Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe is a relatively recent political designation mostly for the states of the Balkans.^[1][2] Writers such as Maria Todorova and Vesna Goldsworthy have suggested the use of the term Southeastern Europe to replace the word Balkans for the region, to minimize potential misunderstandings about the term Balkans having negative connotations.^[3]

Definition[link]

The first known usage of the term 'Southeast Europe' was by Austrian researcher Johann Georg von Hahn (1811–1869) as broader term than the traditional Balkans.^[4] Unlike the United Nations definitions of Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Southern Europe and Northern Europe, there are no clear and universally accepted geographical or historical divisions that delineate this region.^[5] However, if United Nations definitions of bordering macroregions are done, the rest can be considered as Central Europe.^[6]

There are four possible definitions of "Southeastern Europe". The Balkan Peninsula south of the River Danube-River Sava-River Kupa line; the European territories of the former Ottoman Empire; and the substantially larger space with a northern delineation that respects actual borders, promoted by the European Union from 1999. Finally, there is a European Union co-funded regional development model that adds Austria, the eastern Regions of Italy and southwestern Ukraine.

Balkans model[link]

The Balkan Peninsula, as defined by the Danube-Sava-Kupa line.

This concept is based on a geographic argument, that is, on the boundaries of the Balkans (which is considered a synonym by the supporters). The countries located fully in the peninsula are the following: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo (Limited recognition), Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, and Montenegro.

The geographic definition may also include countries which are significantly located in the peninsula: Croatia (49%) and Serbia (up to 70%) and some countries which are located mostly outside the peninsula as defined by the rivers: Romania (6%) and Turkey (3%).

Stability pact for Southeastern Europe model[link]

Stability Pact member states

The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe was an institution aimed at strengthening peace, democracy, human rights and economy in the countries of South Eastern Europe from 1999–2008. It was replaced by the Regional Co-operation Council in February 2008. The RCC replaced the Stability Pact because it is more regionally owned, which was driven more by outside partners such as the EU. The countries included were: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia.

Southeast Europe transnational co-operation programme model[link]

The Southeast Europe transnational co-operation programme "aims to develop transnational partnerships on matters of strategic importance, in order to improve the territorial, economic and social integration process and to contribute to cohesion, stability and competitiveness of the region".^[7]

The members include: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Macedonia, Greece, Hungary, Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and some regions of Italy and Ukraine^[8]

See also[link]

References[link]

v t e Balkan countries Geographically fully located Albania · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Greece · Kosovo1 · Macedonia · Montenegro Significantly located Croatia  · Serbia Mostly outside of the peninsula Italy · Romania · Slovenia · Turkey See also Balkans · Southeast Europe · History of the Balkans · Balkan languages (Sprachbund) · Balkanization 1 Declared independence from Serbia on February 17, 2008 and is recognised by 91 United Nations member states.

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Phil Gordon

Philip H. "Phil" Gordon (born 1962) is an American diplomat, foreign policy expert, and the current Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs.

Education[link]

Gordon received a Bachelor of Arts in French and philosophy from Ohio University. He studied European studies and international economics at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, earning an M.A. in 1987 and a Ph.D in 1991.

Career[link]

Gordon has held teaching and lecturing positions at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, INSEAD in Fontainebleau and Singapore; and the German Society for Foreign Affairs in Bonn.^[1] Dr. Gordon has previously served as a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC; Director for European Affairs at the National Security Council under President Bill Clinton^[2]

and Senior Fellow, International Institute for Strategic Studies, London.

Obama Administration[link]

Gordon was a senior foreign policy advisor to Barack Obama during the 2008 Presidential campaign. Dr. Philip Gordon was nominated as Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs^[2] by Obama on March 6th, 2009 and took the oath of office on May 15th 2009. A key moment in his confirmation hearings was Senator Robert Menendez (D-NJ)'s questioning of his position on the Armenian Genocide. In previous publications, Gordon had written that acknowledgement of the Armenian Genocide would cause undue disruption in U.S.-Turkish relations.^[3] As Assistant Secretary he is responsible for 50 countries in Europe and Eurasia as well as NATO, the European Union and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

Publications[link]

Photo of Prime Minister of Latvia, Valdis Dombrovskis (left) and U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Dr. Philip H. Gordon (right)

Gordon has published articles in The New York Times, Washington Post, International Herald Tribune, Financial Times, Wall Street Journal, and Le Monde.^[4]

He has also authored several books, including:

• Winning the Right War: The Path to Security for America and the World, 2008
• Winning Turkey: How America, Europe, And Turkey Can Revive A Fading Partnership (with Omer Taspinar and Soli Ozel, 2008
• History Strikes Back: How States, Nations, And Conflicts Are Shaping The Twenty-first Century (with Hubert Vedrine and Madeleine Albright, 2008
• Crescent Crisis: US-European Strategy for the Middle East, (with Ivo Daalder and Nicole Gnesotto), 2006
• The French Challenge: Adapting to Globalization (with Sophie Meunier), 2001
• France in the Age of Globalization (with Hubert Vedrine), 2001
• France, Germany and the Western Alliance, 1995

He has also translated Nicolas Sarkozy's 2007 book Testimony: France, Europe, and the World in the Twenty-First Century.

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Philip H. Gordon

Sid Meier
Sid Meier in 2007
Born	(1954-02-24) February 24, 1954 (age 58) Sarnia, Ontario, Canada
Occupation	Game designer
Years active	1982—present
Employer	Firaxis Games
Known for	Civilization series
Spouse	Susan Meier
Children	Ryan Meier

Sidney K. "Sid" Meier (born February 24, 1954) is a Canadian-American programmer and designer of several popular strategy video games and simulation video games, most notably Civilization. Meier co-founded MicroProse in 1982 and is a Director of Creative Development for computer game developer Firaxis Games, which he co-founded with Jeff Briggs and Brian Reynolds in 1996. He has won several prestigious accolades for his contributions to the computer games industry.

Biography[link]

Sid Meier was born in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. He graduated from the University of Michigan.^[1]

Meier founded MicroProse together with Bill Stealey in 1982.^[2] MicroProse initially developed flight simulator video games, such as Silent Service and F-19 Stealth Fighter. In 1987, the company released Sid Meier's Pirates!, which also began a trend of placing Meier's name in the titles of his games. Meier later explained that the inclusion of his name was because of the dramatic departure in the design of Pirates! compared to the company's earlier games. Stealey decided that it would improve the company's branding, believing that it would make those who purchased the flight simulators more likely to play Pirates!. After the release of F-19 Stealth Fighter, Meier decided to focus on developing strategy games. He later said, "Everything I thought was cool about a flight simulator had gone into that game." Inspired by SimCity and Empire!, Meier created Railroad Tycoon and later the game series for which he is most widely recognized, Civilization,^[3] although he designed only the first installment. Meier eventually left MicroProse and in 1996 founded Firaxis Games along with veteran designer and gaming executive Jeff Briggs. Today Firaxis makes strategy games, many of which are follow-ups to Meier titles, such as Civilization V and Pirates!. In 1996 he was awarded US Patent 5,496,962 for a "System for Real-Time Music Composition and Synthesis" used in a product called "CPU Bach".^[4]

Meier is not always the main designer on titles that carry his name. For instance, Brian Reynolds has been credited as the primary designer behind Sid Meier's Civilization II, Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri, and Sid Meier's Colonization,^[5][6] while Jeff Briggs designed Sid Meier's Civilization III, Soren Johnson led Sid Meier's Civilization IV and Jon Shafer led Sid Meier's Civilization V.

Meier worked with a team on a dinosaur-themed game starting early 2000, but announced in an online development diary in 2001 that the game had been shelved. Despite trying various approaches, including turn-based and real-time gameplay, he said he found no way to make the concept fun enough. In August 2005, Meier said, "We've been nonstop busy making other games over the past several years, so the dinosaur game remains on the shelf. However, I do love the idea of a dinosaur game and would like to revisit it when I have some time."^[7]

Meier currently lives in Hunt Valley, Maryland with his wife, Susan, and son, Ryan. He met his wife at Faith Evangelical Lutheran Church in Cockeysville, where they both sing in the choir.^[8]

Awards[link]

In 1996, GameSpot named him as the number one in their listing of the Most Influential People in Computer Gaming of All Time, calling him "our Hitchcock, our Spielberg, our Ellington".^[9]

In 1999, Meier became the second person to be inducted into the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences' Hall of Fame.^[10] The first to receive that honor was Shigeru Miyamoto from Nintendo.

In 2008, Meier received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2008 Game Developer's Conference.^[11]

In 2009, Meier has been ranked second in IGN's list of Top 100 Game Creators of All Time, calling him "the ideal role model for any aspiring game designer."^[12]

In 2011, the people search company PeekYou claimed that Meier has the largest digital footprint of any game developer.^[13]

Games[link]

The games developed or co-developed by Sid Meier:^[14]

1980s[link]

1990s[link]

2000s[link]

2010s[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Sid Meier

• Sid Meier's biography and his games history at Firaxis.com
• Sid Meier at MobyGames
• Sid Meier at the Internet Movie Database
• "The Sid Meier Legacy" from GameSpot
• Torsen, Tor (December 1, 2006). "Q&A: Sid Meier chronicles Civilization". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/news/6162633.html?q=Civilization. Retrieved February 28, 2007. 
• "The Most Influential People in Video Gaming of All Time". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/features/15most/html/mi_01.html. Retrieved 2007-06-09. 

Stanley Hoffmann (born 1928 in Vienna) is the Paul and Catherine Buttenweiser University Professor at Harvard University.

Biography[link]

A French citizen since 1947, Hoffmann spent his childhood between Paris and Nice before studying at the Institut d'études politiques. He followed an academic career in the United States and founded Harvard's Center for European Studies in 1968.

Hoffmann also participated as a political expert in the film The World According to Bush, dealing with the vicissitudes of the Bush administration after the 2000 presidential election.

Published work[link]

As sole author[link]

• The State of War: Essays on the Theory and Practice of International Politics, (Praeger, 1965).
• Gulliver's Troubles: or, the Setting of American Foreign Policy, (McGraw-Hill, 1968).
• International Organization and the International System, (International Organization, Vol. 24 No. 3 Summer, 1970).
• Decline or Renewal? France since the 1930s, (Viking Press, 1974).
• Primacy or World Order: American Foreign Policy since the Cold War, (McGraw-Hill, 1978).
• Duties beyond Borders: On the Limits and Possibilities of Ethical International Politics, (Syracuse University Press, 1981).
• Dead Ends: American Foreign Policy in the New Cold War, (Ballinger Publishing, 1983).
• Janus and Minerva: Essays in the Theory and Practice of International Politics, (Westview Press, 1987).
• The European Sisyphus: Essays on Europe, 1964-1994, (Westview Press, 1995).
• World Disorders: Troubled Peace in the Post-Cold War Era, (Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).
• World Disorders: Troubled Peace in the Post-Cold War Era, Updated ed.,(Rowman & Littlefield, 2000).

Collaborative work[link]

• The Ethics and Politics of Humanitarian Intervention, with Robert C. Johansen, James P. Sterba, and Raimo Vayrynen, (University of Notre Dame Press, 1996).
• Gulliver Unbound: America's Imperial Temptation and the War in Iraq, with Frédéric Bozo, (Rowman & Littlefield), 2004).

Editorial work[link]

• Contemporary Theory in International Relations, (Prentice-Hall, 1960).

Collaborative editorial work[link]

• The Relevance of International Law: Essays in honor of Leo Gross, co-edited with Karl W. Deutsch, (Schenkman Publishing, 1968).
• Culture and Society in Contemporary Europe: A Casebook, co-edited with Paschalis Kitromilides, (Allen & Unwin, 1981).
• The Impact of the Fifth Republic on France, co-edited with William G. Andrews, (State University of New York Press, 1981).
• The Marshall Plan: A Retrospective, co-edited with Charles Maier, (Westview Press, 1984).
• The Rise of the Nazi Regime: Historical Reassessments, co-edited with Charles S. Maier and Andrew Gould, (Westview Press, 1986).
• The Mitterrand Experiment: Continuity and Change in Modern France, co-edited with George Ross and Sylvia Malzacher, (Polity, 1987).
• Rousseau on International Relations, co-edited with David P. Fidler, (Oxford University Press, 1991).
• The New European Community: Decisionmaking and Institutional Change, co-edited with Robert O. Keohane, (Westview Press, 1991).
• After the Cold War: International Institutions and State Strategies in Europe, 1989-1991, co-edited with Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, (Harvard University Press, 1993).

External links[link]

• Homepage at Harvard