 476 yards (49ers single-game record) and six touchdown passes, five of them to Jerry Rice. He would end up throwing for 3,944 yards and 26 touchdowns, albeit while also throwing a career high 16 interceptions. (The 49ers went on to lose the NFC Championship Game that season to the New York Giants, by a score of 15-13.)
1991–1992[link]
Montana missed the entire 1991 season and most of the 1992 season with an elbow injury sustained during the 1990 NFC Championship Game (he did appear in a Monday Night Football game vs. Detroit Lions at the end of the '92 season, and was very effective). However, by this point, Young had replaced him as the starting quarterback.
Kansas City Chiefs[link]
1993–1994[link]
Joe Montana was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs in April 1993. His trade, along with the free-agent signing of star Los Angeles Raiders running back Marcus Allen to the Chiefs, generated much media attention and excitement in Kansas City.
The Chiefs mailed three jerseys to Montana. One was number 3, his number from Notre Dame. Another was number 19, which he wore in little league and also briefly in training camp of the 1979 season with San Francisco, and the third was number 16, which Hall of Fame quarterback Len Dawson offered to let Montana wear since the organization had retired it. Montana declined Dawson's offer and wore 19 instead and signed a $10 million contract over three years.
Montana was injured for part of the 1993 season, but was still selected to his final Pro Bowl and led the Chiefs in two come-from-behind wins in the 1993 playoffs, reaching the AFC Championship Game where Kansas City lost to the Buffalo Bills. Including their two playoff victories that year (the Chiefs only had one prior playoff win since 1970 Super Bowl IV), the 1993 Chiefs won 13 games, tying the franchise record for wins in a season. The Chiefs have not won a playoff game since the 1993 season.
Montana returned healthy to the Chiefs in 1994, starting all but two games. His highlights included a classic duel with John Elway (which Montana won 31-28) on Monday Night Football, and a memorable game in week 2 when Montana played against his old team, the 49ers and Steve Young. In a much-anticipated match-up, Montana and the Chiefs prevailed and defeated the 49ers 24–17. Montana led his team to a final playoff appearance, in 1994.
Retirement[link]
On April 18, 1995, Montana announced his retirement before a huge crowd at Justin Herman Plaza in San Francisco. The event was broadcast live on local television, and included speeches from John Madden, Eddie DeBartolo, Jr, and others. Highlights from Montana's stay with San Francisco and interviews with former 49ers teammates were also shown. Bill Walsh served as the MC for the event. Montana's replacement with the Chiefs was his former backup in San Francisco, Steve Bono.
NFL records and accomplishments[link]
Among his career highlights, "The Catch" (the game-winning touchdown pass vs. Dallas in the 1981 NFC Championship Game) and a Super Bowl-winning 92-yard drive vs. the Bengals in Super Bowl XXIII are staples of NFL highlight films.
For his career with the 49ers, Montana completed 2,929 of 4,600 passes for 35,142 yards with 244 touchdowns and 123 interceptions. He had 35 300-yard passing games including 7 in which he threw for over 400 yards. His career totals: 3,409 completions on 5,391 attempts, 273 touchdowns, 139 interceptions, and 40,551 yards passing. He also rushed for 1,676 yards and 20 touchdowns. When Montana retired, his career passer rating was 92.3, second only to his 49er successor Steve Young (96.8). He has since been surpassed by five other players, which ranks his passer rating at 7th all-time. Montana also had won 100 games faster than any other quarterback until surpassed by Tom Brady in 2008.[35] His record as a starter was 117-47. His number 16 was retired by the 49ers on December 15, 1997 during halftime of the team's game against the Denver Broncos on Monday Night Football. Montana also held the record for most passing yards on a Monday night game with 458 against the Los Angeles Rams in 1989 (surpassed by Tom Brady in 2011).
Montana holds postseason records for most career touchdown passes (45), games with a passer rating over 100.0 (12) and is second in passing yards (5,772) and games with 300+ passing yards (6, tied with Kurt Warner). He also tied Terry Bradshaw's record for consecutive playoff games with at least two touchdown passes (7). In his four Super Bowls, Montana completed 83 of 122 passes for 1,142 yards and 11 touchdowns with no interceptions, earning him a passer rating of 127.8. Montana led his team to victory in each game, and is the only player ever to win three Super Bowl MVP awards. Montana also holds the record for most Super Bowl pass completions (83) and pass attempts (122) without throwing an interception.
He was selected to the Pro Bowl eight times and selected All-Pro six times.[36] He is also the only player to have two touchdown passes of 95+ yards.[37]
Career statistics[link]
| Year | Team | GP | Att | Com | Pct | Yds | TD | Int | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | San Francisco 49ers | 16 | 23 | 13 | 56.5 | 96 | 1 | 0 | 81.1 |
| 1980 | San Francisco 49ers | 15 | 273 | 176 | 64.5 | 1,795 | 15 | 9 | 87.8 |
| 1981 | San Francisco 49ers | 16 | 488 | 311 | 63.7 | 3,565 | 19 | 12 | 88.4 |
| 1982 | San Francisco 49ers | 9 | 346 | 213 | 61.6 | 2,613 | 17 | 11 | 88.0 |
| 1983 | San Francisco 49ers | 16 | 515 | 332 | 64.5 | 3,910 | 26 | 12 | 94.6 |
| 1984 | San Francisco 49ers | 16 | 432 | 279 | 64.6 | 3,630 | 28 | 10 | 102.9 |
| 1985 | San Francisco 49ers | 15 | 494 | 303 | 61.3 | 3,653 | 27 | 13 | 91.3 |
| 1986 | San Francisco 49ers | 8 | 307 | 191 | 62.2 | 2,236 | 8 | 9 | 80.7 |
| 1987 | San Francisco 49ers | 14 | 398 | 266 | 66.8 | 3,054 | 31 | 13 | 102.1 |
| 1988 | San Francisco 49ers | 14 | 397 | 238 | 59.9 | 2,981 | 18 | 10 | 87.9 |
| 1989 | San Francisco 49ers | 13 | 386 | 271 | 70.2 | 3,521 | 26 | 8 | 112.4 |
| 1990 | San Francisco 49ers | 15 | 520 | 321 | 61.7 | 3,944 | 26 | 16 | 89.0 |
| 1991 | San Francisco 49ers | 0 | 0 | 0 | -- | 0 | 0 | 0 | -- |
| 1992 | San Francisco 49ers | 1 | 21 | 15 | 71.4 | 126 | 2 | 0 | 118.4 |
| 1993 | Kansas City Chiefs | 11 | 298 | 181 | 60.7 | 2,144 | 13 | 7 | 87.4 |
| 1994 | Kansas City Chiefs | 14 | 493 | 299 | 60.6 | 3,283 | 16 | 9 | 83.6 |
| Career Totals | 192 | 5,391 | 3,409 | 63.2 | 40,551 | 273 | 139 | 92.3 |
| Super Bowls | Comp | Att | Pct | Yards | TDs | INTs | Rate | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XVI | 14 | 22 | 63.6 | 157 | 1 | 0 | 100.0 | W 26-21 |
| XIX | 24 | 35 | 68.6 | 331 | 3 | 0 | 127.2 | W 38-16 |
| XXIII | 23 | 36 | 63.9 | 357 | 2 | 0 | 115.2 | W 20-16 |
| XXIV | 22 | 29 | 75.9 | 297 | 5 | 0 | 147.6 | W 55-10 |
| Totals | 83 | 122 | 68.0 | 1,142 | 11 | 0 | 127.8 | 4-0 |
Key to Abbreviations
GP =Games Played
Att =Passes attempted
Com =Passes Completed
Pct =Completion percentage
Yds =Yards
TD =Touchdowns
Int =Interceptions
Rate =Passer rating
Nicknames[link]
Montana is an Americanized form of the surname Montani, which comes from northern Italy.[38] Montana earned the nickname "Joe Cool" for his ability to stay calm at key moments, and "Comeback Kid" for his history of rallying his teams from late-game deficits. His teammates in San Francisco called him "Bird Legs"[39][40] due to his very thin legs and small calves. He was called "Golden Joe" because he played in California (the Golden State), and also appeared on a poster superimposed in front of the Golden Gate Bridge with the wording "The Golden Great". Two more names were provided by a San Francisco Chronicle nickname contest early in his NFL career: the winner was "Big Sky", but another contestant suggested that since "Joe Montana" already sounded like a nickname, Montana needed a real name, and christened him "David W. Gibson."[41] Montana liked the Gibson name so much that he had it stenciled above his locker.[42]
Montana appears as the character "Joe Clifford" (pseudonym derived from his first and middle names) in the NFL Network's Joe's Diner television spots.
Personal life[link]
Montana has been married three times. His first wedding was in 1974, when Montana married his hometown sweetheart, Kim Moses, during his second semester at Notre Dame; however, they divorced less than three years later.[11] Montana wed again in 1981, to Cass Castillo; they divorced in 1984.[43] He met Jennifer Wallace, an actress and model, while the two worked on a Schick commercial, and the two married in 1985. He and Jennifer are still married and have four children: Alexandra Whitney (b. 10 October 1985), Elizabeth Jean (b. 20 December 1986), Nathaniel "Nate" Joseph (b. 3 October 1989), and Nicholas Alexander (b. 28 April 1992). Both of his sons played football for De La Salle High School (Concord, CA) and now play college football as quarterbacks. Nate for the University of Montana (after transferring from Notre Dame), and Nicholas for the University of Washington, but has announced he is transferring.
In 2008, Montana sued Moses and a Dallas auction house for "violating his 'copyright and privacy rights'" after Moses "sold a bunch of letters and memorabilia from [Montana's] college days at Notre Dame."[44]
In 1986, doctors diagnosed Montana as having a narrow spinal cavity. He elected to have an operation, which was successful, and was able to return to football and continue his career.[45]
Montana resides in San Francisco, California.[46] He placed his $49 million, 500-acre (2.0 km2) Sonoma County estate on sale in 2009, which was reduced to $35 million in January 2012.[47] He now owns horses and produces wine under the label Montagia.
The town of Ismay, Montana, unofficially took the name of Joe, Montana, as a publicity stunt coordinated by the Kansas City Chiefs in 1993.
See also[link]
- Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame
- History of Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks
- List of 300-yard passing games by NFL quarterbacks
- List of NFL quarterbacks who have passed for 400 or more yards in a game
- List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating
- List of quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl wins
- List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards
References[link]
- ^ Tomsic, Tony (2007-07-23). "No. 1: Montana's Super success raised the bar". USATODAY. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/2007-07-23-no-1-joe-montana_N.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
- ^ "Class of 2000 - Joe Montana". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pro Football Hall of Fame. http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/member.jsp?player_id=154. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g Schwartz, Larry. "Montana was comeback king". ESPN.com. http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016306.html. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
- ^ "Joe Montana - Pro Football Hall of Fame". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pro Football Hall of Fame. http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/member.jsp?player_id=154. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
- ^ "Super Bowl XXIV MVP: Joe Montana". SuperBowl.com wire reports. NFL Enterprises LLC.. January 29, 1990. http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/mvp/sbxxiv. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
- ^ Schwartz, Larry. "Awards". San Francisco Forty Niners, Ltd.. San Francisco Forty Niners, Ltd.. http://www.sf49ers.com/history/awards.php?section=HI%20Awards. Retrieved 2008-04-19. [dead link]
- ^ Litsky, Frank (December 21, 1989). "PRO FOOTBALL; Taylor Is in Pro Bowl and Into History". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE7D9113FF932A15751C1A96F948260. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
- ^ Greule, Greule; Getty Images. "Clutch NFL QBs". cnnsi.com (Sports Illustrated). http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/0608/gallery.NFLclutchqbs/content.10.html. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ a b c d "The Best Ever? The story of 'Joe Cool'". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pro Football Hall of Fame. http://www.profootballhof.com/history/release.jsp?release_id=717. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ a b "More Info on Joe Montana". espn.go.com. http://espn.go.com/classic/s/000729montanaadd.html. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Zimmerman, Paul (1999-08-13). "Born to be a quarterback". cnnsi.com (Sports Illustrated). http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/centurys_best/news/1999/08/13/flashback_montana2/. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ a b Wald, Bruce. "Stadium renamed". The Tribune-Review. pittsburghlive.com. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_467679.html. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ Devine has been quoted as saying that Montana was not cleared by the medical staff to play in either of those games. Montana has said he was not aware of that fact.
- ^ Most regular season NCAA football games are played toward the end of the calendar year between late August and early December. Many bowl games are not played until January of the following calendar year. As a result, Notre Dame's 1977 season culminated with the 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic.
- ^ "The List: Greatest bowl games". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/page2/s/list/bestbowls.html. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
- ^ Prister, Tim. "Weis, Faust highlight banquet". http://www.nfldraft.rivals.com/content.asp?SID=1164&CID=614687. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
- ^ "1979 NFL Draft - Round 3". The Football Database. http://www.footballdb.com/draft.html?yr=1979&rnd=3. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
- ^ a b "The Best Ever? (pg 2)". profootballhof.com. Pro Football Hall of Fame. http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/release.jsp?RELEASE_ID=721. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ McKinley, Jason. "Quarterbacks and Fourth Quarter Comebacks". Football Outsiders. http://www.footballoutsiders.com/2006/06/26/ramblings/stat-analysis/3978/. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
- ^ Miller, Ira (1997-12-15). "He's Back in the Big Picture". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/1997/12/15/SP18334.DTL. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
- ^ "Lions game-by-game". detroitlions.com. http://www.detroitlions.com/document_display.cfm?cont_id=108760. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
- ^ "49ers DVD". warnerbros.com. http://whv.warnerbros.com/WHVPORTAL/Portal/product.jsp?OID=22214. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
- ^ "The Best Ever? (pg 3)". profootballhof.com. http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/release.jsp?RELEASE_ID=722. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
- ^ a b "TSN info". sportingnews.com. http://www.sportingnews.com/archives/nfl/hof00/montana-stats.html. Retrieved 2007-08-20.
- ^ a b "Bounces back". jrank.org. http://sports.jrank.org/pages/3294/Montana-Joe-Bounces-Back-from-Back-Injury.html. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
- ^ "HOF biography". profootballhof.com. http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/member.jsp?PLAYER_ID=154. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
- ^ "1987 NFL standings". pro-football-reference.com. http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1987.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
- ^ Georgatos, Dennis (2002). "The legacy lives". findarticles.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20071014190823/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCL/is_7_31/ai_82738298. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
- ^ "Steve Young NFL stats". nfl.com. http://www.nfl.com/players/steveyoung/profile?id=YOU299670. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
- ^ a b "1988 49ers Recap". pro-football-reference.com. http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/sfo1988.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
- ^ "Joe Montana - NFL Career Achievements". Thedebster.com. http://www.thedebster.com/nflstats.html. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- ^ http://football.about.com/library/weekly/bl_nflstandings1989.htm
- ^ Schwartz, Larry. "Montana was comeback king". ESPN.com. http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016306.html. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- ^ http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1990/ - 1990 NFL Standings, Team & Offensive Statistics | Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ "Pats put away Chargers". espn.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/recap?gameId=280120017. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
- ^ Joe Montana Statistics
- ^ TD Passes 95-99 Yards
- ^ "Perfect Timing, Joe (pg 9)". www.time.com. 1982-01-25. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,925246-9,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
- ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/180205-joe-montana-the-san-francisco-49ers-legendary-prankster
- ^ http://www.hulu.com/watch/123680/americas-game-1989-san-francisco-49ers?team=san-francisco-49ers&show=3818#s-p1-so-i2
- ^ Callahan, Tom (1999). "Bring in 'da Funk - golfer Fred Funk". findarticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HFI/is_3_50/ai_54425470. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
- ^ "Perfect Timing, Joe (pg 3)". www.time.com. 1982-01-25. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,925246-3,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
- ^ "Heading an offense tailored to his skills, San Francisco's Joe Montana has enjoyed unparalleled success as a passer, including victories in four Super Bowls". CNN. 1999-08-13. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/centurys_best/news/1999/08/13/flashback_montana3/index.html. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ Gillespie, Nick (2008-05-28) Invasion of Privacy, Copyright Infringement, or Just Shame at Sending a Ziggy Card?, Reason
- ^ Entertainment Celebrities. Google Books.
- ^ Whiting, Sam (2010-07-06). "Joe Montana finds empty nest in San Francisco". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/07/06/MN0O1CLQ4L.DTL. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
- ^ Chung, Juliet (November 6, 2009). "Where Joe Montana kicks back". online.wsj.com. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703740004574513473606656990.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_sections_realestate#project%3DSLIDESHOW08%26s%3DSB10001424052748704013004574517811938284996%26articleTabs%3Darticle. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
External links[link]
| Find more about Joe Montana on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Joe Montana at the Pro Football Hall of Fame
- Joe Montana at the Internet Movie Database
- "IMG Speakers: Official Agents for Joe Montana". http://www.imgspeakers.com/speaker/Bio.aspx?SpeakerID=74. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- The Football Database - Joe Montana
- Joe Montana Quotes
- Joe Montana at Pro-Football Reference
- Video NFL Top 100 Players #4
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Jim Plunkett |
NFL Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XVI, 1982 |
Succeeded by John Riggins |
| Preceded by Marcus Allen |
NFL Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XIX, 1985 |
Succeeded by Richard Dent |
| Preceded by Jerry Rice |
NFL Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXIV, 1990 |
Succeeded by Ottis Anderson |
| Preceded by Boomer Esiason |
AP NFL Most Valuable Player 1989 & 1990 |
Succeeded by Thurman Thomas |
| Preceded by John Stallworth(1) |
NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award 1986 (Co-Award winner Tommy Kramer) |
Succeeded by Charles White |
| Notes and references | ||
| 1. The NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award was not awarded in 1985. Stallworth is the 1984 award winner. | ||
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Montana, Joe |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American football player |
| Date of birth | June 11, 1956 |
| Place of birth | New Eagle, Pennsylvania |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Joe_Montana
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Montana
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Elway in December 2004 |
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| Date of birth: (1960-06-28) June 28, 1960 (age 51) | |||||||||
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Career information
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Career NFL statistics as of 1998
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John Albert Elway, Jr. (born June 28, 1960) is a former American football quarterback and currently is the executive vice president of football operations for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Stanford and his entire professional career with the Denver Broncos. Elway recorded the most victories by a starting quarterback at the time of his retirement. He retired in 1999 and statistically was the second most prolific passer in NFL history. Elway led his teams to six AFC Championship Games and five Super Bowls, winning his last two.
Elway set several career records for passing attempts and completions while at Stanford. He also received All-American honors. Elway was drafted #1 overall in the 1983 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Colts before being traded to the Denver Broncos. In 1987, he embarked on what is considered to be one of the most clutch and iconic performances in sports and in NFL history, helping engineer the Broncos on a 98-yard, game-tying touchdown drive in the AFC Championship Game against the Cleveland Browns. The moment is known in National Football League lore as "The Drive". Following the AFC Championship Game, Elway and the Broncos lost in Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants. It would be the first of a record five Super Bowl starts at quarterback in Elway's career, a record that he solely held until 2012 when Tom Brady earned his fifth Super Bowl start.
After two more Super Bowl losses, the Broncos entered a period of decline; however, that would end during the 1997 season, as Elway and Denver won their first Super Bowl title by defeating the Green Bay Packers, 31–24, in Super Bowl XXXII. The Broncos repeated as champions the following season in Super Bowl XXXIII by defeating the Atlanta Falcons, 34–19. Elway was voted MVP of that Super Bowl, which would prove to be the last game of his career.
Elway was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2004 in his first year of eligibility. Since his retirement, Elway has owned several businesses, including currently being a co-owner of the currently inactive Colorado Crush, an arena football team.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Elway and his twin sister were born in Port Angeles, Washington, on June 28, 1960, to Janet (née Jordan) and Jack Elway, then a high school head coach at Port Angeles High School on the Olympic Peninsula. The following year, the family of five which included sister Lee Ann, a year older than the twins, moved to southwestern Washington where Jack was the junior college football coach at Grays Harbor Community College in Aberdeen for five seasons. As a youth he lived primarily in Missoula, Montana, and Pullman, Washington, when his father was an assistant coach at Montana and Washington State, respectively.
His father became the head coach at Cal State-Northridge in March 1976, and the Elways moved to the San Fernando Valley in southern California, where John played his final three years of football at Granada Hills High School in Granada Hills. He ended his high school career with 5,711 passing yards and 49 passing touchdowns, and was named to the PARADE All America High School Football Team. Known as a dual-threat quarterback, meaning he was accomplished at running and escaping pressure and had impressive passing ability, he was the number-one recruited high school player in the country, receiving over 60 scholarship offers.[citation needed] (One of those offers was from his father, who became the head coach at San Jose State following the 1978 season.) Also an accomplished baseball player, Elway was selected by the Kansas City Royals in the 18th round of the 1979 Major League Baseball Draft.[1] (The Royals drafted Dan Marino in the fourth round of the same draft.[2])
College career[link]
He enrolled at Stanford University in 1979 where he played both football and baseball. In his senior season in 1982, Stanford was 5-5 and needed to win their final game, the Big Game against California, to secure an invitation to the Hall of Fame Classic bowl game. With two minutes remaining in the game, Stanford was down 19-17 and they were on 4th-and-17 on their own 13-yard line. Elway completed a 29-yard pass and drove the ball downfield to the 35-yard line, where Mark Harmon kicked what appeared to be the winning field goal. However, the clock had four seconds remaining, so Stanford had to kick off. What followed is now simply known as "The Play", in which Cal players lateraled the ball five times – two of them controversial – and scored a touchdown to win the game. Elway was bitter about the game afterward, stating that the officials "ruined my last game as a college football player."[3] Stanford athletics director Andy Geiger said the loss cost Elway the Heisman Trophy. 20 years later, Elway came to terms with The Play, saying that "each year it gets a little funnier."[4]
Although Elway never led his team to a bowl game, he had an accomplished college career. In his four seasons (1979–1982) at Stanford, he completed 774 passes for 9,349 yards and 77 touchdowns. Stanford had a 20–23 record during his tenure. Elway's 24 touchdown passes in 1982 led the nation, and he graduated with nearly every Stanford and Pacific-10 career record for passing and total offense. He won Pac-10 Player of the Year honors in 1980 and 1982, was a consensus All-American, and finished second in Heisman Trophy balloting as a senior.[5] In 2000, Elway was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame. In 2007, Elway was ranked #15 on ESPN's Top 25 Players In College Football History list. Thomas Davids, an assistant football coach, said that Elway was the "best looking ball player he had ever seen."[citation needed] A consensus All-American at Stanford,he passed for over 200 yards in 30 of his 42 collegiate games. Elway was the nations most highly recruited prep athlete in 1984.
Elway also excelled as a baseball player playing right field and pitcher, finishing his senior year hitting .361 with nine home runs and 50 RBIs in 49 games and a 5–4 record with a 4.51 ERA.[citation needed]He was drafted by the New York Yankees in the second round of the 1981 MLB draft (52nd overall, six spots ahead of future Hall of Famer Tony Gwynn).
Elway graduated with a bachelor's degree in economics, and he is a member of the Delta Tau Delta Fraternity.[6] Already age 19 when he entered as a freshman, Elway did not use a redshirt year at Stanford.
Professional career[link]
1983 NFL Draft[link]
In the 1983 NFL Draft, Elway was selected as the first overall pick by the Baltimore Colts. By then, Elway had played two summers of minor league baseball for the New York Yankees organization, and threatened to join the Yankees full-time unless the Colts traded him. He was wary of playing for the Colts, then among the worst teams in the league. He was also unwilling to play for their then-head coach, Frank Kush, who had a reputation as a harsh taskmaster. Eventually, Colts owner Robert Irsay gave in. The Colts traded him to the Denver Broncos for QB Mark Herrmann, rights to OL Chris Hinton and a first-round pick (OG Ron Solt) in the 1984 NFL Draft on May 2, 1983. Elway is one of three quarterbacks in the history of the NFL Draft (started in 1936) to be drafted #1 and go on to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The other two are Terry Bradshaw and Troy Aikman.[7]
Denver Broncos[link]
Elway joined Denver as one of the most highly anticipated athletes in the history of the NFL. The local newspapers ran a section that was called "The Elway Watch".[8] Elway debuted for the Broncos in the 1983 season opener against the Pittsburgh Steelers at Three Rivers Stadium. He was sacked for the first time in his NFL career at the hands of linebacker and fellow Hall of Famer Jack Lambert. Although the Broncos were playoff contenders for his early years, Elway went through the normal growing pains of a young NFL quarterback.
In the 1986 season, Elway led the Broncos to Super Bowl XXI, after defeating the Cleveland Browns on a famous possession at the end of the fourth quarter that became known as "The Drive". (In a span of 5 minutes and 2 seconds, Elway led his team 98 yards to tie the game with 37 seconds left in regulation. The Broncos went on to win the game in overtime). Elway and the Broncos started out the Super Bowl against the New York Giants very well, building a 10–7 lead and then driving to the Giants 1-yard line in the second quarter. However, the Broncos lost five yards on their next three plays and came up empty after kicker Rich Karlis missed the field goal attempt. From that point on, the rest of the game went downhill for the Broncos. Elway was sacked in the end zone for a safety on the Broncos ensuing possession, cutting their lead to 10–9. Then in the second half, the Giants scored 30 points and ended up winning the game 39–20. Still, Elway had an impressive performance, throwing for 304 yards and a touchdown, with one interception, while also leading Denver in rushing with 27 yards and a touchdown on the ground.
In 1987, Elway was selected to start in the American Football Conference's (AFC) Pro Bowl team and won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award. He went on to once again lead the Broncos to a victory over the Browns in the AFC title game, earning their second consecutive Super Bowl appearance, this one against the Washington Redskins. The game started out very well for Denver, and they built up a 10–0 lead by the end of the first quarter. At the time, no team had ever overcome a 10–0 deficit in the Super Bowl. But in the second quarter, the Redskins suddenly stormed back with a record 35 points, and ended up winning Super Bowl XXII 42–10. Elway did have a few highlights. His 56-yard touchdown pass to Ricky Nattiel after just 1:57 had elapsed in the game set a record for the fastest touchdown in Super Bowl history, at the time. He also became the first quarterback ever to catch a pass in the Super Bowl, recording a 23-yard reception from halfback Steve Sewell on a halfback option play. With a porous defense unable to stop the Redskins offense, Elway was forced to take more risks on the offensive end. As a result, Elway's performance was rather disappointing: just 14 out of 38 completions for 257 yards and one touchdown, with three interceptions.
After recording an 8–8 record in 1988, Elway once again led his team to the Super Bowl after the 1989 season, with yet another win over the Browns in the AFC championship game, going on to face the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XXIV. However this game ended even worse for the Broncos than their previous Super Bowl losses. San Francisco blew out Denver 55–10, the most lopsided score in Super Bowl history. Although Elway scored the only touchdown for his team on a three-yard run, his performance was abysmal: 10 out of 26 completions for 108 yards with no touchdown passes and two interceptions. But he didn't try to hide from the media after the game or downplay his dismal performance. And when he was asked if he wanted to go back to the Super Bowl after three losses, he responded that he wanted to go back every year, even if his team kept losing. Still by this point, many doubted that he would ever win a Super Bowl in his career.
It took Elway another eight years, but he eventually led his team back to the Super Bowl in 1998. During the 1997 preseason American Bowl game in Mexico City, Elway ruptured his right (throwing arm) biceps tendon. It was treated non-surgically, and he returned to play 19 days later, going on that season to play in his fourth Super Bowl. In Super Bowl XXXII, the Broncos faced the defending Super Bowl champions Green Bay Packers. Despite Elway completing only 11 of 22 passes, throwing no TDs, but one interception, they went on to defeat the Packers 31–24, finally winning a Super Bowl after three failed attempts for Elway (and four for the team). In 1999, the Broncos repeated this feat and Elway was awarded the MVP of Super Bowl XXXIII, throwing for 336 yards and one touchdown with one interception, while also scoring a rushing touchdown in Denver's 34–19 win over the Atlanta Falcons. It was his last game, other than the 1999 Pro Bowl.
Legacy[link]
On May 2, 1999, at the age of 38, Elway announced his retirement from pro football. Elway is regarded as one of the top quarterbacks ever to play the game. He has one of the best winning percentages in league history (148–82–1), and is tied for second most Pro Bowl selections for a quarterback (nine). He is fourth to Brett Favre, Dan Marino and Peyton Manning in career passing attempts, passing yards and completions. His four total rushing touchdowns in his Super Bowl games are the most ever by a quarterback. As of 2012, Elway and Tom Brady are the only quarterbacks to start in 5 Super Bowls. He is also the second player ever to score a rushing touchdown in four different Super Bowls (running back Thurman Thomas was the first).
On September 13, 1999, Elway's number 7 jersey was retired by the Denver Broncos during halftime of a Monday Night game against the Miami Dolphins; that same night he was inducted into the Denver Broncos Ring of Fame. (Craig Morton, his direct predecessor in Denver, also wore number 7 and is in the Ring of Fame alongside Elway). He was the first Broncos player to have the five-year waiting period waived. Also in 1999 he was inducted in to the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame.
Also in 1999, Elway was ranked number 16 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players,[9] the only player to have spent the majority of his career with the Broncos to make the list (Willie Brown, who began his career with the Broncos but spent more of it with the Oakland Raiders, also made the list). In 2005, TSN published another special feature honoring the 50 Greatest Quarterbacks. Elway was ranked third behind Johnny Unitas and Joe Montana.
Elway was named the greatest athlete wearing the #7 by Sports Illustrated. Current Pittsburgh Steelers' quarterback Ben Roethlisberger, who grew up idolizing Elway and Joe Montana, wears number 7 in honor of Elway.[10]
Elway is the oldest quarterback to win a Super Bowl, winning his last at the age of 38.
Notable statistics[link]
Elway ended his career with a record 148 victories, since surpassed by Brett Favre for most wins by a starting quarterback. He finished his career with 774 rushing attempts, one shy of NFL record-holder Randall Cunningham (775) for rushes by a quarterback. Elway's 3,417 rushing yards ranks sixth all-time among NFL QB's behind Cunningham, Michael Vick, Steve Young, Fran Tarkenton, and Steve McNair.
Elway threw for 1,128 yards in his five Super Bowls, third most behind Kurt Warner and Joe Montana. His 76 Super Bowl pass completions rank fifth, and his 152 attempts were a Super Bowl record before being broken by Tom Brady. He is one of only two players ever to score a rushing touchdown in four different Super Bowls (the other being Thurman Thomas) and the only quarterback to do so. (156 attempts) [11][12]
Elway holds several Broncos franchise records:
- Most Total Offensive Yards: 54,882 yards (51,475 passing, 3,407 rushing)
- Most Total Touchdowns: 334 (300 passing, 33 rushing, 1 receiving)
- Most Total Plays: 8,027
- Winning Percentage: .641 (148–82–1)
- Most Career Passing Yards: 51,475
- Most Career Completions: 4,123
- Most Career Attempts: 7,250
- Most Touchdown Passes: 300
Hall of Fame[link]
On August 8, 2004, Elway was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was elected in his first year of eligibility. He was presented by his eldest daughter Jessica. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2000.[13]
Career highlights[link]
- In 1979, Elway was drafted out of high school by the Kansas City Royals to play baseball in MLB. George Brett, the future Hall of Fame third baseman for the Royals, is said to have remarked, "I hope this guy plays football."[citation needed]
- In the 1981 MLB Draft, Elway was selected by the New York Yankees in the second round.[14] The following year, he played outfield in 42 games for the Oneonta Yankees of the Class A New York - Penn League.[15] He had a .318 batting average, with four home runs, 13 stolen bases,[16] and a team-high 25 RBI.[15][17]
- In the 1983 NFL Draft, Elway was selected as the first overall pick by the Baltimore Colts, and on May 2, was traded to the Denver Broncos.
- On January 11, 1987, Elway executed "The Drive"—a last-ditch, five-minute, 15-play, 98-yard touchdown drive in the AFC Championship against the Cleveland Browns to tie the game late in the fourth quarter, leading to an overtime win by field goal (by Rich Karlis) for the Broncos. It included six passes made (nine attempted), five rushes and an eight-yard sack. He was named the NFL Most Valuable Player and the AFC Offensive MVP.
- Elway is the only player to throw for over 3,000 yards and rush for over 200 yards in seven straight seasons (1985–1991).[18]
- Elway was named the AFC Offensive MVP in 1993 when he passed for over 4,030 yards and 25 touchdowns. He had a quarterback rating of 92.8.
- In 1997, Elway led the Broncos to their first ever Super Bowl win in Super Bowl XXXII. His three previous attempts in Super Bowls XXI, XXII and XXIV were unsuccessful.
- Elway is the oldest player to score a touchdown in a Super Bowl at age 38 in Super Bowl XXXIII.
- Elway is one of only two players to rush for a touchdown in four Super Bowls (XXI, XXIV, XXXII, XXXIII). Thurman Thomas is the other.
- On January 31, 1999, in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway passed for 336 yards in a 34-19 victory over the Atlanta Falcons. He was named the Super Bowl MVP.
- Elway was selected to the Pro Bowl nine times during his 16 seasons with the Broncos, a franchise record.
- Over his professional career, Elway led Denver to 34 comeback wins in the 4th quarter & overtime, tied for third with Johnny Unitas.[19]
- Elway's 148 wins place him second to Brett Favre for career wins among quarterbacks.
- Elway was sacked 516 times, second to Favre for most times sacked in NFL history.
- Elway's 300 career touchdown passes places him fifth behind Favre, Dan Marino, Fran Tarkenton and Peyton Manning.
- Elway is one of only four quarterbacks to pass for at least 3,000 yards in 12 seasons; Favre, Marino and Manning are the others.
- On January 31, 2004, Elway was elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.[20]
Career statistics[link]
Regular season[link]
| Year | Passing | Rushing | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Att | Comp | Yds | TD | Int | Att | Yds | Avg | TD | ||
| 1983 | 259 | 123 | 1,663 | 7 | 14 | 28 | 146 | 5.2 | 1 | |
| 1984 | 380 | 214 | 2,598 | 18 | 15 | 56 | 237 | 4.2 | 1 | |
| 1985 | 605¹ | 327² | 3,891² | 22 | 23 | 51 | 253 | 5.0 | 0 | |
| 1986 | 504 | 280 | 3,485 | 19 | 13 | 52 | 257 | 4.9 | 1 | |
| 1987 | 410 | 224 | 3,198 | 19 | 12 | 66 | 304 | 4.6 | 4 | |
| 1988 | 496 | 274 | 3,309 | 17 | 19 | 54 | 234 | 4.3 | 1 | |
| 1989 | 416 | 223 | 3,051 | 18 | 18 | 48 | 244 | 5.1 | 3 | |
| 1990 | 502 | 294 | 3,526 | 15 | 14 | 50 | 258 | 5.2 | 3 | |
| 1991 | 451 | 242 | 3,253 | 13 | 12 | 55 | 255 | 4.6 | 6 | |
| 1992 | 316 | 174 | 2,242 | 10 | 17 | 34 | 94 | 2.8 | 2 | |
| 1993 | 551¹ | 348¹ | 4,030¹ | 25² | 10 | 44 | 153 | 3.5 | 0 | |
| 1994 | 494 | 307 | 3,490 | 16 | 10 | 58 | 235 | 4.1 | 4 | |
| 1995 | 542 | 316 | 3,970 | 26 | 14 | 41 | 176 | 4.3 | 1 | |
| 1996 | 466 | 287 | 3,328 | 26 | 14 | 50 | 249 | 5.0 | 4 | |
| 1997 | 502 | 280 | 3,635 | 27 | 11 | 50 | 218 | 4.4 | 1 | |
| 1998 | 356 | 210 | 2,806 | 22 | 10 | 37 | 94 | 2.5 | 1 | |
| Total (all-time) |
7,250 (4th) |
4,123 (4th) |
51,475 (4th) |
300 (5th) |
226 | 774 | 3,407 | 4.4 | 33 | |
Playoffs[link]
| Year | Passing | Rushing | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Att | Comp | Yds | TD | Int | Att | Yds | Avg | TD | ||
| 1983 | 15 | 10 | 123 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 5.3 | 0 | |
| 1984 | 37 | 19 | 184 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 16 | 4.0 | 0 | |
| 1986* | 107 | 57 | 805 | 3 | 4 | 15 | 101 | 6.7 | 2 | |
| 1987* | 89 | 42 | 797 | 6 | 5 | 18 | 76 | 4.2 | 1 | |
| 1989* | 82 | 42 | 732 | 4 | 3 | 16 | 91 | 5.7 | 1 | |
| 1991 | 54 | 30 | 378 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 49 | 4.9 | 0 | |
| 1993 | 47 | 29 | 302 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 23 | 4.6 | 0 | |
| 1996 | 38 | 25 | 226 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 30 | 6.0 | 0 | |
| 1997* | 96 | 56 | 726 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 25 | 2.8 | 1 | |
| 1998* | 86 | 45 | 691 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 34 | 3.8 | 1 | |
| Total | 651 | 355 | 4,964 | 27 | 21 | 94 | 461 | 4.9 | 6 | |
Business activities[link]
Elway is currently co-owner of the Arena Football team Colorado Crush, a position he has held since 2002. In February 2007, Elway was elected chairman of the Arena Football League's executive committee.[21] On August 4, 2009 the Arena Football League announced an indefinite suspension of operations.[22] Elway was one of the 17 remaining franchise owners that voted to suspend operations indefinitely.[23]
Elway is the owner of two steakhouse restaurants, each named "Elway's": One is located in the upscale Cherry Creek shopping district, and the other is in the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in downtown Denver.[24]
Elway owned five auto dealerships, called John Elway Autos, in the Denver area. He sold them to AutoNation Inc. in 1997 for $82.5 million. In December 2006, Elway ended a nine-year licensing agreement with AutoNation, removing his name from Denver-area dealerships. At the time, Elway said the move could allow him to get back into the auto business under his own name.[24] He still owns two Toyota Scion dealerships, one in Manhattan Beach, California[25][26] and another in Ontario, California[27][28], a Chevrolet dealership in Englewood, Colorado[29], and a Chrysler Jeep dealership in Greeley, Colorado.[30]
In September 2008, Elway became the spokesperson for OpenSports.com.[31] Elway also writes a weekly NFL blog on the site.[32]
Elway had LASIK eye surgery and endorsed Icon LASIK in the Denver area in November 2008.[33]
Elway currently offers his commentary on the Broncos and the NFL season as a whole Friday mornings during the football season on 87.7 The Ticket in Denver.
Executive career[link]
In December 2010, Elway expressed interest in working as the Broncos' top football executive, after having dinner with Broncos owner Pat Bowlen. However, he expressed no interest in being a head coach or general manager after Josh McDaniels' firing, saying, "I'm not interested in being a head coach. I'm not interested in being a general manager. I don't have that kind of experience to be able to pick those players day in and day out and such."[34]
On January 5, 2011, Elway was named executive vice president of football operations of the Denver Broncos. In this capacity, he reports to Joe Ellis (team president) and oversees both the General Manager (Brian Xanders) and head coach John Fox.[35]
Family[link]
Elway married Janet Buchan, who attended Stanford University and competed on its swimming team, in 1984. They separated in 2002 and divorced in 2003. They have four children: Jessica, Jordan, Jack, and Juliana.[36]
- Jessica Elway was a student at Stanford University. During her freshman year, she was a member of the Stanford women's basketball team. However, she did not rejoin the team for her sophomore year. Jessica gave an introduction speech for her father at his induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio, becoming the first daughter to ever introduce her father as an inductee into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
- Jack Elway played quarterback at Cherry Creek High School in Colorado, receiving All-State honors his senior year, graduating in 2008. John worked as the quarterback coach for Cherry Creek for Jack's senior year.[37] Jack signed to play quarterback for Arizona State University but left the team in April 2009.[38][39] ASU's head coach Dennis Erickson was his grandfather Jack's first offensive coordinator, from 1979–81, at San José State, the elder Jack's first Division I head coaching job.
Elway's twin sister Jana developed lung cancer and died at the age of 42 in the summer of 2002. John's father, Jack, died of an apparent heart attack a year earlier.
Elway proposed marriage to former Oakland Raiders cheerleader Paige Green in Italy in September 2008.[36][40] Elway and Green were married in August 2009. Elway met Green in 2005 at a celebrity golf tournament held by former Raiders running back Marcus Allen in Los Angeles.[36]
In popular culture[link]
 |
This section may contain excessive, poor or irrelevant examples. You can improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. (January 2012) |
Elway appeared on commercials for the foam Vortex football in the 1990s.[41]
Elway has suffered a long-term battle with acid reflux disease. In 2003, he made this condition public.[42]
In 1994, Elway appeared in an episode of Home Improvement.[43] along with Grant Hill and Evander Holyfield. The season 3 episode, "Eve of Construction," featured the athletes working with Habitat for Humanity. Elway appeared in the ABC reality television series Fast Cars and Superstars: The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race, in 2007, featuring a dozen celebrities in a stock car racing competition. Elway won the competition.[44]
Elway was featured as the star of John Elway's Quarterback video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System.
Elway and his Elway Foundation, in partnership with Sun Microsytems, host a charity golf tournament every year called the John Elway Celebrity Classic.[45] In its early years, The Elway Tournament was played over two days on two courses, Plum Creek Golf Course in Castle Rock, CO, and at Arrowhead Golf Course in the Denver foothills. In its later years, the Plum Creek venue was replaced by Fox Hollow Golf Course because Fox Hollow had 18 holes and could accommodate a larger field of players. For over a decade, Kim Andereck and other businessmen from around the U. S. joined NFL celebrities, major league baseball stars and others notables for the two day events.[46]
Elway has contributed to a number of Republican Party candidates in recent elections. Following the decision by incumbent U.S. Senator Wayne Allard on January 15, 2007 not to seek another term in 2008, some pundits speculated Elway might campaign for the seat.[47]
Elway was featured on the cover of All-Pro Football 2K8 video game with Barry Sanders and Jerry Rice.
Elway has appeared in a commercial for Heroes.
Elway was referenced in Bo Burnham's debut song "My Whole Family." Burnham, on the topic of his family viewing him as homosexual, sings "I was John Elway, now I'm Elton John."
See also[link]
- Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame
- List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics
- List of multi-sport athletes
Notes[link]
- ^ "18th Round of the 1979 MLB June Amateur Draft". baseballreference.com. http://www.baseball-reference.com/draft/index.cgi?draft_round=18&year_ID=1979&draft_type=junreg&query_type=year_round. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
- ^ "4th Round of the 1979 MLB June Amateur Draft". baseballreference.com. http://www.baseball-reference.com/draft/index.cgi?draft_round=4&year_ID=1979&draft_type=junreg&query_type=year_round. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
- ^ Miller, Johnny (November 18, 2007). Stanford's Elway bitter after Big Game loss to Cal in 1982. San Francisco Chronicle. http://articles.sfgate.com/2007-11-18/entertainment/17270265_1_ham-stanford-s-elway-assistants.
- ^ Krentzman, Jackie (Nov/Dec 2002). And The Band Played On. Stanford Alumni Magazine. http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2002/novdec/features/theplay.html.
- ^ Elway finished second to Herschel Walker, Sports-Reference.com: 1982 Heisman Trophy Voting
- ^ "Delta Tau Delta: Beta Rho Chapter - Stanford University". http://web.me.com/alexoppenheimer/Delta_Tau_Delta/Members.html. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
- ^ "Customizable draft querier", Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ Looney, Douglas S. (August 15, 1983). "In Denver, Delirium Is Spelled E-l-w-a-y". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1121123/index.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
- ^ "Football's 100 Greatest Players". The Sporting News. http://archive.sportingnews.com/nfl/100/list-complete.html. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
- ^ Wilbon, Michael (January 23, 2006). "Big Ben, Already Like Clockwork". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/22/AR2006012201255.html. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ "Super Bowl Records: Individual Passing", NFL.com
- ^ "Super Bowl Leaders", Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ "College Football Hall of Fame — John Elway Member Biography". Collegefootball.org. 1960-06-28. http://www.collegefootball.org/famersearch.php?id=80032. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ "Six QBs picked in first round shared history". CNN. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/1999/elway/news/1999/04/25/class_of_1983/index.html. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ a b CNN. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/1999/elway/news/1999/04/24/by_the_numbers/index.html. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ "John Elway Minor League Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. 1960-06-28. http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=elway-001joh. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ The Sporting News: John Elway
- ^ "Broncos Official Website, Ring of Fame page". Denverbroncos.com. http://www.denverbroncos.com/page.php?id=834. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ "Quarterbacks and fourth quarter comebacks, Part 1", Pro-Football-Reference.com
- ^ "Hall of Famers » JOHN ELWAY". Profootballhof.com. http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/member.jsp?PLAYER_ID=64. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ espn.com Elway to chair Arena League executive committee
- ^ "Sports - CBSSports.com Sports News, Fantasy Scores, Sports Video". Cbssports.com. http://www.cbssports.com/arenafootball/story/12027198. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ Irv Moss, "Arena Football League suspended indefinitely", The Denver Post, August 4, 2009 http://www.denverpost.com/crush/ci_12986514
- ^ a b espn.com, Elway expands business empire, opening new steakhouse
- ^ Manhattan Beach Toyota, John Elway's Manhattan Beach Toyota
- ^ Manhattan Beach Scion, Manhattan Beach Scion
- ^ Crown Toyota, John Elway's Crown Toyota
- ^ Crown Scion, John Elway's Crown Scion
- ^ John Elway Chevrolet, John Elway Chevrolet
- ^ John Elway Chrysler, John Elway Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram
- ^ "John Elway signs with OPEN Sports.com". Reuters.com. 2008-09-03. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS111813+03-Sep-2008+BW20080903. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ "John Elway's profile on". Opensports.com. http://www.opensports.com/johnelway. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ John Elway LASIK John Elway's Icon LASIK endorsement
- ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=5907212&campaign=rss&source=NFLHeadlines
- ^ Klis, Mike; Legwold, Jeff (2011-01-05). "Broncos officially announce Elway hire, promote Ellis to president". Denver Post. http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_17015369.
- ^ a b c Husted, Bill (2008-09-26). "John Elway to marry ex-Raiders cheerleader". The Denver Post. http://www.denverpost.com/ci_10568103. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ August 23, 2007 (2007-08-23). "kdrv.com - John Elway Joins Cherry Creek as QB Coach - 23 Aug 2007". Kdvr.com. http://www.kdvr.com/kdvr-johnelwayjoinscherrycreek-4144616,0,1973119.story. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ "Jack Elway Signs Letter of Intent with ASU - 6 Feb 2008". kdvr.com. 2008-02-06. http://www.kdvr.com/kdvr-jackelwaysignsletterofint-5700072,0,4739433.story. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ "Jack Elway, son of John Elway, leaving Arizona State Sun Devils football team - ESPN". Sports.espn.go.com. 2009-04-07. http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=4049115. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ "John Elway engaged to former Raiders cheerleader: Broncos". The Rocky Mountain News. 2008-09-26. http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2008/sep/26/john-elway-engaged-former-raiders-cheerleader/. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ "Kids zapp some ads that toys can't match". Lakeland Ledger. November 8, 1996. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L_EvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_PwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6122,6582936. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ^ "Elways says heartburn is hard to swallow". Ncbuy.com. http://www.ncbuy.com/news/2004-08-06/1010269.html. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ John Elway on IMDB
- ^ "Former NFL star John Elway wins ABC's 'Fast Cars & Superstars'". Realitytvworld.com. 2007-06-25. http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/former-nfl-star-john-elway-wins-abc-fast-cars-&-superstars-5412.php. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ Weir, Tom (June 28, 2010). "John Elway reflects on turning 50". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gameon/post/2010/06/john-elway-birthday-50-broncos/1.
- ^ "John Elway Celebrity Classic Q&A". Sun.com. 2010-09-07. http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/media/features/elway_qa.html. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
- ^ Parker, Penny (2008-09-26). "John Elway engaged to former Raiders cheerleader". Rocky Mountain News. http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2008/sep/26/john-elway-engaged-former-raiders-cheerleader/. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
References[link]
- The Associated Press, "Clock runs out on Elway",[dead link] Arizona Daily Wildcat, May 3, 1999.
- Ivan Carter, "KC helped make Elway a star", The Kansas City Star, August 8, 2004, p. C8.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John Elway |
- Official site
- ESPN Sportscentury Bio
- Elway's Restaurant Elway's
- John Elway at the Internet Movie Database
- Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference (Minors)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Elway, John |
| Alternative names | Elway, John Albert, Jr.; Elway, John A., Jr. |
| Short description | All-American college football player, professional football player, quarterback, College Football Hall of Fame member, Pro Football Hall of Fame member |
| Date of birth | June 28, 196o |
| Place of birth | Port Angeles, Washington, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/John_Elway
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elway
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
