Second audio program (SAP), also known as secondary audio programming, is an auxiliary audio channel for analog television that can be broadcast or transmitted both over the air and by cable TV.

Usage[link]

It is often used for an alternate language (hence giving the facetious "Spanish audio program" expansion to the acronym), or for the Descriptive Video Service (DVS) offered in the U.S. by PBS, along with broadcasting the local NOAA Weather Radio service or a local National Public Radio station at times where translation or DVS is not needed. SAP is used for broadcasting Canada's Parliamentary television channel CPAC in both English and French. SAP is also used for student radio stations that cannot otherwise get on the air due to crowded FM broadcasting bands.

Standards[link]

SAP is part of MTS, the multichannel television sound standard set by the National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) in 1984 in the United States. The NTSC video format and MTS are also used in Canada and Mexico.

Frequencies[link]

MTS features, including stereo and SAP, travel on subcarriers of the video carrier, much like color for TV. It is not carried on the audio carrier like stereo for an FM radio broadcast however, as it only has a frequency deviation of ±25 kHz, whereas regular FM broadcasting has a deviation of ±75 kHz. The SAP subcarrier is located at 78.670 kHz, which is five times the 15.734 kHz MTS pilot signal. In turn, the MTS pilot is locked to the horizontal sync frequency of the video carrier for stability. The SAP channel contains mono audio which has been dbx-encoded for noise reduction, to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The SAP audio has a bandpass from 60 Hz to 12 kHz, which is less than the "regular" audio channel which runs from 50 Hz to 15 kHz.

Though not technically an SAP channel, television stations can also broadcast a "PRO" (professional) audio subcarrier which is used to communicate with station personnel, particularly those engaged in electronic news gathering. This one-way audio channel allows individuals at the television station to send messages to people located away from the station, and is frequently employed during on-location newscasts as the foldback channel to reporters and cameramen. This channel is located at 6.5 times the pilot (102.271 kHz), and is also part of the MTS standard.

Other Media[link]

Second audio programs are also available in other media. On analog big-dish satellite TV systems, audio programs are manually tuned by their subcarrier frequency, commonly around 6 MHz, often as low as 5.8 or as high as 7.2. These travel the same way as the discrete left and right main audio channels, and ATIS station ID, which is heard as Morse code. On FM radio, radio reading services and other audio programs can be heard on subcarriers, however these are generally prohibited from public listening. On digital TV systems, selection is done through a menu as with analog TV, though some provide easier access rather than having to dig down to find the option. Stations may also choose to transmit audio-only programs by assigning them to separate digital subchannels with an optional screen of title and artist information, however this prevents the viewer from watching the main video in the case of TV stations.

References[link]

This broadcasting article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2007)

Pawan Kalyan
Born	Konidala Kalyan Babu (1971-09-02) 2 September 1971 (age 40)[1][2] Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India [3]
Residence	Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Other names	Pawan Kalyan, Power Star[4][5]
Occupation	Actor, Director, Screenwriter, Action Choreographer, Choreography, Playback Singer, Producer
Years active	1996 – present
Spouse	Renu Desai (2009 – present)[6]
Children	Akira Nandan Aadhya
Parents	Venkat Rao Konidala Anjana Devi Konidala
Relatives	Chiranjeevi Konidala (brother) Nagendra Babu Konidala (brother) Ram Charan Teja Konidala (nephew) Arjun Allu (2nd nephew) Aravind Allu (brother-in-law) Rama Lingaiah Allu (father-in-law of brother)

Pawan Kalyan (Telugu: పవన్ కళ్యాణ్; born Konidala Kalyan Babu on 2 September 1971)^[2] is an Indian film actor, director, screenwriter and action choreographer in Telugu cinema. He is the brother of Indian actor Chiranjeevi. He made his acting debut in 1996 with Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi.

In 1998, he was starred in Tholi Prema which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu for that Year. He is known for his works in other blockbusters like Gokulamlo Seetha, Suswagatham, Thammudu, Badri, Kushi, Jalsa and Gabbar Singh ^[7]

Personal life[link]

Born to Konidela Venkata Rao and Anjana Devi,^[8] Pawan Kalyan is the younger brother of Chiranjeevi and Nagendra Babu.^[9] After his divorce from Nandini,^[10] Pawan Kalyan married Renu Desai on 28 January 2009. She co-starred with him in the films Badri and Johnny^[10] and has worked as costume designer for most of his films. The couple have two children, a son named Akira Nandan born in 2004 and a girl named Aadhya born in 2010. Akira was named after Pawan Kalyan's favorite director Akira Kurosawa.

Kalyan is trained in martial arts.^{[11][12][13][14]} He holds a black belt in karate^[15] and has displayed his skills in several of his films. He publicly performed his martial arts skills at several auditoriums.^[16] He was awarded the title "Pawan", symbolizing Hanuman. From then, Kalyan Babu became popular as Pawan Kalyan.^[17][18][19]

His brother-in-law Allu Aravind is an Indian film producer. Ram Charan Teja Konidala and Allu Arjun are other actors from the family. Pawan Kalyan is a vegetarian. He is highly influenced by Che Guevara, Jiddu Krishnamurti and Swami Vivekananda's philosophy.^[20]

Career[link]

Pawan Kalyan entered the Telugu movie industry with Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (1996) as Kalyan Babu in which he performed martial arts action sequences. His second movie was Gokulamlo Seetha (1997), which is a remake of the 1996 Tamil film Gokulathil Seethai. He also starred in Suswagatham, which is also a remake of a Tamil film Love Today (1997).

In 1998, Tholi Prema released and received 6 Nandi Awards and National Award for the Best Feature Film (Telugu).^[21] After Tholi Prema, Pawan acted in Thammudu (1999) playing the role of a kickboxer. Pawan In 2000, he featured in Puri Jagannadh's first directorial venture Badri. Pawan acted in Kushi (2001) directed by S. J. Surya.

After the release of Kushi, Pawan Kalyan took a long gap of two years in his film career. He went to Japan for a brief period to learn a martial art called Aikido. He learnt this stunt to use in his first directorial venture Johnny. His next releases were Gudumba Shankar, Balu ABCDEFG, Bangaram and Annavaram

In 2008, Jalsa directed by Trivikram Srinivas released. His subsequent release Puli arrived on 10 September. The audio sales reached a total of 1.6 lakhs of CDs in the first three days, which is an all-time record in Telugu film history.^{[22][relevant? – discuss]}

Pawan Kalyan first release of 2011 was Theenmaar directed by Jayanth C. Paranjee in which he portrayed the two contrasting characters of present and yesteryear generations. Following this, Pawan Kalyan appeared in a Vishnuvardhan's gangster film Panjaa.This film is now set to release in Tamil.^[23] In September 2011, Pawan began shooting for the movie Gabbar Singh. The movie is being directed by Harish Shankar and produced by Bandla Ganesh. The movie is a remake of the Hindi film Dabangg.^[24] In 2012, Pawan is slated to work in Puri Jagannadh's Cameraman Ganga Tho Rambabu. The film is being produced by D. V. V. Danayya and filming is set to begin in May 2012.^{[25] [26]}

A social networking community on his name in the popular social networking website orkut is the second most active community in india. After orkut 'India' community, orkut 'Power Star Pawan Kalyan' community takes second place in Top 10 orkut National communities.^[27][28]

Filmography[link]

Actor[link]

Action Choreographer[link]

Playback singing[link]

Choreography/Songs Visualization[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Pawan Kalyan at the Internet Movie Database

Trivikram Srinivas (Telugu: త్రివిక్రమ్ శ్రీనివాస్) born Akella Naga Srinivas Sarma (November 7, 1972) is a dialogue writer turned screenwriter and film director in Telugu Cinema.^[1][2]

Early life[link]

Trivikram was born in Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh into a Telugu Vaidiki Brahmins family. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Nuclear Physics from DNR College in Bhimavaram.

His excellent teaching skills made an easy way for him to become a tutor.

While teaching comedian Gautam Raju’s children, he developed contacts in the industry. Swayamvaram was the first film for which he got a chance to frame dialogues. But the movie Nuvve Kavali released before that and became his debut with dialogues. The dialogues of his first releases which echo the most are Chirunavvutho, Nuvvu Naaku Nachav, Malliswari and Manmadhudu.

Nuvve Nuvve was his critically acclaimed directorial debut. But it was Athadu that strengthened his rank and position by roping in the Filmfare Best Director Award for him. He has also directed Jalsa. The director has done playback singing for Nuvve Nuvve.

Trivikram Srinivas has won the Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer five times for his dialogues in the movies Chiru Navvutho, Nuvvu Naaku Nachav, Nuvve Nuvve, Malliswari and Athadu.

Career[link]

Trivikram never had plans to write film dialogue, but instead had an interest in directing.^[1][2] Sunil, a friend and former roommate from college, introduced Trivikram to T.D.V. Prasad, who asked Trivikram to write the dialogue for the climax scene of the movie he was working on. Prasad, impressed with the result, then asked Trivikram to work as an assistant to director K. Vijaya Bhaskar. It was during this project the Trivikram received an offer to write dialogue for the movie Swayamvaram.^[1][2]

Although Swayamvaram was the first movie for which Trivikram wrote dialogue, but Nuvve Kavali, was released first.^[3] Trivikram went on to write dialogue for Chiru Navvutho, Nuvvu Naaku Nachav, Malliswari and Manmadhudu.^[1]

And though known as a dialog writer, Trivikram also penned lyrics for the Oka Raju Oka Rani movie, and sang the song Computersu Artsu Scienceu in the film Nuvve Nuvve.^[1][2]

Director[link]

Trivikram receiving Nandi Award from then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy.

Trivikram received critical acclaim for his directorial debut with the film Nuvve Nuvve,^[3] a movie dealing in depth with family sentiments along with high doses of comedy. This was followed by the critically acclaimed film Athadu, rated highly for its technical standards.^[4] Athadu collected a distributors' share of Rs.220 million in its total run, thus becoming the 2005 box office hit in Tollywood.^[1] Its satellite rights were sold for Rs.18 million. Following upon its initial recognition, the film was dubbed into Tamil, Malayalam, and Hindi, as well as being dubbed into Polish for a release in Poland as a Poszukiwany, becoming the first Telugu film released in Poland.^[1]. The assassination scene of political leader in the movie "Athadu" has been used in hollywood movie " The International" released a couple of years later.

Trivikram's film Jalsa became the most anticipated film of the year 2008, with a release of 320 prints in 1000 theaters. The film's audio rights were sold to Aditya Music for 90 lakhs, the highest for a Telugu film ever in the recent times. Jalsa became a major hit at box office by grossing 30 Crores in its whole run.^[1] Jalsa was followed by Khaleja released on October 7, 2010, for which Trivikram directed Mahesh Babu in two Thums Up soft drink commercials to assist in promoting the film.^[5]

Trivikram provided the screenplay for the film, Theenmaar, starring Pawan Kalyan and Trisha Krishnan^[6] in a remake of Love Aaj Kal released in March 2011.^[7]

He gave lyrics for the film Oka Raju Oka Rani starred by Raviteja & Namitha which was released in 2003.

He also shot Pepsi Commercial advertisement with Ram Charan Teja & Indian Captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni.

Personal life[link]

He is married to Soujanya, niece of Sirivennala Seetha Rama Sastry.^[1]

Filmography[link]

As director[link]

As writer[link]

Recognition[link]

Of Trivikram's work on Nuvvu Naaku Nachav, Fullhyd.com wrote "The highlights of the film are all the original humor and the subtlety in approach so alien to Tollywood. The dialogue writer, Trivikram Srinivas, is perhaps the real hero in this one."^[8]

The Hindu compared Trivikram favorably with Shankar, noting that while Trivikram "started his career as a filmmaker with a light-hearted film Nuvve Nuvve", and has been known for "his light-hearted scripts and dialogues, his work on the action film Athadu is "said to be on par with such Hollywood flicks."^[9]

Awards[link]

Nandi Awards

• 2000, Best Dialogue Writer for Chiru Navvutho^[3]
• 2001, Best Dialogue Writer for Nuvvu Naaku Nachav^[3]
• 2002, Best Dialogue Writer for Nuvve Nuvve^[3]
• 2004, Best Dialogue Writer for Malliswari^[3]
• 2005, Best Dialogue Writer for Athadu^[10][11]

Filmfare Awards South

• 2005, Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu for Athadu

Other awards

• 2009, Vamsee International Film Award for Best Director for Athadu^[12]

References[link]

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^[12]

1. ^ "Trivikram Srinivas biography". Oneindia.in. http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist-biography/4228/3/trivikram-srinivas.html. Retrieved March 2, 2011. 
2. ^ Sri Atluri (April 10, 2008). "TC Exclusive Interview: Trivikram Srinivas". Telugucinema.com. pp. 1, 2, 3. http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_trivikramsrinivas.php/. Retrieved March 2, 2011. 
3. ^ "Trivikram Srinivas bio". 16 Reels. http://telugu.16reels.com/celebrities/Trivikram+Srinivas-Biography.aspx. Retrieved March 2, 2011. 
4. ^ "Nuvvu Naaku Nachchaav Movie Review". Fullhyderabad. September 10, 2001. http://www.fullhyderabad.com/profile/movies/1541/2?pagenum=1. Retrieved March 2, 2011. 
5. ^ "`Athadu` gets ready!". Sify. June 20. 2005. http://www.sify.com/movies/athadu-gets-ready-news-telugu-kkfv3qbhihj.html. Retrieved March 2, 2011. 
6. ^ M.L. Narasimham (February 23, 2004). "Action-packed thriller". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/07/08/stories/2005070802040400.htm. Retrieved March 2, 2011. 
7. ^ "Deepika Padukone to do item number in Teen Maar". Oneindia.in. February 24, 2011. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/top-stories/2011/deepika-item-number-teen-maar-240211-aid0017.html. Retrieved March 3, 2011. 
8. ^ "Vamsee Awards to Mahesh Babu and Bhoomika". Indiaglitz. February 28, 2009. http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/45339.html#. Retrieved March 3, 2011. 
9. ^ "Trivikram to direct Prince in Thums Up ad". Oneindia.in. July 22, 2010. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/top-stories/2010/trivikram-prince-commercial-220710.html. Retrieved March 3, 2011. 
10. ^ "Pawan Kalyan, Jayanth’s movie will be released on March,28th..!". Telugmall. http://telugumall.com/?tag=trivikram-srinivas. Retrieved March 3, 2011. 
11. ^ "Nandi Awards 2005 Winners". Ragalahari.com. http://www.ragalahari.com/functions/1961/nandi-awards-2005-winners-list.aspx. Retrieved March 3, 2011. 
12. ^ "Tollywood " Directors " Trivikram Srinivas". Telugucolours. http://www.telugucolours.com/id3-pid833-chT/profile/trivikram-srinivas. Retrieved March 3, 2011. 

External links[link]

• Trivikram Srinivas at the Internet Movie Database
• ayaskantam.com, Itz All About: Trivikram Sreenivas