Crabs Temporal range: Jurassic–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Liocarcinus vernalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Crustacea
Class:	Malacostraca
Order:	Decapoda
Suborder:	Pleocyemata
Infraorder:	Brachyura Linnaeus, 1758
Sections & subsections [1]
Dromiacea Raninoida Cyclodorippoida Eubrachyura Heterotremata Thoracotremata

True crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (Greek: βραχύς / brachys = short,^[2] οὐρά / οura = tail^[3]), or where the reduced abdomen is entirely hidden under the thorax. Many other animals with similar names – such as hermit crabs, king crabs, porcelain crabs, horseshoe crabs and crab lice – are not true crabs.

Evolution[link]

Gecarcinus quadratus, a land crab from Central and South America

Crabs are generally covered with a thick exoskeleton, and armed with a single pair of chelae (claws). Crabs are found in all of the world's oceans, while many crabs live in fresh water and on land, particularly in tropical regions. Crabs vary in size from the pea crab, a few millimetres wide, to the Japanese spider crab, with a leg span of up to 4 metres (13 ft).^[4]

About 850 species of crab are freshwater, terrestrial or semi-terrestrial species;^[5] they are found throughout the world's tropical and semi-tropical regions. They were previously thought to be a monophyletic group, but are now believed to represent at least two distinct lineages, one in the Old World and one in the New World.^[6]

The earliest unambiguous crab fossils date from the Jurassic,^[7] although Carboniferous Imocaris, known only from its carapace, may be a primitive crab.^[8] The radiation of crabs in the Cretaceous and afterward may be linked either to the break-up of Gondwana or to the concurrent radiation of bony fish, crabs' main predators.^[9]

Sexual dimorphism[link]

The underside of a male (top) and a female (bottom) individual of Pachygrapsus marmoratus, showing the difference in shape of the abdomen

Crabs often show marked sexual dimorphism. Males often have larger claws,^[10] a tendency which is particularly pronounced in the fiddler crabs of the genus Uca (Ocypodidae). In fiddler crabs, males have one claw which is greatly enlarged and which is used for communication, particularly for attracting a mate.^[11] Another conspicuous difference is the form of the pleon (abdomen); in most male crabs, this is narrow and triangular in form, while females have a broader, rounded abdomen.^[12] This is due to the fact that female crabs brood fertilised eggs on their pleopods.

Behaviour[link]

Carpilius convexus consuming Heterocentrotus trigonarius in Hawaii

Crabs typically walk sideways^[13] (a behaviour which gives us the word crabwise). This is because of the articulation of the legs which makes a sidelong gait more efficient.^[14] However, some crabs walk forwards or backwards, including raninids,^[15] Libinia emarginata^[16] and Mictyris platycheles.^[13] Some crabs, notably the Portunidae and Matutidae, are also capable of swimming.^[17]

Crabs are mostly active animals with complex behaviour patterns. They can communicate by drumming or waving their pincers. Crabs tend to be aggressive towards one another and males often fight to gain access to females.^[18] On rocky seashores, where nearly all caves and crevices are occupied, crabs may also fight over hiding holes.^[19]

Crabs are omnivores, feeding primarily on algae,^[20] and taking any other food, including molluscs, worms, other crustaceans, fungi, bacteria and detritus, depending on their availability and the crab species. For many crabs, a mixed diet of plant and animal matter results in the fastest growth and greatest fitness.^[21][22]

Crabs are known to work together to provide food and protection for their family, and during mating season to find a comfortable spot for the female to release her eggs.^[23]

Human consumption[link]

Fisheries[link]

Fishermen sorting edible crabs at Fionnphort, Scotland

Crabs make up 20% of all marine crustaceans caught, farmed, and consumed worldwide, amounting to 1½ million tonnes annually. One species, Portunus trituberculatus, accounts for one fifth of that total. Other commercially important taxa include Portunus pelagicus, several species in the genus Chionoecetes, the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), Charybdis spp., Cancer pagurus, the Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) and Scylla serrata, each of which yields more than 20,000 tonnes annually.^[24]

Cookery[link]

Crab masala from Karnataka, India

Crabs are prepared and eaten as a dish in several different ways all over the world. Some species are eaten whole, including the shell, such as soft-shell crab; with other species just the claws and/or legs are eaten. The latter is particularly common for larger crabs, such as the snow crab. Mostly in East Asian cultures, the roe of the female crab is also eaten, which usually appears orange or yellow in color in fertile crabs.

In some regions spices improve the culinary experience. In Asia, masala crab and chilli crab are examples of heavily spiced dishes. In the Chesapeake Bay region, blue crab is often eaten with Old Bay Seasoning.

For the British dish Cromer crab, the crab meat is extracted and placed inside the hard shell. One American way to prepare crab meat is by extracting it and adding a flour mix, creating a crab cake.

Crabs are also used in bisque, a global dish of French origin.

Pain[link]

Live crabs are often boiled. In 2005, Norwegian scientists concluded that lobsters cannot feel pain.^[25] However, later research suggests that crustaceans are indeed able to feel and remember pain.^[26][27]

Classification[link]

The infraorder Brachyura contains 6,793 species in 93 families,^[17] as many as the remainder of the Decapoda.^[28] The evolution of crabs is characterised by an increasingly robust body, and a reduction in the abdomen. Although many other groups have undergone similar processes, carcinisation is most advanced in crabs. The telson is no longer functional in crabs, and the uropods are absent, having probably evolved into small devices for holding the reduced abdomen tight against the sternum.

In most decapods, the gonopores (sexual openings) are found on the legs. However, since crabs use the first two pairs of pleopods (abdominal appendages) for sperm transfer, this arrangement has changed. As the male abdomen evolved into a narrower shape, the gonopores have moved towards the midline, away from the legs, and onto the sternum.^[29] A similar change occurred, independently, with the female gonopores. The movement of the female gonopore to the sternum defines the clade Eubrachyura, and the later change in the position of the male gonopore defines the Thoracotremata. It is still a subject of debate whether those crabs where the female, but not male, gonopores are situated on the sternum, form a monophyletic group.^[28]

Superfamilies[link]

Dromia personata (Dromiacea: Dromiidae)

Ranina ranina (Raninoida: Raninidae)

Corystes cassivelaunus (Heterotremata: Corystidae)

Ocypode quadrata (Thoracotremata: Ocypodidae)

Numbers of extant and extinct (†) species are given in brackets.^[17] The superfamily Eocarcinoidea, containing Eocarcinus and Platykotta, was formerly thought to contain the oldest crabs; it is now considered part of the Anomura.^[30]

• Section Dromiacea
  • Dakoticancroidea (6†)
  • Dromioidea (147, 85†)
  • Glaessneropsoidea (45†)
  • Homolodromioidea (24, 107†)
  • Homoloidea (73, 49†)
• Section Raninoida (46, 196†)
• Section Cyclodorippoida (99, 27†)
• Section Eubrachyura
  • Subsection Heterotremata
  • Aethroidea (37, 44†)
  • Bellioidea (7)
  • Bythograeoidea (14)
  • Calappoidea (101, 71†)
  • Cancroidea (57, 81†)
  • Carpilioidea (4, 104†)
  • Cheiragonoidea (3, 13†)
  • Corystoidea (10, 5†)
  • Componocancroidea (1†)
  • Dairoidea (4, 8†)
  • Dorippoidea (101, 73†)
  • Eriphioidea (67, 14†)
  • Gecarcinucoidea (349)
  • Goneplacoidea (182, 94†)
  • Hexapodoidea (21, 25†)
  • Leucosioidea (488, 113†)
  • Majoidea (980, 89†)
  • Orithyioidea (1)
  • Palicoidea (63, 6†)
  • Parthenopoidea (144, 36†)
  • Pilumnoidea (405, 47†)
  • Portunoidea (455, 200†)
  • Potamoidea (662, 8†)
  • Pseudothelphusoidea (276)
  • Pseudozioidea (22, 6†)
  • Retroplumoidea (10, 27†)
  • Trapezioidea (58, 10†)
  • Trichodactyloidea (50)
  • Xanthoidea (736, 134†)
  • Subsection Thoracotremata
  • Cryptochiroidea (46)
  • Grapsoidea (493, 28†)
  • Ocypodoidea (304, 14†)
  • Pinnotheroidea (304, 13†)

Cultural influences[link]

Both the constellation Cancer and the astrological sign Cancer are named after the crab, and depicted as a crab. William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse drew the Crab Nebula in 1848 and noticed its similarity to the animal; the Crab pulsar lies at the centre of the nebula.^[31]

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature, especially the sea,^[32] and often depicted crabs in their art.^[33] In Greek mythology, Karkinos was a crab that came to the aid of the Lernaean Hydra as it battled Heracles.

References[link]

External links[link]

Crustaceans portal

• Media related to Brachyura at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Brachyura at Wikispecies

v t e Superfamilies of Infraclass Brachyura (true crabs) Kingdom Animalia · Phylum Arthropoda · Class Malacostraca · Order Decapoda · Suborder Pleocyemata Dromiacea Dakoticancroidea† · Dromioidea · Glaessneropsoidea† · Homolodromioidea · Homoloidea Raninoida Raninoidea Cyclodorippoida Cyclodorippoidea Eubrachyura Heterotremata Aethroidea · Bellioidea · Bythograeoidea · Calappoidea · Cancroidea · Carpilioidea · Cheiragonoidea · Componocancroidea† · Corystoidea · Dairoidea · Dorippoidea · Eriphioidea · Gecarcinucoidea · Goneplacoidea · Hexapodoidea · Leucosioidea · Majoidea · Orithyioidea · Palicoidea · Parthenopoidea · Pilumnoidea · Portunoidea · Potamoidea · Pseudothelphusoidea · Pseudozioidea · Retroplumoidea · Trapezioidea · Trichodactyloidea · Xanthoidea Thoracotremata Cryptochiroidea · Grapsoidea · Ocypodoidea · Pinnotheroidea

v t e Principal commercial fishery species groups Wild Large pelagic fish Mackerel Salmon Shark Swordfish Tuna albacore bigeye Atlantic bluefin Pacific bluefin southern bluefin skipjack yellowfin Forage fish Anchovy Capelin Herring Ilish Menhaden Sardines Shad Demersal fish Catfish Cod Atlantic Pacific Flatfish flounder halibut plaice sole turbot Haddock Mullet Orange roughy Pollock Smelt-whitings Toothfish Freshwater fish Carp Sturgeon Tilapia Trout Other wild fish Eel Whitebait more... Crustaceans Crab Krill Lobster Shrimp and prawn more... Molluscs Abalone Mussels Octopus Oysters Scallops Squid more... Echinoderms Sea cucumbers Sea urchin more... Farmed Carp bighead common crucian grass silver Catfish Freshwater prawns Mussels Oysters Salmon Atlantic salmon trout coho chinook Scallops Seaweed Shrimp Tilapia Commercial fishing World fish production Fishing topics Fisheries glossary

Amazing Red
Amazing Red at a TNA wrestling event in 2010.
Ring name(s)	(The) Amazing Red[1] El Rojo[1] Fuego Guerrero[2] Misterio Red[2] Red[2] Airwalk Spriggan[2] Spriggan[1] Sangriento[3] Dios Dorado[4]
Billed height	5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)[1][5]
Billed weight	150 lb (68 kg)[5]
Born	(1982-04-26) April 26, 1982 (age 30)[1] Cayey, Puerto Rico[2]
Billed from	Brooklyn, New York[5] Tijuana, Mexico (As Sangriento)[6]
Trained by	Mikey Whipwreck[1]
Debut	1998[2]

Jonathan Figueroa (born April 26, 1982)^[1] is a professional wrestler better known by his ring name, (The) Amazing Red, or simply Red for short. He is best known for working for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, where he is a former three-time X Division Champion, while also working on the American independent circuit. Figueroa is also one of the head trainers of the House of Glory wrestling school, based in Ridgewood, Queens, New York City.^[7] He is the cousin of wrestlers Joel and Jose Maximo and Rosita.^[2]

Career[link]

Early career (1998–2005)[link]

Figueroa originally wrestled as Red, but Savio Vega decided to expand his ring name to include the word "Amazing" while he worked for the International Wrestling Association in Puerto Rico, giving origin to his more common pseudonym, Amazing Red.^[8] Red, who was already known for his work in the United States independent circuit, joined Total Nonstop Action Wrestling at its 2002 inception, quickly establishing himself in its X Division. During his first run in TNA Red held both the TNA X Division Championship and the NWA World Tag Team Championship with Jerry Lynn, simultaneously. While working for TNA he also wrestled for Ring of Honor as a member of the three man tag team The S.A.T.^[9] with cousins, Jose and Joel Maximo. Eventually he began to team with "The Phenomenal" A.J. Styles, becoming known together as Amazing Phenomenon.^[10] The team would go on to win the ROH Tag Team Championship from Christopher Daniels and Donovan Morgan.^[11]

Through late 2003 Amazing Red, wrestled as Misterio Red as well as Airwalk Spriggan while on a tour with All Japan Pro Wrestling. During the tour he suffered a near career-ending knee injury, tearing his anterior cruciate ligament and having to undergo surgery which kept him on the sideline for an entire year.^[12]

Red returned to TNA to wrestle in March 2004, staying there for the majority of the year. When he left TNA he went back to the independents, only returning on occasion to TNA throughout 2005 and 2006. He also wrestled CM Punk in a dark match at a WWE SmackDown taping on May 12, 2005.^[1]

Retirement and return (2005–2008)[link]

Red's last appearance was at a New York Wrestling Connection event at the beginning of 2006, where he lost his match to Javi-Air and re-injured his knee.^[1]

It was made official on the Pro Wrestling Unplugged Website that he would be making his return to their "Haunted" event although he requested off since it was announced that his wife was expecting their child on March 14, 2008.^[13]

Red left the wrestling business and took on a full-time job^{[citation needed]} to heal his knee after several surgeries. After being on the sidelines with his injury, Red made his return on December 13, 2008 at Jersey All Pro Wrestling's Best of the Light Heavyweights, the match was won by Archadia as he defeated Amazing Red, Flip Kendrick, Louis Lyndon.^[14]

Return to TNA (2009–2011)[link]

Red in a match against Suicide.

In April 2009, it was announced via the TNA website that the Amazing Red would return to the company in the Team 3D Tag Team Invitational Tournament.^[15] On the April 30 edition of Impact! he teamed with then-X Division Champion Suicide to defeat the Motor City Machineguns of Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin.

Suicide and Amazing Red were eliminated from the tournament on the May 14 episode of Impact! by the new stable, The British Invasion after interference from the Motor City Machineguns.

On the May 28 edition of Impact!, he challenged Suicide for the X Division Championship but was unsuccessful in winning the title for a second time. Red competed in a Steel Asylum match at the Hard Justice Pay-Per-View on August 16, in another losing effort. On the October 1 edition of Impact! Red became the number one contender to Samoa Joe's X Division title by defeating Jay Lethal, Consequences Creed, Sheik Abdul Bashir and Kiyoshi in a ladder match.^[16] On the following Impact! Red won the X Division Championship for the second time by pinning Samoa Joe following interference by Bobby Lashley.^[17] On the October 15 edition of Impact! Don West debuted as Red's new manager.^[18] At Bound for Glory Red retained his X Division Title in an Ultimate X match against Homicide, Daniels, Suicide, Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin.^[19] The following week on Impact! Red lost to Homicide in a non-title match.^[20] The return match between the two was booked for Turning Point, where Red was able to retain his title.^[21] Afterwards Don West quietly broke off his affiliation with Red, while he went on to defend his title on TNA's weekly Webmatches against the likes of Chris Sabin and Homicide.^[22][23] At Genesis Red retained his title in a match against the returning Brian Kendrick.^[24] On the January 28 edition of Impact! the British Invasion attacked Red after his six man tag team match. As Rob Terry was going to cash in his "Feast or Fired" briefcase, which gave him the right to challenge for the X Division Championship anytime, anywhere, his stable mate Doug Williams managed to convince him to hand it over to him and defeated Red to win the Championship.^[25] On the April 12 edition of Impact! Red took the place of the injured Hernandez and teamed up with Matt Morgan to successfully defend the TNA World Tag Team Championship against the Motor City Machineguns. After the match Morgan attacked Red for getting the pinfall in the match.^[26] After a few weeks out of action, Red returned to Impact! on the June 10 edition, in a losing effort against Kurt Angle.^[27] On September 23 Red defeated Jay Lethal at a live event in his hometown of New York City to win the X Division Championship for the third time.^[28] Red lost the title back to Lethal two days later at a live event in Rahway, New Jersey.^[29] On the December 23 edition of Impact! Red answered Jeff Jarrett's MMA Challenge, but was defeated by submission. After the match Red told Jarrett that he had a younger brother, who would answer the challenge the following week.^[30] The following week Red's storyline brother, billed simply as Little Red (later renamed Crimson), answered the challenge and was winning his match against Jarrett, before Jarrett was pulled away from the ring by his security guards Gunner and Murphy.^[31] Shortly afterwards, Crimson broke away from Red and the relation between the two was seldom mentioned again.^[32]

On the April 19 edition of Xplosion, Figueroa debuted as Sangriento, a masked luchador, in a three–way match, where he defeated Jay Lethal and Chris Sabin.^[33] Sangriento made his Impact! debut on May 5, defeating Suicide.^[6] After defeating Suicide in a rematch the following week, Sangriento was not seen again for two months, until appearing in a backstage segment with Eric Young at Destination X on July 10.^[34][35] At the same pay-per-view Amazing Red wrestled in an X Division number one contender's Ultimate X match, which was won by Alex Shelley, and which would turn out to be his final match for the promotion.^[35] On August 4, 2011, Figueroa announced via his Twitter account that he had parted ways with TNA.^[36]

Return to the independent circuit (2012)[link]

On March 4, 2012, Red returned to Ring of Honor at the 10th Anniversary Show, where he teamed with T.J. Perkins in a losing effort against the House of Truth (Michael Elgin and Roderick Strong).^[37]

In wrestling[link]

Red diving on Frightmare at Chikara's 2011 King of Trios.

Signature pose of Amazing Red

• Finishing moves
  • As Amazing Red
    • 718^[1] (Tiger feint kick)
    • Code Red^[1][5] (Leg trap sunset flip powerbomb, sometimes from the top rope)^[1]
    • Infrared^[1] (540° corkscrew senton bomb, sometimes onto a standing opponent)
    • Red Eye^[38] (TNA) / Red Alert^[1] (Independent circuit) (Diving swinging reverse STO, sometimes while springboarding)^[39]
    • Red Star Press^[1] (Standing or a running shooting star press)
  • As Sangriento
    • Back springboard into a cutter^[6]

• Signature moves
  • Brainbuster
  • Brain Damage^[1] (Victory roll flipped forward into a modified wheelbarrow facebuster, as a wheelbarrow bodyscissors counter)
  • Bulldog, as a wheelbarrow bodyscissors counter
  • Cartwheel into an over the top rope corkscrew moonsault
  • Diving clothesline
  • Hurricanrana driver^[39][40]
  • Jumping corkscrew roundhouse kick^[18]
  • Red Edge^[1] (Running sitout one shoulder powerbomb)
  • Red Eye^[1] (Jumping side slam twisted into a sitout side facebuster)
  • Red Fusion^[1] (Phoenix splash)
  • Red Spike^[1] (Back to belly piledriver)
  • Satellite DDT^[1] (Tilt-a-whirl headscissors takedown twisted into a DDT)
  • Seeing Red^[1] (Red lifts the opponent with a hip toss, lands them on their feet and then hits them with a full nelson facebuster)
  • Spinning enzuigiri^[39]
  • Standing or a running spinning wheel kick

• Managers
  • Alexis Laree^[41]
  • Don West^[18]

• Entrance themes
  • "Detached" by Spineshank^[42]
  • "It's Going Down" by The X-Ecutioners featuring Linkin Park^[42]
  • "Rock Superstar" by Cypress Hill^[42]
  • "Let It Bang" by The X-Ecutioners featuring M.O.P.^[42]
  • "Perfect Cell (Techno Remix)" by Dragon Ball Z^[42]
  • "Red Remix" by Toxic^[42]

Championships and accomplishments[link]

• East Coast Wrestling Association
  • ECWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)^[43]

• Impact Championship Wrestling
  • ICW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[1]
  • ICW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Danny Demento

• Maryland Championship Wrestling
  • MCW Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)^[44]

• New York Wrestling Connection
  • NYWC Interstate Championship (1 time)^[1]

• Premier Wrestling Federation
  • PWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)^[1]

• Pro Wrestling Illustrated
  • PWI ranked him #87 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010^[45]

• Ring of Honor
  • ROH Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with A.J. Styles^[11]

• Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
  • NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jerry Lynn^[46]
  • TNA X Division Championship (3 times)^[2]

• United States Extreme Wrestling
  • USEW United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[47]

• United Xtreme Wrestling / USA Pro Wrestling
  • UXW/USA Pro United States Championship (2 times)^[2]

• Unreal Championship Wrestling

• UCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

• Other titles

• HWVY Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

References[link]