The Hawkeye State is a popular nickname for the state of Iowa. According to the Iowa State web site, "Two Iowa promoters from Burlington are believed to have popularized the name".^[1] The nickname was given approval by "territorial officials" in 1838, eight years before Iowa became a state.

The two men responsible for the promotion of this nickname are thought to be Judge David Rorer of Burlington and the newspaper publisher, James G. Edwards of Fort Madison and, later, Burlington. Burlington had been established in 1833 after the Black Hawk War of 1832. Mr. Edwards changed the name of his Burlington newspaper, The Iowa Patriot, to The Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot in tribute to his friend Chief Black Hawk. Edwards proposed the nickname "Hawk-eyes" in 1838 to "...rescue from oblivian [sic] a momento [sic], at least of the name of the old chief," Black Hawk. The University of Iowa's athletic teams are nicknamed the Hawkeyes and feature a mascot named Herky the Hawk.

References[link]

Shoes by Roger Vivier for Christian Dior

Roger Vivier (1907–1998) was a French fashion designer who specialized in shoes. His best known creation was the Stiletto heel.^[1]

Vivier has been called the "Fragonard of the shoe" and his shoes "the Fabergé of Footwear"^[2] by numbers of critics. He designed extravagant richly-decorated shoes that he described as sculptures. He is credited with the design of the first stiletto heel in 1954.^[3] Stiletto heels, the very thin high heel, were certainly around in the late 19th century as numerous fetish drawings attest, but Vivier is known for reviving and developing this opulent style by using a thin rod of steel.

Ava Gardner, Gloria Guinness and The Beatles were all Vivier customers, and he designed the shoes for Queen Elizabeth II for her coronation in 1953.^[4]

Vivier designed shoes for Christian Dior from 1953 to 1963. In addition to the stiletto heel, he also experimented with other shapes including the comma. He used silk, pearls, beads, lace, appliqué and jewels to create unique decorations for his shoes.

In the 1960s Vivier also designed silk-satin knee boots outlined in jewels, and thigh-high evening boots in a black elastic knit with beads. His most iconic design, the Pilgrim pumps with silver buckles (worn by Catherine Deneuve in the film Belle de Jour) received international publicity and many imitations.

Visitors flock to his boutique on the Rue St. Honore, whose design is famous for being inspired by Vivier's apartment. Exclusivity is the hallmark of the line, with many shoes made to order, some with hand-embroidered gold thread. There are now three shops in the US. The latest opened in Ocean County, CA in May 2012. ^[5] Vivier's shoes are on display at the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and the Musée du Costume et de la Mode at the Louvre.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Roger Vivier designer profile at Fashion Model Directory
• "Viva Vivier". Sutton's Law. http://suttons-law.blogspot.com/2012/05/viva-vivier.html?spref=fb. Retrieved 7 May 2012. 
• "Roger Vivier – Shoes". Victoria and Albert Museum. http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1486_couture/exhibHighShoes.php. Retrieved 13 November 2007. 
• "Pair of evening shoes, given by Mrs Loel Guinness". Victoria and Albert Museum. http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O138235/pair-of-evening/. Retrieved 29 July 2011. 
• "Pair of evening shoes, given by Princess Stanislaus Radziwill". Victoria and Albert Museum. http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O138246/pair-of-evening/. Retrieved 29 July 2011. 

v t e High-heeled footwear Shoes Court shoe Mule Peep-toe shoe Platform shoe Slingback Boots Ballet boot Beatle boot Cowboy boot Fashion boot Kinky boots Knee-high boot Platform boot Thigh-high boots Winklepickers Types of heel Clear heels Kitten heel Spool heel Stiletto heel Wedge heel People and brands ALDO Group Manolo Blahnik Jimmy Choo Kenneth Cole Patrick Cox Terry de Havilland Salvatore Ferragamo Maud Frizon Cole Haan Hush Puppies Charles Jourdan Beth Levine Christian Louboutin Steve Madden Bruno Magli Nine West Beatrix Ong Prada Sergio Rossi Yotam Solomon United Nude Roger Vivier Stuart Weitzman Giuseppe Zanotti

This French biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This design-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e