Anonymous is a 2011 political thriller and pseudo-historical drama film. Directed by Roland Emmerich and written by John Orloff, the movie is a fictionalized version of the life of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, an Elizabethan courtier, playwright, poet and patron of the arts.[4] Starring Rhys Ifans (de Vere) and Vanessa Redgrave (Queen Elizabeth I), Anonymous utilizes emerging VFX CG technology[5] to recreate exterior period backgrounds in and around old London, circa 1550–1604.
Set within the political atmosphere of the Elizabethan court, the film presents Lord Oxford as the true author of Shakespeare's plays, and dramatizes events leading to the succession of Queen Elizabeth I and the Essex Rebellion against her. De Vere is depicted as a literary prodigy and the Queen's sometime lover, with whom he sires a son, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, only to discover that he himself may be the Queen's son by an earlier lover. De Vere eventually sees his suppressed plays performed through a frontman (Shakespeare), using his production of Richard III to support a rebellion led by his son and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex.[6] The insurrection fails, and as a condition for sparing the life of their son, the Queen declares that de Vere will never be known as the author of his plays and poems.
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2011.[7] Produced by Centropolis Entertainment and Studio Babelsberg and distributed by Columbia Pictures, Anonymous was released on October 28, 2011, in 265 theatres in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, expanding to movie theatres around the world, in the following weeks. Critical comment has been mixed, praising its performances and visual achievements, but criticizing the film's time-jumping format and the filmmakers' promotion of the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship.
After a theatrical prologue delivered by Derek Jacobi, the film opens with Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, ordering a desperate search for a trove of manuscripts. Ben Jonson, who has the manuscripts, hides them in the Rose theatre, but it is burned down while being searched. Successive flashbacks cast us back five and then forty years, as the film evokes the reputed life of Edward de Vere from childhood through to his entanglement in an insurrection, and later on to his death.
The main action takes place towards the end of the Elizabethan era as political intrigue flourishes between the Tudors and the Cecils (father William and son Robert), over the succession to Queen Elizabeth I. In flashbacks, de Vere is portrayed as a prodigious genius, writing at eight or nine years of age (1558/1559) A Midsummer Night's Dream, de Vere acting the role of Puck before the young queen Elizabeth. He is then forced to live in the repressive, puritanical house of William Cecil where, years later, he kills a spying servant lurking behind an arras, much like the death of Polonius in Hamlet. William Cecil uses this murder to blackmail de Vere into a loveless marriage with his daughter, Anne Cecil, compelling him also to renounce literature. De Vere later becomes the Queen's lover, and sires – unknown to him – an illegitimate son; the son is adopted, becoming Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, but his true parentage is hidden from all but the Cecils.
De Vere must struggle against a taboo that would forbid him to write; against his wife's impatience with his literary work as a dishonour to her family;[8] and against the Queen's counsellors. Foremost among these is his father-in-law William Cecil, who is convinced that theatres are sinful. Cecil's plan to have James, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots crowned king is also threatened by the presence of de Vere's and the Queen's child, who would be an alternative contender for the throne, and also of pure Tudor lineage.
Almost four decades after his private première, de Vere visits a public theatre and is deeply impressed by the way spectators can be swayed. The play, written by Ben Jonson, is halted mid-perfomance by the royal militia because of its allegedly seditious content. Jonson is arrested and imprisoned. Much taken by the propagandistic power of art, considering that "all art is political ... otherwise it is just decoration," de Vere decides to employ his secretly written plays for the promotion of the Earl of Essex's cause (Essex being another of the Queen's illegitimate sons) over the candidate preferred by the Cecils, writing Henry V and, later, Richard III as propaganda designed to foment revolution. He contacts Jonson, who is confined in the Tower of London until de Vere uses his influence to free him, in order to have his play Henry V staged under Jonson's name. Jonson is unhappy about the plan, assuming that the play will be an amateurish effort that will tarnish his name. Jonson does not claim authorship, allowing an unscrupulous young actor, William Shakespeare, to step up on stage as author. It is this "drunken oaf" who takes on the role as de Vere's front man, while Jonson becomes de Vere's only confidant in the truth.
Shakespeare however, having discovered the real author's identity, extorts money from de Vere to build the Globe theatre, and wangles £400 per year for posturing as a front. After Christopher Marlowe stumbles on the truth that Shakespeare's inexplicable talents hide the genius of another hand, he is found with his throat slit. Jonson later confronts Shakespeare and accuses him of the murder.
At the climax, de Vere uses the play Richard III as a thinly veiled attack on the hunchbacked Robert Cecil. The plan is to incite a mob to march against Cecil, and thus weaken his position at court. At the same time, Essex is to march with the Earl of Southampton to the Palace, to promote his own claim to the succession. Meanwhile, de Vere writes Venus and Adonis to remind the Queen of their old love. He hopes to see her again in an atmosphere of renewed intimacy, and to persuade her to dismiss Cecil.
However the plan fails, as a jealous Jonson betrays the plot to Cecil, who guns down the mob, stopping it from joining Essex. The Queen, swayed by Cecil, thinks that Essex is trying to depose her violently. Cecil easily captures Essex and Southampton, who are condemned for treason.
Robert Cecil then tells a broken de Vere that Elizabeth had other bastard sons – one of which was de Vere himself. If true, it would mean that de Vere committed incest with his mother. He has a private audience with Elizabeth, at which the Queen agrees to save Southampton, but insists that de Vere remain anonymous as the true author of 'Shakespeare's' works.
After the Queen's death, James succeeds, though Cecil's hopes of a more puritanical regime are shattered when James expresses his wish to see more of Shakespeare's work. Shakespeare retires on his ill-gotten gains to Stratford to become a businessman, and de Vere dies in 1604, having commended his manuscripts to the care of a repentant Ben Jonson. Cecil however still wants the manuscripts destroyed. With the destruction of the Rose, he believes them burnt, but Jonson later discovers they have survived. Nevertheless, the 'truth' that Edward de Vere, not the nearly illiterate Shakespeare, is their real author remains concealed.
- Rhys Ifans as Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford.
- Vanessa Redgrave as Elizabeth I of England. Redgrave commented that "It's very interesting, the fractures, in this extraordinary creature.... I only hope that I've been able to respond to Roland in this script sufficiently to be able to just give a little glimpse of this fracturing, this black hole, with shafts of brief sunlight."[9]
- Sebastian Armesto as Ben Jonson, poet and playwight.
- Rafe Spall as William Shakespeare.
- David Thewlis as William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, longtime adviser to Queen Elizabeth. De Vere came to live in his household as a ward of the Queen at age 12 and became Burghley's son-in-law at age 21. Burghley is portrayed in the film as the inspiration for the character Polonius.
- Edward Hogg as Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, William Cecil's son and successor
- Xavier Samuel as Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, Shakespeare dedicatee and the focus of his sonnets; prospective suitor to Cecil's granddaughter Elizabeth de Vere.
- Sam Reid as Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, executed for treason.
- Jamie Campbell Bower as young Oxford.
- Joely Richardson as young Queen Elizabeth. (Richardson is actually Redgrave's daughter in real life.)
- Paolo De Vita as Francesco, servant to the Earl of Oxford.
- Trystan Gravelle as Christopher Marlowe, poet and dramatist.
- Robert Emms as Thomas Dekker, dramatist.
- Tony Way as Thomas Nashe, poet and satirist.
- Sir Derek Jacobi as Narrator (Prologue and Epilogue).
- Mark Rylance as Henry Condell.
- John Keogh as Philip Henslowe.
- Helen Baxendale as Anne de Vere.
- Amy Kwolek as Young Anne de Vere.
Screenwriter John Orloff (Band of Brothers, A Mighty Heart) became interested in the authorship debate after watching a 1988 Frontline programme about the controversy.[10] Penning his first draft in the late 1990s, commercial interest waned after Shakespeare in Love was released in 1998.[11] It was almost greenlit as The Soul of the Age for a 2005 release, with a budget of $30 to $35 million. However, financing proved to be "a risky undertaking," according to director Roland Emmerich. In October 2009, Emmerich stated, "It's very hard to get a movie like this made, and I want to make it in a certain way. I've actually had this project for eight years."[12] At a press conference at Studio Babelsberg on April 29, 2010, Emmerich noted that the success of his more commercial films made this one possible, and that he got the cast he wanted without the pressure to come up with "at least two A-list American actors."[13]
Emmerich noted he knew little of either Elizabethan history or the authorship question until he came across John Orloff's script, after which he 'steeped' himself in the various theories.[14][15][16] Wary of similarities with Amadeus, Emmerich decided to recast it as a film on the politics of succession and the monarchy, a tragedy about kings, queens and princes, with broad plot lines including murder, illegitimacy and incest – "all the elements of a Shakespeare play."[17]
In a November 2009 interview, Emmerich said the heart of the movie is in the original title, The Soul of the Age, and revolved around three main characters: Ben Jonson, William Shakespeare, and the Earl of Oxford. In a subsequent announcement in 2010, Emmerich detailed the finalised plot line:[18]
"It’s a mix of a lot of things: it’s an historical thriller because it’s about who will succeed Queen Elizabeth and the struggle of the people who want to have a hand in it. It’s the Tudors on one side and the Cecils on the other, and in between [the two] is the Queen. Through that story we tell how the plays written by the Earl of Oxford ended up labelled 'William Shakespeare'."
Anonymous was the first motion picture to be shot with Arriflex's new Alexa camera, with most of the period backgrounds created and enhanced via new CGI technology.[19] In addition, Elizabethan London was recreated for the film with more than 70 painstakingly hand-built sets at Germany's Studio Babelsberg. These include a full-scale replica of London’s imposing The Rose theatre.
Anonymous was originally slated for world-wide release in a Shakespeare in Love-style opening, but was rescheduled for restricted release on 28 October 2011 in 265 theatres in the United States, Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, expanding to 513 screens in its second week.[20] Pre-release surveys had predicted a weak opening weekend (under $5 million) leading Sony to stagger release dates and depend on word-of-mouth to support a more gradual release strategy (as they did with Company Town). According to Brendan Bettinger, "Anonymous came out of Toronto with surprisingly positive early reviews for a Roland Emmerich picture." Sony distribution president Rory Bruer noted “We love the picture and think it’s going to get great word of mouth. We’re committed to expanding it until it plays wide.”[21]
The film received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 46% of 151 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.4 out of 10.[22] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 50 based on 40 reviews. The film grossed almost $6.7 million in its first three weeks.[23] Audiences gave it an A- rating in its first weekend of limited release.[24]
Rex Reed regards Anonymous as "one of the most exciting on-screen literary rows since Norman Mailer was beaten with a hammer," and well worth the stamina required to sit out what is an otherwise exhausting film. Not only Shakespeare's identity, but also that of Queen Elizabeth, the 'Virgin Queen' is challenged by Orloff's script, which has her as "a randy piece of work who had many lovers and bore several children." Visually, the film gives us a "dazzling panorama of Tudor history" which will not bore viewers. It boasts a cast of pure gold, and its "recreation of the Old Globe, the fame that brought ruin and dishonor to both Oxford and the money-grubbing Shakespeare, and the sacrifice of Oxford's own property and family fortune to write plays he believed in against a background of danger and violence make for a bloody good yarn, masterfully told, lushly appointed, slavishly researched and brilliantly acted." He adds the caveats that it does play "hopscotch with history", has a bewildering and confusing cast of characters and is jumpy in its timeframes.[25]
Michael Phillips for the Chicago Tribune writes that the film is ridiculous but not dull. Displaying a "rollicking belief in its own nutty bombast" as "history is simultaneously being made up and rewritten," its best scenes are those of the candle-lit interiors caught by the Alexa digital camera on a lovely copper-and-honey-toned palette. After a week, what remains in Phillips' memory is not the de Vere/Shakespeare conspiracy theory but "the way Redgrave gazes out a window, her reign near the end, her eyes full of regret but also of fiery defiance of the balderdash lapping at her feet."[26]
Roger Ebert finds Orloff's screenplay "ingenious," Emmerich's direction "precise", and the cast "memorable". Though "profoundly mistaken", Anonymous is "a marvellous historical film," giving viewers "a splendid experience: the dialogue, the acting, the depiction of London, the lust, jealousy and intrigue." That said, he rounds off, he must "tiresomely insist that Edward de Vere did not write Shakespeare's plays."[27]
Kirk Honeycutt ranked it as Emmerich's best film, with a superb cast of British actors, and a stunning digitally-enhanced recreation of London in Elizabethan times. The film is "glorious fun as it grows increasingly implausible", for the plot "is all historical rubbish,"[28] Damon Wise, reviewing the film for the Guardian, appraises Emmerich's 'meticulously crafted' and 'stunningly designed takedown of the Bard,' as shocking only in that it is rather good. Emmerich's problem, he argues, is that he was so intent on proving his credentials as a serious director that the film ended up 'drowned in exposition.' Orloff's screenplay heavily confuses plotlines; the politics are retrofitted to suit the theory. The lead roles are 'unengaging' but special mention is given to Edward Hogg's performance as Robert Cecil, and Vanessa Redgrave's role as Elizabeth.[29]
Robert Koehler, writing for Variety, reads the film as an 'illustrated argument' of an 'aggressively promoted and more frequently debunked' theory, and finds it less interesting than the actors who play a role in, or endorse, it. Narrative cogency is strained by the constant switches in time signature, and the imbroglio of Shakespeare and Jonson squabbling publicly over claims to authorship is both tiresome and 'veers close to comedy'; indeed it is superfluous given Ifans's commanding and convincing acting as the 'real' Shakespeare. The supporting cast of actors is praised for fine performances, except for Spall's Shakespeare, who is 'often so ridiculous that the "Stratfordians" will feel doubly insulted.' Sebastian Krawinkel's 'ambitious and gorgeous production design' comes in for special mention, as does Anna J. Foerster's elegant widescreen lensing. The score however fails their standards.[30]
Kristopher Tapley champions the film, finding that Orloff has spun 'a fascinating yarn'. Ifans gives a stunning performance, and Spall's Shakespeare provides delightful comic relief. The film is 'gorgeous' and Tapley agrees with a colleague's judgement that "people will likely look back to Anonymous as the tipping point of what you can really do with digital in a next-level kind of way".'[31]
David Denby, reviewing for the New Yorker, writes of Emmerich's "preposterous fantasia", where confusion reigns as to which of the virgin queen's illegitimate children is Essex and which Southampton, and where it is not clear what the connection is between the plot to hide the authorship of the plays and the struggle to find a successor to the officially childless Elizabeth. He concludes that, "The Oxford theory is ridiculous, yet the filmmakers go all the way with it, producing endless scenes of indecipherable court intrigue in dark, smoky rooms, and a fashion show of ruffs, farthingales, and halberds. The more far-fetched the idea, it seems, the more strenuous the effort to pass it off as authentic."[32]
James Lileks, in the Star Tribune review, noting favourable responses, including one where a critic wondered if Emmerich had anything to do with it, says the devious message must be that a shlock-merchant like Emmerich wasn't involved, but, like the film plot itself, must conceal the hand of some more experienced filmmaker, whose identity will be much debated for centuries to come.[33] Reviewing for Associated Press, Christy Lemire commends Rhys Ifans' performance as "flamboyant, funny, sexy" in an otherwise heavy-handed and clumsy film, whose script "jumps back and forth in time so quickly and without rhyme or reason, it convolutes the narrative." A "flow chart" is perhaps needed to keep track of all of the sons, and sons of sons. The "blubbering" about the brilliance of Shakespeare's works is repetitive, and upstages the initial whiff of scandal, giving the impression that the film is "much ado about nothing.".[34]
For A.O. Scott, writing for the New York Times, Anonymous is "a vulgar prank on the English literary tradition, a travesty of British history and a brutal insult to the human imagination". Yet, a fine cast manages to "burnish even meretricious nonsense with craft and conviction," and one is "tempted to suspend disbelief, even if Mr. Emmerich finally makes it impossible. ."[35] Lou Lumenick, writing for the New York Post, writes that the movie "is a thoroughly entertaining load of eye candy with solid performances, even if John Orloff’s exposition-heavy script practically requires a concordance to follow at times."[36] For the Globe and Mail's Liam Lacey, "the less you know about Shakespeare, the more you’re likely to enjoy Anonymous." Ingenuity is wasted on an "unintelligent enterprise", that of arguing that people of humble origins cannot outwrite blue-bloods. Emmerich's CGI effects are well-done, but it is amazing just to watch an "actor on a bare wooden stage, using nothing but a sequence of words that make your scalp prickle."[37]
Andrea Chase in Killer Movie Reviews rates Anonymous as "superb", dwelling on Orloff's rich script, which has "done an excellent job of fitting the known facts to the thesis on offer", on Emmerich's dramatic flair and the wonderful supporting cast. It is somewhat spoiled by Ifans's leaden presence, which betrays nothing of "the ribald temper to be found in the plays." By contrast, Spall's Shakespeare, "preening with the narcissist's elan of a confirmed ham, lights up the screen."[38]
Louise Keller for Urban Cinefile admires the "thought-provoking scenario" of Orloff's "marvellous conspiracy story", though its "twists and turns" are headspinning: "anyone who can follow the first 30 minutes of the plot, must have been polishing the grey matter with advanced Sudoku: it's an unholy mess of complicated situations and jumps in time frame." Despite the exemplary cast, exquisite production design and extraordinary look, Emmerich has lost an opportunity to make more of it, "on account of the jumbled, convoluted storyline that had me confused, frustrated and mentally scrambling to keep abreast of every detail," though everything falls together in the final 45 minutes.[39]
Anonymous was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Costume Design for German Costume Designer Lisy Christl's work.[40] That same year, it was also nominated for 7 Lolas, winning in 6 Categories including Best Cinematography for Anna J. Foerster, Best Art Direction for Stephan O. Gessler and Sebastian T. Krawinkel and Best Costume Design for Lisy Christl. At the Satellite Awards, the film was nominated in two categories including Best Art Direction (and Production Design) for Stephan O. Gessler and Sebastian T. Krawinkel, and Best Costume Design for Lisy Christl.[41] Vanessa Redgrave was nominated for Best British Actress of the Year at the London Film Critics Circle Awards for Anonymous and Coriolanus.[42] The film also received a nomination from the Art Directors Guild for Period Film, honouring Production designer Sebastian T. Krawinkel. Results will be known on February 4, 2012.[43]
In a trailer for the movie, Emmerich lists ten reasons why in his view Shakespeare of Stratford did not write the plays attributed to him.[44] Postproduction plans envisage the release of a documentary about the Shakespeare authorship question, and providing materials for teachers. According to Sony Pictures, "The objective for our Anonymous program, as stated in the classroom literature, is ‘to encourage critical thinking by challenging students to examine the theories about the authorship of Shakespeare’s works and to formulate their own opinions.’ The study guide does not state that Edward de Vere is the writer of Shakespeare’s work, but it does pose the authorship question which has been debated by scholars for decades".[45] In response, on September 1, 2011, the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust launched a programme to debunk conspiracy theories about Shakespeare, mounting an Internet video in which 60 scholars and writers reply to common queries and doubts about Shakespeare's identity for one minute each.[46][47] In Shakespeare's home county of Warwickshire, the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust promoted a protest against the film by temporarily covering or crossing out Shakespeare's image or name on pub signs and road signs.[48]
Columbia University's James Shapiro, in an interview with the Wall Street Journal[49] noted that according to an article in the same journal in 2009, three U.S. Supreme Court Justices now lent support to the Oxfordian theory whereas in a moot court judgment in 1987 Justices John Paul Stevens, Harry Blackmun and William Brennan had "ruled unanimously in favor of Shakespeare and against the Earl of Oxford."[50][51] "The attraction of these ideas owes something to the Internet, where conspiracy theories proliferate," he argued, adding that "Emmerich's film is one more sign that conspiracy theories about the authorship of Shakespeare's plays have gone mainstream". Scriptwriter John Orloff replied that Shapiro oversimplified the facts since Justice Stevens later affirmed that he had had "lingering concerns" and "gnawing doubts" in 1987 that Shakespeare might have been someone else, and that if the author was not the man from Stratford, there was a high probability he was Edward de Vere."[52]
Emmerich complains of what he sees as the "arrogance of the literary establishment" to say: 'We know it, we teach it, so shut the fuck up.'" He has singled out the Shakespearean scholar, James S. Shapiro, an expert on these theories, as a liar:
He . . sometimes claims certain things which then I then as a scholar cannot dispute, but later I check on it and find out he was totally lying. Just outright lying. It's bizarre. But they also have a lot to lose. He wrote a bestseller about William Shakespeare called "1599" which is one year in the life of this mine (sic) which is incredible to read when you all of a sudden realize where did he get all of this stuff from?[53]
Emmerich is on record as believing that "everybody in the Stratfordian side is so pissed off because we've called them on their lies."[54] Shapiro believes that while supporters of de Vere’s candidacy as the author of Shakespeare's plays have awaited this film with excitement, in his view, they may live to regret it.[55] Robert McCrum in The Guardian wrote that, as the Internet is the natural home of conspiracy theories, the Oxford case, "a conspiracy theory in doublet and hose with a vengeance," means that Anonymous, irrespective of its merits or lack of them, will usher in an "open season for every denomination of literary fanatic."[56]
Screenwriter John Orloff believes that the film will reshape the way we read Shakespeare.[57] Derek Jacobi allows that making the film was "a very risky thing to do", and imagines that "the orthodox Stratfordians are going to be apoplectic with rage."[58]
Bert Fields, a lawyer who recently wrote a book about the authorship issue, thinks scholars may be missing the larger benefit that Anonymous provides – widespread appreciation of the Bard’s work. “Why do these academics feel threatened by this? It isn’t threatening anybody,” Fields commented. “The movie does things that I don’t necessarily agree with. But if anything, it makes the work more important. It focuses attention on the most important body of work in the English language.”[59]
In an interview with The Atlantic, scriptwriter John Orloff was asked "In crafting your characters and the narrative, how were you able to find the right balance between historical fact, fiction, and speculation?" Orloff responded:"Ultimately, Shakespeare himself was our guide. The Shakespeare histories are not really histories. They're dramas. He compresses time. He adds characters that have been dead by the time the events are occurring. He'll invent characters out of whole cloth, like [Sir John] Falstaff in the history plays. First and foremost it's a drama, and just like Shakespeare we're creating drama."
Director Emmerich, when given examples of details that do not correspond to the facts, is reported as being more concerned with the mood of the film.[60] He agreed that there were many historical mistakes in his film, but said movies have a right to do this, citing Amadeus. Emmerich also notes that Shakespeare himself was not concerned with historical accuracy, and considers that the inner truth was his objective.[61]
Crace, raising the issue of Emmerich as 'literary detective' comments that the director "has never knowingly let the facts get in the way of a good story."[62] Historian Simon Schama calling the film 'inadvertently comic' said of its thesis that the real problem was not so much the "idiotic misunderstanding of history and the world of the theater" but rather the "fatal lack of imagination on the subject of the imagination."[63] James Shapiro wrote that it is a film for our time, "in which claims based on conviction are as valid as those based on hard evidence," which ingeniously circumvents objections that there is not a scrap of documentary evidence for de Vere's authorship by assuming a conspiracy to suppress the truth. The result is that "the very absence of surviving evidence proves the case."[64]
Tiffany Stern, professor of early modern drama at Oxford University, says that the film is fictional, and should be enjoyed as such. Gordon McMullan, professor of English at King's College, says Shakespeare wrote the plays, and the idea he didn't is related to a conspiracy theory that coincides with the emergence of the detective genre. For Orloff, criticisms by scholars that call the film fictional rather than factual are kneejerk reactions to the "academic subversion of normality".[65]
In a pre-release interview, scriptwriter Orloff said that, with the exception of whether Shakespeare wrote the plays or not, "The movie is unbelievably historically accurate... What I mean by that is that I, like Henry James, Mark Twain, Walt Whitman, Derek Jacobi and John Gielgud, don’t think Shakespeare wrote the plays, but obviously a lot more people do think Shakespeare wrote the plays. Obviously, in my movie, he didn’t, so a lot of people will say that’s not historically accurate and they are totally welcome to that opinion. But, the world within the movie, that that story takes place in, is incredibly accurate, like the Essex Rebellion and the ages of the characters."
Orloff also described the attention given to creating a "real London", noting that the effects crew "took 30,000 pictures in England, of every Tudor building they could find, and then they scanned them all into the computer and built real London in 1600."[66]
According to Holger Syme,[67] Stephen Marche[68] and James Shapiro,[69] the film does contain a number of historical inaccuracies. These include standard theatrical techniques such as time compression and the conflating of supporting characters and locations, as well as larger deviations from recorded history.
Essex was King James of Scotland's most avid supporter in England during the closing years of Elizabeth's reign.[70] The film presents James as the Cecils' candidate, and Essex as a threat to his succession. In fact William Cecil feared James, believing he bore a grudge against him for his role in the death of James' mother, Mary Queen of Scots.[71]
The film redates some plays and poems to fit the story of the 1601 Essex Rebellion. Most significantly, it was Richard II that was performed on the eve of Essex's uprising, not Richard III.[72] Richard III is advertised as brand-new in 1601, written for the uprising. It was printed four years earlier in 1597.[73] The crowd watching Richard III swarms out of the theatre towards the court, but are gunned down on Cecil's orders. This event never occurred.[74] The poem Venus and Adonis is presented as a 'hot-off-the-press bestseller' written and printed by de Vere especially for the ageing Queen in 1601 to encourage her to support Essex. It was published in 1593.
The film also shows the first production of a play by the Earl of Oxford, credited to Shakespeare, as being Henry V – although in reality that play is a sequel, completing the stories of several characters introduced in Henry IV Part I and Henry IV Part II. Later, Macbeth is shown being staged after Julius Caesar and before Hamlet, though those two plays are estimated by scholars to have been performed around 1600–1601 whereas Macbeth, often called 'the Scottish play' because of its Scottish setting and plot, is generally believed to have been written to commemorate the ascent of the Scottish king James to the English throne. That did not happen until 1603.[75]
The history of Elizabethan drama is also altered to portray de Vere as an innovator. Jonson is amazed to learn that Romeo and Juliet, written in 1598, is apparently entirely in blank verse. The play actually appeared in print in 1597,[76] and Gorboduc precedes it as the first to employ the measure throughout the play by more than 35 years. By 1598 the form was standard in theatre.[77] The film also portrays A Midsummer Night's Dream as composed by de Vere in his childhood, approximately 1560. It was written several decades later.[78][79]
Early in the film Jonson is arrested for writing a "seditious" play. This is based on the fact that in 1597 he was arrested for sedition as co-writer of the play The Isle of Dogs with Thomas Nashe, probably his earliest work.[80] The text of the play does not survive.[81] He was eventually released without charge. The play in the film is referred to by the name "Every Man". Jonson did write plays called Every Man in his Humour and Every Man out of His Humour. The fragments of dialogue we hear are from the latter. Neither were ever deemed seditious.
The death of Christopher Marlowe plays a small but significant role in the storyline. Marlowe is portrayed alive in 1598, while in fact he died in 1593.[82] The slashing of Marlowe's throat occurs in Southwark with Shakespeare as his suggested murderer, whereas Marlowe was killed by Ingram Frizer with a knife stab above the left eye, in Deptford.[83] Marlowe is shown mocking Dekker's Shoemaker's Holiday in 1598, although it wasn't written until the following year.[84] Marlowe dies on the same day Essex departs for Ireland. These events actually happened 6 years apart.[85] Another writer shown to be alive after his death is Thomas Nashe, who appears in a scene set after 1601. He is known to have died by that year, though the exact date is uncertain.[86]
Other departures for dramatic effect include the portrayal of Elizabeth's funeral taking place on the frozen Thames. The actual ceremony took place on land. The Thames did not freeze over that year.[87] Oxford's wife, Anne Cecil, died in 1588, and he remarried in 1591. The film conflates his two wives into the character of Anne.[88] The film shows a theatre burning down in 1603. It appears to be The Rose, which was never recorded as having caught fire, whereas the real Globe Theatre burned down in 1613 when explosions during a performance accidentally set it alight.[89]
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- ^ Honeycutt 2011.
- ^ Wise (1) 2011.
- ^ Koehler 2011.
- ^ Tapley 2011.
- ^ Denby 2011
- ^ Lileks 2011.
- ^ Lemire 2011.
- ^ Scott (1) 2011.
- ^ Lumenick 2011.
- ^ Lacey 2011.
- ^ Chase 2011.
- ^ Keller 2011.
- ^ "Nominees for the 84th Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/84/nominees.html.. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
- ^ "2011 Winners". International Press Academy. December 2011. http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/current-nominees/. Retrieved January15, 2012.
- ^ Child, Ben (December 20, 2011). "Scandinavian directors lead Drive for London Film Critics' Circle awards". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/dec/20/london-film-critics-circle-awards-drive?newsfeed=true. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ^ Kilday, Gregg (January 3, 2012). "Art Directors Nominate Movies as Different as 'Harry Potter' and 'The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo'". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/art-directors-guild-announces-nominations-277724. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ^ Emmerich 2011.
- ^ Lee (1) 2011.
- ^ Blogging Shakespeare 2011.
- ^ Smith 2011
- ^ Child 2011.
- ^ Alter 2010
- ^ Bravin 2009.
- ^ Brennan, Blackmun & Stevens 2009.
- ^ Orloff 2010.
- ^ Lee (2) 2011.
- ^ AFP 2011.
- ^ Shapiro (1) 2011.
- ^ McCrum 2011.
- ^ Leblanc 2011.
- ^ Horwitz 2010.
- ^ Lee (1) 2011.
- ^ Pilgrim 2011
- ^ Wise (2) 2011.
- ^ Crace 2011.
- ^ Schama 2011.
- ^ Shapiro (1) 2011.
- ^ Lee 2011.
- ^ http://collider.com/anonymous-interview-john-orloff-screenwriter/50334/
- ^ Syme 2011
- ^ Marche 2011
- ^ Shapiro (2) 2011.
- ^ Shapiro (2) 2011.
- ^ Shapiro (2) 2011.
- ^ Syme 2011
- ^ Syme 2011
- ^ Shapiro (2) 2011.
- ^ http://politicalfilm.wordpress.com/2012/02/26/anonymous-2011-class-conspiracy-and-shakespeare/
- ^ Syme 2011
- ^ Syme 2011
- ^ Marche 2011
- ^ Edmondson & Wells 2011, p. 30.
- ^ John Paul Rollert, A Failure of Will, The Point
- ^ David Riggs, Ben Jonson: A Life, Harvard University Press, 1989, p.32.
- ^ Syme 2011
- ^ Syme 2011
- ^ Syme 2011
- ^ Marche 2011
- ^ Syme 2011
- ^ Pilgrim 2011
- ^ Wise (2) 2011.
- ^ Syme 2011
- AFP (September 14, 2011). "Shakespeare fans will hate Anonymous". Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/shakespeare-fans-will-hate-anonymous-20110913-1k7dz.html. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
- Alter, Alexandra (April 9, 2010). "The Shakespeare Whodunit: A Scholar Tackles Doubters on Who Wrote the Plays;Hollywood Weighs In". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304252704575155921607307034.html. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- Asay, Paul (October 29, 2011). "Anonymous". Plugged In Online. http://www.pluggedin.com/movies/intheaters/anonymous.aspx. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- Biancolli, Amy (October 29, 2009). "Plenty of poetic license in 'Anonymous'". Houston Chronicle. http://events.29-95.com/reviews/show/14080424-review-anonymous. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- Blogging Shakespeare (August 2011). "The Shakespeare Whodunit: Sixty Minutes with Shakespeare". Blogging Shakespeare.com.. http://60-minutes.bloggingshakespeare.com/. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- Bravin, Jess (April 18, 2009). "Justice Stevens Renders an Opinion on Who Wrote Shakespeare's Plays: It Wasn't the Bard of Avon, He Says; 'Evidence Is Beyond a Reasonable Doubt". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123998633934729551. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- Brennan, William J.; Blackmun, Harry; Stevens, John Paul (2009). "Who Wrote Shakespeare moot-court debate at American University". Frontline. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shakespeare/debates/americanudebate.html. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- British Board of Film Classification (August 26, 2011). "Anonymous (12A)". http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF279464/. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- Caranicas, Peter (April 12, 2011). "Lensers focus on digital fave Alexa". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118035304%3Frefcatid%3D3683%26printerfriendly%3Dtrue. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- Carr, Kevin (October 29, 2011). "Anonymous Movie Review". 7M Pictures. http://www.7mpictures.com/inside/reviews/anonymous_review.htm. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- Chase, Andrea (October 28, 2011). "Anonymous Movie Review". Killer Movie Reviews. http://www.killermoviereviews.com/main.php?nextlink=display&dId=1483&cId=1&subLinks=. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- Chavez, Kelvin (November 11, 2009). "With Roland Emmerich". Latino Review Online. http://www.latinoreview.com/news/exclusive-1-1-with-roland-emmerich-on-2012-8517. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Child, Ben (October 25, 2011). "Shakespeare film Anonymous has lost plot, says Stratford". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/oct/25/shakespeare-film-anonymous-stratford. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- Crace, John (June 16, 2011). "The unreasonable doubt of Roland Emmerich's Anonymous". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/jun/16/roland-emmerich-anonymous-shakespeare-authorship. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- Denby, David (October 31, 2011). "‘All that glitters..’". New Yorker. p. 2. http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/cinema/2011/10/31/111031crci_cinema_denby?currentPage=all. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- de Semlyen, Phil (February 25, 2010). "Roland Emmerich's Next Is 'Anonymous' About Shakespeare". Empire Online. http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=27133. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Dujsik, Mark (October 27, 2011). "ANONYMOUS (2011)". Mark Reviews Movies.com. http://www.markreviewsmovies.com/reviews/A/anonymous-2011.htm. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Elfman, Mali (October 9, 2009). "Roland Emmerich on His Shakespeare Film". Screen Crave. http://screencrave.com/2009-10-09/roland-emmerich-on-his-shakespeare-film/. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
- Ebert, Roger (October 26, 2011). "Anonymous". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.rogerebert.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20111026/REVIEWS/111029990/-1/RSS. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- Edmondson, Paul; Wells, Stanley (2011). Shakespeare bites back: not so anonymous. Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=gmail&attid=0.1&thid=133507e58f65212d&mt=application/pdf. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- Ellwood, Gregory (September 11, 2011). "Roland Emmerich's 'Anonymous' is just plain silly". HitFix. http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/awards-campaign/posts/review-roland-emmerichs-anonymous-is-just-plain-silly. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Emmerich, Roland (October 16, 2011). "Ten Reasons why Shakspeare was a fraud". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/14/roland-emmerichs-anonymou_n_1011381.html. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Emmerich, Roland (April 2010). "Press Conference". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgXtv4fLpOU&feature=channel. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Fritz, Ben; Horn, John (October 19, 2011). "'Anonymous' won't open nationwide in last-minute change". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2011/10/anonymous-wont-debut-nation-wide.html?. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Goldberg, Matt (September 14, 2010). "Sony Pushes Roland Emmerich’s ANONYMOUS Back to Fall 2011". Collider. http://www.collider.com/2010/09/14/anonymous-roland-emmerich-sony-pushed-back-fall-2011/. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Honeycutt, Kirk (September 9, 2011). "Roland Emmerich brings Shakespeare's London to vivid life in this early 17th century conspiracy theory with a large and superb British cast". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/anonymous-toronto-review-233499. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Hopkins, Lisa (2005). Beginning Shakespeare. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6423-4. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Iz6Xi5ca6p8C&pg=PA40. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Hornaday, Ann (October 28, 2011). "A literary conspiracy". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/movies/anonymous,1170988/critic-review.html. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- Horwitz, Jane (June 9, 2010). "Backstage: What the stars had to get over to get their 'Goat' on at Rep Stage". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/08/AR2010060804593.html. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Howell, Peter (October 27, 2011). "Anonymous: To be or not to believe". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/1076610--anonymous-to-be-or-not-to-believe. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- Hilsman, Hoyt (October 27, 2011). "Backstage: What the stars had to get over to get their 'Goat' on at Rep Stage". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/hoyt-hilsman/anonymous-shakespeare-_b_1035489.html?ir=Books. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- Jones, Melanie (October 27, 2011). "'Anonymous' Movie's Shakespeare Fraud: Class Snobbery, Centuries Late". International Business Times. http://m.ibtimes.com/anonymous-movie-shakespeare-fraud-review-emmerich-vere-239168.html. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- Kaufman, Amy (October 27, 2011). "Movie Projector: 'Puss in Boots' to stomp on competition". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2011/10/box-office-puss-in-boots-in-time-rum-diary.html. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- Keller, Louise (October 27, 2011). "Anonymous Review". Urban Cinefile. http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=18221&s=Reviews. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- Koehler, Robert (September 10, 2011). "Anonymous". Variety. http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117946025%3Frefcatid%3D31. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Kohn, Eric (October 25, 2011). "In “Anonymous,” Roland Emmerich Revises Shakespeare; We Advise You Wait For Joss Whedon". indieWire. http://www.indiewire.com/article/2011/10/25/review_in_anonymous_roland_emmerich_revises_shakespeare_but_joss_whedon_sta. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
- Lacey, Liam (October 28, 2011). "Anonymous. A Shakespearean Whodunit". Globe and Mail (Toronto). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/movies/anonymous-a-shakespearean-whodunit/article2216028/. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- Leblanc, Beth (October 10, 2011). "Emmerich film sparks debate". The Michigan Times. http://www.themichigantimes.com/index.php/article/2011/10/emmerich_film_sparks_debate. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Lee (1), Chris (October 17, 2011). "Was Shakespeare a Fraud?". Newsweek. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/10/17/anonymous-hollywood-s-shakespeare-authorship-controversy.html. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Lee (2), Youyoung (October 27, 2011). "Q&A with 'Anonymous' Director Roland Emmerich". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/26/qa-with-anonymous-directo_n_1033834.html. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- Lemire, Christy (October 26, 2011). "`Anonymous' is much ado about nothing". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2011/10/26/review_anonymous_is_much_ado_about_nothing/. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- Lileks, James (October 20, 2011). "This movie's so good they've cancelled the wide release". Star Tribune. http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/blogs/132254408.html. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Lumenick, Lou (October 28, 2011). "Not so in love with this Shakespeare". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/movies/not_so_in_love_with_this_shakespeare_x94JwcH1geBMfFFu3mgDtL. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- Lybarger, Dan (October 28, 2011). "Should this film remain Anonymous= A review in iambic pentameter.". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dan-lybarger/shakespeare-anonymous-film_b_1063888.html. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- Malvern, Jack (June 7, 2011). "Oldest literary conspiracy theory trotted out again". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/oldest-literary-conspiracy-theory-trotted-out-again/story-e6frg8nf-1226070455829. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Marche, Stephen (October 21, 2011). "Wouldn’t It Be Cool if Shakespeare Wasn’t Shakespeare?". The New York Times Magazine. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/magazine/wouldnt-it-be-cool-if-shakespeare-wasnt-shakespeare.html?_r=1. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- May, Steven W. (1980). Studies in Philology, The Poems of Edward DeVere, Seventeenth Earl of Oxford and of Robert Devereux, Second Earl of Essex. 77. University of North Carolina Press.
- McCrum, Robert (June 8, 2011). "Anonymous set to propel Edward de Vere to stardom". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/booksblog/2011/jun/08/anonymous-edward-de-vere. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- Medley, Tony (October 29, 2011). "Anonymous". The Tolucan Times. http://www.tonymedley.com/2011/Anonymous.htm. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- Metacritic (October 29, 2011). "Anonymous Reviews". CBS Interactive. http://www.metacritic.com/movie/anonymous-2011. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- Nepales, Janet Susan (May 16, 2010). "Hollywood Bulletin – Love Notes from Verona". Manila Bulletin. http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/257600/love-notes-verona. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- Nicholson, Amy (Oct 5, 2011). "'Anonymous' Review". Boxoffice Magazine. http://www.boxofficemagazine.com/reviews/2011-09-anonymous. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- Noveck, Jocelyn (Oct 27, 2011). "New Shakespeare film ruffles academic feathers". Associated Press. http://news.yahoo.com/shakespeare-film-ruffles-academic-feathers-105538161.html. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- Orloff, John (April 19, 2010). "The Shakespeare Authorship Question Isn’t Settled". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/19/opinion/la-oew-orloff19-2010apr19. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
- Pandya, Gitesh (October 30, 2011). "Box Office Guru! Puss in Boots at Top with $34M". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1209933-puss_in_boots/news/1923862/box_office_guru_puss_in_boots_at_top_with_34m/. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
- Pappamichael, Stella (October 24, 2011). "'Anonymous' review – London Film Festival 2011". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/review/a346972/anonymous-review-london-film-festival-2011.html. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
- Pereira, Kevin; Emmerich, Roland (October 20, 2011). "Roland Emmerich on Directing Anonymous". g4tv.com. http://www.g4tv.com/videos/55859/roland-emmerich-on-directing-anonymous/. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- Phillips, Michael (October 27, 2011). "Elizabethan lit intrigue proves not that intriguing in 'Anonymous' – 2 1/2 stars". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/sc-mov-1025-anonymous-20111027,0,3729842.column. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- Pols, Mary F. (October 26, 2011). "Anonymous: So Shakespeare Was a Fraud? Really?". Time Magazine. http://entertainment.time.com/2011/10/26/anonymous-so-shakespeare-was-a-fraud-really/. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- Pilgrim, Michael (September 25, 2011). "It's Shakespeare in love (again): The controversial film that claims the Earl of Oxford was behind the Bard's work". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-2040042/Anonymous-Controversial-film-claims-Earl-Oxford-Shakespeares-work.html. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- Rastogi, Nina (April 7, 2011). 2010apr19 "First Glimpse of "Anonymous," Roland Emmerich's Loony Take on the Shakespeare Debate". Slate. http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2011/04/07/first_glimpse_of_anonymous_roland_emmerich_s_loony_take_on_the_shakespeare_debate.html 2010apr19. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- Ray, William (July 23, 2011). "Roland Emmerich's "Anonymous" Explores A Different Kind Of Conspiracy/comment". Film Fan Review. http://www.filmfanreview.com/2011/04/roland-emirichs-anonymous-explores.html. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
- Reed, Rex (October 25, 2011). "Anonymous Gives the Mystery of Who Wrote Shakespeare’s Plays A Very Good Name". The New York Observer. http://www.observer.com/2011/10/anonymous-gives-the-mystery-of-who-wrote-shakespeare%25E2%2580%2599s-plays-a-very-good-name/. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- Rosenbaum, Ron (2006). The Shakespeare wars: clashing scholars, public fiascoes, palace coups. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50339-9.
- Rosenbaum, Ron (October 27, 2011). "10 Things I Hate About Anonymous". Slate. http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/the_spectator/2011/10/anonymous_a_witless_movie_from_the_stupid_shakespearean_birther_.single.html. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- Rotten Tomatoes. "Anonymous (2011)". Flixster. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/anonymous_2011/. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- Sachs, Ben (October 28, 2011). "Anonymous". Chicago Reader. http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/MovieTimes?oid=4830713/On_the_set_of_Roland_Emmerich-s-Anonymous-.html. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
- Salisbury, Mark (June 14, 2010). "On the set of Roland Emmerich's Anonymous". TimeOut. http://www.timeout.com/film/features/show-feature/10122/On_the_set_of_Roland_Emmerich-s-Anonymous-.html. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- Schama, Simon (October 17, 2011). "The Shakespeare Shakedown". Newsweek. http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/10/16/film-anonymous-doubts-shakespeare.html/. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Scott (1), A. O. (October 27, 2011). "How Could a Commoner Write Such Great Plays?". New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/2011/10/28/movies/anonymous-by-roland-emmerich-review.html?nl=movies&emc=mua1. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- Scott (2), Mike (October 29, 2011). "'Anonymous' review: Film takes up debate on Shakespeare authorship question". Nola.com. http://www.nola.com/movies/index.ssf/2011/10/anonymous_review.html. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- Screen Daily (May 11, 2004). "Emmerich vs. Shakespeare! Independence Day Meets St. Crispin's Day". Screen Daily. http://au.movies.ign.com/articles/513/513322p1.html. Retrieved May 17, 201o.
- Shapiro, James (April 11, 2010). "Alas, Poor Shakespeare". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/11/opinion/la-oe-shapiro11-2010apr11. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Shapiro (1), James (October 17, 2011). "Hollywood Dishonors the Bard". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/17/opinion/hollywood-dishonors-the-bard.html. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- Shapiro (2), James (November 4, 2011). "Shakespeare – a fraud? Anonymous is ridiculous". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/nov/04/anonymous-shakespeare-film-roland-emmerich. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- Smith, Alistair (September 1, 2011). "Shakespeare Birthplace Trust launches authorship campaign". The Stage. http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/33376/shakespeare-birthplace-trust-launches. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
- Stevens, Dana (May 4, 2010). "Das Junket". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2252365. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
- Stevens, Dana (October 27, 2011). "Anonymous:The problem with this Shakespeare-conspiracy movie is that it wasn't dumb enough.". Slate. http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/movies/2011/10/anonymous_reviewed_roland_emmerich_s_shakespeare_conspiracy_movi.html. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- Syme, Holger (September 19, 2011). "People Being Stupid About Shakesp… or Someone Else". Dispositio. http://www.dispositio.net/archives/449. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- Tapley, Kristopher (September 9, 2011). "Emmerich surprises with ‘Anonymous’". InContention.com. http://www.incontention.com/2011/09/09/emmerich-surprises-with-anonymous/. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- Turner, Michael (October 26, 2011). "Anonymous". View London. http://www.viewlondon.co.uk/films/anonymous-film-review-41774.html. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
- Weber, Bill (October 27, 2011). "Anonymous". Slant Magazine. http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/anonymous/5872. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
- Whitfield, Ed (October 25, 2011). "Much Ado about Nothing". The Ooh Tray. http://theoohtray.com/2011/10/lff-film-review-anonymous/. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- Whitty, Stephen (October 28, 2011). "To see or not to see". Newark Star-Ledger. http://www.nj.com/entertainment/movies/index.ssf/2011/10/anonymous_review_to_see_or_not_to_see.html. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- Wise (1), Damon (September 10, 2011). "The shock in this exposé of the Bard is that it is rather good". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/sep/10/anonymous-film-review-william-shakespeare. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Wise (2), Damon (October 27, 2011). "Roland Emmerich: Appetite for deconstruction". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/oct/27/roland-emmerich-anonymous. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
- Zacharek, Stephanie (September 9, 2011). "Even Killer Elite Can’t Quite Outduel Emmerich’s Anonymous". Movieline. http://www.movieline.com/2011/09/letter-from-toronto-even-killer-elite-cant-quite-rival-emmerichs-anonymous.php. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
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![ULTIMATE ASSASSIN'S CREED 3 SONG [Music Video]](http://web.archive.org./web/20131010020357im_/http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/12PWq22E9CQ/default.jpg "ULTIMATE ASSASSIN'S CREED 3 SONG [Music Video]")
