Coordinates: 52°08′01″N 0°27′28″W / 52.1337°N 0.4577°W / 52.1337; -0.4577
Bedford is the county town of Bedfordshire, in the East of England. It is the administrative centre for the wider Borough of Bedford. According to the former Bedfordshire County Council's estimates, the town had a population of 80,000 in mid 2005, with 19,720 in the adjacent town of Kempston. The Bedford Urban Area which includes Kempston, Elstow and Biddenham forms the 71st largest Urban Area in the UK with a population of 101,928.[1] The wider borough, including a rural area, had a population of 153,000.[citation needed]
The name of the town is thought to derive from the name of a Saxon chief called Beda,[2] and a ford crossing the River Great Ouse. Bedford was a market town for the surrounding agricultural region from the early Middle Ages[citation needed] The Anglo-Saxon King Offa of Mercia was buried in the town in 796.[3] In 886 it became a boundary town separating Wessex and Danelaw.[4][5] It was the seat of the Barony of Bedford. In 919 Edward the Elder built the town's first known fortress, on the south side of the River Ouse and there received the area's submission. This fortress was destroyed by the Danes. William II gave the barony of Bedford to Paine de Beauchamp who built a new, strong castle. The new Bedford Castle was razed in 1224 and today only a mound remains.[6]
Bedford traces its borough charter in 1166 by Henry II[7] and elected two members to the unreformed House of Commons.
Bedford remained a small agricultural town, with wool being an important industry in the area for much of the Middle Ages.[citation needed] From the 1560s Bedford and much of Bedfordshire became one of the main centres of England's lace industry, with skilled lace-makers such as the Flemings[citation needed] and then later the Huguenots emigrating from Europe to settle in the town and surrounding county.[8] Lace continued to be an important industry in Bedford up until the early 20th century.[9]
The River Great Ouse became navigable as far as Bedford in 1689. Wool declined in importance with brewing becoming a major industry in the town.
In 1660 John Bunyan was imprisoned for 12 years in Bedford Gaol. It was here that he wrote The Pilgrim's Progress.[10]
The 19th century saw Bedford transform into an important engineering hub. In 1832 Gas lighting was introduced, and the railway reached Bedford in 1846. The first Corn Exchange was built 1849,[11] and the first drains and sewers were dug in 1864.[12]
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Bedford Bridge in 1783. This version of the bridge was replaced in 1813.
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Bedford is the largest settlement in Borough of Bedford. The borough council is led by a directly elected mayor who holds the title 'Mayor of Bedford', an office which was first held by Frank Branston, until his death in 2009. The current Mayor of Bedford is Dave Hodgson from the Liberal Democrat Party.
Bedford itself is divided into 10 wards: Brickhill, Castle, Cauldwell, De Parys, Goldington, Harpur, Kingsbrook, Newnham, Putnoe and Queens Park. Brickhill elects its own parish council, while Queens Park and Kingsbrook & Cauldwell have their own urban community councils (which have similar powers to a parish council). The rest (and majority) of Bedford is an unparished area.
Bedford forms part of the Bedford constituency, represented in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Parliament. The current Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford is Richard Fuller, who is a member of the Conservative Party.
The town of Bedford is divided into 10 wards or areas: Brickhill, Castle, Cauldwell, De Parys, Goldington, Harpur, Kingsbrook, Newnham, Putnoe and Queens Park.
The town of Kempston is adjacent to Bedford, as are the villages of Elstow, Renhold and Ravensden. Wixams is a new town which is being developed to the south of Bedford. Villages in the Borough of Bedford with populations of more than 2,000 as of 2005 were Biddenham, Bromham, Clapham, Elstow, Oakley, Sharnbrook, Shortstown, Wilstead, and Wootton. There are also many smaller villages in the borough. The villages in the borough are popular with commuters to Bedford, and also with people who commute to Milton Keynes, London and towns in Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire.
Nearby small towns include Ampthill, Biggleswade, Flitwick, and Sandy, all of which are in Central Bedfordshire as well as Rushden and St Neots in Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire respectively. The nearest towns and cities with larger populations than Bedford are Northampton to the north west, Cambridge to the east, Milton Keynes to the south west, and Luton to the south, all of which have urban area populations of 130,000 or more.
River Great Ouse in Bedford from Town Bridge, looking downstream. The old Coaching Inn, the Swan Hotel is on the left behind the tree. Bedford Rowing Club and the multistorey Bedford Park Inn are on the right.
As with the rest of the UK, Bedford has a maritime climate, with a limited range of temperatures, and generally even rainfall throughout the year. The nearest met office weather station to Bedford is Bedford (Thurleigh) airport, about 6.5 miles north of Bedford town centre at an elevation of 85 metres. Since 1980, temperature extremes at the site have ranged from 35.9 °C[13] in August 2003 and 35.3 °C[14] during July 2006 down to −15.3 °C[15] in January 1982. However, such extremes would likely be superseded if longer term records were available – Historically, the nearest weather station to Bedford was Cardington about 2.4 miles south south east of the town centre with an elevation of 30 metres. This location recorded a minimum of −18.3 °C[16] during January 1963.
Rainfall averages around 585mm a year, with in excess of 1mm falling on 109 days.
Sunshine at around 1500 hours a year is typical of inland areas of southern-central England.
| Climate data for Bedford (Thurleigh) 85m, 1971–2000 |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
6.4
(43.5) |
6.9
(44.4) |
9.7
(49.5) |
12.0
(53.6) |
15.7
(60.3) |
18.6
(65.5) |
21.5
(70.7) |
21.5
(70.7) |
18.2
(64.8) |
14.0
(57.2) |
9.5
(49.1) |
7.2
(45.0) |
13.5
(56.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
0.8
(33.4) |
0.6
(33.1) |
2.3
(36.1) |
3.6
(38.5) |
6.2
(43.2) |
9.3
(48.7) |
11.5
(52.7) |
11.6
(52.9) |
9.7
(49.5) |
6.6
(43.9) |
3.3
(37.9) |
1.8
(35.2) |
5.6
(42.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
48.4
(1.906) |
36.6
(1.441) |
43.5
(1.713) |
47.2
(1.858) |
45.3
(1.783) |
56.9
(2.24) |
44.7
(1.76) |
48.6
(1.913) |
53.6
(2.11) |
56.8
(2.236) |
49.0
(1.929) |
53.8
(2.118) |
584.4
(23.008) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours |
58.6 |
76.3 |
99.5 |
153.0 |
183.8 |
185.7 |
200.9 |
188.5 |
139.8 |
114.1 |
72.0 |
51.5 |
1,523.6 |
| Source: [17] |
Bedford is home to one of the largest concentrations of Italian immigrants in the UK. According to a 2001 census, 2 in 7 (almost 30%) of Bedford's population are of at least partial Italian descent. This is mainly as a result of labour recruitment in the early 1950s by the London Brick Company in the southern Italian regions of Puglia, Campania, Calabria, Molise, Abruzzo and Sicily.[18] Bedford's Little Italy feel is enhanced by a wide variety of Italian bars, restaurants and social clubs throughout the town. as well as a large number of delis and grocery shops selling Italian and continental produce – and by the large Italian mission church run by the Scalabrini Fathers order. From 1954 to 2008 Bedford had its own Italian vice-consulate.[19]
In addition to Italian immigrants, Bedford has also been the recipient of significant immigration from South Asia (8.1% of Bedford's population[20]), Eastern Europe (particularly in the 2000s), Greece, Cyprus, the Middle East and Africa (3% of Bedford's population is of Sub-Saharan descent[20]), making it one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse towns in the UK in proportion to its size.[21] Bedford is home to over one hundred immigrant languages, including Italian, Punjabi, Polish, Persian, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish, and both Cantonese and Mandarin Chinese.[citation needed]
The River Great Ouse passes through the town centre and is lined with gardens known as The Embankment. Within these gardens stands a war memorial to the fallen of the First World War, opposite Rothsay Gardens.[22] The memorial was designed in 1921 by the sculptor Charles Sargeant Jagger and depicts a Knight vanquishing a dragon.[23] The inscription reads
| “ |
1914 † 1919
TO BEDFORDIANS WHO DIED, MANY IN EARLY YOUTH, SOME FULL OF YEARS AND HONOUR, BUT WHO ALL ALIKE GAVE THEIR LIVES FOR THEIR COUNTRY. |
” |
Bedford Castle Mound is the remnant of Bedford's medieval castle, located close to the centre of the modern town, less than a hundred yards from Bedford Bridge and the high street. Bedford Borough Council built a sloping retaining wall on the south side, facing the river in circa 2000. Though almost completely modern, the wall does incorporate a few pieces of original masonry. A paved path leads round the side of the mound up to the top, which is a flat circular grassy area. A small wooden structure of the same date at the top of the wall, much like a bus shelter, protects tourists from the rain while they view the river embankment.
Bedford's principal church is St Paul's Church, Bedford, in the square of the same name at the historic centre of the town. It has a tall spire which is one of the main features of the town. There was a church on the site by 1066 and work on the present structure began in the early 13th century, but little remains from that period. John Bunyan and John Wesley both preached in the church. In 1865–1868 the tower and spire were completely rebuilt and the two transepts added and lesser alterations have been made since. From 1941 to the end of the Second World War the BBC's daily service was broadcast from St. Paul's. Another church of note is St. Peter's Church, Bedford (Situated on St Peter's Street) which contains some of the oldest architectural remains in Bedford, the most ancient being the two monoliths.
Bedford Park is the town's largest urban park, and is located drectly to the north of the town centre. The park retains many original features from its Victorian design and construction, including a cricket pavilion and bandstand which are both still in use. Priory Country Park is a large country park located on the northern bank of the River Ouse in eastern Bedford. Both parks have been awarded Green Flag status.
Unlike most of England, Bedford Borough operates a three-tier education system in most of the area, which is arranged into lower, middle and upper schools, as recommended in the Plowden Report of 1967. The arrangement was put to the vote in 2006 with a view to moving to the two-tier model, but was rejected.[24] On 17 November 2009, borough councillors voted 19 to 17 in favour of a two tier system, which would then be phased in. However, following the defeat of the Labour Government in 2010, the new coalition government announced that the funding necessary for the switch to a two-tier system would no longer be available. As a result, the switch is now proceeding on school by school basis where council funds allow, as national funding was due to cover most of the cost. Mark Rutherford School in the town is the first school to have been converted from an upper school to a secondary school. The new Bedford Free School (opening in September 2012) will also have a secondary school intake. Remaining upper schools in the town include St Thomas More Catholic Upper School, Bedford Academy and Biddenham Upper School.
Bedford is home to four private schools run by the Harpur Trust charity, endowed by Bedfordian Sir William Harpur in the sixteenth century. These are:
Smaller private institutions include Rushmoor School (boys aged 3–16, girls 3–11) St. Andrew's School (girls aged 3–16, boys 3–9), and Polam Oaks School, none of which are part of the Harpur Trust.
Bedford hosts a campus of the University of Bedfordshire, which prior to a merger with the University of Luton in 2006 had been a campus of De Montfort University (itself now solely based in Leicester). For further education, the town is served by Bedford College. Additionally, Stella Mann College is a private college, which offers a range of further education courses relating to the performing arts.
The Guru Nanak Gurdwara in Queens Park
Bedford has a high number of Christian churches including four from the Newfrontiers network, several Polish and Italian Roman Catholic churches, LDS (Mormon) meetinghouses, and various independent churches that cater to the different ethnic and language groups. There are also three mosques located in the town, as well as the largest Sikh temple in the United Kingdom outside London. There are also Quaker, Jehovah's Witness and Wiccan communities who meet in the town. There is no longer a synagogue in Bedford, but Bedfordshire Progressive Synagogue,[25] based in Luton, meets in Bedford once a month for the town's Jewish community. The nearest Orthodox synagogue is the Luton Hebrew Congregation, a Lubavitch synagogue in Luton. Bedford is also the headquarters of the Panacea Society who believe that the town will have an important role in the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.
Bedford Museum & Art Gallery is housed in the recreated Victorian home of the Higgins family of Victorian brewers and in a modern extension. The museum has local history collections, while the galleries have notable collections of watercolours, prints and drawings, ceramics, glass and lace.
The Bedford Corn Exchange is the largest entertainment venue in the town and plays host to a variety of performances, meetings, conferences, concerts and private functions. The Corn Exchange also operates the Harpur Suite exhibition hall and the Bedford Civic Theatre which, in 2007 played host to the 'Bedfringe festival', a pre-Edinburgh Fringe festival (Bedfringe has now expanded into multiple venues in the town). The Corn exchange has been host to many great entertainers such as Glen Miller and Bob Hope. The University of Bedfordshire Theatre is the largest theatre in Bedford and hosts many larger productions as well as projects from the university. There is an active amdram (community theatre) scene, with groups such as the Swan Theatre Company, Bedford Dramatic Club (BDC), Bedford Marianettes and ShowCo Bedford producing plays and musicals in venues like the Civic Theatre and the Corn Exchange. The Bedford Pantomime Company produces a traditional pantomime at the Bedford Corn Exchange each Christmas. Esquires (one of the town's premier live music venues) regularly plays host to many notable bands and acts from all over the UK as well as showcasing local live music.
Every two years, an event called "The River Festival" is held near the river in Bedford during early July. The event lasts for two days and regularly attracts about 250,000 visitors. The event includes sports, funfairs and live music. It is the second largest regular outdoor event in the UK beaten in numbers only by the Notting Hill Carnival.[26] The Bedford Regatta each May is Britain's largest one-day river rowing regatta.
Other annual events include 'Bedford By The Sea' (when large quantities of sand are deposited in the town centre) and the 'Bedford International Kite Festival' in June. 'Proms In The Park', held in early August, is a popular musical event.
There is a long standing sporting heritage in Bedford Borough with long established rugby and football clubs. Bedford has four rugby union teams called Bedford Blues, Bedford Queens, Bedford Swifts and Bedford Athletic, and, since 2004, has also a rugby league team; Bedford Tigers, who compete one tier below the National Conference. Bedford Blues are currently in the second tier of English rugby, but have previously been in the top division. Bedford Blues RFC’s Goldington Road ground holds in the region of 5000 spectators with an average gate of 3000 for home games.
Taking into account the size of its overall urban area, Bedford is one of the largest towns in England without a fully professional football team. Bedford Town F.C. currently plays at the seventh level of the English football league system and Bedford F.C. play at the 11th level.
Rowing is also a major part of the sports scene with a number of regatta events hosted throughout the year from February through to October; the most significant of these being Bedford Regatta, which in terms of numbers of crews participating is the second largest in the country. It was on Bedford’s River Great Ouse that Olympic rower, Tim Foster, honed his skills as a member of Star Club; indeed the Borough has produced many other champions of sport past and present including Stephanie Cook, Gail Emms, Liz Yelling and Paula Radcliffe who is Life Vice President of Bedford & County Athletic Club
Viking Kayak Club organise the Bedford Kayak Marathon with canoe racing held along the Embankment on Bedford's riverside and organise national ranking Canoe Slalom events at the Cardington Artificial Slalom Course (CASC), which was the first artificial whitewater course in the UK. CASC is also the venue each year for the UK's National Inter Clubs Slalom Finals, the largest canoe slalom event by participation in the UK.
Bedford and the surrounding borough is set to be a major host of national teams preparing for the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The Maldives National Olympic Committee will base its competing athletes in the town and borough, while Paralympic athletes from Angola, the Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, The Gambia, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Jamaica, Lesotho, Morocco, Niger, Pakistan, Senegal, Tunisia and Uganda will also be based in the area. With the exception of Weymouth (which will host various sailing events) Bedford will accommodate more Olympic teams in 2012 than any other town or borough in the UK.[27]
- The popular BBC TV series Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em was filmed in and around Bedford during the 1970s.[28]
- In the 2005 motion picture Batman Begins scenes were filmed at the Cardington Sheds near Bedford and featured extras from Bedford. The sequel, 'The Dark Knight', was also partially filmed at the sheds using the fake working name 'Rory's First Kiss' and members of the production cast stayed at various hotels around the town.[citation needed]
- In the 2006 Comedy Central and DVD versions of Russell Peters' Outsourced, a good natured Bedfordian bears the brunt of Russell's comedic segment "I'm From England".[citation needed]
Bedford Hospital is a district general hospital that operates from two sites in the town, providing a wide range of services, although patients requiring advanced health services are referred to specialist units elsewhere, particularly Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, which has a partnership with Bedford Hospital. Bedford Hospital's catchment area is based on the Borough of Bedford and parts of Central Bedfordshire.[citation needed]
The Bedfordshire Police Authority is responsible for policing in Bedford, and operates a main police station in the town centre.[citation needed] Fire and rescue services in Bedford are coordinated by the Bedfordshire and Luton Fire and Rescue Service[citation needed]. Bedfords fire station is located in the Newnham area of the town, and is staffed 24 hours a day.[citation needed]
Bedford is twinned with:
John Bunyan's statue at the corner of the High Street and St Peter's street.
It was the home and prison of John Bunyan, the author of The Pilgrim's Progress. Prison Reformer John Howard, although born in London, was high Sheriff of Bedfordshire.
- Harold Abrahams, 1924 Olympic 100 metres champion and character in the film Chariots of Fire
- Sam Baldock, West Ham United footballer
- Lacey Banghard, Page 3 girl
- Ronnie Barker, the late comedian
- Howard Bentham, broadcaster
- Matt Berry, comedian, star of Garth Marenghi's Darkplace, The Mighty Boosh and The Peter Serafinowicz Show as well as the voice of George the talking volcano in the recent Volvic (mineral water) adverts
- Colonel Frederick Gustavus Burnaby, traveller
- Apsley Cherry-Garrard, Antarctic explorer
- Calum Davenport, Ex-West Ham United footballer
- Kelvin Davis, Southampton F.C. footballer
- Gail Emms badminton doubles 2004 Olympic silver medallist
- William Fitzhugh, also known as William the Immigrant, founder of an American dynasty that married into the lines of George Washington and General Lee
- Tim Foster, men's coxless fours Olympic gold medallist
- Lil Fuccillo, former footballer and manager, currently Technical Director for Luton Town
- Richard Fuller, Member of Parliament for Bedford and Kempston since 2010
- Sir William Harpur, who became Lord Mayor of London.
- Bishop Trevor Huddleston
- Andy Johnson, England and Fulham F.C. footballer
- John Le Mesurier, actor and comedian[29]
- Hubert Horace Lamb (1913–1997) English climatologist who founded the Climatic Research Unit in 1972 in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia.
- Toby Litt, writer, went to Bedford Modern School and lived in nearby Ampthill.
- Alfred Mitchell-Innes, diplomat, who also served on Bedford Town Council for 23 years and resided there from 1920 until his death in 1950.
- Dame Bertha Phillpotts, Scandinavian scholar and pioneer of university education for women
- Matt Skelton, heavyweight boxer, commonwealth champion
- Carol Vorderman, born in Bedford, television personality best known for being a long-standing co-presenter of Channel 4 game show Countdown.
- Laura Wade, playwright
- Charles Wells, founder of Charles Wells Brewery, a company still located in the town
- William Hale White, a minor Victorian novelist who wrote under the pseudonym Mark Rutherford
- Greg Taylor, Professional Footballer playing for Luton Town
- Lance Painter, MLB player with the Colorado Rockies, St. Louis Cardinals, Toronto Blue Jays, and the Milwaukee Brewers.
- Basil Rogers (1896–1975), cricketer
- Phoebe Prince (1994-2010) Suicidal Teenager, died in South Hadley, Massachusetts
- Frank Branston, first directly elected mayor of Bedford and former owner of the Bedfordshire on Sunday newspaper
- Joe Bugner, heavyweight boxer.
- Eddie 'the Eagle' Edwards, ski-jumping legend
- Patrick Hall, Member of Parliament for Bedford and Kempston from 1997 to 2010
- Dave Hodgson, current directly elected mayor of Bedford
- Paula Radcliffe, the UK's top female long-distance runner and current world record holder for the women's marathon
- Phoebe Prince, Irish teen who committed suicide after bullying from classmates[30]
- Charles Edward Mallows, (5 May 1864 – 2 June 1915) Arts and Crafts Movement architect, draughtsman, and garden designer who studied at Bedford School had an office in Bedford. His major commission was Tirley Garth, Cheshire.[31]
- Mackay Hugh Baillie Scott (23 October 1865 – 10 February 1945) Arts and Crafts Movement architect and designer. Held an office on St. Cuthbert Street, Bedford from 1901–1903 and lived at Fenlake Manor, Cardington Road, where he wrote 'Houses and Gardens' until the house was destroyed by fire in 1911. Lived variously between London and Bedford until moving to Kent in 1916.
- Roy Jenkins, The Rt. Hon. Lord Jenkins of Hillhead, politician, was billeted in Cornwall Road, Bedford during part of the war in 1944 while at Bletchley Park.
- Paddy Ashdown (now Lord Ashdown), former leader of the Liberal Democrats attended Bedford School
- Gurpareet Bains, chef, food writer and pioneer of Indian Superfood. Attended Bedford College
- Michael Brunson, journalist, attended Bedford School and Goldington Road School
- Alastair Cook, England cricketer attended Bedford School
- Christopher Fry, playwright, attended Bedford Modern School
- Jeremy Irvine, actor, attended Bedford Modern School
- Dan Wheldon, IndyCar driver.
- David Mahmoudieh, screenwriter, film director and film critic attended Mark Rutherford School
- Jean Muir CBE FCSD, fashion designer, attended Dame Alice Harpur School
- Al Murray, comedian, also known as The Pub Landlord attended Bedford School
- John Oliver Emmy-winning stand-up comedian, actor and correspondent/writer for The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Attended Mark Rutherford School.
- Monty Panesar, England cricketer, attended Bedford Modern School
- Dan Grech-Marguerat Grammy award winning record producer attended St Thomas More Catholic Upper School
- James Plaskitt, Member of Parliament for Warwick and Leamington between 1997 and 2010, attended Pilgrim School
- ^ http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D8271.csv
- ^ "Brief History of Bedford". Bedford Borough Council. http://www.bedford.gov.uk/leisure_and_culture/local_history_and_heritage/brief_history_of_bedford.aspx. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ Simon Keynes, "Cynethryth", in Lapidge, Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, p. 133.
- ^ "Bedford Timeline, Earliest Times – 1800". Bedfordshire Libraries. http://www.galaxy.bedfordshire.gov.uk/webingres/bedfordshire/vlib/0.digitised_resources/bedford_digitisation_timeline_early.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ Whitelock, Dorothy; Douglas, David C. (ed) (1979). English Historical Documents c. 500–1042 (2nd edition). Routledge. http://books.google.com/books?id=EUSqIR2qaaIC&pg=PA416&dq=bedford+886+danes&sig=JmxDJNcfoi60LftEpzKr097ZxuA. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ "Bedford Castle". CastleUK. http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/153/bedfordcastle.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ "Brief History of Bedford". Bedford Borough Council. http://www.bedford.gov.uk/Default.aspx/Web/BriefHistoryofBedford. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ "The Huguenot Influence". The Cowper and Newton Museum. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070814051551/http://www.mkheritage.co.uk/cnm/lace/lacehtml/huguenot.html. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- ^ "Lacemaking in Bedfordshire – Introduction". Bedford Borough Council. http://www.bedford.gov.uk/Default.aspx/Web/AragonLacemakers. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- ^ "John Bunyan (1628–1688)". The Bunyan Press. http://www.bunyanpress.co.uk/jbunyan.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "1849 & Friday 1 March 1850". Bedford Corn Exchange. http://www.bedfordcornexchange.co.uk/. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ "Bedford Borough records introduction". Bedfordshire County Council. http://www.bedfordshire.gov.uk/CommunityAndLiving/ArchivesAndRecordOffice/GuidesToCollections/BedfordBoroughRecordsIntroduction.aspx. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ "2003 Maximum". http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/BEDFORD/10-08-2003/35600.htm. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
- ^ "2006 Maximum". http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/july2006/MaxTemp1907Points_jpeg.JPG. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
- ^ "1982 Minimum". http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/BEDFORD_AIRPORT/14-01-1982/35580.htm. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
- ^ "1963 Minimum". http://www.mtullett.plus.com/1962-63/january_1963.htm. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
- ^ "Bedford 1971–2000 averages". Met Office. July 2011. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/bedford.html. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
- ^ "Bedford's Italian question". BBC – Legacies. http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/england/beds_herts_bucks/article_1.shtml. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ "Bedford Italian Community". Bedfordshire Libraries. http://www.galaxy.bedfordshire.gov.uk/webingres/bedfordshire/vlib/0.digitised_resources/bedford_digitisation_az_italiancommunity.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ a b Official figures from the Office of National Statistics
- ^ "Brief History of Bedford Town Centre". BedfordBID. http://www.comearoundtobedford.co.uk/history-of-bedford-1/4528730674. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ 52°08′05″N 0°27′30″W / 52.134654°N 0.458215°W / 52.134654; -0.458215
- ^ Daniel Stannard/Bedfordshire County Council (2007). "The First World War Memorial, Bedford". Bedfordshire Buildings and Monuments. http://www.galaxy.bedfordshire.gov.uk/webingres/bedfordshire/vlib/0.digitised_resources/bedfordshire_buildings.pdf. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
- ^ "Two-tier school proposal rejected". BBC News. 13 July 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/beds/bucks/herts/5173424.stm. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ ttp://www.bedfordshire-ps.org.uk/
- ^ "River Great Ouse". Bedford Borough Council. http://www.bedford.gov.uk/Default.aspx/Web/RiverGreatOuse. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- ^ http://www.bedford.gov.uk/council_and_democracy/council_news/archived_news/february_2012/on_your_marks.aspx
- ^ "Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em" at Internet Movie Database http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069634/
- ^ "Who's Who in the Cinema", The Movie volume 13 p. 262. Orbis Publishing (1981)
- ^ "Six face court after death of Bedford-born teenage girl". 26 September 2010. http://www.bedfordshire-news.co.uk/News/Six-face-court-after-death-of-Bedford-born-teenage-girl.htm. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
- ^ Waymark, Janet. "‘Mallows, Charles Edward (1864–1915)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, online edn, Oct 2008 [1],". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press online edn,.
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