State media or state-owned media is media for mass communication which is ultimately controlled and/or funded by the state.^[1] These news outlets may be the sole media outlet or may exist in competition with privately controlled media.

Overview[link]

The term state media is often used in contrast to private or independent media, which has no direct control from any political party.^[2] Its content is usually more prescriptive, telling the audience what to think, particularly as it is under no pressure to attract high ratings or generate advertising revenue.^[3] In more controlled regions, the state may censor content which it deems illegal, immoral or unfavourable to the government and likewise regulate any programming related to the media; therefore, it is not independent of the governing party.^[4] In this type of environment, journalists may be required to be members or affiliated with the ruling party, such as in the former Soviet Union or North Korea.^[3] Within countries that have high levels of government interference in the media, it may use the state press for propaganda purposes:

• to promote the regime in a favourable light,
• vilify opposition to the government by launching smear campaigns or
• giving skewed coverage to opposition views, or
• act as a mouthpiece to advocate a regime's ideology.

Additionally, the state-controlled media may only report on legislation after it has already become law to stifle any debate.^[5] The media legimitises its presence by emphasising "national unity" against domestic or foreign "aggressors".^[6] In more open and competitive contexts, the state may control or fund its own outlet and is in competition with opposition-controlled and/or independent media. The state media usually have less government control in more open societies and can provide more balanced coverage than media outside of state control.^[7]

State media outlets usually enjoy increased funding and subsides compared to private media counterparts, but this can create inefficiency in the state media.^[8] However in the People's Republic of China, where state control of the media is high, levels of funding have been reduced for state outlets, which have forced the Party media to sidestep official restrictions on content or publish "soft" editions, such as weekend editions, to generate income.^[9]

Theories of state ownership[link]

Two contrasting theories of state control of the media exist; the public interest or Pigouvian theory states that government ownership is beneficial, whereas the public choice theory suggests that state control undermines economic and political freedoms.

Public interest theory[link]

The public interest theory, also referred to as the Pigouvian theory^[10] states that government ownership of media is desirable.^[11] Three reasons are offered as to why. The first reason is that the dissemination of information is a public good, and to withhold it would be costly, even if it is not paid for. Secondly, the cost of the provision and dissemination of information is high, however once costs are incurred, marginal costs for providing the information are low and are therefore subject to increasing returns.^[12] Finally, state media ownership can be less biased, more complete and accurate if consumers are ignorant and in addition to private media which would serve the governing classes.^[12] However, Pigouvian economists, who advocate regulation and nationalisation, are supportive of free and private media.^[13]

Public choice theory[link]

The public choice theory asserts that state-owned media would manipulate and distort information in favour of the ruling party and entrench its rule while preventing the public from making informed decisions, therefore undermining democratic institutions.^[12] This would prevent private and independent media, which provide alternate voices allowing individuals to choose politicians, goods, services etc. without fear from functioning. Additionally, this would inhibit competition among media firms which ensures consumers usually acquire unbiased, accurate information.^[12] Moreover, this competition is part of a checks-and-balances system of a democracy, known as the Fourth Estate, along with the judiciary, executive and legislative.^[12]

Determinants of state control[link]

Both theories have implications regarding the determinants and consequences of ownership of the media.^[14] The public interest theory suggests that more benign governments should higher levels of control of the media which would in turn increase press freedom as well as economic and political freedoms. Conversely, the public choice theory affirms that the opposite is true - "public spirited", benevolent governments should have less control which would increase these freedoms.^[15]

Generally, state ownership of the media is found in poor, autocratic non-democratic countries with highly interventionist governments that have some interest in controlling the flow of information.^[16] Countries with "weak" governments do not possess the political will to break up state media monopolies.^[17] Media control is also usually consistent with state ownership in the economy.^[18]

The press in most of Europe (with the exception of Belarus) is mostly private and free of state control and ownership, along with North and South America.^[19] The press in the United States, Canada and Australia has always been the responsibility of the private commercial sector since its inception.^[20] Levels of state ownership are higher in some African countries, the Middle East and some Asian countries (with the exception of Japan, India, Indonesia, Mongolia, Nepal, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand where large areas of private press exist.) Full state monopolies exist in Burma and North Korea.^[19]

Consequences of state ownership[link]

Press freedom[link]

Freedom of the press worldwide as of 2009, according to Reporters Without Borders. Levels of state control in the media is usually associated with levels of political, civil and economic rights, though this is not always the case.

"Worse outcomes" are associated with higher levels of state ownership of the media, which would reject Pigouvian theory.^[21] The news media are more independent and fewer journalists are arrested, detained or harassed in countries with less state control.^[22] Harassment, imprisonment and higher levels of internet censorship occur in countries with high levels of state ownership such as Belarus, Burma, China, Iran, Syria, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.^[22][23] However, this is not always true: journalists in countries that possess media free from state control such as Turkey, Nigeria and Kenya are still subject to harassment and threats.^[22] Some democracies do jail journalists, such as Russia and South Korea, whilst some "near democracies", such as Ethiopia and Zambia, do not.^[24] In a similar vein, the public broadcaster in the United Kingdom, the BBC, although funded by the public license fee and government, is independent of state control, this is questionable however.^[25] Countries with a total state monopoly in the media like North Korea and Laos experience a "Castro effect", where state control is powerful enough that no journalistic harassment is required in order to restrict press freedom.^[22]

Civil and political rights[link]

The public interest theory claims state ownership of the press enhances civil and political rights; whilst under the public choice theory, it curtails them by suppressing public oversight of the government and facilitating political corruption. High to absolute government control of the media is primarily associated with lower levels of political and civil rights, higher levels of corruption, quality of regulation, security of property and media bias.^[23][26] Independent media sees higher oversight by the media of the government (for example, increased reporting of corruption in Mexico, Ghana and Kenya after restrictions were lifted in the 1990s, whilst government-controlled media defended officials.)^[27][28]

Economic freedom[link]

More independent media may benefit the public economically compared to state media.^[28] The media would supply more accurate information to improve the markets, which are particularly sensitive to information, allowing insight into corporate abuse of power and pricing of securities, leading to better performance and regulation.^[28] Additionally, the public are better informed as to limiting whether the government is able to hurt them economically.^[28] In contrast, higher levels of ownership of state media would show the opposite - weaker property security and lower quality of regulation.^[28] It is also common for countries with strict control of newspapers to have fewer firms listed per capita on their markets^[29] and less developed banking systems.^[30] These findings support the public choice theory, which suggests higher levels of state ownership of the press would be detrimental to economic and financial development.^[23]

See also[link]

• Freedom of the press
• Media transparency

Notes[link]

References[link]

Urban Frank Meyer, III (born July 10, 1964) is an American football coach and former player. He is the current head football coach at The Ohio State University, having been hired for the position in November 2011. Meyer has previously served as the head football coach at Bowling Green State University from 2001 to 2002, at the University of Utah from 2003 to 2004, and at the University of Florida from 2005 until his retirement at the end of the 2010 season.^[1] He coached the Florida Gators to two BCS National Championship Game victories, during the 2006 and 2008 seasons. Meyer's winning percentage through the conclusion of the 2009 season (.842) was the highest among all active coaches with a minimum of five full seasons at a Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) program.^[2] He is a native of Ohio and an alumnus of the University of Cincinnati, where he played college football. During 2011, he worked as a college football analyst for the television sports network ESPN.

Coaching career[link]

In 2004, Meyer was recognized as the college football "coach of the year" at the University of Utah by both sportswriters (Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year) and television commentators (Home Depot Coach of the Year Award).^[3] He has twenty years of college coaching experience, including nine as a head coach.^[3] His overall record as a head coach through the end of the 2009 season is 96–18, and he is 49–14 in conference play.^[4] His winning percentage (.842) through the end of 2009 season ranks first nationally among active college football head coaches.^[5]

Meyer is a devout Roman Catholic^[6][7] and on several occasions has referred to the head coaching position at the University of Notre Dame as his "dream job," leading to speculation that he would someday wish to coach there. However, according to a July 2009 newspaper report, Meyer insisted he would never leave Florida for Notre Dame.^[8] And when the employment status of Irish coach Charlie Weis came into question in November 2009, Meyer held a press conference to dispel rumors linking him to the possible opening, stating that he would remain at Florida for "as long as they'll have me."^[9] The University of Cincinnati's Brian Kelly was eventually hired for the job.

On December 26, 2009, Meyer announced he would resign following the team's bowl game against Cincinnati, citing health concerns.^[10] However, the following day Meyer announced that he would instead take an indefinite leave of absence,^[11] and he resumed his coaching duties in time for the beginning of the Gators' spring practice on March 17, 2010.^[12]

Florida athletic director Jeremy Foley announced Meyer's resignation as the Gators head football coach on December 8, 2010, but stated that Meyer would remain as the head coach through the Gators' appearance in the Outback Bowl on January 1, 2011.^[1]

On November 28, 2011 Meyer accepted the head coach position at the Ohio State University.

Early coaching career[link]

After playing as a defensive back for the University of Cincinnati, Meyer spent one season interning as a defensive back coach at Saint Xavier High School in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1985 under the mentorship of legendary St. Xavier head coach Steve Rasso, where he met members of the Ohio State coaching staff.^[13] His first collegiate coaching position was a two-year stint as a graduate assistant at Ohio State under head coach Earle Bruce.^[3] He then spent the next thirteen years as an assistant—two at Illinois State, six at Colorado State, and five at Notre Dame.^[3] In 1990, while still the linebacker coach at Illinois State, he called Toledo head coach Nick Saban to see if a position was available on his staff. Saban, however, never returned the call.^[14] In 2001, Meyer took his first head coaching job at Bowling Green.^[4] In his first season there, he engineered one of the greatest turnarounds in the NCAA football history, going 8–3 and capping off the season with a 56–21 victory over Bowling Green's rival, the University of Toledo Rockets.^[15] He also earned Mid-American Conference coach of the year honors. The next year, Bowling Green finished with a 9–3 record.^[15] After a 17–6 overall record, Meyer left for the University of Utah.^[16]

Utah[link]

After two seasons at Bowling Green, he took the job at Utah in 2003.^[17] In his first year there, Meyer was named the Mountain West Conference's Coach of the Year with a 10–2 record, the best ever for a coach's first season at Utah.^[17] He also earned honors as The Sporting News National Coach of the Year, the first Utes coach to do so.^[18] Meyer's success can be attributed to his unique offensive system, which is an offshoot of Bill Walsh's West Coast Offense, relying on short pass routes.^[19] Meyer's base offense spreads three receivers and puts the quarterback in shotgun formation.^[20] Then, he introduces motion in the backfield and turns it into an option attack, adding elements of the traditional run-oriented option offense.^[20]

In 2004, Meyer led the undefeated Utes to a Bowl Championship Series bid, something that had not been done by a team from a non-automatically qualifying BCS conference since the formation of the BCS in 1998.^[21] He remained at Utah long enough to coach the team to a Fiesta Bowl win over Pittsburgh,^[4] capping off the Utes' first perfect season (12–0) since 1930.^[22]

Florida[link]

In the wake of his accomplishments at Utah, both the University of Florida and the University of Notre Dame vied for his services.^[23] Meyer chose to become Florida's head coach for the 2005 season, signing a seven-year contract worth $14 million.^[23] He later signed a six-year contract extension with the Gators on June 7, 2007; the extended contract paid an average of $3.25 million per year.^[24] On August 3, 2009, Meyer received another contract extension that made him the SEC's highest paid coach during the 2009 season; his 2009 extension is worth $24 million over six years.^[25] At the time of the latest contract extension, Meyer was the third highest paid college football coach, behind only Pete Carroll and Charlie Weis.^[26]

Meyer has been criticized by some commentators because 30 of his players were arrested during his nearly six years as the Gators' coach.^[27] The seriousness of the charges varied widely, from minor offenses such as possession of alcohol by a minor to the charge of possession of a concealed weapon, and many of the charges were ultimately dismissed.^[27] Meyer's punishments also varied with the severity of the charges, with some players never missing game time and others being kicked off the team.^[27][28]

In September 2010, after Gator receiver Chris Rainey was arrested for sending a threatening text message to a former girlfriend, Meyer stated that he was "real upset about that. After a while, enough's enough. If there's something that we can improve on, we're certainly looking into that. It's like if our graduation rate stinks then we gotta improve that. If there's other issues in a program, that's our job to get it better. It's people making stupid mistakes, that's something we gotta correct."^[29]

2005 season[link]

In 2005, his first season at Florida, Meyer's Gators team finished the season 9–3 (5–3 in the Southeastern Conference). The season included an undefeated record at home and a bowl victory against Iowa in the Outback Bowl in Tampa, Florida. The Gators would have faced LSU in the SEC Championship Game,^[30] but they lost to South Carolina and former Florida coach Steve Spurrier in the SEC regular season finale.

2006 season[link]

In 2006, Meyer coached the Gators to a 13–1 (8–1 in the SEC) record, with the one loss coming to the Auburn Tigers. After clinching the SEC East, the Gators won the SEC Championship Game on December 2 over Arkansas by a score of 38–28. The Gators defeated the Ohio State Buckeyes, 41–14, in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game to win the national championship.^[31] It was the first BCS bowl berth for the Gators since the Orange Bowl that capped off the 2001 campaign,^[32] and Florida's first national championship appearance and victory since winning the 1997 Sugar Bowl.^[31]

Meyer has been known for winning big games. In addition to his 5–1 record in bowl games (as of 2008) at Florida, Meyer has an 11–1 record (through the end of 2008) against three of the Gators' biggest opponents—Tennessee, Georgia, and Florida State—and a 14–2 home record.

2007 season[link]

The Gators managed a 9–3 regular season record in 2007, including blowout wins over rivals Tennessee and FSU but once again losing to Auburn. During his tenure at the University of Florida, Coach Meyer never defeated Auburn. ^[33] Quarterback Tim Tebow also became Coach Meyer's first Heisman Trophy winner. The team led the conference in scoring,^[34] but struggles on defense made it difficult for the Gators to reach a BCS bowl game.^[35] The Gators lost the Capital One Bowl to Michigan 41–35 on January 1, 2008.^[33] Meyer served as a pre-game and halftime analyst for the 2008 BCS National Championship Game.

2008 season[link]

In 2008, Meyer led the Gators to a 13–1 overall record and the BCS National Championship over Oklahoma, including wins over six ranked teams. The team's lone defeat came at the hands of Mississippi on September 27, 2008, a game in which Florida led in time of possession and passing yards, but turned the ball over three times. Eleven of the Gators' twelve wins in the 2008 regular season were by 20 points or more. On December 6, 2008, Meyer led the Gators to a 31–20 victory over then No. 1 ranked Alabama in the SEC title game. Leading in time of possession, rushing yards, and passing yards, the Gators would come from behind after a third quarter deficit to score two touchdowns and hold Alabama scoreless in the fourth quarter. The victory would vault Florida to No. 1 in the Associated Press Poll, No. 2 in the USA Today Coaches' Poll, and No. 2 in the BCS rankings, setting up a showdown against Oklahoma in the BCS Championship Game on January 8, 2009, at Dolphin Stadium in Miami, Florida. The Gators won 24–14, securing their second national championship under Meyer.

2009 season[link]

In 2009, Meyer's Gators began the season ranked No. 1 by the largest margin in the history of the AP preseason poll. Though the team struggled on offense at times and quarterback Tim Tebow suffered a scary concussion in a September victory over Kentucky, Florida finished the regular season 12–0 and still ranked No. 1. The winning streak ended in the SEC Championship Game, when they lost 32–13 to Alabama.

Florida was selected to play the undefeated Cincinnati Bearcats in the 2010 Sugar Bowl. The Gators won 51–24 to finish the season with a 13-1 record for the second consecutive year.

Leave of absence[link]

In the early morning of December 6, 2009, soon after returning home following his team's loss in the 2009 SEC Championship Game, Meyer was quietly admitted into a Gainesville hospital suffering from chest pains and dehydration. He was released later in the day, and the incident was not announced to the public at the time.^[36]

On December 26, after discussions with his family, Meyer revealed his medical scare and announced that he would resign as Florida's head coach due to health and family concerns following his team's New Years Day Sugar Bowl appearance .^[10] Meyer stated: "I have ignored my health for years, but recent developments have forced me to re-evaluate my priorities of faith and family." He also said: "I'm proud to be a part of the Gainesville community and the Gator Nation and I plan to remain in Gainesville and involved with the University of Florida."^[36] Meyer admitted that he had suffered frequent chest pains (later discovered to be caused by esophageal spasms) and occasional severe headaches due to an arachnoid cyst for years, and that they were related to stress.^[37]

On December 27, Meyer announced that he would take an indefinite leave of absence instead of resigning. He was unsure if he would return for the 2010 season but stated that, "I do in my gut believe that will happen."^[38] Offensive coordinator Steve Addazio would serve as the interim coach in Meyer's absence.

On January 1, 2010, Meyer coached the Gators in their 51–24 Sugar Bowl victory over the Cincinnati Bearcats. In a post-game interview, Meyer again suggested that he would return to coach the Gators at some point by saying: "I plan on being the coach of the Gators."^[39]

Meyer took significant time off from his coaching duties after the bowl game in an attempt to improve his personal health.^[40] While he did stay in touch with potential new players during the busy recruiting season, Meyer did much less traveling to visit recruits than usual.^[41][42] Nevertheless, the Gators still signed the consensus No. 1 recruiting class in the nation in February.^{[43][44][45][46]}

On March 17, 2010, Meyer returned full-time to his position for the start of the Gators' spring practice and continued in that role into the 2010 season.^[47]

2010 season[link]

With his victory over Kentucky on September 25, 2010, Urban Meyer achieved his 100th career win as a coach. With that win, his record was at 100–18 over the course of 10 seasons. He became the sixth fastest NCAA coach to reach that record, following Gil Dobie (108 games), George Woodruff (109 games), Bud Wilkinson (111 games), Fielding Yost (114 games), and Knute Rockne (117 games). He was also the second-fastest to reach 100 wins since Wilkinson in 1945.^[48]

Despite reaching this milestone, the season was a difficult one for the Gators, and their 7–5 regular season record was the worst in Meyer's tenure at Florida. On December 8, 2010, Meyer again announced his retirement from coaching for much the same reasons he mentioned in December 2009: his family and his health.^[49][50]

Urban Meyer's last game as Florida's coach was a 37–24 win over Penn State in the 2011 Outback Bowl on January 1, 2011.

ESPN career[link]

After resigning as the head football coach of the Florida Gators, Meyer worked as a college football commentator and analyst for the American television sports network ESPN.

Ohio State[link]

On November 23, 2011, The Plain Dealer reported that Meyer would become the head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes.^[51] Meyer denied the report publicly.^[52] Meyer then asked ESPN to be taken off assignment during the weekend of the Ohio State–Michigan game, adding more to the speculations that he might be named the next head coach of Ohio State.^{[53] [54]} On November 28, WBNS Columbus, confirmed that Meyer had accepted the job as Ohio State's head football coach, and was introduced as head coach later that night.^[55] The school said Meyer would receive a six-year contract that pays $4 million annually, plus another $2.4 million total in "retention payments." ^[56]

2012 season[link]

Spread offense[link]

Meyer is widely considered one of the most accomplished practitioners of the spread offense. When Meyer got his first head coaching position at Bowling Green, he took trips to visit John L. Smith and Scott Linehan at Louisville, Randy Walker and Kevin Wilson at Northwestern, Bill Snyder at Kansas State, Joe Tiller and Jim Chaney at Purdue, and Rich Rodriguez at West Virginia, all of whom ran some version of the spread offense^[20]

Meyer's teams at Bowling Green, Utah, and Florida all ran the spread, chiefly utilizing a run-first variation most similar to Rich Rodriguez's formerly at West Virginia with tweaks to fit the offensive personnel (for example, Meyer's first two years at Florida skewed toward a drop-back passing attack led by Chris Leak, while Alex Smith and Tim Tebow led an option run-based spread).^[20] Using this offense, he has won two BCS titles, has become the first coach to lead a non-BCS conference team (Utah) to a BCS bowl,^[57] has coached a Heisman trophy winner (Tim Tebow),^[58] and has graduated a player who became a number one overall pick in the NFL draft (Alex Smith).^[59]

Personal life[link]

Meyer was born on July 10, 1964 in Toledo, Ohio,^[3][60][61] and grew up in Ashtabula, Ohio.^[62][63] He graduated from Ashtabula's Saint John High School in 1982.^[64] Meyer was also selected in the 13th round, as a shortstop, by the Atlanta Braves in the 1982 Major League Baseball Draft.^[3] Meyer spent two seasons playing minor league baseball in the Braves organization.^[17] He concurrently played defensive back at the University of Cincinnati before earning his bachelor's degree in psychology in 1986.^[3] During his undergraduate studies, Meyer also became a brother of the Sigma Chi Fraternity (Zeta Psi Chapter), and met his future wife at Sigma Chi's Derby Days philanthropy event.^[65]

Meyer went on to earn his master's degree in sports administration at The Ohio State University in 1988.^[3]

Meyer married Shelley Mather Meyer in 1986.^[3] The Meyers have three children: Nicole ("Nicki"), Gisela ("Gigi") and Nathan ("Nate").^[3] His two daughters currently play Division I volleyball: Nicki plays for Georgia Tech^[66] and Gigi plays for Florida Gulf Coast.^[67] He is a practicing Roman Catholic.^[68]

Philanthropy[link]

In October 2008, coach Urban Meyer and University of Florida head basketball coach Billy Donovan were named co-chairmen of an effort to raise $50 million to support the Florida Opportunity Scholars Program.^[69][70] This scholarship was designed for first-generation students that have unique needs and financial challenges.^[71] The Florida Opportunity Scholars Program was created by President Bernie Machen in 2006, and is intended to increase the opportunities for academically prepared first-generation students.^[72]

In December 2008, Meyer and Utah football head coach Kyle Whittingham were the first people to donate money to the Elder Joseph B. Wirthlin Family Scholarship, an endowed scholarship which will benefit the Utah football program.^[73][74]

Head coaching record[link]

Urban Meyer at the White House after winning the 2008 National Championship.

See also[link]

	American football portal
	Biography portal
	College football portal

• Bowling Green Falcons
• Florida Gators
• History of the University of Florida
• List of Florida Gators head football coaches
• List of Ohio State University people
• List of Sigma Chi members
• List of University of Cincinnati people
• University Athletic Association
• Utah Utes

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• 2011 Florida Gators Football Media Guide, University Athletic Association, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 122, 124–125 (2011).
• Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007). ISBN 0-7948-2298-3.
• BGSU Football History, 2006 Bowling Green Football Media Guide.
• Ute Record Book, 2006 Utah Football Media Guide.
• Head Football Coach Urban Meyer, 2006 Gator Football Media Guide.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Urban Meyer

• Ohio State profile
• Florida profile
• Urban Meyer at the College Football Data Warehouse