Look up auburn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Auburn can refer to:

Geographical locations[link]

Australia

• Auburn, New South Wales
  • Auburn Council, the local governing body
  • Electoral district of Auburn
• Auburn, South Australia
• Auburn, Victoria

British Isles

• Auburn, East Riding of Yorkshire, village in England, UK, mostly abandoned due to coastal erosion
• A real or a fictitious village in Ireland, described by the Irish poet Oliver Goldsmith in his poem "The Deserted Village" (1770).^{[clarification needed]}

Canada

• Auburn, Nova Scotia
• Auburn, Ontario

United States

• Auburn, Alabama
• Auburn, California
• Auburn, Colorado
• Auburn, Florida
• Auburn, Georgia
• Auburn, Illinois
• Auburn, Indiana
• Auburn, Iowa
• Auburn, Kansas
• Auburn, Kentucky
• Auburn, Maine
• Auburn House (Towson, Maryland), a historic home located on the grounds of Towson University
• Auburn, Massachusetts
• Auburn, Michigan
• Auburn (Natchez, Mississippi), an Antebellum Greek Revival mansion in Duncan Park and a U.S. National Historic Landmark
• Auburn, Nebraska
• Auburn, New Hampshire
• Auburn, New Jersey
• Auburn, New York
• Auburn, North Carolina
• Auburn, Oregon
• Auburn, Pennsylvania
• Auburn, Rhode Island
• Auburn, Washington
• Auburn, West Virginia
• Auburn, Chippewa County, Wisconsin
• Auburn, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin
• Auburn, Wyoming
• Sweet Auburn, a historic African-American neighborhood along Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia.

People[link]

• Alex Auburn, musician
• Auburn (singer)
• David Auburn, playwright

Military[link]

• Battle of Auburn I
• Battle of Auburn II
• USS Auburn

Other uses[link]

• Auburn (color)
• Auburn Automobile, made in Auburn, Indiana
• Auburn Rubber Company, mainly a producer of rubber toys, especially toy vehicles
• Auburn Correctional Facility, New York State
• Auburn University, a university in Auburn, Alabama, USA
• Auburn Tigers, the athletic program of Auburn University
• Auburn (turkey), a breed of domestic turkey
• Auburn system, a penal method
• Auburn Correctional Facility, a state prison located on State Street in Auburn, New York

See also[link]

• Auburn Historic District (disambiguation)
• Auburndale (disambiguation)
• Auburn Township (disambiguation)
• Auburn Hills, Michigan

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Gus Malzahn (born October 28, 1965) is an American football coach and former player. He is the current head football coach at Arkansas State University, a position he assumed in December 2011. From 2009 to 2011, Malzahn served as the offensive coordinator at Auburn University. In 2010, a season in which the Auburn Tigers won the national championship, Malzahn received the Broyles Award, which recognizes the top assistant coach in college football.

Playing career[link]

Malzahn graduated from Fort Smith Christian High School in Fort Smith, Arkansas in 1984 and was a walk-on receiver at Arkansas under then-head coach Ken Hatfield in 1984 and 1985 before transferring to Henderson State University located in Arkadelphia, Arkansas, where he was a two-year letterman (1988, '89) and earned his bachelor's degree in physical education in 1990.

Coaching career[link]

High school coaching career[link]

Malzahn got his start as the defensive coordinator at Hughes High School in 1991. He became head coach in 1992 and in 1994 Hughes reached the state championship game with an upset of Pine Bluff Dollarway. Hughes fell just short in the title game, losing to Lonoke on an interception in the final minute.

Malzahn's success at Hughes and his wide-open attack landed him a head coaching position at Shiloh Christian in 1996. From 1996–2000, he transformed Shiloh Christian into one of the most dynamic offensive prep squads in the nation. In 1998, Shiloh Christian set a national record with 66 passing touchdowns for the season, while quarterback Josh Floyd nearly set an individual national record with 5,878 total yards (5,221 passing, 657 rushing).^[2] Malzahn guided the Saints to back-to-back state championships in 1998 and 1999.

In 2001, Malzahn took over for legendary coach Jarrell Williams at Springdale High School. Malzahn continued the rich tradition of the Bulldogs’ program. He led the program to two state championship game appearances in his last four years, winning the title in 2005.

Malzahn led his squad to the state title game in only his second season in 2002. The Bulldogs lost a hard-fought 17–10 decision to Fort Smith Southside.

Springdale was on track for another state title game appearance in 2004 before Little Rock Central sidetracked the Bulldogs’ title hopes in the state semifinals. Springdale was upset by the eventual state champion, 31–20. The Bulldogs finished the season at 12–1.

Malzahn's 2005 squad at Springdale went 14–0, easily won the state’s Class 5A championship, outscored its opponents 664–118, including a 54–20 victory over West Memphis in the state championship game, and was consistently ranked among the top 10 teams in the nation.

Included on the championship team were prize recruits Mitch Mustain, Ben Cleveland, Andrew Norman, and Damian Williams who all eventually joined their coach at the University of Arkansas. Offensive tackle Bartley Webb decided to leave the state to play for the University of Notre Dame.

College coaching career[link]

University of Arkansas[link]

Malzahn joined Houston Nutt's staff on December 9, 2005, as offensive coordinator and wide receivers coach,^[3] following an impressive five-year run at Springdale High School capped by one of the most dominant seasons by any high school in 2005. Given that much of Springdale High's football talent decided to follow Malzahn to Arkansas and the fact that Malzahn had never coached in college, many questioned what Houston Nutt's motives were. Malzahn was part of the Razorbacks 2006 season in which they won the SEC Western Division championship. However, their season ended with three straight losses to LSU, Florida in the SEC Championship Game, and Wisconsin in the Capital One Bowl to finish with a 10–4 record.

There was a widely reported tension between Houston Nutt's reliance on the ground game (which turned out to be one of the best running games in the nation in 2006) and Malzahn's philosophy of spreading the field with a no-huddle offense. The poor ending of the season only added stress to the already tense coaching relationship. Malzahn was named the National Offensive Coordinator of the Year by Rivals.com.

In January 2007, Malzahn received an offer from the University of Tulsa and his friend, new head coach Todd Graham. He took the Tulsa job to be offensive coordinator and Assistant Head Coach. Shortly after, both Mustain and Williams decided to transfer to the University of Southern California.

University of Tulsa[link]

During the 2007 season Malzahn emerged as one of the premier offensive coordinators in the nation, as Tulsa ranked 1st in the nation in total yards per game, ahead of Texas Tech and Hawaiʻi, and with a more balanced attack than both teams.^[4] The Golden Hurricane also ranked 3rd in the nation in passing^[5] and led their conference in scoring. Tulsa became the first team in NCAA history to have a 5,000-yard passer, a 1,000-yard rusher and three 1,000-yard receivers in a single season.^[6][7]

After the regular season, Malzahn interviewed for the open position at Arkansas once Nutt resigned in November 2007.^[8]

In 2008, Tulsa was again the nation's most prolific attack, leading with nearly 7,980 total yards of offense averaging 570 yards per game.^[9] The Golden Hurricane were ranked 2nd in the nation in scoring behind Oklahoma, scoring over 47 points per game.^[10] Tulsa not only ranked 2nd in the nation in scoring that year, but finished with the 2nd highest scoring offense in the history of major college football. The offense was also the nation's most balanced attack, ranking 5th in the nation in rushing^[11] and 9th in passing.^[12] The Tulsa quarterbacks finished 3rd in the nation in passing efficiency, behind only Oklahoma and Texas.^[13]

Auburn University[link]

Malzahn was named the offensive coordinator at Auburn University by first year head coach Gene Chizik on December 28, 2008.^[14] Under Malzahn, Auburn made significant improvements over the previous season's offensive production; the Tigers finished the season ranked 16th in total offense (2nd in the SEC against all opponents) with just under 432 yards per game^[15] and 17th in scoring with over 33 points per game^[16] after being tied for 110th in the nation in scoring the previous season.^[17] Although he still made significant improvements in his first year, against SEC competition Auburn managed 377.1 total yards a game which placed them 4th in the SEC (behind Alabama, Arkansas, and Ole Miss).^[18] His first season broke the Auburn single season total offense record previously set by the undefeated 2004 team. Head coach Gene Chizik had stressed prior to the season that he intended to focus on the run game which showed great improvement as well; the rushing offense finished the season ranked 13th in the nation with 212 yards per game^[19] after being ranked 69th prior to the new coaching staff's arrival.^[20] Passing numbers also improved under the new offensive scheme, with the passing efficiency ranking ending up 22nd nationally^[21] after being ranked 106th in 2008.^[22] Senior quarterback Chris Todd set a single-season touchdown record at Auburn and finished the season with a passer rating of 145.73, ranking him 18th in the nation.^[23] During the 2009 season, Auburn's offense under Malzahn, produced 120 plays of 15 yards or more, nearly doubling the 62 compiled in 2008.

In 2010, Malzahn's offense, led by Heisman Trophy winner Cam Newton at quarterback, helped Auburn roll to an undefeated record, a No. 1 national ranking after the regular season^[24] and a berth in the BCS Championship game, played on January 10, 2011. Auburn led the SEC in scoring offense, total offense, rushing offense, pass efficiency, first downs and first down conversions^[25] on its way to a 13–0 record and a 56–17 victory over South Carolina in the SEC Championship Game. Malzahn was awarded the 2010 Broyles Award, recognizing him as the top assistant coach in the nation. Auburn went on to win the 2011 BCS National Championship Game.

In 2011, ESPN selected Malzahn as one of the best recruiters in the Southeastern Conference.^[26]

Arkansas State University[link]

On December 13, 2011, Malzahn stepped down from his post at Auburn to accept the position of head football coach at Arkansas State University.^[27]

Offensive philosophy[link]

Malzahn is known for his no-huddle offensive philosophy. In January 2003, he published a book and instructional video titled Hurry Up No Huddle – An Offensive Philosophy (ISBN 9781585186549), that became the blueprint for the offensive wave engulfing the state.^[28] Several NFL teams adopted some of Malzahn's offensive strategies.^[29] Malzahn is perhaps best known for the "Wildcat" formation, which became famous during his year at the Razorbacks, a variation on the single wing.

Malzahn has been involved as a guest speaker and instructor at numerous coaching clinics around the nation.

Head coaching record[link]

College[link]

Published works[link]

• The Hurry Up, No Huddle: An Offensive Philosophy (2003)

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Voigt, Kurt (2007). Year of the Dog: One Year, One Team, One Goal. Las Vegas: Stephens Press. ISBN 978-1-932173-64-2. 

External links[link]

• Official Arkansas State bio
• Official Auburn bio
• Official Tulsa bio
• Official Arkansas bio
• TulsaWorld Profile

Ryan White
Ryan White at a fundraiser in 1989
Born	Ryan Wayne White (1971-12-06)December 6, 1971 Kokomo, Indiana United States
Died	April 8, 1990(1990-04-08) (aged 18) Indianapolis, Indiana United States
Cause of death	Complications from AIDS
Website
Official website

Ryan Wayne White (December 6, 1971 – April 8, 1990)^[1] was an American teenager from Kokomo, Indiana, who became a national poster child for HIV/AIDS in the United States, after being expelled from middle school because of his infection. As a hemophiliac, he became infected with HIV from a contaminated blood treatment and, when diagnosed in December 1984, was given six months to live. Doctors said he posed no risk to other students, but AIDS was poorly understood at the time, and when White tried to return to school, many parents and teachers in Kokomo rallied against his attendance.^[2] A lengthy legal battle with the school system ensued, and media coverage of the case made White into a national celebrity and spokesman for AIDS research and public education. He appeared frequently in the media with celebrities such as Elton John, Michael Jackson and Phil Donahue. Surprising his doctors, White lived five years longer than predicted and died in April 1990, one month prior to his high school graduation.

Before White, AIDS was a disease widely associated with the male gay community, because it was first diagnosed among gay men. That perception shifted as White and other prominent HIV-infected people, such as Magic Johnson, the Ray brothers and Kimberly Bergalis, appeared in the media to advocate for more AIDS research and public education to address the epidemic. The U.S. Congress passed a major piece of AIDS legislation, the Ryan White Care Act, shortly after White's death. The Act has been reauthorized twice; Ryan White Programs are the largest provider of services for people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States.

Early life and illness[link]

Ryan White was born at St. Joseph Memorial Hospital in Kokomo, Indiana, to Jeanne Elaine Hale and Hubert Wayne White. He was circumcised and the bleeding would not stop.^[3] When he was three days old,^[4] doctors diagnosed him with severe Hemophilia A, a hereditary blood coagulation disorder associated with the X chromosome, which causes even minor injuries to result in severe bleeding. For treatment, he received weekly transfusions of Factor VIII, a blood product created from pooled plasma of non-hemophiliacs, an increasingly common treatment for hemophiliacs at the time.^[5]

Healthy for most of his childhood he became extremely ill with pneumonia in December 1984. On December 17, 1984, during a partial-lung removal procedure, White was diagnosed with AIDS. The scientific community knew little about AIDS at the time: scientists had only realized earlier that year that HTLV-III, now called HIV, was the cause of AIDS. White had apparently received a contaminated treatment of Factor VIII that was infected with HTLV-III, but exactly when he was infected remains unknown to this day. At that time, because the retrovirus had only been recently identified as the AIDS virus, much of the pooled factor VIII concentrate supply in hospitals was tainted because doctors did not know how to test for the disease, and donors often did not know they were infected or that blood was a factor in the transmission of the virus. Among hemophiliacs treated with blood-clotting factors between 1979 and 1984, nearly 90% became infected with HIV.^[5] At the time of his diagnosis, his T-cell count had dropped to 25 (a healthy individual without HIV will have around 1,200). Doctors predicted White had only six months to live.^[4]

After the diagnosis, White was too ill to return to school, but by early 1985 he began to feel better. His mother asked if he could return to school, but was told by school officials that he could not. On June 30, 1985, a formal request to permit re-admittance to school was denied by Western School Corporation superintendent James O. Smith, sparking a legal battle that lasted for eight months.^[6]

Battle with schools[link]

Western Middle School in Russiaville faced enormous pressure from many parents and faculty to bar White from the campus after his diagnosis became widely known to protect the other children. 117 parents (from a school of 360 total students) and 50 teachers signed a petition encouraging school leaders to ban White from school. Due to the widespread fear and ignorance of AIDS, the principal and later the school board assented so that the rest of the students would not get sick. The White family filed a lawsuit seeking to overturn the ban. The Whites initially filed suit in the U.S. District Court in Indianapolis. The court, however, declined to hear the case until administrative appeals had been resolved.^[20] On November 25, an Indiana Department of Education officer ruled that the school must follow the Indiana Board of Health guidelines and that White must be allowed to attend school.^[21]

The ways in which HIV spread were not fully understood in the 1980s. Scientists knew it spread via blood and was not transmittable by any sort of casual contact, but as recently as 1983, the American Medical Association had thought that "Evidence Suggests Household Contact May Transmit AIDS", and the belief that the disease could easily spread persisted.^[22] Children with AIDS were still rare: at the time of White's rejection from school, the Centers for Disease Control knew of only 148 cases of pediatric AIDS in the United States.^[7] Many families in Kokomo believed his presence posed an unacceptable risk.^[23] When White was permitted to return to school for one day in February 1986, 151 of 360 students stayed home. He also worked as a paperboy, and many of the people on his route canceled their subscriptions, believing that HIV could be transmitted through newsprint.^[6]

The Indiana state health commissioner, Dr. Woodrow Myers, who had extensive experience treating AIDS patients in San Francisco, and the Centers for Disease Control both notified the board that White posed no risk to other students, but the school board and many parents ignored their statements.^[6] In February 1986, the New England Journal of Medicine published a study of 101 people who had spent three months living in close but non-sexual contact with people with AIDS. The study concluded that the risk of infection was "minimal to nonexistent," even when contact included sharing toothbrushes, razors, clothing, combs and drinking glasses; sleeping in the same bed; and hugging and kissing.^[24]

When White was finally readmitted in April, a group of families withdrew their children and started an alternative school.^[25] Threats of violence and lawsuits persisted. According to White's mother, people on the street would often yell, "we know you're queer" at Ryan.^[23] The editors and publishers of the Kokomo Tribune, which supported White both editorially and financially, were also called homosexuals and threatened with death for their actions.^[23] Others felt such actions were both hypocritical and contradictory by stating that Ryan was necessarily homosexual to have contracted AIDS, while on the other hand believing AIDS could be transmitted by casual contact.

White attended Western Middle School for eighth grade for the entire 1986–87 school year, but was deeply unhappy and had few friends. The school required him to eat with disposable utensils, use separate bathrooms, and waived his requirement to enroll in a gym class.^[26] Threats continued. When a bullet was fired through the Whites' living room window, the family decided to leave Kokomo.^[4] After finishing the school year, his family moved to Cicero, Indiana, where White enrolled at Hamilton Heights High School. On August 31, 1987, a "very nervous" White was greeted by school principal Tony Cook, school system superintendent Bob G. Carnal, and a handful of students who had been educated about AIDS and were unafraid to shake White's hand.^[27]

National spokesman[link]

The publicity of White's trial catapulted him into the national spotlight, amidst a growing wave of AIDS coverage in the news media. Between 1985 and 1987, the number of news stories about AIDS in the American media doubled.^[28] While isolated in middle school, White appeared frequently on national television and in newspapers to discuss his tribulations with the disease. Eventually he became known as a poster boy for the AIDS crisis, appearing in fundraising and educational campaigns for the disorder. White participated in numerous public benefits for children with AIDS. Many celebrities appeared with White, starting during his trial and continuing for the rest of his life, to help publicly destigmatize socializing with people with AIDS. Singers John Cougar Mellencamp, Elton John and Michael Jackson, actor Matt Frewer, diver Greg Louganis, President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan, Surgeon General Dr. C. Everett Koop, Indiana University basketball coach Bobby Knight and basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar all befriended White. He also was a friend to many children with AIDS or other potentially debilitating conditions.^[4]

For the rest of his life he appeared frequently on Phil Donahue's talk show. His celebrity crush, Alyssa Milano of the then-popular TV show Who's the Boss?, met White and gave him a friendship bracelet and a kiss.^[4] Elton John loaned Jeanne White $16,500 to put toward a down payment on the Cicero home, and rather than accept repayment placed the repaid money into a college fund for Ryan's sister.^[29] In high school White drove a red Mustang convertible, a gift from Michael Jackson.^[2] Despite the fame and donations, White stated that he disliked the public spotlight, loathed remarks that seemingly blamed his mother or his upbringing for his illness, and emphasized that he would be willing at any moment to trade his fame for freedom from the disease.^[2]

Wikisource has the speech Ryan gave before the commission: White's speech

In 1988, White spoke before President Reagan's AIDS Commission. White told the commission of the discrimination he had faced when he first tried to return to school, but how education about the disease had made him welcome in the town of Cicero. White emphasized his differing experiences in Kokomo and Cicero as an example of the power and importance of AIDS education.^[26]

In 1989, ABC aired the television movie The Ryan White Story, starring Lukas Haas as Ryan, Judith Light as Jeanne and Nikki Cox as his sister Andrea. White had a small cameo appearance in the film, playing a boy also suffering from HIV who befriends Haas. Others in the film included Sarah Jessica Parker as a sympathetic nurse, George Dzundza as his doctor, and George C. Scott as White's attorney, who legally argued against school board authorities.^[30] Nielsen estimated that the movie was seen by 15 million viewers.^[31] Some residents of Kokomo felt that the movie portrayed their entire town in an unfairly negative light. After the film aired, the office of Kokomo mayor Robert F. Sargent was flooded with complaints from across the country, although Sargent had not been elected to the office during the time of the controversy.^[30][31]

By early 1990, White's health was deteriorating rapidly. In his final public appearance, he hosted an after-Oscars party with former president Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan in California.^[32] Although his health was deteriorating, White spoke to the Reagans about his date to the prom and his hopes of attending college.^[33]

Death[link]

On March 29, 1990, several months before his high school class graduated and before his senior prom, White entered Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis with a respiratory infection. As his condition deteriorated he was placed on a ventilator and sedated. He was visited by Elton John and the hospital was deluged with calls from well-wishers. White died on April 8, 1990.^[2]

Over 1,500 people attended White's funeral on April 11, a standing-room only event held at the Second Presbyterian Church on Meridian Street in Indianapolis.^[32] White's pallbearers included Elton John, football star Howie Long and Phil Donahue. Elton John performed "Skyline Pigeon" at the funeral and also trained the Hamilton Heights High School choir to sing with him. The funeral was also attended by Michael Jackson and First Lady Barbara Bush. On the day of the funeral, Former President Ronald Reagan wrote a tribute to White that appeared in The Washington Post.^[32][33] Reagan's statement about AIDS and White's funeral were seen as indicators of how greatly White had helped change perceptions of AIDS.^[32]

White is buried in Cicero, close to the home of his mother. In the year following his death, his grave was vandalized on four occasions.^[34] As time passed, White's grave became a shrine for his admirers.^[35]

Legacy[link]

White was one of a handful of highly visible people with AIDS in the 1980s and early 1990s who helped change the public perception of the disease. White, along with actor Rock Hudson, was one of the earliest public faces of AIDS. Along with later public figures who became associated with HIV/AIDS, such as the Ray brothers, Magic Johnson, The Brady Bunch's Robert Reed, Kimberly Bergalis, Elizabeth Glaser and Freddie Mercury, White helped to increase public awareness that HIV/AIDS was a significant epidemic.^[28][28]

Numerous charities formed around White's death. The Indiana University Dance Marathon, started in 1991, raises money for the Riley Hospital for Children. Between 1991 and 2008, this event helped raise over $5 million for children at Riley.^[36][37] The money raised has also helped found the Ryan White Infectious Disease Clinic at the hospital to take care of the nation's sickest children. White's personal physician, with whom he was close friends, Dr. Martin Kleiman, became the Ryan White Professor of AIDS Medicine at Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis. In a 1993 interview, prominent gay rights and AIDS activist Larry Kramer said, "I think little Ryan White probably did more to change the face of this illness and to move people than anyone. And he continues to be a presence through his mom, Jeanne White. She has an incredibly moving presence as she speaks around the world."^[38]

In 1992, White's mother founded the national nonprofit Ryan White Foundation. The foundation worked to increase awareness of HIV/AIDS-related issues, with a focus on hemophiliacs like Ryan White, and on families caring for relatives with the disease.^[39] The foundation was active throughout the 1990s, with donations reaching $300,000 a year in 1997. Between 1997 and 2000, however, AIDS donations declined nationwide by 21%, and the Ryan White Foundation saw its donation level drop to $100,000 a year. In 2000, White's mother closed the foundation, and merged its remaining assets with AIDS Action, a larger charity. She became a spokeswoman for AIDS activism and continues to arrange speaking events through the site devoted to her son, ryanwhite.com.^[40] White's high school, Hamilton Heights, has had a student-government sponsored annual Aids Walk, with proceeds going to a Ryan White Scholarship Fund.^[41]

White's death inspired Elton John to create the Elton John AIDS Foundation. White also became the inspiration for a handful of popular songs. Elton John donated proceeds from "The Last Song," which appears on his album The One, to a Ryan White fund at Riley Hospital.^[42] Michael Jackson dedicated the song "Gone Too Soon" from his Dangerous album to White,^[43] as did 1980s pop star Tiffany with the song "Here in My Heart" on her New Inside album.^[44] In November 2007, The Children's Museum of Indianapolis opened an exhibit called "The Power of Children: Making a Difference," which featured White along with Anne Frank and Ruby Bridges.^[45]

Ryan White and public perception of AIDS[link]

In the early 1980s, AIDS was known as gay-related immune deficiency, because the disease had first been identified among primarily homosexual communities in New York City and San Francisco. At the start of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States, the disease was thought to be a "homosexual problem" and was largely ignored by policy makers.^[22] White's diagnosis demonstrated to many that AIDS was not exclusive to gay people. In his advocacy for AIDS research, White always rejected any criticism of homosexuality, although not gay himself.

White was seen by some as an "innocent victim" of the AIDS epidemic.^[39] White and his family strongly rejected the language of "innocent victim" because the phrase was often used to imply that gays with AIDS were "guilty". White's mother told The New York Times, "Ryan always said, 'I'm just like everyone else with AIDS, no matter how I got it.' And he would never have lived as long as he did without the gay community. The people we knew in New York made sure we knew about the latest treatments way before we would have known in Indiana. I hear mothers today say they're not gonna work with no gay community on anything. Well, if it comes to your son's life, you better start changing your heart and your attitude around."^[39]

Ryan White Care Act[link]

President Obama signs the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009.

In August 1990, four months after White's death, Congress enacted The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act (often known simply as the Ryan White Care Act), in his honor. The act is the United States' largest federally funded program for people living with HIV/AIDS. The Ryan White Care Act funds programs to improve availability of care for low-income, uninsured and under-insured victims of AIDS and their families.^[46]

Ryan White programs are "payers of last resort," which subsidize treatment when no other resources are available. The act was reauthorized in 1996, 2000 and 2006 and remains an active piece of legislation today. The program provides some level of care for around 500,000 people a year and, in 2004, provided funds to 2,567 organizations. The Ryan White programs also provide funding and technical assistance to local and state primary medical care providers, support services, healthcare provider and training programs.^[46][47]

The Ryan White Act was set to expire on September 30, 2009, although efforts began to obtain an extension to the act.^[48] The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009 was signed on October 30, 2009 by President Barack Obama, who announced that implementation was progressing on repeal of the ban on travel and immigration to the U.S. by individuals with HIV that had been passed by Congress "as part of approving legislation reauthorizing funding for the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, or PEPFAR, in 2008, and [which] President Bush signed... ...into law on July 30 of that year." Obama called the 22-year ban a decision "rooted in fear rather than fact."^[49]

References[link]

External links[link]

Biography portal

• Ryan White
• Indiana Dance Marathon
• Ryan White interview 1986
• Photos and essay by photographer Taro Yamasaki, who documented White's life
• Ryan White at Find A Grave

Marcus Davis
Born	(1973-08-24) August 24, 1973 (age 38) Houlton, Maine, United States
Other names	Irish Hand Grenade The Celtic Warrior
Nationality	American
Height	5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
Weight	156 lb (71 kg; 11.1 st)
Division	Lightweight Welterweight
Reach	70.0 inches
Style	Boxing
Stance	Southpaw
Fighting out of	Bangor, Maine
Team	Team Sityodtong
Years active	2003–present (MMA)
Professional boxing record
Total	20
Wins	17
By knockout	12
Losses	1
By knockout	1
Draws	2
Mixed martial arts record
Total	29
Wins	20
By knockout	6
By submission	9
By decision	5
Losses	9
By knockout	3
By submission	2
By decision	4
Other information
Boxing record from Boxrec
Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog
last updated on: September 14, 2009

Marcus Paul Davis (born August 24, 1973), is an Irish-American mixed martial artist.^[1] He currently fights as a welterweight. He was a contestant on The Ultimate Fighter 2 on Spike TV.

Early life[link]

Davis was born in Houlton, Maine. His family comes from Waterford, Ireland.^[1]

Career[link]

Boxing career[link]

Marcus began boxing at 14. At the age of 19 Davis began his career with a second round TKO of Luis Guzman in April 1993. He compiled a professional record of 17–1–2 over the next seven years on the New England circuit, where he fought primarily as a junior-middleweight. In his last fight as a boxer, he suffered a TKO loss to 34 year old Ed Bryant which led him to reconsider his future as a successful boxer.^[2] He then became excited with the challenge of mixed martial arts, much to the bemusement of his peers. He retired from boxing after the TKO loss in October 2000.^[3]

Martial arts background[link]

Prior to boxing, Marcus did martial arts from the age of eight.^[4] In 1995, Davis, then based in Massachusetts, started grappling training with Joe Maffei. In 1997, he moved back to Bangor and opened up an MMA school, while running a bar. The doormen took classes at the school, one of whom was Tim Sylvia. After Tim joined Miletich Fighting Systems in 2000, Marcus quickly followed. More recently, he has trained with Mark Dellagrotte and his own team in Bangor, Team Sityodtong.^[5] He also frequently visits Jorge Gurgel's main MMA academy in West Chester, Ohio.^{[citation needed]}

Mixed martial arts career[link]

Marcus Davis entered professional MMA on August 22, 2003, with a first-round TKO of Shaun Gay. Though later describing himself as "one-dimensional", he put together a 3–2 pro MMA record.

Ultimate Fighting Championship[link]

In 2005, Marcus was a contestant on The Ultimate Fighter 2. Coming in with reputed boxing skills, he picked Joe Stevenson in episode four in what proved to be a mismatch, as Davis was quickly taken down by the eventual winner and submitted. He was later brought back in episode 10 to cover for Jason Von Flue, who suffered a cut on his forehead in practice, though Von Flue's cut was healed enough in time to fight. Marcus fought on the undercard of the finale, where he lost to Melvin Guillard.

Following the series, Davis strongly considered retirement but recuperated from a shoulder injury picked up against Joe Stevenson and went back to MMA training. He has subsequently bounced back with 11 wins, including a triumphant return to the UFC at Ortiz vs. Shamrock 3: The Final Chapter. He now considers himself a mixed martial artist and not a boxer fighting in MMA.

In Davis' fight against Paul Taylor at UFC 75 in London, England^[6] he was knocked down by a high kick to the neck, but was able to recover, gain a dominant position, and secure an armbar as Taylor desperately scrambled to regain control. Marcus won Fight of the night as well as submission of the night for that fight. For earning the submission and fight of the night awards, he was awarded $80,000 in bonuses. His next fight was a highlight-reel knockout win against fierce rival Jess Liaudin at UFC 80 in Newcastle, England.

Marcus Davis lost a very one sided unanimous decision to Mike Swick at UFC 85, ending his six fight undefeated streak in the octagon and eleven fight winning streak in MMA. He got back to winning ways with a submission victory over England's Paul Kelly at UFC 89.

Davis' fought Chris Lytle at UFC 93 on January 17, 2009. Both fighters are former boxers and had discussed a potential fight in their futures since early 2008.^[7] Lytle called out Davis at UFC 89. He suggested that the fight take place in Ireland, where Davis had gained a substantial following due to his emphasis on his Irish roots. Leading up to the event, both fighters promised to stand and trade blows for the entire fight, rather than engage in grappling. Lytle managed to stun Davis several times, but Davis used superior footwork, counter-punching, and kicks to win a split decision.^[8] The bout shared Fight of the Night honors with the Coleman/Rua co-main event, earning Davis a $40,000 bonus.^[9]

Davis fought on June 13, 2009, against up and coming striker Dan Hardy. The fight became personal when Hardy took offense to Davis defeating British-based fighters in Britain. Hardy called Davis a "fake Irishman" and a "Plastic Paddy", and said his website "looked like a St. Patrick's day parade had blown up".^[10][11] Then on Cagewarriors.com, Hardy posted photos of Davis which resulted in many being edited in "humorous" fashions by forum users. Some of these edits included homosexual imagery, which touched a nerve with Davis and increased the ill-feeling between the two. Hardy won the fight via a narrow and controversial split decision (Marcus Davis decisively won the first 2 rounds, while Dan Hardy dominated the third (and final) round). After the fight, Davis expressed his anger at the decision, stating, "I won the fight. I won 12 minutes of the fight and they gave it to him? You bet I want a rematch, right away."

Davis suffered his first knock out loss by Ben Saunders due to knee on November 21, 2009, at UFC 106.^[12] This knockout loss resulting in Davis receiving a medical suspension of up to six months because of a broken nose.^[13]

Davis fought Jonathan Goulet at UFC 113.^[14] He won via technical knockout due to punches in the second round.

Davis lost to Nate Diaz on August 28, 2010, at UFC 118 via technical submission (Guillotine Choke) in the third round.^[15]

In an interview with MMA Junkie.com Davis confirmed he will drop to the lightweight division for his next UFC appearance and said he made the decision after the realization that his frame is better suited for 155 pounds. Davis also confirmed that he is contemplating retirement stating "I'm going to finish out my career at 155 and try to entertain some people along the way before my old ass retires," Davis also stated "That's where I'm normally and naturally going to be, so that's where I'm going to fight right now," he said of the 155-pound lightweight division. "It does make more sense that I should be able to compete better at that weight for the fact that the weight difference isn't going to be so dramatic."^[16]

Davis fought Jeremy Stephens at UFC 125. After a back and forth fight which saw Davis getting most of the judges score,Davis was knocked out by a counter right hook at 2:33 of the third round.

Maximum Fighting Championships[link]

On January 6, it was announced that Davis had been released by the UFC after losing four out of his last five bouts.^[17] It was announced that Davis signed a contract with the Maximum Fighting Championship company, and has been rumored for a fight at MFC 29 in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Davis signed on to fight Curtis Demarce at MFC 29,^[18] and won the fight via split decision. Davis returned at MFC 30, defeating Pete Spratt by unanimous decision in a rematch of their bout from UFC 69.

Independent Promotions[link]

Davis was scheduled to face Josh Hersey on September 23 at Global Fight League 13: Heavy Hitters in Portland, Maine.^[19] but Hersey pulled out of the bout for unknown reasons and was replaced by Travis Coyle.^[20] Davis defeated Coyle via submission in the first round.^[21][22] Davis fought Ultimate Fighter 13 alumni Chuck O'Neil in a welterweight bout at W-1 Reloaded in Miami, Florida on October 15, The bout was to be the co-main event but was later promoted to the main event after Jeff Monson pulled out of his fight with Gabriel Gonzaga. Davis lost by split decision.^[23][24]

Davis was scheduled to fight Matt Lee at Century Fighting Championship: Davis vs. Lee on March 31 in Salem, New Hampshire.^[25] However the event has now been postponed.^[26]

Other media[link]

Davis appeared on Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's weekly television program Impact! and at the Lockdown pay-per-view event in April 2008 as Samoa Joe's personal trainer for his TNA World Heavyweight Championship match against Kurt Angle.^[27] He also presented the winner of the match with the TNA Championship.^[28] In November 2010, Davis received a Legislative Sentiment sponsored by State Representative Chris Greeley of Maine, for his success as a fighter and for the recognition and attention he's brought to both the state, and mixed martial arts as a whole. (Greeley started training with Davis and Team Irish in January 2011.)^{[citation needed]}

Personal life[link]

Davis is three times married and twice divorced. He has four children, Monica, Alexis, Emma, and Duncan.^[29][30]

Championships and Accomplishments[link]

Mixed martial arts[link]

• Ultimate Fighting Championship
  • Knockout of the Night (One time)
  • Submission of the Night (One time)
  • Fight of the Night (Three times)

Mixed martial arts record[link]

Boxing[link]