Red Bull is an energy drink sold by Austrian Red Bull GmbH, created in 1987. In terms of market share, Red Bull is the most popular energy drink in the world, with 4.5 billion cans sold each year.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}

Mateschitz was inspired by a preexisting energy drink called Krating Daeng, which was first invented and sold in Thailand. He took this idea, and to suit the tastes of Westerners, modified the ingredients,^[7] and founded Austrian Red Bull GmbH in partnership with Chaleo Yoovidhya. In Thai daeng means red, and krating is the reddish brown bovine, gaur, an animal slightly larger than the bison. Red Bull is sold in a tall and slim blue-silver can; in Thailand and in some parts of Asia it is sold in a wider gold can with the name of Krating Daeng or Red Bull Classic.^[8] Both are different products produced separately.

Their slogan is "Red Bull gives you wings"^[9] and the product is marketed through advertising, Events (Red Bull Air Race, Red Bull Crashed Ice), sports team ownerships (Red Bull Racing, Scuderia Toro Rosso, EC Red Bull Salzburg, FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull New York, RB Leipzig, Red Bull Brasil), celebrity endorsements, and with its record label, Red Bull Records, music.^[10] Red Bull has been the target of criticism concerning the possible health risks associated with the drink.^[11] A restudy by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that in the levels used in popular energy drinks, taurine and glucuronolactone (D-glucurono-gamma-lactone) are safe.^[12] The amounts of guarana, taurine, and ginseng found in popular energy drinks have been found to be far below the amounts expected to deliver either therapeutic benefits or adverse events.^[13]

History[link]

Red Bull cans.

Red Bull cans as sold in PRC

Chaleo Yoovidhya, the self-made Thai billionaire founded T.C. Pharmaceuticals. In the 1970s, it formulated an energy drink prototype called Krathing Daeng, or Red Bull in English. It was popular among Thai truck drivers and laborers.

Chaleo then co-founded a company in 1984 with an Austrian partner who helped turn Red Bull into a global brand. The creation of Red Bull was inspired by the tonic drinks category of Japan and a drink in Thailand called Krating Daeng. Dietrich Mateschitz, an Austrian entrepreneur, developed the Red Bull Energy Drink brand. Mateschitz was the international marketing director for Blendax, a toothpaste company, when he visited Thailand in 1982 and discovered that Krating Daeng helped to cure his jet lag.^[14] Between 1984 and 1987, Mateschitz worked with TCBG Pharmaceutical (a Blendax licensee) to adapt a flavor and marketing strategy for the European market.

At the same time Mateschitz and Chaleo Yoovidhya founded Red Bull GmbH; each investing $500,000 of savings and taking a stake in the new company. Chaleo and Dietrich each held a 49% share of the new company. They gave the remaining 2% to Chaleo's son Chalerm, but it was agreed that Mateschitz would run the company.^[15] The product was launched in 1987 in Austria, in a carbonated format.

In 1992, the product was expanded to its first international markets, Hungary and Slovenia.^[16] It entered the United States market (via California) in 1997^[16] and the Middle East in 2000.^[17] In 2008, Forbes magazine listed both Chaleo and Mateschitz as being the 260th richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of $5.0 billion.^[18][19]

Functionality of Red Bull Energy Drink[link]

Red Bull Energy Drink has been proven to reduce driver sleepiness and to enhance driving performance during prolonged highway driving. This was shown in research from psychopharmacologist Dr. Joris Verster and his colleagues of Utrecht University, The Netherlands. The study was published in the peer reviewed scientific journal Psychopharmacology and has been published with open access at Springerlink.com. ^[20]

Ingredients of Red Bull Energy Drink[link]

Red Bull contains caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, B-group vitamins, sucrose and glucose.^[21] Red Bull Sugarfree is like Red Bull Energy Drink but without sugar. The sugars sucrose and glucose have been replaced by the sweeteners acesulfame K and aspartame.^[22]

Red Bull is sold in China in two versions: a regular strength version in a short, wide gold and red can, and an 'Extra' strength version in a taller, thinner, blue and silver can more like sold in western countries. Neither version is carbonated.

Health effects[link]

A review published in 2008 found no documented reports of negative or positive health effects associated with the amount of taurine used in energy drinks, including Red Bull. However, caffeine and sugar levels in Red Bull are comparable to coffee and fruit juices respectively. ^[13] Another publication found that "the number of available publications that really go into the details in this topic is also rather poor".^[23]

Commonly reported adverse effects due to over-consumption of caffeine can result in a state of central nervous system over-stimulation called caffeine intoxication.

Energy Drinks are not sports drinks and have not been formulated to deliver re-hydration. Water should be consumed in addition to Energy Drinks during exercise.

A 2008 position statement issued by the National Federation of State High School Associations made the following recommendations about general energy drink consumption for young athletes:^[24]

1. Water and appropriate sports drinks should be used for rehydration as outlined in the NFHS Document “Position Statement and Recommendations for Hydration to Minimize the Risk for Dehydration and Heat Illness.”
2. Energy drinks should not be used for hydration.
3. Information about the absence of benefit and the presence of potential risk associated with energy drinks should be widely shared among all individuals who interact with young athletes.
4. Energy drinks should not be consumed by athletes who are dehydrated.
5. Energy drinks should not be consumed, without prior medical approval, by athletes taking over the counter or prescription medications.

Cardiovascular effects[link]

A review of the scientific literature on caffeine concluded that moderate caffeine intake (less than 400mg per day) does not adversely affect cardiovascular health. ^[25]

A can of Red Bull, 250ml, contains 80mg of caffeine which is similar to a cup of coffee.

The results of a study showed that the ingestion of one, 250mL can of sugar-free Red Bull, in a sample of 30 healthy young adults, had an immediate detrimental effect on both endothelial function, and normal blood coagulation. This temporarily raised the cardiovascular risk in these individuals to a level comparable to that of an individual with established coronary artery disease.^[11]

Based on their results, researchers involved with the study cautioned against the consumption of Red Bull in individuals under stress, in those with high blood pressure, or in anyone with established atherosclerotic disease.^[26] Red Bull representatives, however, stated that this observed increase in cardiovascular risk was not felt to be different from that associated with drinking a regular cup of coffee.^[27] They also stated that they believed that Red Bull must be safe, as it was felt the only way Red Bull could have such substantial global sales is if various health authorities had concluded the drink safe to consume.

There has been at least one case report of Red Bull overdose causing postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in a young athlete.^[28] A February 3, 2009 article in The Daily Telegraph called, "Red Bull 'may have triggered heart condition that killed student'" reported the death of a 21 year-old woman who died after drinking four cans of Red Bull as well as alcohol at "social levels".^[29] It was believed, but had not been proven, that she suffered from a rare heart condition called long QT Syndrome.^[29] She was on medication for epilepsy and had an abnormally large heart. A medical examination found that there were no illegal drugs in her system. The article quoted a doctor as saying, "The coroner recorded that the 21 year-old woman died of natural causes." ^[30]

Caffeine content[link]

The caffeine content of a single can of Red Bull is 80 mg/250 ml.^[31][32] This is about the same as a normal coffee, or slightly less depending on the brewing method.^[33] The actual caffeine level in Red Bull can vary depending on country, as some countries have legal restrictions on how much caffeine is allowed in drinks.

As is the case with other caffeinated beverages, Red Bull drinkers may experience adverse effects as a result of overuse.

Legal status[link]

Red Bull did not get market approval in France, Denmark, and Norway^[34] for several years, but the energy drink is now on sale in all 27 EU Member States and in 164 countries globally.

The French approval process started in 1996 with concerns about taurine, a normal body constituent and also naturally present in the human diet (e.g. scallops, fish, poultry). This meant the drink could not be sold as-is in France. Instead, a different recipe that didn't contain the ingredient was introduced. The refusal of market approval was challenged by the European Commission and partially upheld by the European Court of Justice in 2004,^[34] before the French food safety agency relented in 2008 after being unable to prove definitively the existence of any health risk, taurine-related or not.^[35]

Advertising[link]

A common Red Bull Cola campaign car

A 2010 Formula 1 car of the Red Bull Racing F1 Team

Red Bull's AH-1F Cobra helicopter

Red Bull's colours on royal navy's historic flight de Havilland Sea Vixen.

Red Bull racing Formula 1 car

Red Bull has an aggressive international marketing campaign. The numerous sponsored activities range from extreme sports like mountain biking, BMX, motocross, windsurfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, kayaking, wakeboarding, cliff-diving, surfing, skating, freestyle motocross, rally, Formula 1 racing, and breakdancing to art shows, music, and video games. In keeping with their target market of young males, Red Bull has also enlisted help from celebrities, such as Eminem that would appeal to this group (sponsoring the Red Bull "EmSee Battle Rap championships"). It also hosts events like the "Red Bull Flugtag" (German for "flight day" or "flying day") and other such contests. Red Bull also sponsors association football teams, with clubs in Austria, Germany, the United States and Brazil featuring the Red Bull trademark in their names. By associating the drink's image with these activities, the company seeks to promote a "cool" public image and raise brand power. In addition, the slender container is used to suggest a "sexier" image than some other cola counterparts.^{[citation needed]} Hence, this one energy drink has helped create a market for over 150 related types of merchandise,^[36] like Red Rooster and Blue Lightning.

Red Bull's slogan, "it gives you wings", is widely used in these marketing activities. Claims about the drink's effects and performance have been challenged on various occasions, with the UK's Advertising Standards Authority imposing advertising restrictions in 2001 in response to complaints first recorded as early as 1997.^[37] Even with all of the concerns regarding Red Bull, in 2000 the corporation earned around $1 billion in worldwide sales and Red Bull held 65% of the market share.^[38] In Malaysia, however, Red Bull does not use its "Gives you wings" slogan, but instead a single one-word slogan, Bullleh!, a word play on the Malay word Boleh (lit: Can be done) and the word Bull.

In the PlayStation 3's social gaming platform, PlayStation Home, Red Bull has developed its own in-game island, specifically advertising its energy drink and the Red Bull Air Race event (for which the space is named) released in January 2009. In late November 2009, Red Bull brought out two new spaces, the Red Bull Illume space, and the Red Bull Beach space featuring the Red Bull Flugtag, both released on the same day. In January 2012, Red Bull released its first personal space called the Red Bull House of Skate featuring an indoor skate park.

In the video game Worms 3D, Red Bull could be drunk by the worms, giving them the effect of faster movement.

Red Bull is displayed on virtual track-side billboards during gameplay and in the opening cinematic in the video game Wipeout 2097.

Team ownerships[link]

• RB Leipzig – a football team currently playing in the German Regionalliga Nord
• New York Red Bulls (officially Red Bull New York^[39]) – a soccer franchise competing in the United States' Major League Soccer
• Red Bull Racing – a Formula One team based in Milton Keynes, England, World Constructor's Championship winner of 2010 and 2011, and produced the car for the 2010 and 2011 F1 World Champion Sebastian Vettel.
• Scuderia Toro Rosso (Italian translation of Racing Team Red Bull) – Another Formula One team based in Faenza, Italy.
• Team Red Bull – a racing team competing in the US based stock car racing competition NASCAR. The team ceased operations after the Sprint Cup Series' 2011 season.
• FC Red Bull Salzburg – an Austrian football club based in Salzburg and competing in the Austrian Bundesliga
• EC Red Bull Salzburg – a member of the Austrian Hockey League based in Salzburg, Austria
• Red Bull Brasil – a football team currently playing in the Brazilian Campeonato Paulista Série A2 based in Campinas, Brazil

Endorsements[link]

In 2009, Red Bull added mainstream sport athletes to its roster of sports endorsements. Reggie Bush was the first NFL athlete to endorse the product. The announcement was made at the Super Bowl.^[40]

Events[link]

• Red Bull Cliff Diving^[41]
• Red Bull Rampage
• Red Bull Road Rage
• Red Bull Romaniacs^[42]
• Red Bull Crashed Ice
• Red Bull X-Fighters
• Red Bull Air Race World Championship
• Red Bull Flugtag
• Red Bull Paperwings
• Red Bull sports events
• Red Bull Art of Motion
• Red Bull BC One
• Red Bull Cold Rush^[43]

See also[link]

• Felix Baumgartner — stratospheric record parachute jump project
• Jägerbomb
• List of energy drinks
• Vodka Red Bull
• Monster Energy

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Red Bull

• Official website
• Red Bull Energy Drink
• Red Bull's Total Marketing - slideshow by Der Spiegel

Danny MacAskill

Personal information
Full name	Danny MacAskill
Born	(1985-12-23) 23 December 1985 (age 26) Scotland
Height	1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Team information
Discipline	Trials
Role	Rider
Rider type	Street Trials

Danny MacAskill, (born 23 December 1985) also known as 'Danny MegaSkill', is a Scottish trials cyclist, from Dunvegan on the Isle of Skye. He works professionally as a street trials pro rider for Inspired Bicycles Ltd.^[1] He released 'April 2009', a five-and-a-half-minute street trials video, filmed by his flatmate Dave Sowerby, on YouTube on the 19th April 2009. The video quickly gained popular acclaim and widespread media attention. The video features stunts performed by MacAskill set to 'The Funeral' by Band of Horses.^[2]

As of April 2009, MacAskill, who was brought up in Dunvegan on the Isle of Skye,^[3] had been practising for more than 12 years. He gave up his job as a mechanic so he could ride full time.^[2] He now lives in Edinburgh.^[4] In June 2009, MacAskill appeared in the music video for Doves' single "Winter Hill".^[5] MacAskill also appeared in a TV-commercial for the new Volkswagen Golf Estate.^[6]

On 16 November 2010 MacAskill released a new video "Way Back Home" produced by Red Bull Media House. The video showcases locations around Scotland including Edinburgh Castle, North Berwick, wartime bunkers on the island of Inchgarvie beneath the Forth Bridge and a hydro-electric power station in the Scottish Highlands.^[7] In May 2011 Leica Cameras released a "Go Play" promo video featuring him doing tricks in the city of Cape Town. In August 9 of 2011 Cut Media released a video named "Industrial Revolutions". The video, set to 'The Wolves' by Ben Howard, features MacAskill doing tricks in an abandoned Scottish iron works. It was created for Channel 4's documentary Concrete Circus.^[8]

On 19 October 2011 MacAskill along with Inspired Bicycles released his signature trials frame, the Inspired Skye, to the public making him a full fledged professional rider.^[9]

In 2012 Danny MacAskill was nominated for the 2012 Adventurer of the Year Award. Danny MacAskill was nominated for changing the way a street trials rider can redefine how we view urban landscapes—and become a global icon in the process. The award is organised by the National Geographic.

Macaskill is currently managed by the German agency Rasoulution.^[10][11]

References[link]

External links[link]

• dannymacaskill.co.uk

Felix Baumgartner (born 20 April 1969 in Salzburg, Austria) is an Austrian skydiver and a BASE jumper. He is renowned for the particularly dangerous nature of the stunts he has performed during his career. Baumgartner spent time in the Austrian military where he practiced parachute jumping, including training to land on small target zones.

Biography[link]

He was born on 20 April 1969 in Salzburg, Austria.^[1]

In 1999 he claimed the world record for the highest parachute jump from a building when he jumped from the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.^[2]

On 31 July 2003, Baumgartner became the first person to skydive across the English Channel using a specially made fibre wing.^[3]

Baumgartner set the world record for the lowest BASE jump ever, from the hand of the Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro.^[4]

He became the first person to BASE jump from the completed Millau Viaduct in France on 27 June 2004^{[citation needed]} and the first person to sky dive onto, then BASE jump from, the Turning Torso building in Malmö, Sweden on 18 August 2006.^[5]

On 12 December 2007 he became the first person to jump from the 91st floor observation deck, then went to the 90th floor (about 390 m (1,280 ft)) of the then tallest completed building in the world, Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan.^[6]

[edit] Red Bull Stratos

In January 2010, it was reported that Baumgartner was working with a team of scientists and sponsor Red Bull to attempt the highest sky-dive on record.^[7] Baumgartner was going to make the 120,000 ft (36,600 m) jump from a capsule suspended from a balloon filled with helium, intending to become the first parachutist to break the sound barrier; the feat was scheduled to take place sometime in 2011.^[8][9][10] Joseph Kittinger, who holds the records Baumgartner is attempting to break, was advising Baumgartner during the "Stratos" mission in the hopes of getting scientific data on next-generation full pressure suits.^[7][11] However, on October 12, 2010, Red Bull announced it was placing the project on hold after Daniel Hogan filed a lawsuit in California Superior Court in Los Angeles, California in April, claiming he had originated the idea of the parachute dive from the edge of space in 2004 and that Red Bull had stolen the idea from him.^[12][13] The lawsuit was resolved out of court in June 2011^[14] and on 5 February 2012, The Daily Telegraph reported that the project would be resumed.^[15]

On 15 March 2012 he completed the first of two test jumps from 71,581 feet (21,818 m). During the jump he spent approximately three minutes and 43 seconds in free fall, reaching speeds of more than 360 miles per hour (580 km/h), before opening his parachute. In total, the jump lasted approximately eight minutes and eight seconds and Baumgartner became only the third person to safely parachute from a height of over 13.5 miles (21.7 km).^[16]

See also[link]

• Michel Fournier, who has been working on a 25 mile jump for several years.^[17]
• Joseph Kittinger, world record holder for skydiving from 102,800 ft
• Yves Rossy, the first man to cross the English Channel using a jet-powered wing

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Red Bull Stratos Project
• Felix Jumping from the Christ Redemeer - Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

External media
	Felix Baumgartner

Gee Atherton

Personal information
Full name	George David Atherton
Nickname	Gee, GeeMan
Born	(1985-02-26) 26 February 1985 (age 27) Salisbury, England, United Kingdom
Height	185 cm
Weight	85 kg
Team information
Current team	GT
Discipline	MTB
Role	Rider
Rider type	DH & 4X
Professional team(s)
2001 2002–2003 2004 2007–2011 2011–	Animal Animal/Muddy Fox Muddy Fox Animal Commençal GT Bicycles
Major wins
GBR DH National Champion (1 Wins) EUR DH European Champion (1 Wins) UCI DH World Champion (1 Wins) UCI DH World Cup (5 Wins) UCI 4X World Cup (1 Wins)
Medal record Competitor for  United Kingdom Mountain Bike World Championships Silver 2007 Fort William Downhill Gold 2008 Val Di Sol Downhill
Infobox last updated on 19 May 2009

Gee Atherton in the Elite Men's Dual Slalom race at the 2009 Sea Otter Classic in Laguna Seca, CA.

George David Atherton, known as Gee Atherton (born 26 February 1985, near Salisbury, England) is a professional racing cyclist specialising in downhill and four cross mountain bike racing, and is a multiple national champion, multiple World Cup winner, and 2010 downhill World Cup Champion.

Since 2007, Gee has been one third of the Animal Commençal racing team, alongside brother Dan Atherton and sister Rachel Atherton.

Gee, along with Rachael and Dan, is the star of the web series "The Atherton Project" a series which follows their day to day lives. In 2012 Gee will be racing for GT racing.

Gee appeared on the BBC's Top Gear (series 7), racing a Renault Clio down the streets of Lisbon and winning.^[1]

Palmarès[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• athertonracing.co.uk
• Atherton Racing Profiles, Silverfish
• George Atherton, Doug Cook, Descent World, 2004
• Gee Atherton Interview, British Cycling, 29 April 2006
• An interview with the Athertons, Steve Thomas, Cycling News, 6 September 2007
• Gee Atherton Wins Garbanzo Downhill, NSMB, 10 August 2008

Robert Barisford "Bobby" Brown (born February 5, 1969) is an American R&B singer-songwriter, occasional rapper, and dancer.

Brown started his career as one of the frontmen of the pop group New Edition, from its inception as The Bricks in 1978 until his forced exit from the group in 1986 following a period of misbehavior on his part. Starting a solo career, he became a hit success with his second album, Don't Be Cruel, which spawned a number of hit singles including the co-self penned "My Prerogative", which became his signature hit. Brown had a string of top ten hits on various Billboard charts between 1986 and 1992, and is a recipient of a Grammy Award. Brown is noted as a pioneer of New Jack Swing music, a fusion of hip-hop and R&B.

Brown was most noted in recent years as the ex-husband of pop singer Whitney Houston. Brown and Houston later gained notoriety co-starring in the reality show, Being Bobby Brown.

Life and career[link]

Early life[link]

Brown was born in Boston as one of eight children to Herbert "Pops" and Carole Brown. Herbert was a construction worker and Carole was a schoolteacher. Brown and his family grew up in Roxbury's Orchard Park Projects. As a child, Brown got involved in petty theft including robbery later saying "I didn't wanna ask my mother or my father because they didn't have a lot of money", stating that whenever he saw something he wanted, "I'd just go to the store and take it." Brown also grew up around gangs. At ten, he was shot in the knee during a fight with a rival gang while attending a block party. Brown said his life reached a turning point at eleven after seeing one of his friends dead from multiple stab wounds at another party. Brown's brother Tommy would later say after that moment, Brown took "his career, schooling, his whole life more seriously." Brown's first taste of being onstage occurred at the age of three when one of his childhood idols, James Brown, performed in Boston.

Music career[link]

New Edition[link]

New Edition originally started as a trio formed by nine-year-old Brown and best friend Michael Bivins. Under the name, The Bricks, the group included another close friend, Ricky Bell. In 1981, the group grew to include a fourth member, Ralph Tresvant. The quartet became a quintet when their manager Brooke Payne insisted on bringing in his nephew Ronnie DeVoe, to complete the group. After performing in several talent shows in the Boston areas in 1982, they won a deal with Maurice Starr's label and released their debut album, Candy Girl. The title track became an instant million-seller in which Brown sung co-lead alongside Bell and Tresvant. Brown's first full lead vocal performance was on the New Edition ballad, "Jealous Girl", which was a minor hit when it charted in 1983. The group became pop sensations with their self-titled sophomore release. The album included the crossover hits "Cool It Now" and "Mr. Telephone Man", which Brown also co-led.

Despite the group's success, however, Brown felt the group was never rightfully paid the money they felt they had earned from their success, later saying "the most I saw from all the tours and all of the records we sold was $500 and a VCR." Brown also allegedly grew jealous of the attention given to fellow New Edition member Ralph Tresvant and during some of their tour performances, would often step out of his position and perform out of turn, performing seductively and singing, which caused hiccups from the group's management team. Brown was featured on two more New Edition albums before leaving the group in early 1986.^[1] Brown later said he felt that the group's management treated them "like little slaves by people who were only interested in money and power, and not in the welfare of New Edition." A little controversy arose over how Brown got kicked out. Some say Brown asked to be let out of New Edition but a VH-1 Behind the Music documentary on the group claimed Brown was voted out by the group via their management team, with some of the members, most prominently Michael Bivins, against the decision.

Solo career[link]

Following his exit, Brown signed a contract with his former group's label, MCA, which had earlier promised Brown a solo deal if he had decided to leave New Edition and also signed with manager Steven Machat, who also worked with New Edition. The label released his debut album, King of Stage, in 1986. Brown had a number-one R&B hit with the ballad, "Girlfriend" but the album didn't do well.

Brown laid low for more than a year working on his follow-up album. With the help of Machat and an MCA representative, Louil Silas, Brown began working with some of the top R&B producers and songwriters including Babyface, Antonio "L.A." Reid and Teddy Riley. The producers helped to compose what became Brown's most successful solo album to date, Don't Be Cruel. Released in 1988, the album launched five top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 including the number-one single, the self-penned "My Prerogative", which became, along with "Every Little Step" and the title track, signature hits for the performer. After topping both the pop and R&B charts, album sales eventually would reach eight million alone in the United States making it the best-selling album of 1989.

In 1989, Brown contributed two songs to the soundtrack of Ghostbusters II, in which he also appeared in a cameo role in the film. The leading track from the soundtrack, "On Our Own", became another top ten single for the singer, peaking at number two. The same year, a remix compilation, Dance! Ya Know It, was released and found fans in the United Kingdom, where Brown had a fan base and had major success. Brown ventured on a 120-day world tour to promote the Don't Be Cruel project in 1988. The tour became a success with Brown's former group New Edition sometimes opening for him. The tour lasted into 1990 but not without Brown gaining notoriety for simulating sexual acts onstage, which got him in trouble with the law.

Brown's next album, the Bobby album wouldn't come until 1992. While released during the final days of the new jack swing era, an era that Brown had dominated, the album did become a success, selling more than a million copies and spawning several hits including "Humpin' Around", "Get Away" and "Good Enough". However the sales of Bobby didn't match its predecessor. Some of that may have to do with Brown deciding not to continue his career as he was now married to his famous wife, Whitney Houston, who with Brown, contributed a UK hit with their duet, "Something in Common", from the Bobby album. Brown would release his fourth solo album, Forever, in 1997. Due to lack of promotion and Brown's desire to write and produce most of the tracks, the album tanked and the album's only single, "Feeling Inside", was not successful.

Prior to its release, Brown had been in negotiations with rapper Tupac Shakur to get signed to Shakur's new label Makaveli Records. However, Shakur died before that would take place. Leaving MCA following the release of Forever, Brown laid low for several years, re-emerging in 2002 where he was featured in a duet with rapper Ja Rule on the song "Thug Lovin'". Brown had been signed to Murder Inc. Records. However much like the situation with 2Pac, Murder Inc. began dissolving, leading to Brown's tenure with them brief. In 2006, Brown appeared adding vocals to Damian Marley's song "Beautiful" on Marley's album, Welcome to Jamrock. In 2010, Brown was featured in a duet with singer Macy Gray on the song "Real Love" off Gray's The Sellout. Gray explained to Essence^[2] about the project, saying "actually he came to the studio, since he doesn't live far, and knocked out his recording in two hours. We're friends and his one-year-old son is my godson. His fiancée is one of my best friends in the whole world. I met Bobby a long time ago, but we really got to know each other through her."^[3]

In 2012, after years of recording delays, Brown announced the release date for his fifth album, The Masterpiece, which is set for a release on June 5. Brown had previously previewed the album's contents by issuing two singles online including "Damaged" and "Get Out the Way" in 2010 and 2011 respectively. The first official single from The Masterpiece is a song called "Don't Let Me Die".

New Edition reunions[link]

Brown made his first reunited appearance with New Edition at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards. Their performance later sparked the recording of Bell Biv DeVoe's "Word to the Mutha!" in which Brown, Ralph Tresvant and later NE member Johnny Gill was included. A full-fledged reunion occurred with the 1996 release of the album, Home Again. Brown contributed lead vocals on two hit singles, "Hit Me Off" and "You Don't Have to Worry". However a subsequent 1997 tour to support the album led to problems between Brown and the other New Edition members. Brown later admitted that he was struggling with drug addiction and alcoholism during the tour.

In 2005, at the BET 25th anniversary special, Brown again reunited with New Edition to a receptive audience. In 2008, Brown, Ralph Tresvant and Johnny Gill then formed a splinter group, Heads of State, to compete with Bell Biv DeVoe. At the 2009 BET Awards, following the death of the group's idol Michael Jackson, the six New Edition members again reunited to perform a medley of Jackson 5 hits in honor of Jackson. This sparked rumors of another full-fledged New Edition reunion, which was confirmed the following year. As of 2012, Brown and New Edition continue to perform together.

Film and television career[link]

Brown made his first acting debut making a guest appearance in the 1989 film, Ghostbusters II, playing the Mayor's Doorman. The following year, he appeared in the HBO kids show, Mother Goose Rock 'n' Rhyme playing all three characters of Three Blind Mice. In 1995, he made another guest appearance in the film, Panther, and had a major role the following year on the Martin Lawrence film, A Thin Line Between Love and Hate. Brown made other guest appearances in the films, Two Can Play That Game, Gang of Roses, Nora's Hair Salon and Go for Broke.

In 2005, Brown signed a deal with Bravo to overlook the direction of the reality series, Being Bobby Brown, but it was said that he had to convince producers that his then-wife Whitney Houston would appear on the show. Houston later told Oprah Winfrey that she agreed to do it because she "loved him" and "did whatever he asked because I was his wife." The show lasted one season but received bad reviews in the duration of its run, leading to a fallout in both singers' careers. The show ended in 2006 after Houston refused to appear in a second season of the show. The couple divorced soon after.

In June 2007, Brown took part in the ITV television series "24 hours with...", a chat show format as celebrity and interviewer spend an intense 24 hours locked in a room together. The show's host, Jamie Campbell, asked Brown questions about his career and private life, and infamously joked about making "sexual moves" towards the singer. Brown was furious and threatened to beat Campbell up live on air.^[4] Brown's later tenures in reality shows included appearances on Celebrity Fit Club and Gone Country.

Personal life[link]

Family and relationships[link]

In 1986, Brown became a father at 17 when one of his girlfriends gave birth to his first son, Landon. In 1989, he started an affair with Kim Ward, who would become a mother to two of his children. Brown wrote in his alleged memoirs that he had been pursued by several female entertainers including Madonna. In 1989, Brown and singer Janet Jackson allegedly had a brief affair during Jackson's brief separation from Rene Elizondo. Brown later said he felt that Jackson's family wouldn't approve of her dating Brown due to Brown's reputation in the media and that Jackson's manager kept the news of their affair hidden from the public. Brown said Jackson broke up with him and noted it was the first time he had been dumped by someone else, stating the separation caused Brown's addiction to alcohol to grow.

After romancing Ward, they had two children, LaPrincia (b. 1990) and Robert Barisford Brown, Jr. (b. 1992). Brown and Ward's relationship ended in late 1991. Brown first met future wife Whitney Houston while both attended the Soul Train Music Awards in 1989. Brown and Houston's friendship grew after Brown attended Houston's birthday party later that same year. By late 1991, their friendship had developed into a romance that began shortly after Houston ended her alleged affair with comic Eddie Murphy and after Brown's affair with Ward, who later discovered she was pregnant with Bobby's second child following their breakup, ended. Brown later proposed marriage in April 1992 and the couple officially married on July 28 of the year outside Houston's New Jersey residence. On July 4, Houston and Brown's first child together was conceived, nine months later on March 4, their only child together, daughter Bobbi Kristina Houston-Brown, nicknamed "Krissy", was born. Despite more attempts to produce more children, Houston had several miscarriages.

Brown and Houston's marriage was tempered by rumors of Brown's infidelity and the couple's frequent drug use, which was often the subject of jokes at their expense especially on sketch shows, Saturday Night Live and, much frequently, MadTV, in which they were spoofed by actors Debra Wilson and Aries Spears. Spears' depiction of Brown was that of a jealous, verbally abusive, philandering cocaine-addicted drunk who bristled at his wife's more iconic popularity. Following fourteen years of marriage, Brown and Houston filed for legal separation in September 2006. Their divorce was finalized on April 24, 2007, with Houston receiving custody of their then-14-year-old daughter.^[5][6] On May 30, 2009, Brown had son Cassius with his partner of two years, manager Alicia Etheridge.^[7] Brown and Etheridge became engaged in May 2010, when Brown proposed during a performance at the Funk Fest in Jacksonville, Florida.^[8] The couple are due to marry in June 2012 in Hawaii.^[9] Brown's eldest son Landon is currently pursuing a career in music while daughter LaPrincia and son Bobby Jr. are attending college, Krissy is currently pursuing a career in acting.

In 1996, Brown found himself involved in a drive-by shooting in Boston while with his brother-in-law. His brother-in-law died from gunshot wounds from intruders, Brown narrowly escaped being shot. When police found Brown, he appeared to have been uninjured but was shaken and distraught. Brown's parents Carole and Herbert Brown died within a year of each other, Carole Brown dying in 2011 and Herbert "Pops" Brown dying in January 2012. Following the death of his ex-wife Houston the following February, Brown struggled to perform at a New Edition show the night of Houston's death, shouting, "I love you, Whitney", while in tears.^[10] Brown then excused himself from the stage and New Edition canceled their remaining show. Brown was invited to appear at Houston's memorial service at New Jersey but left before the service began. In an interview given to The Today Show in May of 2012, Brown said security was the reason why he and his family left Houston's service with Brown stating he loved Houston's family and told Matt Lauer that he had spent "14 beautiful years" with Houston as his wife. He also denied rumors that he introduced his wife to narcotics.^[11] Brown lives in the Atlanta city of Johns Creek.

Mental illness, substance abuse and legal problems[link]

As a child, Brown was diagnosed with ADD and was later diagnosed with bipolar disorder in his early thirties.^[12] Brown said that his drug of choice was marijuana and that he had developed alcoholism at an early age. Following his marriage to Houston, Brown began dabbling heavily into drug use. By the mid-1990s, he was not only addicted to cocaine and crack, but also heroin, which he often smoked along with marijuana. He and Houston would often smoke cocaine-laced weed in blunts.^[13] Following his separation and later divorce from Houston, Brown stopped using cocaine, crack and heroin though he admitted he still drinks but not as much as he did in his younger years.

During his tours, Brown would often be arrested and cited for lewd and lascivious content after simulating sex acts with random female audience members that he would bring onstage. Brown's legal problems however grew serious as he would be often arrested for several offenses over the years including drug possession, driving under the influence and driving while intoxicated. In a now-infamous 1996 arrest while in Florida, during a high-speed police chase, he crashed what was his wife's Mitshubishi, and would be later cited for resisting arrest after he yelled expletives at officers and allegedly performing public urination in the back of one of the squad cars.

In late 2003, Brown was arrested for misdemeanor battery, allegedly for striking Houston while shouting epithets.^[14] In February 2004, Brown was arrested and jailed in Georgia on a parole violation related to a previous drunk driving conviction. In June 2004, Brown was sentenced to 90 days in prison for missing three months of child support payments. That sentence was immediately suspended after Brown made back payments totaling about $15,000.^[15]

On March 26, 2012 Brown was arrested for DUI after being pulled over for allegedly using a cell phone while driving.

Discography[link]

• King of Stage (1986)
• Don't Be Cruel (1988)
• Bobby (1992)
• Forever (1997)
• The Masterpiece (2012)

Filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Bobby Brown Online
• Bobby Brown at the Internet Movie Database
• NEW Bobby Brown HD interview April 2010