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LIVE - UN General Assembly debate
Iranian President Hassan Rouhani's Full UN Address (2013)
'US surveillance an affront': Brazil's Rousseff to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
'US to focus on Iran's pursuit of nukes' - Obama to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
Chemtrails connected to UN 2013 Report? 'Earth is in the midst of a Mass Extinction of Life'
'Iran's threat propaganda dangerous for world security' - Rouhani to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
The World in a Day - Behind the Scenes with the UN Secretary-General
DRAW MY LIFE - Kim Jong-un
'Iran's Rouhani is wolf in sheep's clothing' - Netanyahu to UN General Assembly (FULL SPEECH)
Prince Royce - Darte un Beso
Prince Royce - Darte un Beso (Lyric)
Syrian war a contest between Saudi Arabia & Iran - Ex UN Chief Arms Inspector

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LIVE - UN General Assembly debate
  • Order:
  • Duration: 0:00
  • Updated: 23 Sep 2013
This September, the world gathers again in New York to tackle humanity's most intractable problems at the 68th annual session of the United Nations General Assembly. During its General Debate, 193 UN Member States meet to discuss the steps necessary to improve the lives of people everywhere. Questions on vital issues including peace and security, sustainable development, environment, humanitarian assistance and human rights, will be addressed. Make sure to watch as history is made. UN Webcast: http://webtv.un.org/
  • published: 23 Sep 2013
  • views: 0
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/LIVE - UN General Assembly debate
Iranian President Hassan Rouhani's Full UN Address (2013)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 27:14
  • Updated: 24 Sep 2013
President Hassan Rouhani of Iran's speech to the United Nations General Assembly struck a far less defiant tone than the past UN addresses of his predecessor, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Subscribe to The Daily Conversation http://bit.ly/WZnLnd Join the conversation on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/thedailyconversation Add TDC to your circles on Google+ https://plus.google.com/100134925804523235350/posts Follow The Daily Conversation on Twitter http://www.twitter.com/thedailyconvo Keywords: TDC TheDailyConversation The Daily Conversation, President Of Iran (Government Office Or Title),Hassan Rowhani (Politician),Barack,Election,Mahmoud Ahmadinejad,News,Speech,United Nations,UN,Address,Full,Complete,English,Iran,Islamic Republic Of Iran,Sanctions,Nuclear Weapons,Syria,Russia,America,United States,John Kerry,Ali Khamenei,Rafsanjani,Supreme Leader,Ayatollah,Iraq,Israel,Islam,Quran (Book),Enrichment,Uranium (Chemical Element),Tehran,Europe,Hillary Rodham Clinton,Protest,english
  • published: 24 Sep 2013
  • views: 136
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/Iranian President Hassan Rouhani's Full UN Address (2013)
'US surveillance an affront': Brazil's Rousseff to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 22:46
  • Updated: 24 Sep 2013
Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff lambasted US spying on her country at Tuesday's UN summit, calling it a "breach of international law." She further warned that the NSA surveillance, revealed since June, threatened freedom of speech and democracy. READ MORE: http://on.rt.com/o2u7py RT LIVE http://rt.com/on-air Subscribe to RT! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=RussiaToday Like us on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/RTnews Follow us on Twitter http://twitter.com/RT_com Follow us on Instagram http://instagram.com/rt Follow us on Google+ http://plus.google.com/+RT RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 1 billion YouTube views benchmark.
  • published: 24 Sep 2013
  • views: 301
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/'US surveillance an affront': Brazil's Rousseff to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
'US to focus on Iran's pursuit of nukes' - Obama to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 42:59
  • Updated: 24 Sep 2013
US President Barack Obama criticized the UN Security Council for inaction on Syria, and called for a diplomatic solution to the standoff with Iran, in a General Assembly speech that robustly defended America's "exceptional" role in the world. READ MORE: http://on.rt.com/6l0pd2 RT LIVE http://rt.com/on-air Subscribe to RT! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=RussiaToday Like us on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/RTnews Follow us on Twitter http://twitter.com/RT_com Follow us on Instagram http://instagram.com/rt Follow us on Google+ http://plus.google.com/+RT RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 1 billion YouTube views benchmark.
  • published: 24 Sep 2013
  • views: 15803
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/'US to focus on Iran's pursuit of nukes' - Obama to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
Chemtrails connected to UN 2013 Report? 'Earth is in the midst of a Mass Extinction of Life'
  • Order:
  • Duration: 28:03
  • Updated: 20 Aug 2013
http://geoengineeringwatch.org & http://globalskywatch.com ~sub: http://youtube.com/ChemTruthers ~reupload from: http://youtube.com/alopez4525 ~film presente...
  • published: 07 Mar 2013
  • views: 90934
  • author: EX0MATRlXTV
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/Chemtrails connected to UN 2013 Report? 'Earth is in the midst of a Mass Extinction of Life'
'Iran's threat propaganda dangerous for world security' - Rouhani to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 26:21
  • Updated: 24 Sep 2013
Iran poses absolutely no threat to the world President Hassan Rouhani said in his address to the UN General Assembly. At the same time, militarism of "some players" and generalization of western values, he says, poses a true danger for the world security. FULL SCRIPT: http://on.rt.com/ewokd5 RT LIVE http://rt.com/on-air Subscribe to RT! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=RussiaToday Like us on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/RTnews Follow us on Twitter http://twitter.com/RT_com Follow us on Instagram http://instagram.com/rt Follow us on Google+ http://plus.google.com/+RT RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 1 billion YouTube views benchmark.
  • published: 24 Sep 2013
  • views: 32235
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/'Iran's threat propaganda dangerous for world security' - Rouhani to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
The World in a Day - Behind the Scenes with the UN Secretary-General
  • Order:
  • Duration: 7:22
  • Updated: 16 Aug 2013
United Nations, New York, September 2010 - United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and his team during the 2010 General Assembly. Special thanks to the ...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/The World in a Day - Behind the Scenes with the UN Secretary-General
DRAW MY LIFE - Kim Jong-un
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:34
  • Updated: 20 Aug 2013
Kim Jong-un's highly requested Draw My Life, as a SONG! :) Don't forget to share and like! :) Subscribe for more: http://bit.ly/SubscribeAVbyte Download the ...
  • published: 22 Apr 2013
  • views: 2338398
  • author: AVbyte
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/DRAW MY LIFE - Kim Jong-un
'Iran's Rouhani is wolf in sheep's clothing' - Netanyahu to UN General Assembly (FULL SPEECH)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 33:05
  • Updated: 01 Oct 2013
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu addresses the 68th session of the UN General Assembly in New York on its last day. RT LIVE http://rt.com/on-air Subscribe to RT! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=RussiaToday Like us on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/RTnews Follow us on Twitter http://twitter.com/RT_com Follow us on Instagram http://instagram.com/rt Follow us on Google+ http://plus.google.com/+RT RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 1 billion YouTube views benchmark.
  • published: 01 Oct 2013
  • views: 92100
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/'Iran's Rouhani is wolf in sheep's clothing' - Netanyahu to UN General Assembly (FULL SPEECH)
Prince Royce - Darte un Beso
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:31
  • Updated: 20 Aug 2013
Download Prince Royce's single "Darte Un Beso" here: http://smarturl.it/DarteUnBeso Music video by Prince Royce performing Darte un Beso. (C) 2013 Sony Music Entertainment US Latin LLC
  • published: 20 Aug 2013
  • views: 7853824
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/Prince Royce - Darte un Beso
Prince Royce - Darte un Beso (Lyric)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:26
  • Updated: 20 Aug 2013
Download Prince Royce's single "Darte Un Beso" here: http://smarturl.it/DarteUnBeso Music video by Prince Royce performing Darte Un Beso © 2013 Sony Music En...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/Prince Royce - Darte un Beso (Lyric)
Syrian war a contest between Saudi Arabia & Iran - Ex UN Chief Arms Inspector
  • Order:
  • Duration: 22:54
  • Updated: 13 Sep 2013
US military strikes are being held back and may not take place at all, in no small part thanks to Russia. But, is it a progress in a war that has already cost so many lives? Or are we back to square 1? About this and more we ask our guest Hans Blix, who worked as the UN's Chief Weapons Inspector at the time Iraq was accused of having weapons of mass destruction and and invaded as a result. FOLLOW SophieCo on Twitter: http://twitter.com/SophieCo_RT RT LIVE http://rt.com/on-air Subscribe to RT! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=RussiaToday Like us on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/RTnews Follow us on Twitter http://twitter.com/RT_com Follow us on Instagram http://instagram.com/rt Follow us on Google+ http://plus.google.com/+RT RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 1 billion YouTube views benchmark.
  • published: 13 Sep 2013
  • views: 301
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/Syrian war a contest between Saudi Arabia & Iran - Ex UN Chief Arms Inspector
Kim Jong Un Goes Back to School
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:52
  • Updated: 20 Aug 2013
The newest episode of "The Adventures of Kim Jong Un" belongs on the CW (Communist Workfarm). See more http://www.collegehumor.com LIKE us on: http://www.fac...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/Kim Jong Un Goes Back to School
The United Nations: It's Your World
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:52
  • Updated: 30 Jul 2013
This video reveals the scope and impact of the UNs work focusing principally on peace and security, development and human rights. It highlights the UNs role ...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131015075935/http://wn.com/The United Nations: It's Your World
  • LIVE - UN General Assembly debate
    0:00
    LIVE - UN General Assembly debate
  • Iranian President Hassan Rouhani's Full UN Address (2013)
    27:14
    Iranian President Hassan Rouhani's Full UN Address (2013)
  • 'US surveillance an affront': Brazil's Rousseff to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
    22:46
    'US surveillance an affront': Brazil's Rousseff to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
  • 'US to focus on Iran's pursuit of nukes' - Obama to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
    42:59
    'US to focus on Iran's pursuit of nukes' - Obama to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
  • Chemtrails connected to UN 2013 Report? 'Earth is in the midst of a Mass Extinction of Life'
    28:03
    Chemtrails connected to UN 2013 Report? 'Earth is in the midst of a Mass Extinction of Life'
  • 'Iran's threat propaganda dangerous for world security' - Rouhani to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
    26:21
    'Iran's threat propaganda dangerous for world security' - Rouhani to UN Assembly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
  • The World in a Day - Behind the Scenes with the UN Secretary-General
    7:22
    The World in a Day - Behind the Scenes with the UN Secretary-General
  • DRAW MY LIFE - Kim Jong-un
    3:34
    DRAW MY LIFE - Kim Jong-un
  • 'Iran's Rouhani is wolf in sheep's clothing' - Netanyahu to UN General Assembly (FULL SPEECH)
    33:05
    'Iran's Rouhani is wolf in sheep's clothing' - Netanyahu to UN General Assembly (FULL SPEECH)
  • Prince Royce - Darte un Beso
    3:31
    Prince Royce - Darte un Beso
  • Prince Royce - Darte un Beso (Lyric)
    3:26
    Prince Royce - Darte un Beso (Lyric)
  • Syrian war a contest between Saudi Arabia & Iran - Ex UN Chief Arms Inspector
    22:54
    Syrian war a contest between Saudi Arabia & Iran - Ex UN Chief Arms Inspector
  • Kim Jong Un Goes Back to School
    2:52
    Kim Jong Un Goes Back to School
  • The United Nations: It's Your World
    6:52
    The United Nations: It's Your World

This September, the world gathers again in New York to tackle humanity's most intractable problems at the 68th annual session of the United Nations General Assembly. During its General Debate, 193 UN Member States meet to discuss the steps necessary to improve the lives of people everywhere. Questions on vital issues including peace and security, sustainable development, environment, humanitarian assistance and human rights, will be addressed. Make sure to watch as history is made. UN Webcast: http://webtv.un.org/
  • published: 23 Sep 2013
  • views: 0

0:00
LIVE - UN Gen­er­al As­sem­bly de­bate
This Septem­ber, the world gath­ers again in New York to tack­le hu­man­i­ty's most in­tractable ...
pub­lished: 23 Sep 2013
27:14
Ira­ni­an Pres­i­dent Has­san Rouhani's Full UN Ad­dress (2013)
Pres­i­dent Has­san Rouhani of Iran's speech to the Unit­ed Na­tions Gen­er­al As­sem­bly struck a ...
pub­lished: 24 Sep 2013
22:46
'US surveil­lance an af­front': Brazil's Rouss­eff to UN As­sem­bly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
Brazil­ian Pres­i­dent Dilma Rouss­eff lam­bast­ed US spy­ing on her coun­try at Tues­day's UN summ...
pub­lished: 24 Sep 2013
42:59
'US to focus on Iran's pur­suit of nukes' - Obama to UN As­sem­bly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
US Pres­i­dent Barack Obama crit­i­cized the UN Se­cu­ri­ty Coun­cil for in­ac­tion on Syria, and ca...
pub­lished: 24 Sep 2013
28:03
Chem­trails con­nect­ed to UN 2013 Re­port? 'Earth is in the midst of a Mass Ex­tinc­tion of Life'
http://​geoengineeringwatch.​org & http://​globalskywatch.​com ~sub: http://​youtube.​com/​ChemTr...​
pub­lished: 07 Mar 2013
26:21
'Iran's threat pro­pa­gan­da dan­ger­ous for world se­cu­ri­ty' - Rouhani to UN As­sem­bly 2013 (FULL SPEECH)
Iran poses ab­so­lute­ly no threat to the world Pres­i­dent Has­san Rouhani said in his ad­dress ...
pub­lished: 24 Sep 2013
7:22
The World in a Day - Be­hind the Scenes with the UN Sec­re­tary-Gen­er­al
Unit­ed Na­tions, New York, Septem­ber 2010 - Unit­ed Na­tions Sec­re­tary-Gen­er­al Ban Ki-moon an...
pub­lished: 21 Jun 2011
3:34
DRAW MY LIFE - Kim Jong-un
Kim Jong-un's high­ly re­quest­ed Draw My Life, as a SONG! :) Don't for­get to share and like!...
pub­lished: 22 Apr 2013
au­thor: AVbyte
33:05
'Iran's Rouhani is wolf in sheep's cloth­ing' - Ne­tanyahu to UN Gen­er­al As­sem­bly (FULL SPEECH)
Is­raeli Prime Min­is­ter Ben­jamin Ne­tanyahu ad­dress­es the 68th ses­sion of the UN Gen­er­al Ass...
pub­lished: 01 Oct 2013
3:31
Prince Royce - Darte un Beso
Down­load Prince Royce's sin­gle "Darte Un Beso" here: http://​smarturl.​it/​DarteUnBeso Music...
pub­lished: 20 Aug 2013
3:26
Prince Royce - Darte un Beso (Lyric)
Down­load Prince Royce's sin­gle "Darte Un Beso" here: http://​smarturl.​it/​DarteUnBeso Music ...
pub­lished: 16 Jul 2013
22:54
Syr­i­an war a con­test be­tween Saudi Ara­bia & Iran - Ex UN Chief Arms In­spec­tor
US mil­i­tary strikes are being held back and may not take place at all, in no small part th...
pub­lished: 13 Sep 2013
2:52
Kim Jong Un Goes Back to School
The newest episode of "The Ad­ven­tures of Kim Jong Un" be­longs on the CW (Com­mu­nist Work­far...
pub­lished: 11 Jul 2013
6:52
The Unit­ed Na­tions: It's Your World
This video re­veals the scope and im­pact of the UNs work fo­cus­ing prin­ci­pal­ly on peace and ...
pub­lished: 06 Nov 2008
Vimeo results:
4:24
Meet Buck
Check out our friends' short : http://​vimeo.​com/​15126262 And our col­lec­tive's web­site : ht...
pub­lished: 06 Dec 2010
au­thor: Team­Cerf
2:11
A His­to­ry Of The Title Se­quence
WIN­NER OF THE VIMEO AWARDS 2012 in CAT­E­GO­RY MO­TION GRAPH­ICS! Thanks so much for vot­ing eve...
pub­lished: 11 Jul 2011
au­thor: From Form
3:22
The Art of Mak­ing, Alma Fla­men­ca
Pieces of wood, love, knowl­edge and 299 hours of work, con­densed in a 3 minute film. The ...
pub­lished: 28 May 2012
au­thor: Deep Green Sea
6:55
Sales­man Pete
THE NEW S.T.E.A.K Kol­lec­tive web­site : http://​steakollective.​net/​ Meet Buck, the short of ...
pub­lished: 20 Sep 2010
au­thor: Sales­man Pete

Youtube results:
3:43
NOR­MAN - AVOIR UN CHAT
Avoir un chat c'est pas si facile que ça... MON APPLI GRA­TU­ITE : http://nor­man­fait­desvideo...
pub­lished: 01 Sep 2013
8:23
'US black­mails Rus­sia': No chem arms ef­fort if no harsh UN res­o­lu­tion on Syria
The US is push­ing Rus­sia into ap­prov­ing a UN res­o­lu­tion that would allow for mil­i­tary inte...
pub­lished: 22 Sep 2013
17:43
Malala Yousafzai ad­dress­es Unit­ed Na­tions Youth As­sem­bly
Unit­ed Na­tions, New York, 12 July 2013 - Ed­u­ca­tion ac­tivist Malala Yousafzai marks her 16t...
pub­lished: 12 Jul 2013
4:34
I Was Here (Unit­ed Na­tions World Hu­man­i­tar­i­an Day Per­form...
Music video by Be­y­oncé per­form­ing I Was Here. (C) 2012 Columbia Records, a Di­vi­sion of Son...
pub­lished: 18 Aug 2012
×
photo: AP
EDS NOTE: GRAPHIC CONTENT - Villagers stand near the bodies of victims of a stampede in Datia district in Madhya Pradesh state, India, Sunday, Oct. 13, 2013.
Edit Dawn
14 Oct 2013
NEW DELHI. A stampede by masses of Hindu worshippers crossing a bridge to a temple in central India left at least 109 people dead Sunday, police said. “The latest information we have from the ground is that 109 people killed and 133 were injured,” Anand Mishra, an officer in the Datia police district's control room, told AFP by phone ... People retaliated by hurling stones at officers, and one officer was badly injured ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
photo: AP / Mikhail Listopadov
Protesters clash with police officers as they try to block the way during a protest in Moscow, Russia, Sunday, Oct. 13, 2013.
Edit Al Jazeera
14 Oct 2013
More than 380 people have been arrested after Russian nationalists rampaged for hours in Moscow over the murder of a local man blamed on a migrant. Crowds on Sunday chanted slogans, including "Russia for Russians" and "white power" in the protest in Biryulyovo, an industrial district of southern Moscow ... Five police officers were injured, according to a police spokesman ... "The best investigators have been assigned to the case." ... AFP. ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: US Army file/Spc. Harold Fields
US confirms the capture top Pakistani Taliban leader
Edit The Siasat Daily
12 Oct 2013
October 11.. American troops have captured second in command of Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Latif Mehsud, officials here have confirmed . However, officials did not confirm the place and date where the top TTP leader was captured. "I can confirm that US forces did capture TTP terrorist leader Latif Mehsud in a military operation ... Recommend Twitter. Comments(0). next>>  . Latest News....(size: 2.3Kb)




Edit Scoop
15 Oct 2013
UN Launches Essay Contest to Celebrate Multilingualism ... It was launched today at UN Headquarters in New York with a signing ceremony between the UN Department of Public Information and the ELS Educational Services ... The senior UN official signed on behalf of the UN Academic Impact (UNAI), which is co-organizing the event as part of its commitment to multilingual education, with ELS ... For more details go to UN News Centre at....(size: 3.1Kb)
Edit The Siasat Daily
15 Oct 2013
The head of the United Nations named Sigrid Kaag to lead the UN's joint mission with the chemical weapons watchdog tasked with eliminating Syria's arsenal, diplomats said. The UN Security Council, which is set to vote on Kaag's nomination Wednesday, has formally approved a first joint mission with the Nobel Peace Prize-winning Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)....(size: 2.8Kb)
Edit China Daily
15 Oct 2013
"The UN development system should maintain as its central priority realizing poverty eradication through enhancing the developing countries' own capacity of development," Wang Min, China's deputy permanent representative to the UN, told a meeting of the Second Committee of the 68th Session of the UN General Assembly, adding that China believes poverty eradication should remain the center of the post-2015 development agenda....(size: 2.5Kb)
Edit The Siasat Daily
15 Oct 2013
A relief carving of a naked man at the UN's Geneva headquarters was covered up today, apparently to spare the blushes of Iranian diplomats ahead of fresh talks on the country's nuclear drive. UN officials would not comment on why the wall relief, inspired by Michelangelo's "Creation of Adam", had been masked by a large white screen, referring questions to the Swiss authorities....(size: 2.6Kb)
Edit The People's Voice
15 Oct 2013
"We anticipate that the UN will seek to avoid responding to the evidence presented by the victims by arguing that the court does not have jurisdiction to hear the case." ... Under international laws, treaties and conventions, the UN is legally obligated ... In February 2013, the UN ignored them ... It's longstanding UN practice ... The UN bears full responsibility ... UN officials duck their legal obligations....(size: 10.6Kb)
Edit Scoop
15 Oct 2013
‘These Violent Acts Must Cease’ Urges Top UN Envoy in Kosovo in Wake of Bombing ... The incident targeted the home of a Kosovo Serb, Nebojsa Maric, and caused extensive property damage to his house, neighbouring buildings, as well as a vehicle, according to the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) which Mr....(size: 1.7Kb)
Edit Scoop
15 Oct 2013
UN expert launches fifth official visit to assess human rights situation in the country ... Doudou Diène (Senegal) took up his functions as UN Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in Côte d'Ivoire on 1 November 2011 ... Diène was previously the UN Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance in 2002�"2008 ... UN Human Rights, Country page �" Côte d’Ivoire.....(size: 2.9Kb)
Edit Scoop
15 Oct 2013
UN Chief Strongly Condemns Latest Wave of Attacks in Iraq Ahead Of the Eid Holiday ... Nearly 1,000 Iraqis were killed and more than 2,000 wounded in acts of terrorism and violence last month, according to the UN Mission in Iraq (UNAMI) ... Ban said the UN, including UNAMI, will ... For more details go to UN News Centre at....(size: 1.7Kb)
Edit Independent online (SA)
15 Oct 2013
New York - A Thai princess who became a criminal prosecutor and launched a campaign to help incarcerated women is now embarking on a global campaign to promote the rule of law and make “equal justice” a UN goal ... The princess said one goal of the conference was to broaden the next set of UN development goals to include the rule of law....(size: 1.8Kb)
Edit Deccan Chronicle
15 Oct 2013
Seema, MP, has decried India’s not backing the UN resolution on preventing child marriage despite the country having the highest absolute number of child brides, about 24 million, representing 40 percent of ......(size: 1.0Kb)
Edit noodls
15 Oct 2013
La Red Digital UVideos Impulsa el Crecimiento Digital de un 70% Comparado con el 2012 ... Visto en gran parte a través de su canal en UVideos (la cadena digital bilingüe de Univision), el programa ha experimentado un aumento del 70% en las visitas a la página en línea y en los dispositivos móviles desde el 2012, y un incremento del 73% en visitas de videos en línea durante el mismo período de tiempo....(size: 7.7Kb)
Edit noodls
15 Oct 2013
(Source. UN - United Nations) Latest Statements. Reykjavik, Iceland, 12 October 2013 - Secretary-General's video message for the inaugural Assembly of the Arctic Circle. President Olafur Ragnar Grimsson, Your Excellencies, Dear guests of the first assembly of the Arctic Circle ... We have to respond ... Thank you ... This noodl was issued by UN - United Nations and was initially posted at www.un.org....(size: 1.9Kb)
Edit Scoop
15 Oct 2013
Not Enough Done To Reintegrate Victims of Human Trafficking, UN-Backed Report Warns ... Experiences and Challenges in the (Re)integration of Trafficked Persons in the Greater Mekong Sub-region �" was prepared by the NEXUS Institute, an independent international human rights research and policy centre, with support from UNIAP, UN and civil society partners dealing with the issue of human trafficking....(size: 4.3Kb)
United Nations
الأمم المتحدة
联合国
Organisation des Nations unies
Организация Объединённых Наций
Organización de las Naciones Unidas
Flag
Map showing the Member states of the United NationsThis map does not represent the view of its members or the UN concerning the legal status of any country,[1] nor does it accurately reflect which areas' governments have UN representation.
Map showing the Member states of the United Nations
This map does not represent the view of its members or the UN concerning the legal status of any country,[1] nor does it accurately reflect which areas' governments have UN representation.
Headquarters International territory
in New York City, New York
USA
Official languages Arabic
Chinese
English
French
Russian
Spanish
Membership 193 member states
Leaders
 -  Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
 -  Deputy Secretary-General Asha-Rose Migiro
 -  General Assembly President Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser
 -  Security Council President Susan Rice
Establishment
 -  United Nations Charter signed 26 June 1945 (1945-06-26) 
 -  Entry into force of Charter 24 October 1945 (1945-10-24) 
Website
UN.org

The United Nations (abbreviated UN in English, and ONU in its other official languages), is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions.

There are 193 member states, including every internationally recognised sovereign state in the world but Vatican City. From its offices around the world, the UN and its specialized agencies decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout the year. The organization has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (for assisting in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the United Nations Trusteeship Council (which is currently inactive). Other prominent UN System agencies include the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The UN's most prominent position is Secretary-General which has been held by Ban Ki-moon of South Korea since 2007.

The United Nations Headquarters resides in international territory in New York City, with further main offices at Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.[2]

Contents

History[link]

File:Chile signs UN Charter 1945.jpg
The Chilean delegation signing the UN Charter in San Francisco, 1945

The League of Nations failed to prevent World War II (1939–1945). Because of the widespread recognition that humankind could not afford a third world war, the United Nations was established to replace the flawed League of Nations in 1945 in order to maintain international peace and promote cooperation in solving international economic, social and humanitarian problems. The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization was begun under the aegis of the U.S. State Department in 1939. Franklin D. Roosevelt first coined the term 'United Nations' as a term to describe the Allied countries. The term was first officially used on 1 January 1942, when 26 governments signed the Atlantic Charter, pledging to continue the war effort.[3] On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the United Nations Charter. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five then-permanent members of the Security Council—France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States—and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council, took place in Westminster Central Hall in London in January 1946.[4]

The organization was based at the Sperry Gyroscope Corporation's facility in Lake Success, New York, from 1946–1952, before moving to the United Nations Headquarters building in Manhattan upon its completion.

Since its creation, there has been controversy and criticism of the United Nations. In the United States, an early opponent of the UN was the John Birch Society, which began a "get US out of the UN" campaign in 1959, charging that the UN's aim was to establish a "One World Government." After the Second World War, the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the US as the government of France, and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that aimed at creating the new organization. Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN, famously calling it le machin ("the thing"), and was not convinced that a global security alliance would help maintain world peace, preferring direct defence treaties between countries.[5]

Legal basis of establishment[link]

Shortly after its establishment the UN sought recognition as an international legal person due to the case of Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations[6] with the advisory opinion delivered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The question arose whether the United Nations, as an organisation, had "the capacity to bring an international claim against a government regarding injuries that the organisation alleged had been caused by that state."[7]

The Court stated: the Organization was intended to exercise and enjoy, and is in fact exercising and enjoying functions and rights, which can only be explained on the basis of the possession of a large measure of international personality and the capacity to operate upon an international plane ... Accordingly, the Court has come to the conclusion that the Organization is an international person. That is not the same thing as saying that it is a State, which it certainly is not, or that its legal personality and rights and duties are the same as those of a State ... What it does mean is that it is a subject of international law and capable of possessing international rights and duties, and that it has capacity to maintain its rights by bringing international claims.[8]

Organization[link]

The United Nations' system is based on five principal organs (formerly six – the Trusteeship Council suspended operations in 1994, upon the independence of Palau, the last remaining UN trustee territory);[9] the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice.

Four of the five principal organs are located at the main United Nations Headquarters located on international territory in New York City.[10] The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, while other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva,[11] Vienna,[12] and Nairobi.[13] Other UN institutions are located throughout the world.

The six official languages of the United Nations, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.[2] The Secretariat uses two working languages, English and French. Four of the official languages are the national languages of the permanent members of the Security Council (the United Kingdom and the United States share English as a de facto official language); Spanish and Arabic are the languages of the two largest blocs of official languages outside of the permanent members (Spanish being official in 20 countries, Arabic in 26). Five of the official languages were chosen when the UN was founded; Arabic was added later in 1973. The United Nations Editorial Manual states that the standard for English language documents is British usage and Oxford spelling, the Chinese writing standard is Simplified Chinese. This replaced Traditional Chinese in 1971 when the UN representation of China was changed from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China (see China and the United Nations for details).

General Assembly[link]

The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the United Nations. Composed of all United Nations member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions under a president elected from among the member states. Over a two-week period at the start of each session, all members have the opportunity to address the assembly. Traditionally, the Secretary-General makes the first statement, followed by the president of the assembly. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations.

When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required. Examples of important questions include: recommendations on peace and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; and, budgetary matters. All other questions are decided by majority vote. Each member country has one vote. Apart from approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under Security Council consideration.

Conceivably, the one state, one vote power structure could enable states comprising just eight percent of the world population to pass a resolution by a two-thirds vote (see List of countries by population). However, as no more than recommendations, it is difficult to imagine a situation in which a recommendation by member states constituting just eight percent of the world's population, would be adhered to by the remaining ninety-two percent of the population, should they object.[citation needed]

Security Council[link]

The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries. While other organs of the United Nations can only make 'recommendations' to member governments, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member governments have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25.[14] The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions.

The Security Council is made up of 15 member states, consisting of 5 permanent members–China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States–and 10 non-permanent members, currently Azerbaijan, India, South Africa, Colombia, Morocco, Togo, Germany, Pakistan, Guatemala, and Portugal.[15] The five permanent members hold veto power over substantive but not procedural resolutions allowing a permanent member to block adoption but not to block the debate of a resolution unacceptable to it. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms with member states voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis. The presidency of the Security Council is rotated alphabetically each month.[16]

Secretariat[link]

The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council, the UN General Assembly, the UN Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies. The United Nations Charter provides that the staff be chosen by application of the "highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity," with due regard for the importance of recruiting on a wide geographical basis.

The Charter provides that the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any authority other than the UN. Each UN member country is enjoined to respect the international character of the Secretariat and not seek to influence its staff. The Secretary-General alone is responsible for staff selection.

The Secretary-General's duties include helping resolve international disputes, administering peacekeeping operations, organizing international conferences, gathering information on the implementation of Security Council decisions, and consulting with member governments regarding various initiatives. Key Secretariat offices in this area include the Office of the Coordinator of Humanitarian Affairs and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter that, in his or her opinion, may threaten international peace and security.[citation needed]

Secretary-General[link]

The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, who acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN. The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon, who took over from Kofi Annan in 2007 and has been elected for a second term to conclude at the end of 2016.[17]

Envisioned by Franklin D. Roosevelt as a "world moderator", the position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's "chief administrative officer",[18] but the Charter also states that the Secretary-General can bring to the Security Council's attention "any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security",[19] giving the position greater scope for action on the world stage. The position has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization, and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues.[20]

The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power.[21] The General Assembly can theoretically override the Security Council's recommendation if a majority vote is not achieved, although this has not happened so far.[22] There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years, it has become accepted that the post shall be held for one or two terms of five years, that the post shall be appointed on the basis of geographical rotation, and that the Secretary-General shall not originate from one of the five permanent Security Council member states.[22]

Secretaries-General of the United Nations[23]
No. Name Country of origin Took office Left office Note
1 Trygve Lie  Norway 2 February 1946 10 November 1952 Resigned
2 Dag Hammarskjöld  Sweden 10 April 1953 18 September 1961 Died while in office
3 U Thant  Burma 30 November 1961 31 December 1971 First Secretary-General from Asia
4 Kurt Waldheim  Austria 1 January 1972 31 December 1981
5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar  Peru 1 January 1982 31 December 1991 First Secretary-General from the Americas
6 Boutros Boutros-Ghali  Egypt 1 January 1992 31 December 1996 First Secretary-General from Africa
7 Kofi Annan  Ghana 1 January 1997 31 December 2006
8 Ban Ki-moon  South Korea 1 January 2007 Incumbent

International Court of Justice[link]

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. Established in 1945 by the United Nations Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The Statute of the International Court of Justice, similar to that of its predecessor, is the main constitutional document constituting and regulating the Court.[24]

It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, sharing the building with the Hague Academy of International Law, a private centre for the study of international law. Several of the Court's current judges are either alumni or former faculty members of the Academy. Its purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states. The court has heard cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference and ethnic cleansing, among others, and continues to hear cases.[25]

International Criminal Court[link]

The International Criminal Court (ICC), it came into being on 1 July 2002 with the entering into force of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court which was adopted on 17 July 1998. It is the first permanent international court charged with trying those who commit the most serious crimes under international law, including war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression (although it cannot exercise jurisdiction over this crime prior to 2017). The ICC is functionally independent of the UN in terms of personnel and financing, but some meetings of the ICC governing body, the Assembly of the States Parties to the Rome Statute, are held at the United Nations. There is a "relationship agreement" between the ICC and the UN that governs how the two institutions regard each other legally.[26]

Economic and Social Council[link]

The ECOSOC chamber

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development. ECOSOC has 54 members, all of which are elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term. The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC. ECOSOC meets once a year in July for a four-week session. Since 1998, it has held another meeting each April with finance ministers heading key committees of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Viewed separate from the specialized bodies it coordinates, ECOSOC's functions include information gathering, advising member nations, and making recommendations. In addition, ECOSOC is well-positioned to provide policy coherence and coordinate the overlapping functions of the UN’s subsidiary bodies and it is in these roles that it is most active.

Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues[link]

The United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII or PFII) is the UN's central coordinating body for matters relating to the concerns and rights of the world's indigenous peoples. The forum, which evolved from the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations, is an advisory body within the framework of the United Nations System that reports to the UN's Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC); however, it performs an advisory function in relation to other branches of the United Nations system. It also works with other U.N. bodies as they address indigenous rights through Conventions such as the International Labour Organization’s Convention No.169 and the Convention on Biological Diversity (Article 8j).[27]

The Forum's mandate is to:

  • Provide expert advice and recommendations to the Economic and Social Council and to the various programmes, funds and agencies of the United Nations System through the Council;
  • Raise awareness and promote the integration and coordination of activities related to indigenous issues within the UN system;
  • Prepare and disseminate information on these issues.

Since the passage of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007, much of the work of UNPFII has surrounded the compliance of U.N. member states to the standards of that declaration.[27] However, it performs many other international functions as well.[28]

Specialized institutions[link]

Many UN organizations and agencies exist to work on particular issues. Some of the most well-known agencies are the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Food and Agriculture Organization, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Bank and the World Health Organization.

It is through these agencies that the UN performs most of its humanitarian work. Examples include mass vaccination programmes (through the WHO), the avoidance of famine and malnutrition (through the work of the WFP) and the protection of vulnerable and displaced people (for example, by the UNHCR).

The United Nations Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the UN can establish various specialized agencies to fulfil its duties.

Organizations and specialized agencies of the United Nations
No. Acronyms Logo Agency Headquarters Head Established in
1 FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
Food and Agriculture Organization Italy Rome, Italy Brazil José Graziano da Silva 1945
2 IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
International Atomic Energy Agency Austria Vienna, Austria Japan Yukiya Amano 1957
3 ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization
International Civil Aviation Organization Canada Montreal, Canada France Raymond Benjamin 1947
4 IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development Italy Rome, Italy Nigeria Kanayo F. Nwanze 1977
5 ILO
International Labour Organization
International Labour Organization Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland Chile Juan Somavía 1946 (1919)
6 IMO
International Maritime Organization
International Maritime Organization United Kingdom London, United Kingdom Greece Efthimios E. Mitropoulos 1948
7 IMF International Monetary Fund United States Washington, D.C., USA France Christine Lagarde 1945 (1944)
8 ITU
International Telecommunication Union
International Telecommunication Union Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland Mali Hamadoun Touré 1947 (1865)
9 UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization France Paris, France Bulgaria Irina Bokova 1946
10 UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization Austria Vienna, Austria Sierra Leone Kandeh Yumkella 1967
11 UPU
Universal Postal Union
Universal Postal Union Switzerland Bern, Switzerland France Edouard Dayan 1947 (1874)
12 WB World Bank United States Washington, D.C., USA United States Robert B. Zoellick 1945 (1944)
13 WFP
World Food Programme
World Food Programme Italy Rome, Italy United States Josette Sheeran 1963
14 WHO
World Health Organization
World Health Organization Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland Hong Kong Margaret Chan 1948
15 WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland Australia Francis Gurry 1974
16 WMO
World Meteorological Organization
World Meteorological Organization Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland Russia Alexander Bedritsky 1950 (1873)
17 UNWTO World Tourism Organization Spain Madrid, Spain Jordan Taleb Rifai 1974

Membership[link]

An animation showing the timeline of accession of UN member states, according to the UN. Note that Antarctica has no government; political control of Western Sahara is in dispute; and the territories administered by the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Kosovo are considered by the UN to be provinces of the People's Republic of China and Republic of Serbia, respectively.

With the addition of South Sudan on 14 July 2011,[29] there are currently 193 United Nations member states, including all fully recognized independent states[30] apart from Vatican City (the Holy See, which holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City, is a permanent observer).[31]

The United Nations Charter outlines the rules for membership:

  1. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states that accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.
  2. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.
—United Nations Charter, Chapter 2, Article 4, http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/

Group of 77[link]

The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but the organization has since expanded to 130 member countries. The group was founded on 15 June 1964 by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The first major meeting was in Algiers in 1967, where the Charter of Algiers was adopted and the basis for permanent institutional structures was begun.[32]

Stated objectives[link]

Peacekeeping and security[link]

The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. The forces, also called the "Blue Helmets", who enforce UN accords, are awarded United Nations Medals, which are considered international decorations instead of military decorations. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.[33]

The founders of the UN had envisaged that the organization would act to prevent conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible, however the outbreak of the Cold War made peacekeeping agreements extremely difficult because of the division of the world into hostile camps. Following the end of the Cold War, there were renewed calls for the UN to become the agency for achieving world peace, as several dozen ongoing conflicts continue to rage around the globe.

A 2005 RAND Corp study found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping efforts. It compared UN nation-building efforts to those of the United States, and found that seven out of eight UN cases are at peace, as compared with four out of eight US cases at peace.[34] Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism—mostly spearheaded by the UN—has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict since the end of the Cold War.[35] Situations where the UN has not only acted to keep the peace but also occasionally intervened include the Korean War (1950–1953), and the authorization of intervention in Iraq after the Persian Gulf War in 1990.

The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures. In many cases, member states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions, an issue that stems from the UN's intergovernmental nature—seen by some as simply an association of 193 member states who must reach consensus, not an independent organization. Disagreements in the Security Council about military action and intervention are seen as having failed to prevent the 1994 Rwandan Genocide,[36] failed to provide humanitarian aid and intervene in the Second Congo War, failed to intervene in the 1995 Srebrenica massacre and protect a refugee haven by authorizing peacekeepers to use force, failure to deliver food to starving people in Somalia, failure to implement provisions of Security Council resolutions related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and continuing failure to prevent genocide or provide assistance in Darfur. UN peacekeepers have also been accused of child rape, sexual abuse or soliciting prostitutes during various peacekeeping missions, starting in 2003, in the Congo,[37] Haiti,[38][39] Liberia,[40] Sudan and what is now South Sudan,[41] Burundi and Côte d'Ivoire.[42] In 2004, former Israeli ambassador to the UN Dore Gold criticized what it called the organization's moral relativism in the face of (and occasional support of)[43] genocide and terrorism that occurred between the moral clarity of its founding period and the present day. Gold specifically mentions Yasser Arafat's 1988 invitation to address the General Assembly as a low point in the UN's history.[44]

In addition to peacekeeping, the UN is also active in encouraging disarmament. Regulation of armaments was included in the writing of the United Nations Charter in 1945 and was envisioned as a way of limiting the use of human and economic resources for the creation of them.[45] However, the advent of nuclear weapons came only weeks after the signing of the charter and immediately halted concepts of arms limitation and disarmament, resulting in the first resolution of the first ever General Assembly meeting calling for specific proposals for "the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction".[46] The principal forums for disarmament issues are the General Assembly First Committee, the UN Disarmament Commission, and the Conference on Disarmament, and considerations have been made of the merits of a ban on testing nuclear weapons, outer space arms control, the banning of chemical weapons and land mines, nuclear and conventional disarmament, nuclear-weapon-free zones, the reduction of military budgets, and measures to strengthen international security.

The UN is one of the official supporters of the World Security Forum, a major international conference on the effects of global catastrophes and disasters, which took place in the United Arab Emirates in October 2008.

Human rights and humanitarian assistance[link]

The pursuit of human rights was a central reason for creating the UN. World War II atrocities and genocide led to a ready consensus that the new organization must work to prevent any similar tragedies in the future. An early objective was creating a legal framework for considering and acting on complaints about human rights violations. The UN Charter obliges all member nations to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights" and to take "joint and separate action" to that end. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, though not legally binding, was adopted by the General Assembly in 1948 as a common standard of achievement for all. The Assembly regularly takes up human rights issues.

The UN and its agencies are central in upholding and implementing the principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A case in point is support by the UN for countries in transition to democracy. Technical assistance in providing free and fair elections, improving judicial structures, drafting constitutions, training human rights officials, and transforming armed movements into political parties have contributed significantly to democratization worldwide. The UN has helped run elections in countries with little or no democratic history, including recently in Afghanistan and East Timor. The UN is also a forum to support the right of women to participate fully in the political, economic, and social life of their countries. The UN contributes to raising consciousness of the concept of human rights through its covenants and its attention to specific abuses through its General Assembly, Security Council resolutions, or International Court of Justice rulings.

The purpose of the United Nations Human Rights Council, established in 2006,[47] is to address human rights violations. The Council is the successor to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, which was often criticized for the high-profile positions it gave to member states that did not guarantee the human rights of their own citizens.[48] The council has 47 members distributed by region, which each serve three-year terms, and may not serve three consecutive terms.[49] A candidate to the body must be approved by a majority of the General Assembly. In addition, the council has strict rules for membership, including a universal human rights review. While some members with questionable human rights records have been elected, it is fewer than before with the increased focus on each member state's human rights record.[50]

The rights of some 370 million indigenous peoples around the world are also a focus for the UN, with a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples being approved by the General Assembly in 2007.[51] The declaration outlines the individual and collective rights to culture, language, education, identity, employment and health, thereby addressing post-colonial issues that had confronted indigenous peoples for centuries. The declaration aims to maintain, strengthen and encourage the growth of indigenous institutions, cultures and traditions. It also prohibits discrimination against indigenous peoples and promotes their active participation in matters that concern their past, present and future.[51] The United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues is the UN's central coordinating body for matters relating to the concerns and rights of the world's indigenous peoples. The forum is an advisory body within the framework of the United Nations System that reports to the UN's Economic and Social Council.

In conjunction with other organizations such as the Red Cross, the UN provides food, drinking water, shelter and other humanitarian services to populaces suffering from famine, displaced by war, or afflicted by other disasters. Major humanitarian branches of the UN are the World Food Programme (which helps feed more than 100 million people a year in 80 countries), the office of the High Commissioner for Refugees with projects in over 116 countries, as well as peacekeeping projects in over 24 countries.

Social and economic development[link]

Millennium Development Goals

  1. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
  2. achieve universal primary education;
  3. promote gender equality and empower women;
  4. reduce child mortality;
  5. improve maternal health;
  6. combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
  7. ensure environmental sustainability; and
  8. develop a global partnership for development.

The UN is involved in supporting development, e.g. by the formulation of the Millennium Development Goals. The UN Development Programme (UNDP) is the largest multilateral source of grant technical assistance in the world. Organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), UNAIDS, and The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria are leading institutions in the battle against diseases around the world, especially in poor countries. The UN Population Fund is a major provider of reproductive services. 32 UN agencies performing tasks on development are coordinating their efforts through the United Nations Development Group or UNDG.[52]

The UN also promotes human development through some related agencies, particularly the UNDP.[53] The World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF), for example, are independent, specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework, according to a 1947 agreement. They were initially formed as separate from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944.[54]

The UNDP annually publishes the Human Development Index (HDI), a comparative measure ranking countries by poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors.[55]

The Millennium Development Goals (declared in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000) are eight goals that all of the then 192 United Nations member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015.[56]

Mandates[link]

From time to time, the different bodies of the United Nations pass resolutions that contain operating paragraphs that begin with the words "requests", "calls upon", or "encourages", which the Secretary-General interprets as a mandate to set up a temporary organization or do something. These mandates can be as little as researching and publishing a written report, or mounting a full-scale peacekeeping operation (usually the exclusive domain of the Security Council).

Although the specialized institutions, such as the WHO, were originally set up by this means, they are not the same as mandates because they are permanent organizations that exist independently of the UN with their own membership structure. One could say that original mandate was simply to cover the process of setting up the institution, and has therefore long expired. Most mandates expire after a limited period and require renewal from the body, which set them up.

One of the outcomes of the 2005 World Summit was a mandate (labelled id 17171) for the Secretary-General to "review all mandates older than five years originating from resolutions of the General Assembly and other organs". To facilitate this review and to finally bring coherence to the organization, the Secretariat has produced an on-line registry of mandates to draw together the reports relating to each one and create an overall picture.[57]

Greening the Blue[link]

On 5 June 2007, World Environment Day, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon made public his ambition to make the United Nations more efficient in its operations: “I would like to see our renovated Headquarters complex eventually become a globally acclaimed model of efficient use of energy and resources. Beyond New York, the initiative should include the other United Nations headquarters and offices around the globe.” The UN's progress towards achieving this goal is communicated through the initiative Greening the Blue (see external links below).

Other[link]

Over the lifetime of the UN, over 80 colonies have attained independence.[58] The General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in 1960 with no votes against but abstentions from all major colonial powers. Through the UN Committee on Decolonization,[59] created in 1962, the UN has focused considerable attention on decolonization. It has also supported the new states that have arisen as a result of self-determination initiatives. The committee has overseen the decolonization of every country larger than 20,000 km² and removed them from the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, besides Western Sahara, a country larger than the UK only relinquished by Spain in 1975.

The UN declares and coordinates international observances, periods of time to observe some issue of international interest or concern. Using the symbolism of the UN, a specially designed logo for the year, and the infrastructure of the United Nations System, various days and years have become catalysts to advancing key issues of concern on a global scale. For example, World Tuberculosis Day, Earth Day and International Year of Deserts and Desertification.

Funding[link]

Top 10 donators to the UN budget, 2011[60]
Member state Contribution
(% of UN budget)
 USA 22.000%
 Japan 12.530%
 Germany 8.018%
 United Kingdom 6.604%
 France 6.123%
 Italy 4.999%
 Canada 3.207%
 China 3.189%
 Spain 3.177%
 Mexico 2.356%
Other member states 27.797%

The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states. The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member. This is broadly based on the relative capacity of each country to pay, as measured by their gross national income (GNI), with adjustments for external debt and low per capita income.[61]

The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be overly dependent on any one member to finance its operations. Thus, there is a 'ceiling' rate, setting the maximum amount any member is assessed for the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments to reflect current global circumstances. As part of that revision, the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%. For the least developed countries (LDCs), a ceiling rate of 0.01% is applied.[61] In addition to the ceiling rates, the minimum amount assessed to any member nation (or 'floor' rate) is set at 0.001% of the UN budget. Refer to the table for major contributors.

A large share of UN expenditures addresses the core UN mission of peace and security. The peacekeeping budget for the 2005–2006 fiscal year was approximately US$5 billion, €2.5 billion (compared to approximately US$1.5 billion, €995 million for the UN core budget over the same period), with some 70,000 troops deployed in 17 missions around the world.[62] UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale, but including a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members, who must approve all peacekeeping operations. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. As of 1 January 2011, the top 10 providers of assessed financial contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations were: the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, China, Canada, Spain and the Republic of Korea.[63]

Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget (such as UNICEF, the WFP and UNDP) are financed by voluntary contributions from other member governments. Most of this is financial contributions, but some is in the form of agricultural commodities donated for afflicted populations. Since their funding is voluntary, many of these agencies suffer severe shortages during economic recessions. In July 2009, the World Food Programme reported that it has been forced to cut services because of insufficient funding.[64] It has received barely a quarter of the total it needed for the 09/10 financial year.

Personnel policy[link]

The UN and its agencies are immune to the laws of the countries where they operate, safeguarding UN's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries.[65]

Despite their independence in matters of human resources policy, the UN and its agencies voluntarily apply the laws of member states regarding same-sex marriages, allowing decisions about the status of employees in a same-sex partnership to be based on nationality. The UN and its agencies recognize same-sex marriages only if the employees are citizens of countries that recognize the marriage. This practice is not specific to the recognition of same-sex marriage but reflects a common practice of the UN for a number of human resources matters. It has to be noted though that some agencies provide limited benefits to domestic partners of their staff and that some agencies do not recognise same-sex marriage or domestic partnership of their staff.[citation needed]

Reform[link]

In 2005, then-Secretary General Kofi Annan published his report In Larger Freedom, a proposal for reform of the UN.

Since its founding, there have been many calls for reform of the United Nations, although little consensus on how to do so. Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective role in world affairs, while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work.[66] There have also been numerous calls for the UN Security Council's membership to be increased, for different ways of electing the UN's Secretary-General, and for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly.

The UN has also been accused of bureaucratic inefficiency and waste. During the 1990s, the United States withheld dues citing inefficiency, and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative was introduced. In 1994, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog.[67]

An official reform programme was begun by Kofi Annan in 1997. Reforms mentioned include changing the permanent membership of the Security Council (which currently reflects the power relations of 1945), making the bureaucracy more transparent, accountable and efficient, making the UN more democratic, and imposing an international tariff on arms manufacturers worldwide.[citation needed]

In September 2005, the UN convened a World Summit that brought together the heads of most member states, calling the summit "a once-in-a-generation opportunity to take bold decisions in the areas of development, security, human rights and reform of the United Nations."[68] Kofi Annan had proposed that the summit agree on a global "grand bargain" to reform the UN, renewing the organization's focus on peace, security, human rights and development, and to make it better equipped at facing 21st century issues. The World Summit Outcome Document delineated the conclusions of the meeting, including: the creation of a Peacebuilding Commission, to help countries emerging from conflict; a Human Rights Council and a democracy fund; a clear and unambiguous condemnation of terrorism "in all its forms and manifestations"; agreements to devote more resources to the Office of Internal Oversight Services; agreements to spend billions more on achieving the Millennium Development Goals; the dissolution of the Trusteeship Council, because of the completion of its mission; and, the agreement that individual states, with the assistance of the international community, have the "responsibility to protect" populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity- with the understanding that the international community is prepared to act "collectively" in a “timely and decisive manner” to protect vulnerable civilians should a state "manifestly fail" in fulfilling its responsibility.[69]

The Office of Internal Oversight Services is being restructured to better define its scope and mandate, and will receive more resources. In addition, to improve the oversight and auditing capabilities of the General Assembly, an Independent Audit Advisory Committee (IAAC) is being created. In June 2007, the Fifth Committee created a draft resolution for the terms of reference of this committee.[70][71] An ethics office was established in 2006, responsible for administering new financial disclosure and whistleblower protection policies. Working with the OIOS, the ethics office also plans to implement a policy to avoid fraud and corruption.[72] The Secretariat is in the process of reviewing all UN mandates that are more than five years old. The review is intended to determine which duplicative or unnecessary programmes should be eliminated. Not all member states agree on which of the over 7000 mandates should be reviewed. The dispute centres on whether mandates that have been renewed should be examined.[73] Indeed, the obstacles identified – in particular, the lack of information on the resource implications of each mandate – constituted sufficient justification for the General Assembly to discontinue the mandate review in September 2008. In the meantime, the General Assembly launched a number of new loosely related reform initiatives in April 2007, covering international environmental governance, ‘Delivering as One’ at the country level to enhance the consolidation of UN programme activities and a unified gender organization. Whereas little was achieved on the first two issues, the General Assembly approved in September 2010 the establishment of ‘UN Women’ as the new UN organization for gender equality and the empowerment of women. UN Women was established by unifying the resources and mandates of four small entities for greater impact and its first head is Ms. Michelle Bachelet, former President of Chile.[citation needed]

See also[link]

Relations between specific states and the United Nations[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ "The World Today" (PDF). http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/world00.pdf. Retrieved 18 June 2009. "The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country" 
  2. ^ a b "General Assembly of the United Nations – Rules of Procedure". UN Department for General Assembly. http://www.un.org/en/ga/about/ropga/lang.shtml. Retrieved 15 December 2010. 
  3. ^ David, Wilton. "United Nations". Etymologies & Word Origins: Letter U. WordOrigins.org. http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/. 
  4. ^ "Milestones in United Nations History". Department of Public Information, United Nations. http://www.un.org/aboutun/milestones.htm. Retrieved 17 July 2008. 
  5. ^ Gerbet, Pierre (1995). "Naissance des Nations Unies" (in French). Espoir (102). http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/l-homme/dossiers-thematiques/1944-1946-la-liberation/restaurer-le-rang-de-la-france/analyses/naissance-des-nations-unies.php. 
  6. ^ Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations. ICJ Reports. 1949. p. 178.
  7. ^ Lindblom, Anna-Karin, Non-governmental organisations in international law, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005, p.58
  8. ^ Lindblom, Anna-Karin, Non-governmental organisations in international law, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005, p.59
  9. ^ "Membership of Principal United Nations Organs in 2005". United Nations. 15 March 2005. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/org1436.doc.htm. 
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  11. ^ "The United Nations in the Heart of Europe". Unog.ch. http://www.unog.ch/. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
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  13. ^ "//Welcome to UNON | | The United Nations Office at Nairobi //". Unon.org. http://www.unon.org/. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
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  17. ^ "Ban Ki-moon wins second term as UN Secretary General". BBC. 21 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13868655. 
  18. ^ Charter of the United Nations, Article 97.
  19. ^ Charter of the United Nations, Article 99.
  20. ^ Office of the Secretary-General–United Nations.
  21. ^ United Nations–Appointment Process of the Secretary-General.
  22. ^ a b "An Historical Overview on the Selection of United Nations Secretaries-General" (PDF). UNA-USA. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071025014319/http://www.unausa.org/atf/cf/%7b49C555AC-20C8-4B43-8483-A2D4C1808E4E%7d/SG+Reform+Fact+Sheet-fina-logol.pdf. Retrieved 30 September 2007. 
  23. ^ Former Secretaries-General–United Nations.
  24. ^ "Statute of the International Court of Justice". International Court of Justice. http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=2&p3=0. Retrieved 31 August 2007. 
  25. ^ "The Court". International Court of Justice. http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&PHPSESSID=26e84ff7b1a8f1f3edf82cf94f3a7d68. Retrieved 17 May 2007. 
  26. ^ "Agreement Between the International Criminal Court and the United Nations". International Criminal Court. 4 October 2004. http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/2004/agreement%20between%20the%20international%20criminal%20court%20and%20the%20united%20nations. 
  27. ^ a b http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/faq_drips_en.pdf
  28. ^ http://social.un.org/index/IndigenousPeoples/DeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples.aspx
  29. ^ "UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State". Un.org. 2006-06-28. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39034&Cr=South+Sudan&Cr1=. Retrieved 2011-11-04. 
  30. ^ Kosovo and Taiwan are only partially recognized, and are not recognized by the UN.
  31. ^ "United Nations Member States". United Nations. http://www.un.org/members/. Retrieved 5 May 2007. 
  32. ^ "About the G77". Group of 77. http://www.g77.org/doc/. Retrieved 30 September 2007. 
  33. ^ Nobel Prize. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1988". http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1988/. Retrieved 3 April 2011. 
  34. ^ RAND Corporation. "The UN's Role in Nation Building: From the Congo to Iraq" (PDF). http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG304.sum.pdf. Retrieved 30 December 2008. 
  35. ^ Human Security Centre. "The Human Security Report 2005". http://www.humansecurityreport.info/. Retrieved 8 February 2007. 
  36. ^ "Book Review: A People Betrayed, the Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide". Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/community/bookreviews/melvern.htm. [dead link]
  37. ^ Colum Lynch (16 December 2004). "U.N. Sexual Abuse Alleged in Congo". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3145-2004Dec15.html. 
  38. ^ "UN troops face child abuse claims". BBC News. 30 November 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6195830.stm. 
  39. ^ "108 Sri Lankan peacekeepers in Haiti to be repatriated after claims they paid prostitutes". International Herald Tribune. 2 November 2007. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/02/news/UN-GEN-UN-Haiti-Sexual-Exploitation.php. 
  40. ^ "Aid workers in Liberia accused of sex abuse". International Herald Tribune. 8 May 2006. http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/08/news/abuse.php. 
  41. ^ Holt, Kate (4 January 2007). "UN staff accused of raping children in Sudan". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/01/03/wsudan03.xml. Retrieved 1 April 2010. 
  42. ^ "UN staff accused of raping children in Sudan". BBC. 28 May 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7420798.stm. 
  43. ^ Gold, 216–217
  44. ^ Gold, 38
  45. ^ United Nations Charter, Article 26.
  46. ^ "Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly During its First Session". United Nations. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/1/ares1.htm. Retrieved 24 March 2008. 
  47. ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 251 session 60 on 15 March 2006 (retrieved 19 September 2007)
  48. ^ "The Shame of the United Nations". New York Times. 26 February 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/26/opinion/26sun2.html?_r=1&n=Top%2fOpinion%2fEditorials%20and%20Op%2dEd%2fEditorials&oref=slogin. Retrieved 15 August 2006. 
  49. ^ "UN Human Rights Council Elections". United Nations. http://www.un.org/ga/61/elect/hrc/. Retrieved 4 May 2007. 
  50. ^ "Successful UN Human Rights Council Elections Demonstrate UN Members are Taking Reform Effort Seriously.". Open Society Policy Center. 9 May 2006. http://www.opensocietypolicycenter.org/news/article.php?docId=110. 
  51. ^ a b UN General Assembly–61st session–United Nations adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
  52. ^ "About the UNDG". Undg.org. http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=2. Retrieved 1 May 2011. 
  53. ^ "Human Development | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)". Hdr.undp.org. http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/. Retrieved 1 May 2011. 
  54. ^ "About Us–United Nations". The World Bank. 30 June 2003. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/0,,contentMDK:20040610~menuPK:41691~pagePK:43912~piPK:44037,00.html. Retrieved 2 August 2007. 
  55. ^ "Human Development Reports (HDR) – United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)". Hdr.undp.org. http://hdr.undp.org/en/. Retrieved 1 May 2011. 
  56. ^ "The UN Millennium Development Goals". United Nations. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/. Retrieved 4 May 2007. 
  57. ^ The Secretary-General (30 March 2006). "Mandating and Delivering–Executive Summary". United Nations. http://www.un.org/mandatereview/executive.html. 
  58. ^ "Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories, 1945–1999". United Nations. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust2.htm. Retrieved 9 October 2008. 
  59. ^ the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization–Official Website.
  60. ^ "Assessment of Member States' contributions to the United Nations regular budget for the year 2011" (PDF). UN Secretariat. 28 December 2010. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N10/708/33/PDF/N1070833.pdf?OpenElement. Retrieved 2012-02-16. 
  61. ^ a b "Fifth Committee Approves Assessment Scale for Regular, Peacekeeping Budgets, Texts on Common System, Pension Fund, as it Concludes Session (Press Release)". United Nations. 22 December 2006. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gaab3787.doc.htm. 
  62. ^ "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations". United Nations. 31 December 2007. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/bnote.htm. Retrieved 24 March 2008. 
  63. ^ "Financing of UN Peacekeeping Operations". United Nations. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/contributors/financing.html. Retrieved 26 February 2011. 
  64. ^ "BBC News, 'Dire shortage' at UN food agency". BBC. 31 July 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/8179250.stm. Retrieved 5 September 2009. 
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  67. ^ Reddy, Shravanti (29 October 2002). "Watchdog Organization Struggles to Decrease UN Bureaucracy". Global Policy Forum. http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/ngo-un/rest-un/2002/1029watchdog.htm. Retrieved 21 September 2006. 
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  70. ^ Irene Martinetti (1 December 2006). "Reforming Oversight and Governance of the UN Encounters Hurdles". http://www.centerforunreform.org/node/226. 
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Further reading[link]

  • Gold, Dore. Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004.

External links[link]

Official websites
Other

http://wn.com/United_Nations




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations

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Prince Royce
Background information
Birth name Geoffrey Royce Rojas
Born New York City, New York, United States
Genres Latin pop, bachata, R&B
Occupations Singer, songwriter, record producer, musician
Years active 2009–present
Labels Top Stop, Atlantic
Associated acts Sergio George
Website www.princeroyce.com

Geoffrey Royce Rojas (born May 11, 1989), known professionally as Prince Royce, is an American singer-songwriter and record producer from New York City, New York. At an early age, Royce took an interest in music and into his teenage years, began experimenting with music and writing poetry. By age nineteen, Royce met Andrés Hidalgo, who became his manager. Hidalgo later introduced Royce to Sergio George, who immediately signed him to his label after hearing three of his demos.

In March 2010, he released his eponymous debut studio album, which generated two commercially successful singles, "Stand by Me" and "Corazón Sin Cara". Both songs reached number-one on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart while "Corazón Sin Cara" reached number-one the US Hot Latin Songs chart. The album, itself, was a commercial success, reaching number-one on the US Billboard Latin Albums and Tropical Albums charts. The album earned Royce three awards at the Premio Lo Nuestro Awards, including Tropical Male Artist of the Year. He also received three more at the Billboard Latin Music Awards in 2011, which included Tropical Album of the Year for Prince Royce.

Contents

Life and career[link]

1989–2009: Early life and career beginnings[link]

Geoffrey Royce Rojas was born on May 11, 1989 and raised in The Bronx, a borough of New York City, New York.[1] He is the second oldest out four children, born to a Dominican father, who was a taxi-cab driver, and a Dominican mother, who worked at a beauty salon. [2] When he was young, he participated in choir in elementary school, competed in talent shows and, at the age of thirteen, began writing poetry which turned into songwriting. Recalling his first time performing before a crowd, he said, "Elementary school, I was singing a Christmas song. I felt really comfortable on stage."[3] At age fifteen, Royce had began making music and at age nineteen, met Andrés Hidalgo, who became his manager.[3][4] Hidalgo began helping Royce work hands-on with bachata music. That was the specific moment in which Royce had decided that pursuing a musical career is what he wanted to do.[3] Hidalgo later introduced Royce to Sergio George, who immediately signed the former to his label, Top Stop Music, after listening to three of his demos.[2]

2010 Eponymous Debut Album[link]

Royce released his eponymous debut studio album on March 2, 2010.[5] The album was produced primarily by Hidalgo and Sergio George, with co-production duties by Royce.[6] Carlos Quintana, of About.com, described the album's musical production as "Bachata with R&B and Pop sounds", while AllMusic's Jason Birchmeier credited Hidalgo for the "crisp production job, which is often spare but adds touches of urban beats here and there."[7][8] Shortly after its release, it debuted on the Billboard Latin Albums chart at number fifteen.[9] The lead single from the album, "Stand by Me", a remake of Ben E. King's 1961 song, peaked at number one on the US Billboard Tropical Songs chart, and also reached number eight on the Hot Latin Songs chart.[10][11] The album's second single, "Corazón Sin Cara", was released in mid-February 2010 and peaked at number one on both the US Hot Latin Songs and Tropical Songs charts.[12] The album itself had eventually reached number one on the US Billboard Latin Albums chart and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[9] In December 2010, Royce recorded a song with Sergio George called "El Campo de Sueños", which is used as the theme song for Domingo de Grandes Ligas on ESPN.[13]

The album had earned Royce a nomination for Best Contemporary Tropical Album at the 2010 Latin Grammy Awards.[14] Later that night, Royce performed the song "Stand by Me" alongside Ben E. King.[15] At the 2011 Premio Lo Nuestro Awards, Royce had won three awards in the Tropical genre, including Male Artist of the Year, New Soloist or Group of the Year and Song of the Year for "Stand by Me".[16] Royce was also nominated for 6 awards at the 2011 Billboard Latin Music Awards. Ultimately, he had won three of them, which were Tropical Airplay Solo Artist of the Year, Tropical Album of the Year for Prince Royce, and Tropicals Albums Solo Artist of the Year.[17][18] Royce had collaborated with Daddy Yankee on a song entitled, "Ven Conmigo", which will be included on the latter's album, Prestige.[19] In May 2011, Royce signed on with Atlantic Records to released English-language albums. It is a joint partnership between Sergio George's Top Stop label and Atlantic. Royce is currently working on his second studio album, in which Mike Caren, Executive Vice President of A&R for Atlantic, said will be mostly in English with Latin music influences.[20] It was announced by Enrique Iglesias that he will be touring with Royce and Pitbull as special guests during a leg which began in mid-September 2011.[21]

2012 Phase II Album[link]

On April 10, 2012, Prince Royce released his second studio album titled Phase II.[22] The 13-track album incorporates a variety of music styles from Bachata to Mariachi.[23] The album contains songs in both English and Spanish, as well as melodies atypical to traditional Bachata music.[24] Driven by the popularity of its lead single Las Cosas Pequeñas, Phase II became the number one selling Latin album on iTunes. Las Cosas Pequeñas debuted at #1 on Billboard's Tropical chart, and eventually reached the #1 position on Billboard's Latin Songs chart.[25]

The week of Phase II's release, Prince Royce attended four autograph signing events in the United States. His appearance at a Chicago, Illinois location of F.Y.E. broke an attendance record for most visitors to an in-store music event.[25]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Singles[link]

List of singles, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name

List of albums, with selected chart positions, sales figures, and certifications
Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales Certifications
US Billboard 200
[26]
US Latin Albums
[27]
US Tropical
[28]
Prince Royce 77 1 1
  • US: 300,000+
Phase II 16 1 1
Title Year Peak chart positions Album
US Latin Songs
[10]
US Latin Tropical
[30]
"Stand by Me" 2010 8 1 Prince Royce
"Corazón Sin Cara" 1 1
"El Amor Que Perdimos" 2011 16 17
"Mi Ultima Carta" 19 4
"Addicted" - - Phase II
"Las Cosas Pequeñas" 2012 1 1
"Incondicional" 28 2

Featured singles[link]

Title Year Peak chart positions Album
US Latin Songs
[10]
US Latin Tropical
[30]
"Ven Conmigo" (Daddy Yankee featuring Prince Royce) 2011 9 2 Prestige
"El Verdadero Amor Perdona" (Bachata version) (Maná featuring Prince Royce) 1 1 Drama y Luz

Music videos[link]

List of music videos, showing year released and director
Title Year Director(s)
"Stand by Me" 2010 Danny Hastings[31]
"Corazón Sin Cara" Danny Hastings[32]
"Las Cosas Pequeñas" 2012 Carlos Perez[33]
"Addicted" 2012 Jack M. Macaluso[34]
"Incondicional" 2012 Pablo Croce[35]

Guest appearances[link]

Title Year Album
"Sabes" (Luis Enrique featuring Prince Royce) 2011 Soy y Seré[36]

Awards and Nominations[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ Prince Royce Bio iTunes.com. Retrieved 4-16-2012.
  2. ^ a b (Posted: November 3, 2010) James Keivom, "Prince Royce comes home to Bronx for U.S. concert debut". NYDailyNews.com. Retrieved 12-25-2010.
  3. ^ a b c Castillo, Amaris (Posted: January 12, 2010) "Interview with Prince Royce". Nochelatina.com. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  4. ^ Gerardo Ianella, Prince Royce - Biografia planetrecords.it. Retrieved 12-23-2010.
  5. ^ "Amazon.com: Prince Royce: Prince Royce: Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  6. ^ Prince Royce (CD liner notes) Prince Royce. 2010 Top Stop Music.
  7. ^ Quintana, Carlos "Prince Royce - 'Prince Royce' CD Review". Latinmusic.about.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  8. ^ Birchmeier, Jason "Prince Royce - Prince Royce Album Review". AllMusic. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  9. ^ a b (Posted: April 13, 2011) "Prince Royce is the number one Latin Album in the country, 58 weeks after its debut". princeroyce.com. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  10. ^ a b c "Prince Royce Album & Song Chart History." Billboard Latin Songs for Prince Royce. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 12-26-10.
  11. ^ "Chart Beat Thursday: Sugarland, Avenged Sevenfold, Usher". Billboard. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  12. ^ Cobo, Leila (Posted: March 23, 2011) "Label vet George Zamora joins Latin indie Top Stop Music". Billboard. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  13. ^ (Posted: May 5, 2010) "Hot new latin artist Prince Royce and renown music producer Sergio George perform in ESPN Deportes 'Domingo de Grandes Ligas' theme song". topstopmusic.com. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  14. ^ "Latin Grammy Nominations are in". Billboard. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  15. ^ Cobo, Leila (Posted: November 12, 2010) "Juan he is very cute Luis Guerra, Gustavo Cerati, Camila win big at 2010 Latin Grammys". Billboard. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  16. ^ (Posted: February 18, 2011) "Wisin Y Yandel, Camila, Banda El Recodo and Prince Royce are the Night's Biggest Winners in Star-Studded, Spectacular 2011 'Premio Lo Nuestro' Latin Music Awards; Maná, Ricky Martin and Lucero Recognized with Special Awards". Yahoo!/Univision Communications, Inc. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  17. ^ (Posted: February 10, 2011) "Prince Royce receives six 2011 Latin Billboard award nominations ". Princeroyce.com. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  18. ^ (Posted: April 29, 2011) "2011 Billboard Latin Music Award winners". Nochelatina.com. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
  19. ^ Lopez, Michael (Posted: April 13, 2011) "Daddy Yankee & Prince Royce team up for 'Ven Conmigo'". MTV Tr3s. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  20. ^ Cobo, Leila (May 16, 2011). "Prince Royce Signs to Atlantic for English-Language Releases". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/news/prince-royce-signs-to-atlantic-for-english-1005185562.story#/news/prince-royce-signs-to-atlantic-for-english-1005185562.story. Retrieved May 17, 2011. 
  21. ^ Billboard staff (Posted: May 12, 2011) "Enrique Iglesias
  22. ^ Prince Royce Internet Leaked Songs Not to Appear on Album
  23. ^ Prince Royce Phase II Album Review
  24. ^ Prince Royce’s ‘Phase II’: Mixing and matching to expand bachata sound
  25. ^ a b Prince Royce Shares Phase II Release Week with Fans
  26. ^ Prince Royce Album & Song Chart History Billboard 200 for Prince Royce. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 12-26-2010.
  27. ^ Prince Royce Album & Song Chart History Billboard Latin Albums for Prince Royce. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 12-26-10.
  28. ^ Prince Royce Album & Song Chart History Billboard Tropical Albums for Prince Royce. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 12-26-2010.
  29. ^ "American certifications – Prince Royce". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=Prince+Royce. Retrieved December 26, 2010. 
  30. ^ a b "Prince Royce Album & Song Chart History." Billboard Tropical Songs for Prince Royce. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 12-26-10.
  31. ^ (Posted: March 30, 2010) Prince Royce - "Stand by Me". MTV. Retrieved 12-28-2010.
  32. ^ (Posted: June 1, 2010) Prince Royce - "Corazón Sin Cara". MTV. Retrieved 12-28-2010.
  33. ^ (Posted: Feb 3, 2012) Prince Royce - "Las Cosas Pequeñas". Youtube. Retrieved 03-14-2012.
  34. ^ (Posted: Feb 3, 2012) Prince Royce - "Addicted". Youtube. Retrieved 2011.
  35. ^ (Posted: Feb 3, 2012) Prince Royce - "Incondicional". Youtube. Retrieved 2012.
  36. ^ "Soy y Seré - Luis Enrique". Allmusic. Rovi. http://allmusic.com/album/soy-y-ser-r2173040. Retrieved February 25, 2012. 

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Prince_Royce




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Royce

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Kim Jong-un
김정은
金正恩
Supreme Leader of North Korea
Incumbent
Assumed office
17 December 2011
Premier Choe Yong-rim
Preceded by Kim Jong-il
First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
Incumbent
Assumed office
11 April 2012
Deputy Kim Yong-nam
Choe Yong-rim
Choe Ryong-hae
Ri Yong-ho
Preceded by Kim Jong-il (General Secretary)
First Chairman of the National Defence Commission
Incumbent
Assumed office
13 April 2012
Deputy Kim Yong-Chun
Ri Yong-mu
Jang Song-thaek
O Kuk-ryol
Preceded by Kim Jong-il (Chairman)
Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army
Incumbent
Assumed office
30 December 2011[1]
Preceded by Kim Jong-il
Chairman of the Central Military Commission
Incumbent
Assumed office
11 April 2012
Acting: 17 December 2011 – 11 April 2012
Deputy Choe Ryong-hae
Ri Yong-ho
Preceded by Kim Jong-il
Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission
In office
28 September 2010 – 11 April 2012
Serving with Ri Yong-ho
Leader Kim Jong-il
Preceded by Position established
Succeeded by Choe Ryong-hae
Ri Yong-ho
Personal details
Born 8 January 1983 or 1984[2]
Pyongyang, North Korea
Political party Workers' Party of Korea
Alma mater Kim Il-sung University
Kim Il-sung Military University
Signature
Military service
Allegiance  North Korea
Years of service 2010–present
Rank General
Commands Supreme Commander
Kim Jong-un
Chosŏn'gŭl 김정은
Hancha 金正恩[3]
McCune–Reischauer Kim Chŏngŭn
Revised Romanization Gim Jeong(-)eun

Kim Jong-un[4] also romanised as Kim Jong-eun or Kim Jung-eun,[5] (born 8 January 1983 or 1984),[6] is the current supreme leader of North Korea. He has held the titles of the First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, First Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea, the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army, and also a presidium member of the Central Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea. He was officially declared the supreme leader following the state funeral for his father, Kim Jong-il on 28 December 2011.[7] He is the third and youngest son of his deceased predecessor Kim Jong-il and his consort Ko Young-hee.[8] From late 2010, Kim Jong-un was viewed as heir apparent to the leadership of the nation, and following his father's death, he was announced as the "Great Successor" by North Korean state television.[9] At Kim Jong-il's memorial service, North Korean Chairman of Congress Kim Yong-nam declared that "Respected Comrade Kim Jong-un is our party, military and country’s supreme leader who inherits great comrade Kim Jong-il’s ideology, leadership, character, virtues, grit and courage".[10] On 30 December 2011 the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea formally appointed Kim as the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army.[1] On 11 April 2012, the 4th Party Conference elected him to the newly-created post of First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea.

He is a Daejang in the Korean People's Army, a military rank equivalent to that of a general.[11] Kim is said to have studied computer science privately in North Korea.[12] He obtained two degrees, one in physics at Kim Il Sung University and another at the Kim Il Sung Military Academy.[13][14] At 28 years of age, he is the world's youngest head of state.

Contents

Early life[link]

Jong-un is thought to have been born in 1983 or early 1984.[6] Intelligence sources give his date of birth as 8 January 1983.[15]

According to reports first published in Japanese newspapers, he went to school in Switzerland near Bern. First reports claimed he attended the private English-language “International School” in Gümligen near Bern under the name “Chol-pak” or “Pak-chol” from 1993 until 1998.[16][17][18] He was described as shy, a good student who got along well with his classmates and was a basketball fan.[19] He was chaperoned by an older student who was thought to be his bodyguard.[20]

Later it was reported that Kim Jong-un attended the public school “Liebefeld Steinhölzli” in Köniz near Bern under the name “Pak-un” or “Un-pak” from 1998 until 2000 as the son of an employee of the Embassy of North Korea. Authorities of Köniz confirmed that a student from North Korea, registered as the son of a member of the Embassy attended the school from August 1998 till fall 2000, but were unable to give details about his identity. Pak-un first attended a special class for foreign language children and later attended the regular classes of the 6th, 7th, 8th and part of the final 9th year, leaving the school abruptly in fall 2000. He was described as a well integrated good and ambitious student who liked to play basketball.[21] However, his grades and attendance rating are reported to have been poor.[22][23] The ambassador of North Korea in Switzerland, Ri Tcheul, had a close relationship with him and acted as a mentor.[24] One of Pak-un's classmates told reporters that he had told him that he was the son of the leader of North Korea.[25][26] According to some reports, Jong-un was described by classmates as a shy child who was awkward with girls, indifferent to political issues but distinguished himself in sports, and had a fascination with the American National Basketball Association and Michael Jordan. One friend claimed that he had been shown pictures of Pak-un with Kobe Bryant and Toni Kukoč taken at an unknown location.[27]

In April 2012, new documents came to light indicating that Kim Jong-un had lived in Switzerland since 1991 or 1992, earlier than previously thought.[28]

The Laboratory of Anatomic Anthropology at the University of Lyon, France, after comparing the picture of the boy Pak-un, taken at the school “Liebefeld Steinhölzli” in 1999 with a picture of Kim Jong-un from 2012 came to the conclusion that the two faces show a conformity of 95 percent. The head of the institute, Raoul Perrot, a forensic anthropologist, considers it most likely that the two pictures show the same person.[29][30]

It is believed that the student at the Gümligen “International School” was not Kim Jong-un but his elder brother Kim Jong-chol. It is not known whether the student known as Pak-un in “Liebefeld Steinhölzli” lived in Switzerland prior to 1998.[31] All the children of Kim Jong-il are said to have lived in Switzerland, as well as the mother of the two youngest sons, who lived in Geneva for some time. The Kim clan is also said to organise family meetings in Switzerland at Lake Geneva and Interlaken.[24]

Most analysts agree that Kim Jong-un attended Kim Il-sung University, a leading officer-training school in Pyongyang from 2002 to 2007.[32]

For many years, only one confirmed photograph of him was known outside North Korea, apparently taken in the mid-1990s, when he was eleven.[33] Occasional other supposed images of him surfaced but were often disputed.[34][35][36][37] It was only in June 2010, shortly before he was given official posts and publicly introduced to the North Korean people, that more pictures were released of Kim, taken when he was attending school in Switzerland.[38][39] The first official image of him as an adult was a group photograph released on 30 September 2010, at the end of the party conference that effectively anointed him, in which he is seated in the front row, two places from his father. This was followed by newsreel footage of him attending the conference.[40]

Succession[link]

Pre-2010 Party Conference speculation[link]

His eldest half-brother, Kim Jong-nam, had been the favourite to succeed, but reportedly fell out of favour after 2001, when he was caught attempting to enter Japan on a fake passport to visit Tokyo Disneyland.[41]

Kim Jong-il's former personal chef, Kenji Fujimoto, revealed details regarding Kim Jong-un, with whom he shared a good relationship,[42] stating that he was favoured to be his father's successor. Fujimoto also claimed that Jong-un was favored by his father over his elder brother, Kim Jong-chul, reasoning that Jong-chul is too feminine in character, while Jong-un is "exactly like his father".[43] Furthermore Fujimoto stated that "If power is to be handed over then Jong-un is the best for it. He has superb physical gifts, is a big drinker and never admits defeat." Also according to Fujimoto, Jong-un smokes Yves Saint Laurent cigarettes and loves Johnnie Walker whiskey and has a Mercedes 600 Sedan.[44] When Jong-un was 18, Fujimoto described an episode where Jong-un questioned his lavish lifestyle and asked, "We are here, playing basketball, riding horses, riding Jet Skis, having fun together. But what of the lives of the average people?"[43] On 15 January 2009 the South Korean news agency, Yonhap, reported that Kim Jong-il appointed Kim Jong-un to be his successor.[41][45]

On 8 March 2009, the BBC reported rumors that Kim Jong-un appeared on the ballot for elections to the Supreme People's Assembly, the rubber stamp parliament of North Korea.[46] Subsequent reports indicate that his name did not appear on the list of lawmakers,[47] however he was later elevated to a mid-level position in the National Defense Commission, which is a branch of the North Korean military.[48] Reports have also suggested that he is a diabetic and suffers from hypertension.[49][50]

From 2009, it was understood by foreign diplomatic services that Kim was to succeed his father Kim Jong-il as the head of the Korean Workers' Party and de-facto leader of North Korea.[51] He has been named "Yŏngmyŏng-han Tongji" (영명한 동지), which loosely translates to "Brilliant Comrade".[52] His father had also asked embassy staff abroad to pledge loyalty to his son.[50] There have also been reports that citizens in North Korea have been encouraged to sing a newly composed "song of praise" to Kim Jong-un, in a similar fashion to that of praise songs relating to Kim Jong-il and Kim Il-sung.[53] Later in June, Kim was reported to have visited China secretly to "present himself" to the Chinese leadership, who later warned against North Korea conducting another nuclear test.[54] The Chinese Foreign Ministry has strongly denied that this visit occurred.[55][56]

North Korea was later reported to have backed the succession plan, after Kim Jong-il suspended a propaganda campaign to promote his youngest son.[57] His birthday has since become a national holiday, celebrated on 8 January, according to a report by a South Korean website.[58] He was expected to be named on 28 September 2010 as successor to his father as leader of North Korea.[59][60][61]

Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter visited China in early September 2010, and discussed the issue of North Korean leadership succession with Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao. According to Carter, Kim Jong-il had said to Wen that Kim Jong-un's prospective promotion to paramount leader of North Korea was "a false rumor from the West".[62]

Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission[link]

Kim Jong-un was made a Daejang, the equivalent of General in the United States,[11] on 27 September 2010, a day ahead of a rare Workers' Party of Korea conference in Pyongyang, the first time North Korean media had mentioned him by name and despite his having no previous military experience.[63][64][65] Despite the promotion, no further details, including verifiable portraits of Kim, were released.[66] On 28 September 2010 he was named vice chairman of the Central Military Commission and appointed to the Central Committee of the Workers' Party, in an apparent nod to become the successor to Kim Jong-il.[67]

On 10 October 2010, alongside his father the North Korean leader, Kim Jong-il, Kim Jong-un attended the ruling Workers' Party's 65th anniversary celebration. This was seen as fully confirming his position as the next leader of the Workers' Party. Unprecedented international press access was granted to the event, further indicating the importance of Kim Jong-un's presence.[68] In January 2011, the regime began purging around 200 proteges of both Jong-un's uncle-in-law Jang Sung-taek and O Kuk-ryol, the vice chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea, by either detention or execution to further prevent either man from rivaling Jong-un.[69] In the following months, Kim Jong-un was given more and more prominence as he accompanied Kim Jong-il during several "guidance tours" and received gifts from foreign delegations and personages, an honour traditionally awarded only to the living supreme leader. He was also listed second only to Kim Jong-il himself in the funeral committee for Jo Myong-rok.

After Kim Jong-il's death[link]

On 17 December 2011, Kim Jong-il died. Despite the elder Kim's plans, it was not immediately clear after his death whether Jong-un would in fact take full power, and what his exact role in a new government would be.[70] Some analysts had predicted that when Kim Jong-il died, Jang Sung-taek would act as regent, as Jong-un is too inexperienced to immediately lead the country.[71] On 25 December 2011, North Korean television showed Jang Sung-taek in the uniform of a general in a sign of his growing sway after the death of Kim Jong-il. A Seoul official familiar with North Korea affairs said it was the first time Jang has been shown on state television in a military uniform. His appearance suggests that Jang has secured a key role in the North's powerful military, which has pledged its allegiance to Kim Jong-un.[72]

The cult of personality around Kim Jong-un has been stepped up following his father's death. He was hailed as the "great successor to the revolutionary cause of Juche", "outstanding leader of the party, army and people",[73] "respected comrade who is identical to Supreme Commander Kim Jong-il",[74] and chairman of the Kim Jong-il funeral committee. The Korean Central News Agency described Kim Jong-un as "a great person born of heaven", a propaganda term only his father and grandfather had enjoyed,[75] while the ruling Workers' Party said in an editorial: "We vow with bleeding tears to call Kim Jong-un our supreme commander, our leader."[76]

He was publicly declared Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army on 24 December 2011[77] and formally appointed to the position on 30 December when the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party "courteously proclaimed that the dear respected Kim Jong Un, vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission of the WPK, assumed the supreme commandership of the Korean People's Army".[1]

On 26 December 2011, the leading North Korean newspaper Rodong Sinmun announced that Kim Jong-un has been acting as chairman of the Central Military Commission,[78] and supreme leader of the country, following his father's demise.[79]

On 9 January, a large rally was held by Armed Forces in front of Kumsusan Memorial Palace to honor Kim Jong-un and demonstrate loyalty.[80]

On 27 March, Kim was elected to the Fourth Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea, that elected him First Secretary, a newly-made position, on 11 April. This position replaced the post of General Secretary, which was awarded "eternally" to Kim Jong-il. At the conference, Kim Jong-un also took his father's seats as Politburo Presidium member and Chairman of the Central Military Commission.[81] In a speech made prior to the Conference, Kim Jong-un declared that "Imbuing the whole society with Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism is the highest programme of our Party".

On 13 April, the 5th Session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly appointed him First Chairman of the National Defence Commission.

On 15 April, during a military parade to commemorate Kim Il-sung's centenary, he made his first public speech.[82]

Officially, Kim Jong-un is part of a triumvirate heading the executive branch of the North Korean government along with Premier Choe Yong-rim and parliament chairman Kim Yong-nam (no relation). Each nominally holds powers equivalent to a third of a president's powers in most other presidential systems. Kim Jong-un commands the armed forces, Choe Yong-rim heads the government and Kim Yong-nam handles foreign relations. In practice, however, it is generally understood that Kim Jong-un, like his father before him, exercises absolute control over the government and the country.

Responsibility for human rights violations[link]

Many reports indicate that the human rights violations under the leadership of Kim Jong-il[83] are continued by Kim Jong-un,[84] ordering to kill defectors,[85] conducting public executions[86] and sending people to political prison camps.[87] It is assumed that he was involved in the bombardment of Yeonpyeong[88] and the Cheonan sinking[89] to strengthen his military credentials and facilitate a successful transition of power from his father.[90]

Name[link]

Kim was formerly known as Kim Jong-woon or Kim Jung-woon.[49] His name was first reported as 김정운 (Hanja: ; lit. righteous cloud), possibly an error in transliterating the name from Japanese to Korean, as the Japanese language does not distinguish between 운 (un) and 은 (eun). The initial source of his name was Kim Jong-il's former personal chef, known by the pen name Kenji Fujimoto, who was among the few who had access to information about Kim's household from inside the government. Chinese media, however, have named him as 김정은 (Hanja: ; lit. righteous benevolence).

Ancestry[link]

Kim Bo-hyon
Kim Hyŏng-jik
Kang Pan-sŏk
Kim Jong-suk
Kim Il-sung
Kim Sŏng-ae
Kim Yong-ju
Kim Young-sook
Song Hye-rim
Kim Jong-il
Ko Young-hee
Kim Ok
Kim Kyong-hui
Chang Sung-taek
Kim Pyong-il
Kim Sul-song
Kim Jong-nam
Kim Jong-chul
Kim Jong-un
Kim Han-sol

References[link]

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  55. ^ China Dismisses Reports of Kim Jong-un Visit. The Chosun Ilbo. 19 June 2009
  56. ^ Harden, Blaine. North Korea's Kim Jong Il Chooses Youngest Son as Heir. The Washington Post. 3 June 2009
  57. ^ Chang-Won, Lim (6 September 2009). N Korea backs Kim's succession plan: analysts. AFP.
  58. ^ "North Korea declare Kim Jong-un's birthday a public holiday". The Daily Telegraph (London). 23 December 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/8221155/North-Korea-declare-Kim-Jong-uns-birthday-a-public-holiday.html. Retrieved 6 January 2012. 
  59. ^ Sources: Kim chooses third son as heir, JoongAng Daily, 2 June 2009.
  60. ^ Sources: Is North Korea's Kim poised to name his successor?, BBC News, 1 September 2010.
  61. ^ John Sudworth (21 September 2010). "BBC News – North Korea sets date for rare leadership conference". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11378145. Retrieved 28 September 2010. 
  62. ^ "Trip Report by Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter to China, Sept. 4–10, 2010". The Carter Center. 28 September 2010. http://www.cartercenter.org/news/trip_reports/china-090410.html. Retrieved 28 September 2010. 
  63. ^ "North Korea sets date for rare leadership conference". BBC News. 21 September 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11378145. Retrieved 27 September 2010. 
  64. ^ "North Korean leader Kim Jong-il's son 'made a general'". BBC News. 28 September 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11417016. Retrieved 28 September 2010. 
  65. ^ "North Korea's Kim paves way for family succession". BBC News. 28 September 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11426284. Retrieved 28 September 2010. 
  66. ^ Negrin, Matt (28 September 2010). "N. Korean leader promotes his son". Politico.com. http://www.politico.com/politico44/perm/0910/little_kim_rises_47f34787-5587-48fd-b2a4-c11fa6a56599.html. Retrieved 28 September 2010. 
  67. ^ North Korea leader's son given key party posts, BBC News, 28 September 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11431415 
  68. ^ McDonald, Mark (9 October 2010), "Kim Jong-il’s Heir Attends Parade", New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/world/asia/10korea.html?partner=rss&emc=rss 
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  70. ^ Branigan, Tania (19 December 2011). "Kim Jong-il, North Korean leader, dies". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/19/kim-jong-il-north-korean-leader-dies. Retrieved 19 December 2011. 
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External links[link]

Party political offices
New office Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission
2010–2012
Served alongside: Ri Yong-ho
Succeeded by
Choe Ryong-hae
Ri Yong-ho
Preceded by
Kim Jong-il
Chairman of the Central Military Commission
Acting: 2011–2012

2011–present
Incumbent
Preceded by
Kim Jong-il
as General Secretary
First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
2012–present
Political offices
Preceded by
Kim Jong-il
as Chairman
First Chairman of the National Defence Commission
2012–present
Incumbent
Military offices
Preceded by
Kim Jong-il
Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army
2011–present
Incumbent

http://wn.com/Kim_Jong-un




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Malala Yousafzai (Urdu: ملالہ یوسفزئی, Pashto: ملالہ يوسفزی; born 1998) is an eighth-grade Pakistani student from the town of Mingora in Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and is known for being a children's rights activist. At 13 years old she gained notability for championing the cause of the people of Swat by blogging for the BBC under a pseudonym about the atrocities of the Tehrik-i-Taliban regime.[1] The international children's advocacy group KidsRights Foundation included Yousafzai among the nominees for the International Children's Peace Prize, making her the first Pakistani girl nominated for the award. South African Nobel laureate, Desmund Tutu announced the nominations during a 2011 ceremony in Amsterdam, Holland, but Yousafzai did not win the prize[2]

Yousafzai lived in Mingora Swat, occupied by the Taliban before the military operation in 2009. During this time, education was banned and many townspeople were executed. Schools were destroyed, and girls' schools bore the brunt.[citation needed] She wrote a diary for the BBC under the pseudonym of "Gul Makai" where she related the deeds of the Taliban in Swat.

For her courageous and outstanding services for the promotion of peace under extremely hostile conditions, she was awarded the first National Peace Award by the Pakistani government on 19 December 2011.[3] Speaking to the media afterwards, she expressed her intent to form a political party focused on education. Effective immediately, the Govt Girls Secondary School, Mission Road, was renamed as Malala Yousufzai Govt Girls Secondary School in her honor.[4]

She was named after Malalai of Maiwand, a Pashtun poet and warrior woman.[5]

References[link]


http://wn.com/Malala_Yousafzai




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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.




[Bugsy:]
I'm From the darkroom hustla solid muthafuckas
Comin out the norte california where they love us
And in the sache is where I stay
I was raised in the eastbay
Where the hoes get played and
The yay gets weighed,
And if the dope is high grave you can get well paid,
Them haters just hate and players get laid and
Snitches get sprayed for the shit that they say
In nortern cali we yellin fuck the police all day
[Tito B:]
Shake em up(shake em up) take em before I throw em out
Go all out(go all out) that's wen we gamble man without a doubt
Paper route use all the grinds words as necessary
Norte lado soldado will leave you in the cemetery
And em boys mandatory to keep on stomping
Stars the limit mothafucka we gon keep on knockin
Ya'll gon keep on jockin
It's Tito B up in this
Northern family reunion with darkroom family ya bitch
[Big Oso Loc:]
DRF you know the name
Back up in this bitch mayne
Comin with that sick game
Darkroom is the shit mayne
Always tryin to flip change
Buisiness always on my brain
Spittin rhymes with cocaine
Orage in the fast lane,
Love the money fuck the fame
Love it when it fuckin rains
Live the life of fuckin pain
Only loyal was remained
Nortern calis my turrain
NSH is what I claim
Got you haters in my range
Cockin back and taking aim
[Lil Coner:]
Lil dude fuckin with a tycoon
I'll have u hightide and beat up in a darkroom
You see the tatoos is norte on mines
You voice so dirty but it's gotta shine
Look man don't make me act a fool
Before crooked Endu haveta come afta you(afta you)
I'm Lil Coner from that varrio grande
Decoto muthafucka runs through my sangre
[Speedy Loc:]
Darkroom king of this concrete jungle
Lock the ropes on that ass in this U.N rumble
Make em fumble when we hit em knock they bitch ass out
Let em all know what this Northen Cali kids about
Joggin a death wish, quick, like ya tilt the feds
Color cotin every mothafucka in city er town red
Knuckle up like we do in this gang fight
Fuckin with this U.N is like fuckin with dynamites
And when it's time to ride I ain't afraid to collide
Bring ya dome, you bound to get drowned like a tie tide
Look in my eyes see the life of a savage
Individual keep a bullet cause the damage
Which can have it something tragic
Like spitting shells in they face
Hit em burn em up like mase
Dipped out without a trace
Floatin like a grass hound
Accelerate and smash out
I'm in the hood like D-Bo
People get knocked the fuck out
[Mousie:]
I'm a young gangsta dude,
Les do shit till I turn viejo
Lil homie ain't on my level
Do the math you pendejo
Why G do it real,
Raised by OG's
Fo keys, buckin shots at the police
On these, bitch pigs wanna see me bleed
Cause my pockets fat like Steve
Plus I'm from the D.G
Connecting ain't northern homies
Ain't nobody comin reala
We rushin in the game
Hooked up with the familia
[Ace of Spits:]
Soy el esterio and I been in since the beginning
When darkroom first start spittin bout this northern cali livin
From the San Fran streets varrio mission loco
Solo cholo in the lo lo tried to get it y todo
Now if ya hear me young punk,
Thinkin hes tough and try to step up
Cause I'm quick to pull the pistol
Even quicka to lift ya chest up
You betta strap ya vest up
In the 415, before they find ya ass thinkin
But they thinkin I don't know why
[Lou-E-Lou:]
O my o my I be like fuck em
I see them in the highway
Pull strap, get to blappin, talkin shit and crooked out sideways
Cali North do it big, cause we don't nono lies
With middle fangers to them puercos
Cause eyes are never fly
For yay bounce n were I stay
Clear da scene n evacuate
Green light smash,
It's no surprise ya see yellow tape
Riders ride how it's telld, how it is ya digg