Billie Jean King
 |
| Country |
 United States |
| Residence |
USA |
| Born |
(1943-11-22) November 22, 1943 (age 68)
Long Beach, California |
| Height |
1.64 m (5 ft 5 in) |
| Turned pro |
1968 |
| Retired |
1983 |
| Plays |
Right-handed |
| Career prize money |
US$1,966,487[1] |
| Int. Tennis HOF |
1987 (member page) |
| Singles |
| Career record |
695–155 (81.76%) |
| Career titles |
129 (84 during open era) |
| Highest ranking |
No. 1 (1966, 1967, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1974) |
| Grand Slam Singles results |
| Australian Open |
W (1968) |
| French Open |
W (1972) |
| Wimbledon |
W (1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1975) |
| US Open |
W (1967, 1971, 1972, 1974) |
| Doubles |
| Career record |
87–37 (as shown on WTA website)[1] |
| Grand Slam Doubles results |
| Australian Open |
F (1965, 1969) |
| French Open |
W (1972) |
| Wimbledon |
W (1961, 1962, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1979) |
| US Open |
W (1964, 1967, 1974, 1978, 1980) |
| Mixed Doubles |
| Career record |
n/a |
| Career titles |
11 |
| Grand Slam Mixed Doubles results |
| Australian Open |
W (1968) |
| French Open |
W (1967, 1970) |
| Wimbledon |
W (1967, 1971, 1973, 1974) |
| US Open |
W (1967, 1971, 1973, 1976) |
| Last updated on: February 7, 2008. |
Billie Jean King (née Moffitt; born November 22, 1943) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. She won 12 Grand Slam singles titles, 16 Grand Slam women's doubles titles, and 11 Grand Slam mixed doubles titles. King has been an advocate against sexism in sports and society. She won "The Battle of the Sexes" in 1973, in which she defeated Bobby Riggs, a former Wimbledon men's singles champion, for $100,000, winner take all.[2] She completed a career tour all surfaces win-loss performance of 81.76% (696-165). Her win-loss performance in all Grand Slam singles tournaments was 82.00% (190-39), at the French Open 77.77% (21-6), at Wimbledon 86.36% (95-15), at the US Open 80.55% (58–14), and at the Australian Open 80.00% (16-4).
King is the founder of the Women's Tennis Association, the Women's Sports Foundation, and owner of World Team Tennis, which was founded by her former husband, Larry King, Dennis Murphy, Frank Barman, and Jordan Kaiser.
Billie Jean Moffit was born in Long Beach, California, into a conservative Methodist family, the daughter of a fireman father[3] and housewife mother. Her younger brother Randy Moffitt grew up to become a professional baseball player, pitching for 12 years in the major leagues for the San Francisco Giants, Houston Astros, and Toronto Blue Jays.[4]
Billie Jean attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School.[5] After graduating, she attended California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA) because her parents could not afford Stanford or the University of Southern California (USC).[6]
She married Lawrence (Larry) King in Long Beach, California on September 17, 1965.[7] In 1971, she had an abortion, which Mr. King revealed to the public in a 1972 Ms. Magazine article, without consulting Mrs. King in advance.[8] King said in her 1982 autobiography that she decided to have an abortion because she believed her marriage was not solid enough to bring a child into her family.[9] Billie Jean and Lawrence divorced in 1987.
By 1968, King realized that she was interested in women,[8] and in 1971, the same year of the abortion and while still married to Lawrence King, she began an intimate relationship with her secretary, Marilyn Barnett. King was forced to acknowledge[10] the relationship when it became public in a May 1981 "palimony" lawsuit filed by Barnett, making King the first prominent professional female athlete to come out as a lesbian.[10] King said that she had wanted to retire from competitive tennis in 1981 but could not afford to because of the lawsuit. "Within 24 hours [of the lawsuit being filed], I lost all my endorsements; I lost everything. I lost $2 million at least, because I had longtime contracts. I had to play just to pay for the lawyers. In three months I went through $500,000 [$1,300,000 today]. I was in shock. I didn't make $2 million in my lifetime, so it's all relative to what you make."[11] King said in 1998 that Martina Navratilova was not supportive when King was outed, resulting in their relationship having a "very bad five years."[12] Speaking about the lawsuit in 2007, 26 years after it was filed, King said:
| “ |
It was very hard on me because I was outed and I think you have to do it in your own time. Fifty per cent of gay people know who they are by the age of 13. I was in the other 50%. I would never have married Larry if I’d known. I would never have done that to him. I was totally in love with Larry when I was 21.[10] |
” |
Concerning the personal cost of concealing her sexuality for so many years, King said:
| “ |
I wanted to tell the truth but my parents were homophobic and I was in the closet. As well as that, I had people tell me that if I talked about what I was going through, it would be the end of the women's tour. I couldn't get a closet deep enough. I've got a homophobic family, a tour that will die if I come out, the world is homophobic and, yeah, I was homophobic. If you speak with gays, bisexuals, lesbians and transgenders, you will find a lot of homophobia because of the way we all grew up. One of my big goals was always to be honest with my parents and I couldn't be for a long time. I tried to bring up the subject but felt I couldn't. My mother would say, "We’re not talking about things like that", and I was pretty easily stopped because I was reluctant anyway. I ended up with an eating disorder that came from trying to numb myself from my feelings. I needed to surrender far sooner than I did. At the age of 51, I was finally able to talk about it properly with my parents and no longer did I have to measure my words with them. That was a turning point for me as it meant I didn't have regrets any more.[10] |
” |
On August 12, 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama for her work advocating for the rights of women and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered community. "This is a chance for me – and for the United States of America – to say thank you to some of the finest citizens of this country and of all countries", President Obama said.[13]
She is a friend of Elton John and was a friend of Charles M. Schulz.
In 1999, King was elected to serve on the Board of Directors of Philip Morris Incorporated, garnering some criticism from anti-tobacco groups.[14] She no longer serves in that capacity.
King appeared as a judge on Law & Order, one of her favorite television shows,[15] on April 27, 2007. King also appeared on Ugly Betty on May 21, 2009.
King currently resides in New York and Chicago[16] with her partner, Ilana Kloss.[17]
Inducted into the Southern California Tennis Association Hall of Fame on August 5, 2011.
King learned to play tennis on the public courts of Long Beach, California, and was coached by tennis teacher Clyde Walker. She furthered her tennis career at the Los Angeles Tennis Club (LATC) under the jurisdiction of Perry T. Jones, President of the Southern California Tennis Association. At age 17 in 1961, The Long Beach Tennis Patrons (Dr. Ben Parks, Charles Lane, and Jack Lynch), and with the leadership of Harold Guiver of USC, raised $2000 to send her to Wimbledon, where she won the Doubles with Karen Hantze.[18] She was an aggressive, hard-hitting net-rusher,[2] with excellent speed. Chris Evert, however, said about King, "Her weakness is her impatience."[19]
Concerning her motivations in life and tennis, King said,
Any time you're satisfied with mediocrity, any time you take away incentive from human beings, you've blown it. I'm a perfectionist much more than I'm a super competitor, and there's a big difference there.... I've been painted as a person who only competes. ... But most of all, I get off on hitting a shot correctly. ... Any woman who wants to achieve anything has to be aggressive and tough, but the press never sees us as multidimensional. They don't see the emotions, the downs....[20]
In a 1984 interview just after she had turned 40, King said,
Sometimes when I'm watching someone like Martina [Navratilova], I remember how nice it was to be No. 1. Believe me, it's the best time in your life. Don't let anyone ever tell you different. But then I think about the emotional and physical effort it takes to be No. 1, and I realize it's not there anymore. I know that, and it's OK. It's part of the process. My only regret is that I had to do too much off the court. Deep down, I wonder how good I really could have been if I [had] concentrated just on tennis.[21]
Julie Heldman, who frequently played King but never felt close to her, said about King's personality,
One of the reasons I've never gotten close to Billie Jean is that I've never felt strong enough to survive against that overwhelming personality of hers. She talks about me being the smart one. Let me tell you, Billie Jean's the smartest one, the cleverest one you'll ever see. She was the one who was able to channel everything into winning, into being the most consummate tennis player.[22]
Kristen Kemmer Shaw, another frequent opponent of King, said,
For a time, I think I was as close to Billie Jean as anyone ever was. But as soon as I got to the point where I could read her too well, she tried to dissociate the relationship. She doesn't want to risk appearing weak in front of anybody. She told me once that if you want to be the best, you must never let anyone, anyone, know what you really feel. You see, she told me, they can't hurt you if they don't know.[22]
King once said, "Victory is fleeting. Losing is forever."[23]
Concerning the qualities of a champion tennis player, King said,
The difference between me at my peak and me in the last few years of my career is that when I was the champion I had the ultimate in confidence. When I decided, under pressure ... that I had to go with my very weakest shot – forehand down the line – I was positive that I could pull it off ... when it mattered the most. Even more than that; going into a match, I knew it was my weakest shot, and I knew in a tight spot my opponent was going to dare me to hit it, and I knew I could hit it those two or three or four times in a match when I absolutely had to. ... The cliché is to say that ... champions play the big points better. Yes, but that's only the half of it. The champions play their weaknesses better....
[24]
In a May 19, 1975, Sports Illustrated article about King, Frank Deford noted that she had become something of a sex symbol and said, "Billie Jean cackles when the matter of her being a sex symbol is raised. 'Hysterical! Hysterical! Me, with these little short legs!' But she is practical enough to realize that a guy who buys a ticket to look at the girls has bought a ticket as sure as the guy who buys a ticket to look at the girls' forehands. ... Billie Jean herself not only thinks that sex is a dandy thing to have lurking around sports, but she also employs sex as sort of the ultimate gauge of equality between women's and men's athletics. This may be described as the Get-It Quotient.... 'There's a lot of ugly fellas among the male athletes, but just because they're athletes they get it all the time, don't they? Now, never mind prize money and publicity and all that. When we reach the point where all the women athletes are getting it, too, regardless of their looks, just like the fellas, then we've really arrived.'"[22]
In 1959, the 15-year-old King had her Grand Slam debut at the U.S. Championships, losing to Justina Bricka in the first round 4–6, 7–5, 6–4 after having had a match point. In July and August, King played four of the tournaments that comprised the "Eastern Grass Court Circuit." At the Middle States Grass Court Championships in Philadelphia, King lost to Nancy Richey Gunter in the quarterfinals. At the Pennsylvania Lawn Tennis Championships, King lost to Karen Hantze Susman in the quarterfinals. At the Philadelphia and District Women's Grass Court Championships, King defaulted her quarterfinal match with Kathy Chabot while trailing 6–1, 1–2. At the Eastern Grass Court Championships, King lost to Maria Bueno in the third round 6–4, 6–4. In her final adult tournament of the year, King lost (7–5 in the third set) to Ann Haydon Jones in the third round of the Pacific Southwest Championships.
Alice Marble, winner of 18 Grand Slam titles from 1936 through 1940, began coaching King on weekends during 1959, saying, "Clyde Walker has given Billie all the tools she needs to be a winner. Now all she needs is confidence and time."[25] King, however, believes that Maureen Connolly Brinker almost permanently destroyed her confidence as a player when Connolly Brinker mistakenly thought that the type of reverse psychology which motivated herself to become the World No. 1 also would work on King. While the 15-year-old King was practicing on the Junior Wightman Cup team, Connolly Brinker took her to dinner and said, "Look, I just want to let you know: you'll never make it. So don't bother." About ten years later, King learned the truth. While watching the team practice, Connolly Brinker had asked an assistant coach of the team who the top prospect was. When the coach responded with Tory Fretz, Connolly Brinker laughed, pointed at King, and said, "Oh no, the only one with any real chance at all is that one."[26]
King won her first adult tournament title at the Philadelphia and District Women's Grass Court Championships, defeating Karen Hantze Susman in the quarterfinals. At the U.S. Championships, King was defeated in the third round by seventh-seeded Bernice Carr Vukovich of South Africa 7–5, 6–4. King lost four significant matches to veteran players. In May, she lost in the quarterfinals of the Southern California Championships 6–4, 2–6, 6–4 to 43 year old Dorothy "Dodo" Cheney, who was the first American to win the singles title at the Australian Championships in 1938. Two months later, King lost in the second round of the U.S. Women's Clay Court Championships 1–6, 6–0, 6–3 to 35 year old but second-seeded Dorothy Head Knode, who went on to win the title for the fourth and final time. The next week, King was defeated in the semifinals of the Pennsylvania Lawn Tennis Championships 6–4, 2–6, 6–2 by 42 year old Margaret Osborne duPont, a six-time Grand Slam singles champion. In her last tournament of the year, King, the top seed, lost in the quarterfinals of the U.S. Hard Court Championships to Cheney 6–3, 4–6, 6–3.
King first gained international recognition in 1961 when, at age 17, she won the women's doubles title at Wimbledon in her first attempt while partnering Karen Hantze Susman.[3] Although unseeded, King and Susman defeated the top seeded team of Renee Schuurman Haygarth and Sandra Reynolds Price in the quarterfinals and the third seeded team of Margaret Court and Jan Lehane O'Neill in the final. In second round singles play at Wimbledon, fifth-seeded Yola Ramírez Ochoa defeated King in a two-day match on Centre Court[27] 11–9, 1–6, 6–2 after King had received a first round bye. Earlier in the year, King lost to Susman in the final of the Southern California Championships but successfully defended her title in Philadelphia and won the Pennsylvania Lawn Tennis Championships for the first time. Christine Truman Janes, the fourth seed, defeated the unseeded King in the second round of the U.S. Championships 6–3, 3–6, 6–2. At the Pacific Southwest Championships, King lost in the third round to Dorothy "Dodo" Cheney (then 45 years old) 6–1, 3–6, 6–3 for the third consecutive time. Playing in the Wightman Cup for the first time, King defeated Ann Haydon Jones but lost to Janes.
In 1962, King lost to Dorothy "Dodo" Cheney (now 45 years old) for the fourth time in four career matches, this time in the semifinals of the Ojai Valley Tennis Tournament. The following week, Karen Hantze Susman defeated King in the final of the Southern California Championships for the second consecutive year. In only her second career singles match at Wimbledon, King upset Margaret Court, the World No. 1 and top seed, in a second round match by attacking Court's forehand[28] after Court had led in the third set 3–0, 5–2, and served at 5–3 (30–15).[29] This was the first time in Wimbledon history that the women's top seed had lost her first match.[30] King eventually reached the quarterfinals, losing to fifth-seeded Ann Haydon Jones 6–3, 6–1, who wrote a book "A Game of Love" (1971). One month later, Court defeated King in the semifinals of both the Pennsylvania Lawn Tennis Championships (6–4, 6–3) and the Eastern Grass Court Championships (6–3, 6–4). At the Wightman Cup, King and Susman lost their only match of the tie to the team of Jones and Christine Truman Janes. At the U.S. Championships, King got injured and retired from her first round match with Victoria Palmer while leading 8–6, 0–5. King ended her year by losing to Renee Schuurman Haygarth in the quarterfinals of the Pacific Southwest Championships:)
Billie Jean Moffitt (later King) at the
Irish Open at Fitzwilliam LTC, Dublin in the 1960s where she won her first international title
In 1963, King won the Southern California Championships for the first time, defeating Darlene Hard in the final. At Wimbledon, the unseeded King defeated seventh-seeded Maria Bueno in the quarterfinals 6–2, 7–5 and third-seeded Ann Haydon Jones in the semifinals 6–4, 6–4 before losing the final to top-seeded Margaret Court. The following week, King won her first international title at the Irish Championships. In Wightman Cup competition, King defeated Christine Truman Janes 6–4, 19–17 and Jones. King was seeded third at the U.S. Championships but lost her fourth round match with unseeded Dierdre Catt Keller McMahon. At the year ending Pacific Southwest Championships, King defeated Jones and Bueno before losing to Hard in the final.
In 1964, King won four relatively minor titles but lost to Margaret Court in the Wimbledon semifinals 6–3, 6–4. King defeated Ann Haydon Jones at both the Wightman Cup and Fed Cup but lost to Court in the final of the Federation Cup 6–2, 6–3. At the U.S. Championships, fifth-seeded Nancy Richey Gunter upset third-seeded King in the quarterfinals 6–4, 6–4. Late in the year, King decided to make a full-time commitment to tennis. She said,
I was in my third year as a history major at
Los Angeles State College.... I still had my dream of being Number 1 in tennis, but I had yet to win a major singles title. I finally realized that I would never know whether I could make it unless I made a commitment to play full-time. I was able to make that commitment when Robert Mitchell, the same businessman who had helped Margaret Smith [Court], offered to pay my way to Australia so that I could train under the great Australian coach
Mervyn Rose. I told my friends I was going to Australia to become the best player in the world. It was a frightening admission, but it helped to drive me.
Merv Rose was exactly what I needed. He made radical alterations in my game, changing my swooping, wristy forehand and backhand into the crisp efficient strokes of a champion.
[31]
While in Australia, King played three tournaments to end the year, losing in the quarterfinals of the Queensland Grass Court Championships, the final of the New South Wales Championships (to Court), and the third round of the Victorian Championships.
In early 1965, King continued her 3-month tour of Australia. She lost in the final of the South Australian Championships and the first round of the Western Australia Championships. At the Fed Cup in Melbourne, King defeated Ann Haydon Jones to help the United States defeat the United Kingdom in the second round. However, Margaret Court again defeated King in the final. At the Australian Championships two weeks later, King lost to Court in the semifinals 6–1, 8–6. At Wimbledon, King again lost in the semifinals, this time to Maria Bueno 6–4, 5–7, 6–3. King's last tournament of the year was the U.S. Championships, where she defeated Jones in the quarterfinals (16–14, 6–2) and Bueno in the semifinals. In the final, King led 5–3 in both sets, was two points from winning the first set, and had two set points in the second set[32] before losing to Court 8–6, 7–5. King said that losing while being so close to winning was devastating, but the match proved to her that she was "good enough to be the best in the world. I'm going to win Wimbledon next year."[33] King won six tournaments during the year. For the first time in 81 years, the annual convention of the United States Lawn Tennis Association overruled its ranking committee's recommendation to award King the sole U.S. No. 1 position and voted 59,810 to 40,966 to rank Nancy Richey Gunter and King as co-U.S. No. 1.[34]
From 1966 through 1975, King won 32 of her career 39 Grand Slam titles, including all 12 of her Grand Slam singles titles, 9 of her 16 Grand Slam women's doubles titles, and 10 of her 11 Grand Slam mixed doubles titles.
Six of King's Grand Slam singles titles were at Wimbledon, four were at the U.S. Championships/Open, one was at the French Open, and one was at the Australian Championships. King reached the final of a Grand Slam singles tournament in 16 out of 25 attempts and had a 12–4 win–loss record in those finals. In the nine tournaments that she failed to reach the final, she was a losing semifinalist twice and a losing quarterfinalist five times. From 1971 through 1975, King won seven of the ten Grand Slam singles tournaments she played. She won the last seven Grand Slam singles finals she contested, six of them in straight sets and four of them against Evonne Goolagong. All but one of King's Grand Slam singles titles were on grass.
King's Grand Slam record from 1966 through 1975 was comparable to that of Margaret Court, her primary rival during these years. One or both of these women played 35 of the 40 Grand Slam singles tournaments held during this period, and together they won 24 of them. During this period, Court won 31 of her career 64 Grand Slam titles, including 12 of her 24 Grand Slam singles titles, 11 of her 19 Grand Slam women's doubles titles, and 8 of her 21 Grand Slam mixed doubles titles. Court reached the final of a Grand Slam singles tournament in 14 out of 25 attempts and had a 12–2 win–loss record in those finals. Court won 7 of the 12 Grand Slam finals she played against King during these years, including 2–1 in singles finals, 4–1 in women's doubles finals, and 1–3 in mixed doubles finals.
King was the year-ending World No. 1 in six of the ten years from 1966 through 1975. She was the year-ending World No. 2 in three of those years and the World No. 3 in the other year.
King won 97 of her career 129 singles titles during this period and was the runner-up in 36 other tournaments.
In 1966, King defeated Dorothy "Dodo" Cheney (then 49 years old) for the first time in five career matches, winning their semifinal at the Southern California Championships 6–0, 6–3. King also ended her nine match losing streak to Margaret Court by defeating her in the final of the South African Tennis Championships. At the Wightman Cup just before Wimbledon, King defeated Virginia Wade and Ann Haydon Jones. After thirteen unsuccessful attempts to win a Grand Slam singles title from 1959 through 1965, King at the age of 22 finally won the first of her six singles titles at Wimbledon and the first of twelve Grand Slam singles titles overall, defeating Court in the semifinals 6–3, 6–3 and Maria Bueno in the final. King credited her semifinal victory to her forehand down the line, a new shot in her repertoire.[33] She also said that the strategy for playing Court is, "Simple. Just chip the ball back at her feet."[35] At the U.S. Championships, an ill King was upset by Kerry Melville Reid in the second round.[36]
King successfully defended her title at the South African Tennis Championships in 1967, defeating Maria Bueno in the final. She played the French Championships for the first time in her career,[37] falling in the quarterfinals to Annette Van Zyl DuPlooy of South Africa. At the Federation Cup one week later in West Germany on clay, King won all four of her matches, including victories over DuPlooy, Ann Haydon Jones, and Helga Niessen Masthoff. King then successfully switched surfaces and won her second consecutive Wimbledon singles title, defeating Virginia Wade in the quarterfinals 7–5, 6–2 and Jones. At the Wightman Cup, King again defeated Wade and Jones. King won her second Grand Slam singles title of the year when she won the U.S. Championships for the first time and without losing a set, defeating Wade, DuPlooy, Françoise Durr, and Jones in consecutive matches. Jones pulled her left hamstring muscle early in the final and saved four match points in the second set before King prevailed.[38] King won the singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles titles at both Wimbledon and the U.S. Championships, the first woman to do that since Alice Marble in 1939.[39] King then returned to the Australian summer tour in December for the first time since 1965, playing seven events there and Judy Tegart Dalton in six of those events (winning four of their matches). King lost in the quarterfinals of the New South Wales Championships in Sydney to Dalton after King injured her left knee in the second game of the third set of that match.[40] However, King won the Victorian Championships in Melbourne the following week, defeating Dalton, Reid, and Lesley Turner Bowrey in the last three rounds. At a team event in Adelaide, King won all three of her singles and doubles matches to help the U.S. defeat Australia 5–1. To finish the year, King lost to Dalton in the final of the South Australian Championships in Adelaide.
In early 1968, King won three consecutive tournaments to end her Australian tour. In Perth, King won the Western Australia Championships, defeating Margaret Court in the final. In Hobart, King won the Tasmanian Championships by defeating Judy Tegart Dalton in the final. King then won the Australian Championships for the first time, defeating Dalton in the semifinals and Court in the final. King continued to win tournaments upon her return to the United States, winning three indoor tournaments before Nancy Richey Gunter defeated King in the semifinals of the Madison Square Garden Challenge Trophy amateur tournament in New York City before 10,233 spectators.[41] The match started with Gunter taking a 4–2 lead in the first set, before King won 9 of the next 10 games. King served for the match at 5–1 and had a match point at 5–3 in the second set; however, she lost the final 12 games and the match 4–6, 7–5, 6–0.[42] King then won three consecutive tournaments in Europe before losing to Ann Haydon Jones in the final of a professional tournament at Madison Square Garden. Playing the French Open for only the second time in her career and attempting to win four consecutive Grand Slam singles titles (a "non-calendar year Grand Slam"), King defeated Maria Bueno in a quarterfinal before losing to Gunter in a semifinal 2–6, 6–3, 6–4. King rebounded to win her third consecutive Wimbledon singles title, defeating Jones in the semifinals and Dalton in the final. At the US Open, King defeated Bueno in a semifinal before being upset in the final by Virginia Wade. On September 24, she had surgery to repair cartilage in her left knee[43] and did not play in tournaments the remainder of the year. King said that it took eight months (May 1969) for her knee to recover completely from the surgery.[44] In 1977, King said that her doctors predicted in 1968 that her left knee would allow her to play competitive tennis for only two more years.[45]
King participated in the 1969 Australian summer tour for the second consecutive year. Unlike the previous year, King did not win a tournament. She lost in the quarterfinals of the Tasmanian Championships and the semifinals of the New South Wales Championships. At the Australian Open, King defeated 17 year old Evonne Goolagong in the second round 6–3, 6–1 and Ann Haydon Jones in a three-set semifinal before losing to Margaret Court in a straight-sets final. The following week, King lost in the semifinals of the New Zealand Championships. Upon her return to the United States, King won the Pacific Coast Pro and the Los Angeles Pro. King then won two tournaments in South Africa, including the South African Open. During the European summer clay court season, King lost in the quarterfinals of both the Italian Open and the French Open. On grass at the Wills Open in Bristol, United Kingdom, King defeated Virginia Wade in the semifinals (6–8, 11–9, 6–2) before losing to Court. At Wimbledon, King lost only 13 points while defeating Rosemary Casals in the semifinals 6–1, 6–0;[46] however, Jones upset King in the final and prevented King from winning her fourth consecutive singles title there. The week after, King again defeated Wade to win the Irish Open for the second time in her career. In the final Grand Slam tournament of the year, King lost in the quarterfinals of the US Open to Nancy Richey Gunter 6–4, 8–6. This was the first year since 1965 that King did not win at least one Grand Slam singles title. King finished the year with titles at the Pacific Southwest Open in Los Angeles, the Stockholm Indoors, and the Midland (Texas) Pro. She said during the Pacific Southwest Open, "It has been a bad year for me. My left knee has been OK, but I have been bothered by a severe tennis elbow for seven months. I expect to have a real big year in 1970, though, because I really have the motivation now. I feel like a kid again."[47]
In 1970, Margaret Court won all four Grand Slam singles tournaments and was clearly the World No. 1. King lost to Court three times in the first four months of the year, in Philadelphia, Dallas, and Johannesburg (at the South African Open). Court, however, was not totally dominant during this period as King defeated her in Sydney and Durban, South Africa. Where Court dominated was at the Grand Slam tournaments. King did not play the Australian Open. King had leg cramps and lost to Helga Niessen Masthoff of West Germany in the quarterfinals of the French Open 2–6, 8–6, 6–1.[48] At Wimbledon, Court needed seven match points[49] to defeat King in the final 14–12, 11–9 in one of the greatest women's finals in the history of the tournament.[50] On July 22,[51] King had right knee surgery, which forced her to miss the US Open. King returned to the tour in September, where she had a first round loss at the Virginia Slims Invitational in Houston and a semifinal loss at the Pacific Coast Championships in Berkeley, California. To close out the year, King in November won the Virginia Slims Invitational in Richmond, Virginia and the Embassy Indoor Tennis Championships in London. During the European clay court season, King warmed-up for the French Open by playing in Monte Carlo (losing in the semifinals), winning the Italian Open (saving three match points against Virginia Wade in the semifinals),[52] playing in Bournemouth (losing to Wade in the quarterfinals), and playing in Berlin (losing to Masthoff in the semifinals). The Italian Open victory was the first important clay court title of King's career. Along the way, she defeated Masthoff in a three-set quarterfinal and Wade in a three-set semifinal, saving two match points at 4–5 in the second set. The twelfth game of that set (with King leading 6–5) had 21 deuces and lasted 22 minutes,[53] with Wade saving seven set points and holding sixteen game points before King won. In Wightman Cup competition two weeks before Wimbledon but played at the All England Club, King defeated both Wade and Ann Haydon Jones in straight sets.
Although King won only one Grand Slam singles title in 1971, this was the best year of her career in terms of tournaments won (17). According to the International Tennis Hall of Fame, she played in 31 singles tournaments and compiled a 112–13 win–loss record.[18]
She started the year by winning eight of the first thirteen tournaments she played, defeating Rosemary Casals in seven finals. King's five losses during this period were to Françoise Durr (twice), Casals (once), Ann Haydon Jones (once), and Chris Evert (in St. Petersburg). The St. Petersburg tournament was King's first since having an abortion that caused her to miss the Virginia Slims tour event in San Juan, Puerto Rico. At the time, King said that retiring from the match with Evert after splitting the first two sets was necessary because of leg cramps. But in early 1972, King admitted that cramps associated with the abortion caused the retirement.[54]
At the tournament in Hurlingham, United Kingdom in early May, King lost a second round match to an old rival, Christine Truman Janes (now 30 years old), 6–4, 6–2. But King recovered the next week to win the German Open in Hamburg on clay. Four weeks later at the Queen's Club tournament in London, King played Margaret Court for the first time in 1971, losing their final. At Wimbledon, King defeated Janes in the fourth round (6–2, 7–5) and Durr in the quarterfinals before losing unexpectedly to Evonne Goolagong in the semifinals 6–4, 6–4. Two weeks after Wimbledon, King won the grass court tournament in Hoylake, United Kingdom, beating Virginia Wade, Court, and Casals in the last three rounds. She then played two clay court tournaments in Europe, winning neither, before resuming play in the United States.
In August, King won the indoor Houston tournament and the U.S. Women's Clay Court Championships in Indianapolis. King then switched back to grass and won the US Open without losing a set, defeating Evert in the semifinals (6–3, 6–2) and Casals in the final. King then won the tournaments in Louisville, Phoenix, and London (Wembley Pro). King and Casals both defaulted at 6–6 in the final of the Pepsi Pacific Southwest Open in Los Angeles in September when their request to remove a lineswoman was denied, eventually resulting in the United States Lawn Tennis Association fining both players US$2,500.[55] To end the year, King played two tournaments in New Zealand but did not win either. She lost in Christchurch to Durr and in Auckland to Kerry Melville Reid.
King won three Grand Slam singles titles in 1972, electing not to play the Australian Open despite being nearby when she played in New Zealand in late-1971. King said, "I was twenty-eight years old, and I was at the height of my powers. I'm quite sure I could have won the Grand Slam [in] ... 1972, but the Australian was such a minor-league tournament at that time.... More important, I did not want to miss any Virginia Slims winter tournaments. I was playing enough as it was."[56]
At the beginning of the year, King failed to win eight of the first ten tournaments she played. She won the title in San Francisco in mid-January. But then King lost in Long Beach to Françoise Durr (although King claimed in her 1982 autobiography that she intentionally lost the match because of an argument with her husband[57]) and in Fort Lauderdale on clay to Chris Evert 6–1, 6–0. The inconsistent results continued through mid-April, in Oklahoma City (losing in the quarterfinals); Washington, D.C. (losing in the second round); and Dallas (losing to Nancy Richey Gunter after defeating Evert in the quarterfinals 6–7(4–5), 6–3, 7–5 and Evonne Goolagong in the semifinals 1–6, 6–4, 6–1).[58] King won the title in Richmond; however, one week later, King lost in the semifinals of the tournament in San Juan. This was followed in successive weeks by a loss in the Jacksonville final to Marie Neumannova Pinterova and in a St. Petersburg semifinal to Evert (6–2, 6–3).
King did not lose again until mid-August, winning six consecutive tournaments. She won the tournaments in Tucson and Indianapolis. King then won the French Open without losing a set and completed a career Grand Slam. She defeated Virginia Wade in the quarterfinals, Helga Niessen Masthoff in the semifinals, and Goolagong in the final.[59] On grass, King then won the Wimbledon warm-up tournaments in Nottingham and Bristol and won Wimbledon itself for the fourth time. She lost only one set during the tournament, to Wade in the quarterfinals. That was followed by straight set wins over Rosemary Casals and Goolagong. When the tour returned to the United States, King did not win any of the three tournaments she played before the US Open, including a straight sets loss to Margaret Court in Newport. At the US Open, however, King won the tournament without losing a set, including a quarterfinal win over Wade, a semifinal defeat of Court, and a final win over Kerry Melville Reid. King finished the year by winning the tournaments in Charlotte and Phoenix (defeating Court in the final of both), a runner-up finish in Oakland (losing to Court), and a semifinal finish in Boca Raton (losing to Evert).
1973 was Margaret Court's turn to win three Grand Slam singles titles, failing to win only Wimbledon, and was the clear World No. 1 for the year. As during the previous year, King started 1973 inconsistently. She missed the first three Virginia Slims tournaments in January because of a wrist injury.[60] She then lost in the third round at the Virginia Slims of Miami tournament but won the Virginia Slims of Indianapolis tournament, defeating Court in the semifinals 6–7, 7–6, 6–3 and Rosemary Casals in the final. The semifinal victory ended Court's 12-tournament and 59-match winning streaks,[61] with King saving at least three match points when down 5–4 (40–0) in the second set. Indianapolis was followed by five tournaments that King failed to win (Detroit, Boston, Chicago, Jacksonville, and the inaugural Family Circle Cup in Hilton Head, South Carolina). King lost to Court in two of those tournaments. After deciding not to defend her French Open singles title, King won four consecutive tournaments, including her fifth Wimbledon singles title when she defeated Kerry Melville Reid in the quarterfinals, Evonne Goolagong in the semifinals on her eighth match point,[62] and Chris Evert in the final. King lost only nine points in the 6–0 bageling of Evert in the first set of their final.[63] In none of the preceding tournaments, however, did King play Court. Their rivalry resumed in the final of the Virginia Slims of Nashville tournament, where Court won for the third time in four matches against King in 1973. (This was the last ever singles match between those players, with Court winning 21 and King 13 of their 34 matches.) Three weeks later at the US Open, King retired from her fourth round match with Julie Heldman while ill[64] and suffering from the oppressive heat and humidity. When Heldman complained to the match umpire that King was taking too long between games, King reportedly said to Heldman, "If you want the match that badly, you can have it!"[65] The Battle of the Sexes match against Bobby Riggs was held in the middle of the Virginia Slims of Houston tournament. King won her first and second round matches three days before playing Riggs, defeated Riggs, won her quarterfinal match the day after the Riggs match, and then lost the following day to Casals in the semifinals 7–6, 6–1. According to King, "I had nothing left to give."[66] To end the year, King won tournaments in Phoenix, Hawaii, and Tokyo and was the runner-up in Baltimore.
Despite King's achievements at the world's biggest tennis tournaments, the U.S. public best remembers her for her win over Bobby Riggs in 1973, and winning $100,000 in the winner take all match.
Riggs had been a top men's player in the 1930s and 1940s in both the amateur and professional ranks. He won the Wimbledon men's singles title in 1939, and was considered the World No. 1 male tennis player for 1941, 1946, and 1947. He then became a self-described tennis "hustler" who played in promotional challenge matches. In 1973, he took on the role of male chauvinist. Claiming that the women's game was so inferior to the men's game that even a 55-year-old like himself could beat the current top female players, he challenged and defeated Margaret Court 6–2, 6–1. King, who previously had rejected challenges from Riggs, then accepted a lucrative financial offer to play him for $100,000 winner take all.
Dubbed the Battle of the Sexes, the Riggs-King match was played at the Houston Astrodome in Texas on September 20, 1973. The match garnered huge publicity. In front of 30,492 spectators and a worldwide television audience estimated at 50 million people in 37 countries, King beat Riggs 6–4, 6–3, 6–3. The match is considered a very significant event in developing greater recognition and respect for women's tennis (and perhaps women's sports in general). King said, "I thought it would set us back 50 years if I didn't win that match. It would ruin the women's [tennis] tour and affect all women's self-esteem."[2]
"Take the Bobby Riggs match, for instance. To beat a fifty-nine-year old guy was no thrill for me. The thrill was exposing a lot of new people to tennis. But the most important thing about the match was that women liked themselves better that day. In Philadelphia a few weeks later, I walked into the offices of the Bulletin to meet the editor, and all the secretaries stood up and clapped. They just went berserk. The editor said, “You have no idea what you did. The day after you played Bobby Riggs, all of these women asked for a raise.”[67] Looking back at that match, King said, "I probably played so well because I had to, for the money. Out of frustration comes creativity. Right?"[22] Two months later, Wade defeated King in the semifinals of the Philadelphia tournament. At the Austin, Texas tournament in April, King defeated Evonne Goolagong 6–1, 6–3 before losing to Evert in the final. As King was serving for the match at 6–5 in the third set, a disputed line call went in Evert's favor. King said after the match that she was cheated out of the match and that she had never been angrier about a match.[68]
King played only one of the Wimbledon warm-up tournaments, defeating Olga Morozova in the Eastbourne semifinals before losing to Wade in the final. Seeded third at Wimbledon, King defeated seventh seeded Morozova in the quarterfinals (6–3, 6–3) and then top seeded Evert in the semifinals (2–6, 6–2, 6–3) after being down 3–0 (40–15) in the final set.[69] Evert blamed her semifinal defeat on a loss of concentration when she saw Jimmy Connors, her former fiance, escorting Susan George into Centre Court. King, however, believes that the match turned around because King planned for and totally prepared for Wimbledon that year and told herself when she was on the verge of defeat, "Hey, Billie Jean, this is ridiculous. You paid the price. For once, you looked ahead. You're supposed to win. Get your bahoola in gear."[69] King then defeated fourth seeded Goolagong Cawley in the second most lopsided women's final ever at Wimbledon (6–0, 6–1). King called her performance a "near perfect match" and said to the news media, "I'm never coming back."[70]
Except for five Federation Cup singles matches that she won in straight sets in August, King played only in doubles and mixed doubles events from January through September. She partnered Phil Dent to the mixed doubles title at the US Open. She lost to Dianne Fromholtz Balestrat in both of the singles tournaments she played the remainder of the year. Looking back, King said, "I wasted 1976. After watching Chris Evert and Evonne [Goolagong] Cawley play the final at Wimbledon I asked myself what I was doing. So, despite my age and the operations, the Old Lady came back...."[71] King had knee surgery for the third time on November 9,[72] this time on her right knee,[73] and did not play the remainder of the year.
King spent the first three months of the year rehabilitating her right knee after surgery in November 1976.[74]
In March 1977, King requested that the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) exercise its right to grant a wild card entry to King for the eight-player Virginia Slims Championships at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Margaret Court, who finished in sixth place on the Virginia Slims points list, failed to qualify for the tournament because she did not play enough Virginia Slims tournaments leading up to the championships. This left a spot open in the draw, which the WTA filled with Mima Jaušovec. King then decided to play the Lionel Cup tournament in San Antonio, Texas, which the WTA harshly criticized because tournament officials there had allowed transexual Renee Richards to enter.[75] Chris Evert, Martina Navratilova, and Betty Stöve (president of the WTA) criticized King's decision because of Richards's unresolved and highly controversial status on the women's tennis tour. Evert said she was disappointed with King and that until Richards's status was resolved, "all of the women should stick together." Navratilova said, "Billie Jean is a bad girl pouting. She made a bad decision. She's mad because she could not get what she wanted." Stöve said that if King had wanted the competition, "[T]here are plenty of men around here she could've played with. She didn't have to choose a 'disputed' tournament."[76] The draw in San Antonio called for King to play Richards in the semifinals had form held; however, Richards lost in the quarterfinals. King eventually won the tournament.
At the clay court Family Circle Cup in late March, King played for the last time her long-time rival Nancy Richey Gunter in the first round. King won 0–6, 7–6, 6–2. She defeated another clay court specialist, Virginia Ruzici, in the second round before winning only one game from Evert in the final.
At Wimbledon in the third round, King played Maria Bueno for the last time, with King winning 6–2, 7–5. In the quarterfinals, Evert defeated King for the first time at a Grand Slam singles tournament and for the first time on grass 6–1, 6–2 in just 46 minutes. Evert said it was the best match she had ever played on grass up to that point in her career,[77] and King said, "She just played beautiful tennis. I don't think many players would've beaten her today."[78] King also said after the match, "Maybe I can be happy being number eight instead of number one. At this stage, just playing, that's winning enough for me."[79] But when asked about retirement, King said, "Retire? Quit tournament tennis? You gotta be kidding. It just means I've got a lot more work. I've got to make myself match tough ... mentally as well as physically. I gotta go out and kill myself for the next six months. It's a long, arduous process. I will suffer. But I will be back."[80]
Evert repeated her Wimbledon quarterfinal victory over King at the clay court US Open, winning 6–2, 6–0. This loss prompted King to say, "I better get it together by October or November or that's it. I'll have to make some big decisions. I'm not 20-years-old and I can't just go out and change my game. It's only the last four weeks I haven't been in [knee] pain. [But if] I keep using that as a copout, I shouldn't play."[81]
The remainder of the year, King's win–loss record was 31–3, losing only to Evert, Dianne Fromholtz Balestrat, and Michelle Tyler Wilson. King won five of the eight tournaments she entered plus both of her Wightman Cup matches. She defeated Navratilova all four times they played, including three times in three consecutive weeks, and beat Wimbledon champion Virginia Wade twice. Beginning September 26, King played seven consecutive weeks. She lost to Tyler in the second round in Palm Harbor, Florida and Fromholtz Balestrat in the semifinals in Atlanta. She then won three hard court tournaments in three consecutive weeks. She defeated Navratilova and Wendy Turnbull to win in Phoenix, losing only four points to Turnbull in the third set of the final.[82] The next week, she defeated Navratilova, Fromholtz Balestrat, and Wimbledon runner-up Stöve to win in São Paulo. The third week, she defeated Ruzici, Stöve, and Janet Newberry Wright to win in San Juan. In November, Evert snapped King's 18-match winning streak in the final of the Colgate Series Championships in Mission Hills, California. King then won her Wightman Cup matches, defeated Navratilova to win the tournament in Japan, and beat Wade to win the Bremar Cup in London. King said, "I have never had a run like this, even in the years when I was Wimbledon champion. At 34 I feel fitter than when I was 24."[83]
King played ten singles tournaments during the first half of 1978, limiting herself to doubles after Wimbledon.
To start the year, King was the runner-up in Houston and Kansas City (losing to Martina Navratilova in both) and in Philadelphia (losing to Chris Evert). At the Virginia Slims Championships, King lost her first round robin match to Virginia Wade and defaulted her two remaining round robin matches because of a leg injury sustained during the first match.
At Wimbledon, King played with a painful heel spur in her left foot and lost to Evert in the quarterfinals for the second consecutive year 6–3, 3–6, 6–2. The match was on-serve in the third set with King serving at 2–3 (40–0) before Evert won five consecutive points to break serve. King won a total of only two points during the last two games. King said after the match, "I don't think my mobility is very good and that's what I need to beat her. Physically, she [Evert] tears your guts apart unless you can stay with her. I'm really disappointed. I really wanted to play well. I just couldn't cut it because of my heel."[84]
King teamed with Navratilova to win the women's doubles title at the US Open, King's fourth women's doubles title at that tournament and 14th Grand Slam women's doubles title overall. To end the year, King was undefeated in five doubles matches (four with Evert and one with Rosemary Casals) as the U.S. won the Federation Cup in Melbourne. During the Federation Cup competition, King hinted at retirement from future major singles competitions and said that she was "sick and tired of continued surgery" in trying to get fit enough for those events.[85] Nevertheless, King had foot surgery on December 22 in an attempt to regain mobility for a return to the tennis tour.[86]
During the first half of 1979, King played only one event – doubles in the Federation Cup tie against Spain – because of major surgery to her left foot during December 1978.
King returned to singles competition at the Wimbledon warm-up tournament in Chichester. She defeated the reigning Wimbledon champion, Martina Navratilova, in a 48-minute quarterfinal 6–1, 6–2[87] before losing to Evonne Goolagong Cawley in the semifinals 1–6, 6–4, 10–8. Seeded seventh at Wimbledon, King defeated Hana Mandlíková in the fourth round before losing the last six games[88] of the quarterfinal match with fourth-seeded Tracy Austin 6–4, 6–7(5), 6–2. King partnered with Navratilova at Wimbledon to win King's 20th and final Wimbledon title, breaking Elizabeth Ryan's longstanding record of 19 Wimbledon titles just one day after Ryan collapsed and died at Wimbledon.[89]
At the US Open, the ninth-seeded King reached the quarterfinals without dropping a set, where she upset the fourth-seeded Virginia Wade 6–3, 7–6(4). Next up was a semifinal match with the four-time defending champion and top-seeded Chris Evert; however, with King hampered by a neck injury sustained during a bear hug with a friend the day before the match, Evert won 6–1, 6–0, including the last eleven games and 48 of the last 63 points.[90] This was Evert's eighth consecutive win over King, with Evert during those matches losing only one set and 31 games and winning four 6–0 sets.[90] Evert said after the match, "Psychologically, I feel very confident when I ... play her."[90]
The following week in Tokyo, King won her first singles title in almost two years, defeating Goolagong Cawley in the final. In November in Stockholm, King defeated Betty Stöve in the final after Stöve lost her concentration while serving for the match at 5–4 in the third set.[91] Three weeks later in Brighton, King lost a semifinal match with Navratilova 7–5, 0–6, 7–6(3) after King led 6–5 in the third set.[92] She ended the year with a quarterfinal loss in Melbourne (not the Australian Open), a second round loss in Sydney, and a three-set semifinal loss to Austin in Tokyo.
King won the tournament in Houston that began in late February, snapping Martina Navratilova's 28-match winning streak in the straight-sets final.[93]
At the winter series-ending Avon Championships in March, King defeated Virginia Wade in her first round robin match 6–1, 6–3. After Wade held serve at love to open the match, King won nine consecutive games and lost only nine points during those games.[94] King then lost her second round robin match to Navratilova and defeated Wendy Turnbull in an elimination round match, before losing to Tracy Austin in the semifinals 6–3, 6–1.
King played the French Open for the first time since she won the event in 1972 and completed a career singles Grand Slam. She was seeded second but lost in the quarterfinals to fifth-seeded Dianne Fromholtz Balestrat of Australia 6–1, 6–4.
At Wimbledon, King defeated Pam Shriver in a two hour, forty minute fourth round match 5–7, 7–6, 10–8 after King saved a match point in the second set and recovered from a 4–2 (40–0) deficit in the third set with Shriver serving.[95] In a quarterfinal that took two days to complete, King lost to two-time defending champion and top-seeded Navratilova 7–6, 1–6, 10–8. The beginning of the match was delayed until late afternoon because of rain. Because she wore eyeglasses, King agreed to start the match then on condition that tournament officials immediately suspend the match if the rain resumed. During the first set, drizzle began to fall; however, the chair umpire refused to suspend the match. King led in the tiebreaker 5–1 before Navratilova came back to win the set, whereupon the umpire then agreed to the suspension. When the match resumed the next day, King won 20 of the first 23 points to take a 5–0 lead in the second set and lost a total of seven points while winning the set in just 17 minutes. In the third set, Navratilova broke serve to take a 2–0 lead before King broke back twice and eventually served for the match at 6–5. King then hit four volley errors, enabling Navratilova to break serve at love and even the match. King saved three match points while serving at 6–7 and three more match points while serving at 7–8. During the change-over between games at 8–9, King's eyeglasses broke for the first time in her career. She had a spare pair, but they did not feel the same. King saved two match points before Navratilova broke serve to win the match. King said, "I think that may be the single match in my career that I could have won if I hadn't had bad eyes."[96][97][98]
King teamed with Navratilova to win King's 39th and final Grand Slam title at the US Open. Navratilova then decided she wanted a new doubles partner and started playing with Shriver but refused to discuss the change directly with King. She finally confronted Navratilova during the spring of 1981, reportedly saying to her, "Tell me I'm too old ... but tell me something." Navratilova refused to talk about it.[99]
King had minor knee surgery on November 14 in San Francisco to remove adhesions and cartilage.[100]
In 1982, King was 38 years old and the twelfth-seed at Wimbledon. In her third round match with Tanya Harford of South Africa, King was down 7–5, 5–4 (40–0) before saving three match points[101] to win the second set 7–6(2) and then the third set 6–3. King said in her post-match press conference, "I can't recall the previous time I have been so close to defeat and won. When I was down 4–5 and love–40, I told myself, 'You have been here 21 years, so use that experience and hang on.'"[102] In the fourth round, King upset sixth-seeded Australian Wendy Turnbull in straight sets. King then upset third-seeded Tracy Austin in the quarterfinals 3–6, 6–4, 6–2 to became the oldest female semifinalist at Wimbledon since Dorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers in 1920. This was King's first career victory over Austin after five defeats and reversed the result of their 1979 Wimbledon quarterfinal. King said in her post-match press conference, "Today, I looked at the scoreboard when I was 2–0 in the third set and the '2' seemed to be getting bigger and bigger. In 1979, when I was up 2–0 at the same stage, I was tired and didn't have anything left. But today I felt so much better and was great mentally."[103] Two days later in the semifinals, which was King's 250th career match at Wimbledon in singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles,[104] the second-seeded Chris Evert defeated King on her fifth match point 7–6(4), 2–6, 6–3. King was down a set and 2–1 in the second set before winning five consecutive games to even the match.[105] King explained that she actually lost the match in the first set by failing to convert break points at 15–40 in the second and fourth games.[106]
King retired from competitive play in singles at the end of 1983.
She reached the semifinals in her final appearance at Wimbledon, losing to Andrea Jaeger 6–1, 6–1 after beating Kathy Jordan in the quarterfinals, seventh-seeded Wendy Turnbull in the fourth round, and Rosemary Casals, her longtime doubles partner, in the third round. Jaeger claims that she was highly motivated to defeat King because King had defeated Turnbull, a favorite of Jaeger's, and because King refused a towel from an attendant just before her match with Jaeger, explaining, "I'm not going to sweat in this match."[107]
King became the oldest WTA player to win a singles tournament when won Birmingham at 39 years, 7 months and 23 days. Kimiko Date-Krumm, who won 2009's Hansol Korea Open, holds second place with the win having occurred one day before she turned 39. The final official singles match of King's career was a second round 7–6, 4–6, 6–4 loss to Catherine Tanvier at the 1983 Australian Open.
King played doubles sporadically from 1984 through 1990. She retired from competitive play in doubles in March 1990. In her last competitive doubles match, King and her partner, Jennifer Capriati, lost a second round match to Brenda Schultz-McCarthy and Andrea Temesvári 6–3, 6–2 at the Virginia Slims of Florida tournament.
Before the start of the open era in 1968, King earned US$100 a week as a playground instructor and student at Los Angeles State College when not playing in major tennis tournaments.
In 1967, King criticized the United States Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA) in a series of press conferences, denouncing what she called the USLTA's practice of "shamateurism", where top players were paid under the table to guarantee their entry into tournaments. King argued that this was corrupt and kept the game highly elitist. King quickly became a significant force in the opening of tennis to professionalism. King said this about the amateur game,
In America, tennis players are not people. If you are in tennis, you are a cross between a panhandler and a visiting in-law. You're not respected, you're tolerated. In England, you're respected as an artist. In Europe, you're a person of importance.
Manuel Santana gets decorated by
Franco. The
Queen leads the applause. How many times have I been presented at the
White House? You work all your life to win Wimbledon and Forest Hills and all the people say is, "That's nice. Now what are you going to do with your life?" They don't ask
Mickey Mantle that. Stop 12 people on the street and ask them who
Roy Emerson is and they're stuck for an answer, but they know the third-string right guard for the
Rams. I'd like to see tennis get out of its "sissy" image and see some guy yell, "Hit it, ya bum" and see it be a game you don't have to have a
lorgnette or a sash across your tuxedo to get in to watch.
[108]
When the open era began, King campaigned for equal prize money in the men's and women's games. As the financial backing of the women's game improved due to the efforts of World Tennis magazine founder, publisher and editor Gladys Heldman, King became the first woman athlete to earn over US$100,000 in prize money in 1971;[109] however, inequalities continued. King won the US Open in 1972 but received US$15,000 less than the men's champion Ilie Năstase. She stated that she would not play the next year if the prize money were not equal. In 1973, the US Open became the first major tournament to offer equal prize money for men and women.
King led player efforts to support the first professional women's tennis tour in the 1970s called the Virginia Slims, founded by Gladys Heldman and funded by Joseph Cullman of Philip Morris.[110] Once the tour took flight, King worked tirelessly to promote it even though many of the other top players were not supportive. "For three years we had two tours and because of their governments [Martina] Navratilova and Olga Morozova had to play the other tour. Chris [Evert], Margaret [Court], Virginia [Wade], they let us do the pioneering work and they weren't very nice to us. If you go back and look at the old quotes; they played for the love of the game, we played for the money. When we got backing and money, we were all playing together – I wonder why? I tried not to get upset with them. Forgiveness is important. Our job was to have one voice and win them over."[10]
In 1973, King became the first President of the women's players union – the Women's Tennis Association. In 1974, she, with husband Larry King and Jim Jorgensen, founded womenSports magazine and started the Women's Sports Foundation.[111] Also in 1974, World TeamTennis began, founded by Larry King, Dennis Murphy, Frank Barman and Jordan Kaiser.[112] She became league commissioner in 1982 and major owner in 1984.
King is a member of the Board of Honorary Trustees for the Sports Museum of America,[113] which opened in 2008. The museum is the home of the Billie Jean King International Women's Sports Center, a comprehensive women's sports hall of fame and exhibit.[114]
In the mid-1990s, King became the captain of the United States Fed Cup team and coach of its women's Olympic tennis squad. She guided the U.S. to the Fed Cup championship in 1996 and helped Lindsay Davenport, Gigi Fernández, and Mary Joe Fernandez capture Olympic gold medals.
In 2002, King dismissed Capriati from the Fed Cup team, saying Capriati had violated rules that forbade bringing along and practicing with personal coaches. Opinion was sharply divided, with many supporting King's decision but many feeling the punishment was too harsh, especially in hindsight when Monica Seles and Lisa Raymond were defeated by lower-ranked Austrians Barbara Schett and Barbara Schwartz. The following year, Zina Garrison succeeded King as Fed Cup captain.
King's triumph at the French Open in 1972 made her only the fifth woman in tennis history to win the singles titles at all four Grand Slam events, a "career Grand Slam." (Four additional women have completed a career Grand Slam since King.) King also won a career Grand Slam in mixed doubles. In women's doubles, only the Australian Open eluded her.
King won a record 20 career titles at Wimbledon – 6 singles, 10 women's doubles, and 4 mixed doubles. (Martina Navratilova also has 20 career titles at Wimbledon.)
King played 51 Grand Slam singles events from 1959 through 1983 she reached at least the semifinals in 27 and at least the quarterfinals in 40 out of her 51 attempts.
King was the runner-up in 6 Grand Slam singles events.
An indicator of King's mental toughness at crunch time in Grand Slam singles tournaments was her 11–2 career record in deuce third sets, i.e., third sets that were tied 5–5 before being resolved.
King won 129 singles titles, and her career prize money totalled US$1,966,487.[115]
In Federation Cup finals, King was on the winning United States team seven times, in 1963, 1966, 1967, and 1976 through 1979. Her career win–loss record was 52–4 (26–3 in singles and 26–1 in doubles). She won the last 30 matches she played (excluding two unfinished matches), including 15 straight wins in both singles and doubles.[116]
In Wightman Cup competition, King's career win–loss record was 22–4 (14–2 in singles and 8–2 in doubles), winning her last 9 matches (6 in singles and 3 in doubles). The United States won the cup 10 of the 11 years that King participated. In singles, King was 6–1 against Ann Haydon Jones, 4–0 against Virginia Wade, and 1–1 against Christine Truman Janes.[117]
Margaret Court, who won more Grand Slam titles than anyone, has said that King was "the greatest competitor I’ve ever known".[118]
Chris Evert, winner of 18 Grand Slam singles titles, has said, "She's the wisest human being that I've ever met and has vision people can only dream about. Billie Jean King is my mentor and has given me advice about my tennis and my boyfriends. On dealing with my parents and even how to raise children. And she doesn't have any."[119]
King was the Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year in 1967.[120]
In 1972, King became the first tennis player to be named Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year. She was also the first female athlete ever to receive that honor.[121][122]
Friends with singer Elton John, the 1975 song "Philadelphia Freedom" is a tribute to King.[citation needed] On a PBS program, John talked about how he brought a demo copy of the record to play for her right after he had recorded it.
In 1975, Seventeen magazine found that King was the most admired woman in the world from a poll of its readers. Golda Meir, who had been Israel's prime minister until the previous year, finished second.[2]
In 1979, several top players were asked who they would pick to help them recover from a hypothetical deficit of 1–5 (15–40) in the third set of a match on Wimbledon's Centre Court. Martina Navratilova, Rosemary Casals, and Françoise Durr all picked King. Navratilova said, "I would have to pick Billie Jean at her best. Consistently, Chris [Evert] is hardest to beat but for one big occasion, one big match, one crucial point, yes, it would have to be Billie Jean." Casals said, "No matter how far down you got her, you never could be sure of beating her."[123]
King was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987.[18]
Life magazine in 1990 named her one of the "100 Most Important Americans of the 20th Century."[2]
King was the recipient of the 1999 Arthur Ashe Courage Award.[124]
In 2000, King received an award from the GLAAD, an organization devoted to reducing discrimination against gays, lesbians and bisexuals, for "furthering the visibility and inclusion of the community in her work." The award noted her involvement in production and the free distribution of educational films, as well as serving on the boards of several AIDS charities.[125]
In 2006, the Women's Sports Foundation began to sponsor the Billie Awards, which are named after and hosted by King.[126]
On August 28, 2006, the USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park was rededicated as the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center.[127] John McEnroe, Venus Williams, Jimmy Connors, and Chris Evert were among the speakers during the rededication ceremony.
On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria Shriver inducted King into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.
On October 18, 2007, the Public Justice Foundation presented King with its highest award, the Champion of Justice Award.[citation needed]
On November 20, 2007, King was presented with the 2007 Sunday Times Sports Women of the Year Lifetime Achievement award for her contribution to sport both on and off the court.[10]
Charles M. Schulz, creator of the Peanuts comic strip, was an admirer and close friend. Schulz referred to King several times in Peanuts over the years. In one strip, Peppermint Patty tells Marcie, "Has anyone ever told you that when you're mad, you look just like Billie Jean King?"
She was honored by the Office of the Manhattan Borough President in March 2008 and was included in a map of historical sites related or dedicated to important women.[128]
King was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009.[129]
| Outcome |
Year |
Championship |
Surface |
Opponent in the final |
Score in the final |
| Runner-up |
1963 |
Wimbledon |
Grass |
 Margaret Court |
6–3, 6–4 |
| Runner-up |
1965 |
U.S. Championships |
Grass |
Margaret Court |
8–6, 7–5 |
| Winner |
1966 |
Wimbledon (1) |
Grass |
 Maria Bueno |
6–3, 3–6, 6–1 |
| Winner |
1967 |
Wimbledon (2) |
Grass |
 Ann Haydon Jones |
6–3, 6–4 |
| Winner |
1967 |
U.S. Championships (1) |
Grass |
Ann Haydon Jones |
11–9, 6–4 |
| Winner |
1968 |
Australian Championships (1) |
Grass |
Margaret Court |
6–1, 6–2 |
| Winner |
1968 |
Wimbledon (3) |
Grass |
Judy Tegart Dalton |
9–7, 7–5 |
| Runner-up |
1968 |
US Open |
Grass |
Virginia Wade |
6–4, 6–2 |
| Runner-up |
1969 |
Australian Open |
Grass |
Margaret Court |
6–4, 6–1 |
| Runner-up |
1969 |
Wimbledon |
Grass |
Ann Haydon Jones |
3–6, 6–3, 6–2 |
| Runner-up |
1970 |
Wimbledon |
Grass |
Margaret Court |
14–12, 11–9 |
| Winner |
1971 |
US Open (2) |
Grass |
Rosemary Casals |
6–4, 7–6 |
| Winner |
1972 |
French Open |
Clay |
Evonne Goolagong |
6–3, 6–3 |
| Winner |
1972 |
Wimbledon (4) |
Grass |
Evonne Goolagong |
6–3, 6–3 |
| Winner |
1972 |
US Open (3) |
Grass |
Kerry Melville Reid |
6–3, 7–5 |
| Winner |
1973 |
Wimbledon (5) |
Grass |
Chris Evert |
6–0, 7–5 |
| Winner |
1974 |
US Open (4) |
Grass |
Evonne Goolagong |
3–6, 6–3, 7–5 |
| Winner |
1975 |
Wimbledon (6) |
Grass |
Evonne Goolagong Cawley |
6–0, 6–1 |
- These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis.
- ^ a b "Women's Tennis Association biography of Billie Jean King". Sonyericssonwtatour.com. http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/page/Player/Stats/0,,12781~4011,00.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Billie Jean Won for All Women". http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016060.html. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
- ^ a b "Official Wimbledon profile of Billie Jean King". http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/history/billiejean_king.html. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
- ^ "Randy Moffitt Statistics". http://www.baseball-reference.com/m/moffira01.shtml. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
- ^ "Press Release – King's Schools". Archived from the original on December 24, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061224233102/http://kingsschools.org/pr_si-article.asp. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
- ^ "Billy (sic) Jean King Commemorates Title IX's 35th Anniversary". Stanfordreview.org. May 11, 2007. http://www.stanfordreview.org/article/billy-jean-king-commemorates-title-ixs-35th-annive/. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "Billie Jean King of Her Family", Long Beach Press-Telegram, November 23, 1965, page C-4
- ^ a b Stanley, Alessandra (April 26, 2006). "The Legacy of Billie Jean King, an Athlete Who Demanded Equal Play". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/26/arts/television/26stan.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Deford, Frank; King, Billie Jean (1982). Billie Jean. New York, N.Y: Viking. p. 19. ISBN 0-670-47843-1.
- ^ a b c d e f The Big Interview: Billie Jean King, December 9, 2007.
- ^ Grossfeld, Stan (December 3, 2006). "No royalty like King". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/sports/other_sports/tennis/articles/2006/12/03/no_royalty_like_king/?page=4. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "Billie Jean King (interview)". Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-20979892.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Gay, Sheryl (August 12, 2009). "Obama Gives Medal of Freedom to 16 Luminaries". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/13/us/politics/13obama.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "Billie Jean King Elected To Philip Morris Board". Cleanlungs.com. http://www.cleanlungs.com/education/features/king.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0973361/
- ^ "Billie Jean King, Mother of Modern Sports". Imgspeakers.com. http://www.imgspeakers.com/_images/speakers/KingBillieJean.pdf. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Associated, The (April 23, 2006). "Evert, Navratilova weigh in on tennis legend Billie Jean King". Pittsburghlive.com. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_445847.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ a b c "International Tennis Hall of Fame biography of Billie Jean Moffitt King". Archived from the original on November 19, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061119112817/http://www.tennisfame.com/famer.aspx?pgID=867&hof_id=171. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
- ^ "Chris Evert: Miss Cool on the Court". TIME. August 27, 1973. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907800-2,00.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "Billie Jean King a perfectionist", New Mexican, Santa Fe, New Mexico, June 1, 1980, page C-7
- ^ "The Challenge of Her Life – Billie Jean at 40", Parade magazine, Syracuse Herald Journal, January 8, 1984, page 7
- ^ a b c d Frank Deford (May 19, 1975). "Mrs. Billie Jean King!". Vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com. http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1089860/4/index.htm. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "all things William". http://www.allthingswilliam.com/victory.html. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
- ^ Deford, Frank; King, Billie Jean (1982). Billie Jean. New York, N.Y: Viking. pp. 96–7. ISBN 0-670-47843-1.
- ^ Teele, Jack, "The Sports Beat", Long Beach Press-Telegram, November 12, 1959, page D-3
- ^ Deford, Frank; King, Billie Jean (1982). Billie Jean. New York, N.Y: Viking. p. 96. ISBN 0-670-47843-1.
- ^ Collins, Bud (1989). My Life With the Pros. New York: E.P. Dutton. p. 261. ISBN 0-525-24659-2.
- ^ Billie Moffitt's Strategy – Attack!", Kansas City Times, June 27, 1962, page 15
- ^ Starr, Cynthia; King, Billie Jean (1988). We Have Come a Long Way: The Story of Women's Tennis. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 106. ISBN 0-07-034625-9.
- ^ "Wimbledon Upset", Beckley (West Virginia) Post-Herald, June 27, 1962, page 2
- ^ Starr, Cynthia; King, Billie Jean (1988). We Have Come a Long Way: The Story of Women's Tennis. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 113–4. ISBN 0-07-034625-9.
- ^ Santana, Miss Smith Grab U.S. Tennis Championships", Pacific Stars & Stripes, September 14, 1965, page 20
- ^ a b Starr, Cynthia; King, Billie Jean (1988). We Have Come a Long Way: The Story of Women's Tennis. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 114. ISBN 0-07-034625-9.
- ^ "Billie Jean Must Share No. 1 Rating", Independent Press-Telegram (Long Beach, California), February 6, 1966, page C-1
- ^ John Lovesey (July 11, 1966). "Manolo is king, and a King is queen". Vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com. http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1078753/index.htm. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "News Archive; 1966: Tennis". News.elementfx.com. http://news.elementfx.com/1966-tennis.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ King claims that the United States Lawn Tennis Association prohibited her from playing the French Championships earlier in her career because the association needed her to play grass court tournaments in the United States to draw crowds. Starr, Cynthia; King, Billie Jean (1988). We Have Come a Long Way: The Story of Women's Tennis. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 114. ISBN 0-07-034625-9.
- ^ "Aussie, Billie Jean Capture U.S. Titles", Oakland Tribune, September 11, 1967, page 40-E
- ^ "News Archive; 1967: Tennis". News.elementfx.com. http://news.elementfx.com/1967-tennis.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Injury May Force King Out Of Tennis Tourney", Florence Morning News, November 25, 1967, page 6
- ^ Anderson, Dave (March 30, 1968). "Miss Richey Upsets Mrs. King, 4–6, 7–5, 6–0, to Gain Garden Tennis Final". Select.nytimes.com. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F15F8345D147493C2AA1788D85F4C8685F9. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "News Archive; 1968: Tennis". News.elementfx.com. http://news.elementfx.com/1968-tennis.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "Mrs. King Undergoes Successful Surgery". Select.nytimes.com. June 3, 2011. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D16FE3B5D11738FDDAD0A94D1405B888AF1D3. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "Surgery for Billie Jean". Independent Press-Telegram (Long Beach, California): p. C-1. July 11, 1970.
- ^ "King Will Resume Singles Competition". The Pocono Record (Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania): p. 14. January 20, 1977.
- ^ "Mrs. King Crushes Foe", Abilene (Texas) Reporter-News, July 3, 1969, page 12-A
- ^ Billie Jean, Pancho Gain Pacific Southwest Finals", Independent Press-Telegram, Long Beach, California, September 28, 1969, page S-6
- ^ By MICHAEL KATZ Special to The New York Times (June 4, 1970). "Mrs. King, Hobbled by Leg Cramps, Loses to Miss Niessen in French Tennis". Select.nytimes.com. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70717F93F5812718DDDAD0894DE405B808BF1D3. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "Classic women's singles finals". BBC News. June 11, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wimbledon2000/fans_guide/769768.stm. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Margaret Court/Smith (Wimbledon official website)[dead link]
- ^ "Billie Jean Has Knee Surgery", Wisconsin State Journal, July 23, 1970, section 2, page 3
- ^ "Billie Jean King, Julia Heldman score victories", Winona (Minnesota) Daily News, April 26, 1970, page 7b
- ^ Tingay, Lance (1983). The Guinness Book of Tennis Facts & Feats. Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives. p. 26. ISBN 0-85112-268-X.
- ^ "Tennis Pro Favors Abortion", Tucson (Arizona) Daily-Citizen, February 23, 1972, page 16.
- ^ "Female tennis stars 'even'", The Idaho Free Press, January 5, 1972, page 12
- ^ Deford, Frank; King, Billie Jean (1982). Billie Jean. New York, N.Y: Viking. p. 20. ISBN 0-670-47843-1.
- ^ Deford, Frank; King, Billie Jean (1982). Billie Jean. New York, N.Y: Viking. p. 93. ISBN 0-670-47843-1.
- ^ For a description of the Dallas tournanment in 1972, see the Sports Illustrated article "Shoot-Out at the T Bar M"
- ^ After winning the French Open in 1972, King stayed away from the tournament for seven consecutive years and, in fact, played the tournament only twice more during her career, in 1980 and 1982.
- ^ "King bows in, on courts", Daily Review, Hayward, California, February 8, 1973, page 30
- ^ "'Sweetie' upset for Billie Jean", Oakland Tribune, February 26, 1973, page E27
- ^ "Evert Shatters Court, Sets Up American Finals", Abilene (Texas) Reporter-News, July 5, 1973, page 2-C
- ^ Joe Jares (July 16, 1973). "A Bloomin' Winner". Vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com. http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1087561/index.htm. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Starr, Cynthia; King, Billie Jean (1988). We Have Come a Long Way: The Story of Women's Tennis. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 144. ISBN 0-07-034625-9.
- ^ Hollander, Zander; Collins, Bud (1994). Bud Collins' Modern Encyclopedia of Tennis. Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. p. 196. ISBN 0-8103-9443-X.
- ^ Starr, Cynthia; King, Billie Jean (1988). We Have Come a Long Way: The Story of Women's Tennis. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 145. ISBN 0-07-034625-9.
- ^ "Billie Jean Dumps Evert at Sarasota", Daily Times-News, Burlington, North Carolina, January 20, 1975, page 5B
- ^ "Cool Chris Edges Angry Billie Jean", Star-News, Pasadena, California, April 21, 1975, page B-2
- ^ a b Deford, Frank; King, Billie Jean (1982). Billie Jean. New York, N.Y: Viking. p. 95. ISBN 0-670-47843-1.
- ^ Lannin, Joanne (1999). Billie Jean King: Tennis Trailblazer. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co. p. 99. ISBN 0-8225-4959-X.
- ^ Brace, Reginald; King, Billie Jean (1981). Play Better Tennis: With Billie Jean King and Reginald Brace. Octopus. p. 16. ISBN 0-7064-1223-0.
- ^ "Billie Jean Undergoes Knee Surgery", Tyrone (Pennsylvania) Daily Herald, November 10, 1976, page 12
- ^ "King Will Resume Singles Competition", The Pocono Record, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, January 20, 1977, page 14
- ^ "King to Command McFarlin Spotlight", San Antonio Light, March 21, 1977, page 1-B
- ^ "Billie Jean King returns to tennis action", The Independent Record, Helena, Montana, March 23, 1977, page 10.
- ^ "Gals Coninue to Snap at King", San Antonio Light, March 25, 1977, page 4-E
- ^ "Evert Thrashes Former Queen, King With 6–1, 6–2 Win at Wimbledon", Galveston (Texas) News, June 28, 1977, page B1
- ^ Evert Drops King in Quarter-Finals", Wisconsin State Journal, June 28, 1977, page 1, section 2
- ^ Lannin, Joanne (1999). Billie Jean King: Tennis Trailblazer. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co. p. 101. ISBN 0-8225-4959-X.
- ^ "Tennis' Joe Frazier", Idaho State Journal, Pocatello, Idaho, June 28, 1977, page A6
- ^ "Comeback Soon Over for King?", News Tribune, Fort Pierce, Florida, September 8, 1977, page 10
- ^ "King Wins 1st Major Tourney in 2 Years", Raleigh Register, Beckley, West Virginia, October 17, 1977, page 8
- ^ "King, Wade London Finalists", Star-News, Pasadena, California, December 11, 1977, page D-7
- ^ "Evert Enters Grudge Match With Wade", Galveston (Texas) Daily News, July 5, 1978, page 1-B
- ^ "U.S. wins Federation Cup opener", European Stars and Stripes, November 29, 1978, page 28
- ^ "Surgery for King", Valley Independent, Monessen, Pennsylvania, December 22, 1978, page 9
- ^ "Sports Shorts", The Capital, Annapolis, Maryland, June 16, 1979, page 25
- ^ Radosta, John S. (July 3, 1979). "Tracy Austin Ousts Mrs. King, 6–4, 6–7, 6–2". The New York Times
- ^ "Ryan dies at Wimbledon", The News, Frederick, Maryland, July 7, 1979, page D-2
- ^ a b c Amdur, Neil (September 8, 1979). "Injured Mrs. King Is Routed By Mrs. Lloyd in Semifinals". The New York Times
- ^ Brace, Reginald; King, Billie Jean (1981). Play Better Tennis: With Billie Jean King and Reginald Brace. Octopus. p. 46. ISBN 0-7064-1223-0.
- ^ "Navratilova-Lloyd Final". The New York Times. November 25, 1979
- ^ Martina and Billie advance", Daily Press, Escanaba, Michigan, March 20, 1980, page 3-B
- ^ Martina and Billie advance", Daily Press, Escanaba, Michigan, March 20, 1980, page 3-B
- ^ "This Is a Wimbly to Remember for Veteran King", Abilene (Texas) Reporter-News, July 1, 1980, page 1-C
- ^ Deford, Frank; King, Billie Jean (1982). Billie Jean. New York, N.Y: Viking. p. 82. ISBN 0-670-47843-1.
- ^ "Navratilova downs veteran King", Daily Intelligencer, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, July 2, 1980, page 21
- ^ "Martina Edges King; Borg, Connors Win", Syracuse (New York) Herald-Journal, July 2, 1980, page C-1
- ^ Lannin, Joanne (1999). Billie Jean King: Tennis Trailblazer. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co. p. 103. ISBN 0-8225-4959-X.
- ^ "Surgery for King", Valley Independent, Monessen, Pennsylvania, November 15, 1980, page 6
- ^ "Wimbledon Under the Weather". TIME. July 12, 1982. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,925571-2,00.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Associated Press, June 27, 1982
- ^ Associated Press, July 1, 1982
- ^ Knight-Ridder Wire, July 3, 1982
- ^ Associated Press, July 3, 1982
- ^ Dallas Morning News, "Lloyd spoils King's hopes", July 3, 1982, pages 1B, 9B; Dallas Times Herald, "Evert stops King rally in Wimbledon replay", July 3, 1982, page B-7
- ^ "Why I became a nun, by former tennis star Andrea Jaeger". Daily Mail (UK). April 19, 2008. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/femail/article.html?in_article_id=560743&in_page_id=1879. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "Huck Finn of Tennis: That's Billie Jean", Oakland Tribune, September 26, 1967, page 38
- ^ "BJK Firsts and Facts". Billiejeanking.com. August 12, 2009. http://www.billiejeanking.com/fact.aspx. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Bud Collins on Gladys Heldman[dead link]
- ^ Billie Jean King: Founder, Leader, Legend[dead link]
- ^ "Billie Jean King co-founder". Wtt.com. http://www.wtt.com/page.aspx?article_id=64. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "Board of Honorary Trustees". Thesportsmuseum.com. http://www.thesportsmuseum.com/about_board.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ The Billie Jean King Intl Women's Sports Center[dead link]
- ^ "Women's Tennis Association biography of Billie Jean King". http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/page/Player/Stats/0,,12781~4011,00.html. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ Billie Jean King record in Federation Cup[dead link]
- ^ Hollander, Zander; Collins, Bud (1994). Bud Collins' Modern Encyclopedia of Tennis. Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. pp. 580–1. ISBN 0-8103-9443-X.
- ^ Who Is the Greatest Female Player Ever?[dead link]
- ^ Grossfeld, Stan (December 3, 2006). "No royalty like King". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/sports/other_sports/tennis/articles/2006/12/03/no_royalty_like_king. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "Billie Jean King Named 'Woman Athlete of the Year'", Daily Capital News, Jefferson City, Missouri, January 13, 1968, page 6
- ^ By SI.com (December 4, 2006). "''Sports Illustrated'' honors Wade". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/magazine/specials/sportsman/2006/12/04/wade.sportsman/index.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "Billie Jean King". The Dynamic Path. http://www.thedynamicpath.com/pages/personalities/sports/billie-jean-king.php. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Billie Jean King toughest in tight spot: Durr says", Daily Leader, Pontiac, Illinois, March 22, 1979, page 13
- ^ "Weah selected for Arthur Ashe Courage Award". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/espy2004/s/04asheaward.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Billie Jean King, Dennis & Judy Shepard, Doonesbury, Harper's and Many Others Honored at the 11th Annual GLAAD Media Awards Presented by Absolut Vodka[dead link]
- ^ Murphy, Melissa (April 15, 2006). "Documentary focuses on tennis great Billie Jean King". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5UIgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=O4YEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3229,6074838&dq=billie-awards+billie-jean-king&hl=en.
- ^ History of the Billie Jean King National Tennis Center[dead link]
- ^ "Scott Stringer – Manhattan Borough President". Mbpo.org. http://www.mbpo.org/free_details.asp?ID=234. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "President Obama Names Medal of Freedom Recipients", White House Office of the Press Secretary, July 30, 2009
- Fein, Paul (2005). You Can Quote Me On That: Greatest Tennis Quips, Insights And Zingers. Washington: Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-925-7.
- Roberts, Selena (2005). A Necessary Spectacle : Billie Jean King, Bobby Riggs, and the Tennis Match That Leveled the Game. New York: Crown. ISBN 1-4000-5146-0.
- Overman, Steven J. and K. B. Sagert, Icons of Women's Sport. Greenwood Press, 2012, Vol. 1.
- Ware, Susan. Game, Set, Match: Billie Jean King and the Revolution in Women's Sports (University of North Carolina Press; 2011) 282 pages; Combines biography and history in a study of the tennis player, liberal feminism, and Title IX.
- Jones, Ann, A Game of Love, 1971
- Gilbert, Lynn (2012-12-10). Particular Passions: Billie Jean King. Women of Wisdom Series (1st ed.). New York, NY: Lynn Gilbert Inc.. ISBN 978-1-61979-354-5.
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| Persondata |
| Name |
King, Billie Jean |
| Alternative names |
Moffitt, Billie Jean |
| Short description |
former tennis player |
| Date of birth |
November 22, 1943 |
| Place of birth |
Long Beach, California, United States |
| Date of death |
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| Place of death |
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