Culinary usage

Mizuyōkan - a popular Japanese red bean jelly made from agar.

Scientific usage

A blood agar plate used to culture bacteria and diagnose infection.

Agar or agar-agar is a gelatinous substance derived by boiling^[1] from a polysaccharide in red algae, where it accumulates in the cell walls of agarophyte and serve as the primary structural support for the algae's cell walls.^[2][3] Agar is a mixture of two components: the linear polysaccharide agarose, and a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules called agaropectin.

Throughout history into modern times, agar has been chiefly used as an ingredient in desserts throughout Asia and also as a solid substrate to contain culture medium for microbiological work. Agar (agar-agar) can be used as a laxative, a vegetarian gelatin substitute, a thickener for soups, in fruit preserves, ice cream, and other desserts, as a clarifying agent in brewing, and for sizing paper and fabrics.

The gelling agent is an unbranched polysaccharide obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae, primarily from the genera Gelidium and Gracilaria, or seaweed (Sphaerococcus euchema). For commercial purposes, it is derived primarily from Gelidium amansii. In chemical terms, agar is a polymer made up of subunits of the sugar galactose.

Background[link]

The structure of an agarose polymer.

Agar consists of a mixture of agarose and agaropectin. Agarose, the predominant component of agar, is a linear polymer, made up of the repeating monomeric unit of agarobiose. Agarobiose is a disaccharide made up of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose. Agaropectin is a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules that occur in lesser amounts.^[4]

Agar exhibits hysteresis, melting at 85 °C (358 K, 185 °F) and solidifying from 32-40 °C (305-313 K, 90-104 °F).^[5] This property lends a suitable balance between easy melting and good gel stability at relatively high temperatures. Since many scientific applications require incubation at temperatures close to human body temperature (37 °C), agar is more appropriate than other solidifying agents that melt at this temperature, such as gelatin.

The word "agar" comes from agar-agar, the Malay name for red algaes (Gigartina, Gracilaria) from which the jelly is produced.^[6] It is also known as kanten, China grass,Japanese isinglass, Ceylon moss or Jaffna moss.^[7] Gracilaria lichenoides is specifically referred to as agal-agal or Ceylon agar.^[8]

Uses[link]

Microbiology[link]

100mm diameter Petri dishes containing agar jelly for bacterial culture

Agar is used throughout the world to provide a solid surface containing medium for the growth of bacteria and fungi. Microbial growth does not destroy the gel structure because most microorganisms are unable to digest agar. Agar is typically sold commercially as a powder that can be mixed with water and prepared similarly to gelatin before use as a growth medium. Other ingredients are added to the agar to meet the nutritional needs of the microbes. Many specific formulations are available, because some microbes prefer certain environmental conditions over others.

Motility assays[link]

As a gel, an agarose medium is porous and therefore can be used to measure microorganism motility and mobility. The gel's porosity is directly related to the concentration of agarose in the medium, so various levels of effective viscosity (from the cell's "point of view") can be selected, depending on the experimental objectives.

A common identification assay involves culturing a sample of the organism deep within a block of nutrient agar. Cells will attempt to grow within the gel structure. Motile species will be able to migrate, albeit slowly, throughout the gel and infiltration rates can then be visualized, whereas non-motile species will show growth only along the now-empty path introduced by the invasive initial sample deposition.

Another setup commonly used for measuring chemotaxis and chemokinesis utilizes the under-agarose cell migration assay, whereby a layer of agarose gel is placed between a cell population and a chemoattractant. As a concentration gradient develops from the diffusion of the chemoattractant into the gel, various cell populations requiring different stimulation levels to migrate can then be visualized over time using microphotography as they tunnel upward through the gel against gravity along the gradient.

Plant biology[link]

Physcomitrella patens plants growing axenically in vitro on agar plates (Petri dish, 9 cm diameter).

Research grade agar is used extensively in plant biology as it is supplemented with a nutrient and vitamin mixture that allows for seedling germination in Petri dishes under sterile conditions (given that the seeds are sterilized as well). Nutrient and vitamin supplementation for Arabidopsis thaliana is standard across most experimental conditions. Murashige & Skoog (MS) nutrient mix and Gamborg's B5 vitamin mix in general are used. A 1.0% agar/0.44% MS+vitamin dH₂O solution is suitable for growth media between normal growth temps.

The solidification of the agar within any growth media (GM) is pH-dependent, with an optimal range between 5.4-5.7. Usually, the application of KOH is needed to increase the pH to this range. A general guideline is about 600 µl 0.1M KOH per 250 ml GM. This entire mixture can be sterilized using the liquid cycle of an autoclave.

This medium nicely lends itself to the application of specific concentrations of phytohormones etc. to induce specific growth patterns in that one can easily prepare a solution containing the desired amount of hormone, add it to the known volume of GM, and autoclave to both sterilize and evaporate off any solvent that may have been used to dissolve the often-polar hormones. This hormone/GM solution can be spread across the surface of Petri dishes sown with germinated and/or etiolated seedlings.

Experiments with the moss Physcomitrella patens, however, have shown that choice of the gelling agent — agar or Gelrite - does influence phytohormone sensitivity of the plant cell culture.^[9]

Molecular biology[link]

Agar is a heterogeneous mixture of two classes of polysaccharide: agaropectin and agarose.^[10] Although both polysaccharide classes share the same galactose-based backbone, agaropectin is heavily modified with acidic side-groups, such as sulfate and pyruvate.

The neutral charge and lower degree of chemical complexity of agarose make it less likely to interact with biomolecules, and, therefore, agarose has become the preferred matrix for work with proteins and nucleic acids. Gels made from purified agarose have a relatively large pore size, making them useful for separation of large molecules, such as proteins and protein complexes >200 kilodaltons, as well as DNA fragments >100 basepairs. Agarose has been used widely for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, as the agarose fibers functions as an anchor for immunocomplexes. Agarose is used generally as the medium for analytical scale electrophoretic separation in agarose gel electrophoresis and for column-based preparative scale separation as in gel filtration chromatography and affinity chromatography.

Culinary[link]

Sago at gulaman in Filipino cuisine is made from agar (gulaman), sago (tapioca pearls), and fruit juice flavored with pandan

Agar-agar is a natural vegetable gelatin counterpart. White and semi-translucent, it is sold in packages as washed and dried strips or in powdered form. It can be used to make jellies, puddings, and custards. For making jelly, it is boiled in water until the solids dissolve. Sweetener, flavouring, colouring, fruit or vegetables are then added and the liquid is poured into molds to be served as desserts and vegetable aspics, or incorporated with other desserts, such as a jelly layer in a cake.

Agar-agar is approximately 80% fiber, so it can serve as an intestinal regulator. Its bulk quality is behind one of the latest fad diets in Asia, the kanten (the Japanese word for agar-agar^[2]) diet. Once ingested, kanten triples in size and absorbs water. This results in the consumer's feeling more full. This diet has recently received some press coverage in the United States as well. The diet has shown promise in obesity studies.^[11]

In Philippine cuisine, it is used to make the jelly bars in the various gulaman refreshments or desserts such as sago gulaman (aka gulaman at sago), buko pandan, agar flan, halo-halo, the various Filipino fruit salads, black gulaman, and red gulaman. One use of agar in Japanese cuisine is anmitsu, a dessert made of small cubes of agar jelly and served in a bowl with various fruits or other ingredients. It is also the main ingredient in Mizuyōkan, another popular Japanese food. (See very top image.) In Vietnamese cuisine, jellies made of flavored layers of agar agar, called thạch, are a popular dessert, and are often made in ornate molds for special occasions. In Indian cuisine, agar agar is known as "China grass" and is used for making desserts. In Burmese cuisine, a sweet jelly known as kyauk kyaw (​ေကျာက်​ေကြာ [tɕaʊʔtɕɔ́]) is made from agar. In Russia, it is used in addition or as a replacement to pectin in jams and marmalades, as a substitute to gelatin for its superior gelling properties, and as a strengthening ingredient in souffles and custards. Another use of agar-agar is in Ptich'ye moloko (Bird's Milk), a rich gellied custard (or soft meringue) used as a cake filling or chocolate-glazed as individual sweets.

Other uses[link]

Agar is used:

• As an impression material in dentistry.
• To make salt bridges for use in electrochemistry.
• In formicariums as a transparent substitute for sand and a source of nutrition.
• By Kanten Clay Studio as a natural ingredient to form modelling clay for young children to play with.

See also[link]

References[link]

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Amol Palekar
Palekar at TeachAIDS recording session, 2009
Born	(1944-11-24) 24 November 1944 (age 67)[1] Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Occupation	Actor, Director
Years active	1971–present
Spouse	Sandhya Gokhale
Awards	Filmfare Best Actor Award: 1980: Gol Maal

Amol Palekar (born 24 November 1944) is an Indian actor of the 1970s and a director and producer of Hindi and Marathi cinema.^[2]

Career[link]

He did his postgraduation in Fine Arts from the Sir JJ School of Arts, Mumbai, commenced his artistic career as a painter which was distinguished by his seven one-man exhibitions along with his participation in many group shows. He has been a leading persona of avant garde theatre in India. He has been active in Marathi and Hindi theatre as an actor, director and producer since 1967. As a trend setting director who brought the theatre out of the proscenium arch, his productions still inspire the younger theatre practitioners. His stupendous contribution to the modern Indian theatre often gets overshadowed because of his enormous popularity as a lovable lead actor in Hindi films.

As an actor, he ruled the silver screen for over a decade from 1970. His charming image as a ‘boy next door’ carved an unparallel niche in contrast to the larger than life heroes prevalent at that time in Indian cinema. He received three Film Fare and six State awards as Best Actor. His performances in regional language films in Marathi, Bengali, Malyalam and Kannada fetched him tremendous critical acclaim as well. While choosing to concentrate on filmmaking, he decided not to act after 1986.

As a director, is specially known for the sensitive portrayal of women, selection of classic stories from Indian literature, and perceptive handling of progressive issues. His direction of television serials on the national network such as “KACHCHI DHOOP”, “MRIGNAYANI”, “NAQUAB”, “PAOOL KHUNA” and "KRISHNA KALI" were exceptionally admired throughout the country.

Theatre Journey[link]

Palekar began in Marathi experimental theatre with Satyadev Dubey, and later started his own group, Aniket, in 1972.

Movie career[link]

Palekar made his debut in 1971 with the noted Marathi film Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe directed by Satyadev Dubey, which started the ‘New Cinema’ Movement in Marathi.^[3]

In 1974 he was cast as an actor by Basu Chatterjee in Rajnigandha, and a surprise low-budget hit, Chhoti Si Baat. This led to many other such roles in "middle-class" comedies, mostly alternative cinema. These were often directed by Chatterjee or Hrishikesh Mukherjee and include such films as Gol Maal and Naram Garam. He won the Filmfare Best Actor Award for Gol Maal.

He is noted for his image of the "middle-class everyman" who struggles to get a job (Gol-Maal), his own flat (Gharonda), a girlfriend/wife (Baaton Baaton Mein), and appreciation from his boss.

In 1982 he played the role of Ravi in the Malayalam movie Olangal, which is remade in Hindi as Masoom.

He turned to directing with the Marathi film Aakriet. He showed his capabilities as a director with his movie Paheli which was India's official entry in the race for Best Foreign Film at the 2006 Oscars. The movie, however, did not make it to the final nominations.

He has also given his voice to an HIV/AIDS education animated software tutorial created by the nonprofit organization TeachAIDS.^[4]

Personal life[link]

Amol Palekar was born to Kamlakar and Suhasini Palekar in a lower middle-class family in Mumbai. He was raised by his father who worked in GPO and mother who worked in a private company along with his three sisters Neelon, Rekha and Unnati.^[5] Palekar is an alumnus of Sir JJ School of Arts and has exhibited his sketches, drawings, and paintings in Mumbai. He used to work in Bank of India before he switched full time to a career in acting. He also does some social work. He has two daughters and is married to Sandhya Gokhale, who is a writer after his divorce from his first wife Chitra ^[6][7][8] Palekar regards himself as an agnostic.^[9]

Partial filmography[link]

As an Actor[link]

As a Director[link]

• Aakreit (Unimaginable in Marathi) – 1981
• Ankahee (Unspoken) – 1985
• Thodasa Rumani Ho Jaye – 1990
• Bangarwadi – 1995
• Daayraa (The Square Circle) – 1996
• Anahat (Forever)
• Kairee (Raw mango) – 2001
• Dhyaas Parva (Kal Kaa Aadmi in Hindi) – 2001 (based on Raghunath Karve's life, won the National Award for Best film on family welfare)
• Paheli (Riddle) – 2005
• Quest (English) – 2006 (won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English)
• Dumkata (2007)
• Samaantar (Marathi) – 2009 (with Sharmila Tagore)
• And Once Again – 2010
• Dhoosar (Marathi) – 2011 (won the Maharashtra State Film Award)

Feature films in other regional languages[link]

• MOTHER (Bengali) (with Sharmila Tagore & Dipankar Dey)
• KALANKINI (Bengali) (with Mamata Shankar – directed by Dhiren Ganguly)
• CHENA ACHENA (Bengali) (with Tanuja & Soumitra Chaterjee)
• KANNESHWARA RAMA (Kannada) (with Anant Nag & Shabana Aazmi – Directed by M.S.Sathyu)
• PAPER BOATS (Kanaada & English) (with Deepa - Directed by Pattabhirama Reddy)
• OLANGAL (Malayalam) (with Poornima Jyaram & Ambika - Directed by Balu Mahendra)

TV Serials[link]

• Kachchi Dhoop – 1987
• Naqab – 1988
• Paoolkhuna – 1993
• Mrignayanee – 1991
• Kareena Kareena – 2004
• AA Bail Mujhe Maar

Awards[link]

Filmfare Awards[link]

• Filmfare Award for Best Actor – "Nominated"
  1975 Chhoti Si Baat – Arun Pradeep
  

• Filmfare Award for Best Actor – "Won"
  1979 Gol Maal – Ramprasad Sharma
  

References[link]

1. ^ ‘आपल्यातीलच एक’ थोडासा रुमानी झाला तेव्हा A correct refence about his birthday from Marathi language newspaper loksatta news,Birthday is confirmed person with him to be 24 November,1944 during Marathi language wikipedia workshop
2. ^ "'Paheli is a simple, loveable film'". Rediff.com. June 21, 2005. http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/21amol.htm. 
3. ^ Chronology of Indian Cinema at upperstall
4. ^ "Star touch to animated film on HIV/AIDS". The New Indian Express. 27 November 2010. http://expressbuzz.com/cities/hyderabad/star-touch-to-animated-film-on-hivaids/226342.html. Retrieved 16 December 2010. 
5. ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Amol-Palekar-Baaton-Baaton-Mein/articleshow/240783.cms
6. ^ [1].
7. ^ "Amol Palekar is back in action, this time with an English language ...". Indian Express. 2 August 2010. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Next-Turn/655383. Retrieved 13 August 2010. 
8. ^ Amol Palekar: Baaton Baaton Mein
9. ^ Amol Palekar at ibnlive

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amol Palekar

• Amol Palekar at the Internet Movie Database
• National Award List 2001

Zarina Wahab
Born	(1959-07-17) July 17, 1959 (age 52) Vishakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1974–present
Spouse	Aditya Pancholi (1986-present)

Zarina Wahab (born 17 July 1959) is an Indian actress and former model, who was critically acclaimed for starring roles, such as in Chit Chor and Gopal Krishna in the 1970s.

Early life[link]

Zarina was born into a Andhra Muslim family in Vishakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. She is fluent in Telugu, Hindi and English. She was trained at Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune.^[1] Zarina has three sisters and one brother.

Career[link]

Filmmaker Raj Kapoor was unimpressed with her look, when he met her at FTII. So Zarina worked on her appearance and attended film parties and events. She eventually got noticed and was cast in films.^[2] She was usually cast as the middle-class, natural beauty. She had a major hit film in Basu Chatterjee's Chit Chor (1976). She earned a Filmfare nomination as Best Actress for her role in Gharonda (1977).^[3] She has acted in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam films, and has become fluent in Malayalam.

She made a comeback to Malayalam films with Calendar, which released in 2009. She appeared in My Name Is Khan as the mother of Rizwan Khan (Shah Rukh Khan's character).^[4]

She prefers Telugu films, and has encouraged her daughter Sana to start acting in a South Indian film, the way she had in a Telugu film Gajula Kistayya (1975) with Krishna.^[5] Sana has tried her hand at acting in 2006.^[6] Wahab currently plays older roles in television serials.^[7]

Personal life[link]

Wahab met actor Aditya Pancholi on the sets of Kalank Ka Tika.^[8] They married in 1986 and have a daughter, Sana and son Suraj. Her husband is younger than her. News of their turbulent marriage, her husband's temper and rumors of infidelity have been in the gossip columns.^[9] Yet, they are still together.^[10]

Selected Filmography[link]

Complete Filmography[link]

• Agneepath (2012)
• RaktCharitra (2010)
• Malik Ek (2010) .... Shanti - Pralhad's Mother
• My Name Is Khan (2010) (uncredited)
• Calendar (2009) .... Thankam Joseph
• Kaisay Kahein... (2007) .... Mrs. Rao
• Jaane Hoga Kya (2006) .... Mrs. Krishnan
• Prateeksha (2006) .... Kunti
• Kisna: The Warrior Poet (2005) .... Shanta
• Dil Maange More!!! (2004) .... Shagun's mother
• Mera Damad (1995) .... Kimi/Sunita Choudhry
• Toofan (1989) .... Mrs. Laxmi Gopal Sharma
• Maashuka (1987)
• Mera Yaar Mera Dushman (1987)
• Amrit (1986) .... Savitri Sharma
• Adhikar (1986) .... Rita
• Dahleez (1986) .... Jameela Ali
• Hum Naujawan (1985) .... Meenakshi
• Hanste Khelte (1984)
• Manasariyathe (1984) .... Sindhu
• Dard-E-Dil (1983) .... Reshma
• Chor Police (1983)
• Lal Chunariyaa (1983) .... Kamini
• Barrister (1982)
• Enthino Pookunna Pookal (1982) .... Savithri
• Foot Ball (1982)
• Maine Jeena Seekh Liya (1982) .... Reema
• Sara Varsham (1982) .... Savitha
• Shiv Charan (1982)
• Ek Aur Ek Gyarah (1981)
• Roohi (1981) .... Sajjo/Roohi
• Aakhri Mujra (1981)
• Palangal (1981) .... Usha
• Sitara (1980) .... Dhaniya/Sarita
• Aakhri Insaaf (1980)
• Hema Hemeelu (1980)
• Jazbaat (1980) .... Sapna/Sangeeta
• Gopal Krishna (1979) .... Radha
• Jeena Yahan (1979) .... Guest Appearance
• Naiyya (1979) .... Geeta
• Salaam Memsaab (1979) .... Radha
• Sawan Ko Aane Do (1979) .... Chandrika
• Anpadh (1978) .... Jyoti
• Madanolsavam (1978) .... Elizabeth
• Tumhare Liye (1978) .... Rajnartaki
• Agar... If (1977) .... Anju A. Agarwal
• Gharaonda (The Nest) (1977)
• Chitchor (1976) .... Geeta P. Choudhry
• Anokha (1975) .... Sudha Manchanda
• Gajula Kishtayya (1975)
• Ishq Ishq Ishq (1974) .... Prema

Television[link]

• Maayka (Zee TV soap) as Mohini Malhotra (the mother of Soni, Mahi, Raji and Prince)
• Zaara – Pyaar Ki Saugat (Sahara One Soap) as Sana Khan Amir's stepmother
• Yahaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli as Pratibha (Karan's mother)

'Virrudh- Vasudha mother( Sony TV)

Awards & Nominations[link]

• Winner: The Global Indian Film And Television Honors for Best Actor In A Supporting Role - Female (2011)

Movie: My Name Is Khan

• Nominated: Screen Award for Best Actress In A Supporting Role (2011)

Movie: Rakht Charitra - I

• Nominated: Stardust Award for Best Actress In An Ensemble Cast (2011)

Movie: My Name Is Khan

• Nominated: Stardust Award for Best Actress In An Ensemble Cast (2011)

Movie: Rakht Charitra - I

• Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Actress (1977)

Movie: Gharonda

References[link]

External links[link]

• Zarina Wahab at the Internet Movie Database

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Kader Khan (born 22 October 1935) is an Indian film actor, comedian, script and dialogue writer and Director. He graduated from Ismail Yusuf College affiliated to Mumbai University (then Bombay University). Before entering the film industry (1970–75) he taught at M. H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering, Byculla, Mumbai as a professor of Civil Engineering.

Personal life[link]

Khan was born in Pishin, Balochistan in British India, to an Afghan father from Qandahar, Afghanistan and a Pashtun mother from Quetta ^[1] and was raised in Bombay by his pious father. He is an alumnus of Ismail Yusuf College, Mumbai. He taught (1970–75) at M. H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering, Byculla, Mumbai as professor of civil engineering.

On the college's annual day function, Khan took part in a play and it was acclaimed by all present. Dilip Kumar came to know about it; he called him and showed keenness in watching the play. Khan made special arrangements and acted the play for him. Kumar was so impressed that he signed him for his next two films: Sagina Mahato and Bairaag.

Khan lives in Mumbai, the home of the Hindi film industry. His son Sarfaraz Khan has acted in films.

Khan is a citizen of Canada.^[2]

Career[link]

Khan has acted in over 300 films in Hindi and Urdu and has written dialogues for over 100 Indian films, from the 1970s up to the turn of the 21st century. Manmohan Desai paid him a handsome amount of one lakh twenty-one thousand for writing dialogues for the film Roti (1974). He is most popularly recognized for working with actor Jeetendra, Feroz Khan, Amitabh Bachchan, Govinda and in films by David Dhawan. He has worked side-by-side with other comedians like Shakti Kapoor and Johnny Lever. He has played a large variety of parts in films like a supporting role of a father, uncle, brother, main villain or the side villain, guest actor and comedian.

He recently appeared in Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004), Lucky: No Time for Love (2006) and Family: Ties of Blood (2006). He starred in his own comedy television series titled Hasna Mat, which aired on Star Plus.

There were rumours of him writing a sequel to Andaaz Apna Apna but, when media asked him, he denied it saying "I have not taken any projects as writer, its just a rumor." He made a comeback on Indian television with a comedy series Hi Padosi..Kaun Hain Doshi on Sahara One.

Dialogue/script writer[link]

As a dialogue writer Kader Khan has worked with Manmohan Desai and Prakash Mehra for their films starring Amitabh Bachchan. Besides Amitabh, he was the only one to work in the rival camps of Mehra and Desai. His films with them include Ganga Jamuna Saraswati, Sharaabi, Coolie, Desh Premee, Lawaaris, Suhaag, Muqaddar Ka Sikandar, Parvarish and Amar Akbar Anthony.

Other Amitabh Bachchan films for which he has written dialogues are Mr. Natwarlal, Khoon Pasina, Do Aur Do Paanch, Satte Pe Satta, Inquilab, Giraftaar, Hum and Agneepath. Khan has also written screenplay for films starring Amitabh like Agneepath and Naseeb.

Other hit films for which he has written dialogues are Himmatwala, Coolie No. 1, Main Khiladi Tu Anari, Kanoon Apna Apna, Khoon Bhari Maang, Karma, Sultanat, Sarfarosh, Justice Choudhary, Dharam Veer etc.

Awards[link]

He won the Filmfare Award for best comedian in 1991 for Baap Numberi Beta Dus Numberi and a Screen Award for best performance in a comic role in 1995 for Taqdeerwala.

Khan was recognized by the AFMI (American Federation of Muslims from India) for his achievement and service to the Muslim community in India.

Selected filmography[link]

[edit]

References[link]

• Kader Khan Filmography
• Kader Khan interview

External links[link]

• Kader Khan at the Internet Movie Database
• An interview with Kader Khan
• Kader Khan made Honorary Citizen of Houston