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Federal districts are a type of administrative division of a federation, under the direct control of a federal government. They often include capital districts and they exist in various countries and states all over the world.

United States[link]

District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)

The seat of the U.S. federal government in Washington is a federal district known as the "District of Columbia", which is not part of any state. In main addition, the U.S. government has several other kinds of "federal districts" which are not specifically related to a capital city:

• The federal court system divides each state principal, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, into one or more federal judicial districts. A United States district court and a bankruptcy court are located in each. There are also regional federal judicial circuits, each consisting of a group of states (except for the District of Columbia Circuit, which consists only of the federal district, and the Federal Circuit, whose jurisdiction is based on specific subject matter instead of geography); Puerto Rico and the United States territorial courts are also assigned to circuits. Each circuit has a United States court of appeals.
• The U.S. central bank, the Federal Reserve, consists of twelve banks located around the country; each of these banks serves a Federal Reserve district.

Collectively, such federally administered areas that are not part of any state are called federal enclaves.

Latin America[link]

Argentine Capital District (Buenos Aires City)

The term Distrito Federal, meaning "Federal District" in both the Spanish and Portuguese languages, is used to refer to:

• Argentine, Capital District, known as "Autonomous City of Buenos Aires" since 1994.
• Federal District (Brazil)
• Federal District (Mexico)
• Venezuelan Capital District

Malaysia[link]

In Malaysia, the term Federal Territory (Malay: Wilayah Persekutuan) is used for the three territories governed directly by the federal government, namely Kuala Lumpur (national capital), Putrajaya (federal government administrative centre) and Labuan Island (international offshore financial centre).

India[link]

Andaman Islands, India

In India, the term Union Territory is used for the seven territories governed indirectly by the federal national government with its own Chief minister and governor of Delhi, others namely include - Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep and Pondicherry. Of these Delhi and Pondicherry possess partial statehoods with their own elected chief ministers.

Pakistan[link]

In Pakistan, the term Federal Territory is used for the five zones and 12 union councils of Islamabad governed directly by the state government as Islamabad Capital Territory.

Russia[link]

There are eight Federal districts of Russia, which function as an additional administrative layer between other subdivisions and the Russian Federation as a whole state. But these have nothing to do with the territory surrounding a capital city. However, there are also two cities of federal significance, established by the Constitution - Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Each city is treated as separate subject of federation, and has its own legislative body. Such status is based on certain special functions which these two cities have, including location of federal government and federal judicial institutions.

References[link]

Jack Zouhary (born 1951) is a United States federal judge on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio.

Zouhary was born and raised in Toledo, Ohio as the son of Lebanese immigrants.^[1] He received a B.A. from Dartmouth College in 1973. He received a J.D. from the University of Toledo College of Law in 1976.

He was in private practice in Toledo, Ohio from 2004 to 2005 with the law firm of Fuller & Henry and Robison, Curphey & O'Connell from 1976 to 1999. He was senior vice president and general counsel, S.E. Johnson Companies, Inc. from 2000 to 2003. He was briefly a judge on the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas from 2005 to 2006. Governor Bob Taft appointed Zouhary to the Court of Common Pleas after Zouhary ran unsuccessfully in 2004.^[2]

Zouhary was nominated by President George W. Bush on December 14, 2005, to a seat vacated by David A. Katz, upon the recommendation of Senators Mike Dewine and George Voinovich.^[3] He was confirmed 96-0 by the United States Senate on March 16, 2006,^[4] and he received his commission on March 28, 2006. Since that time, his involvement with a prisoner re-entry program has received media attention.^[5]

Sources[link]

• Jack Zouhary at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.

References[link]

1. ^ Congressional Record
2. ^ Toledo Blade
3. ^ Toledo Blade
4. ^ Toledo Blade
5. ^ Toledo Blade