In predicate logic, an existential quantification is the predication^[1] of a property or relation to at least one member of the domain. It is denoted by the logical operator symbol ∃ (pronounced "there exists" or "for some"), which is called the existential quantifier. Existential quantification is distinct from universal quantification ("for all"), which asserts that the property or relation holds for any members of the domain.

Symbols are encoded U+2203 ∃ there exists (HTML: ∃ ∃ as a mathematical symbol) and U+2204 ∄ there does not exist (HTML: ∄).

Basics[link]

Consider a formula that states that some natural number multiplied by itself is 25.

0·0 = 25, or 1·1 = 25, or 2·2 = 25, or 3·3 = 25, and so on.

This would seem to be a logical disjunction because of the repeated use of "or". However, the "and so on" makes this impossible to integrate and to interpret as a disjunction in formal logic. Instead, the statement could be rephrased more formally as

For some natural number n, n·n = 25.

This is a single statement using existential quantification.

This statement is more precise than the original one, as the phrase "and so on" does not necessarily include all natural numbers, and nothing more. Since the domain was not stated explicitly, the phrase could not be interpreted formally. In the quantified statement, on the other hand, the natural numbers are mentioned explicitly.

This particular example is true, because 5 is a natural number, and when we substitute 5 for n, we produce "5·5 = 25", which is true. It does not matter that "n·n = 25" is only true for a single natural number, 5; even the existence of a single solution is enough to prove the existential quantification true. In contrast, "For some even number n, n·n = 25" is false, because there are no even solutions.

The domain of discourse, which specifies which values the variable n is allowed to take, is therefore of critical importance in a statement's trueness or falseness. Logical conjunctions are used to restrict the domain of discourse to fulfill a given predicate. For example:

For some positive odd number n, n·n = 25

is logically equivalent to

For some natural number n, n is odd and n·n = 25.

Here, "and" is the logical conjunction.

In symbolic logic, "∃" (a backwards letter "E" in a sans-serif font) is used to indicate existential quantification.^[2] Thus, if P(a, b, c) is the predicate "a·b = c" and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mathbb{N}

is the set of natural numbers, then

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists{n}{\in}\mathbb{N}\, P(n,n,25)

is the (true) statement

For some natural number n, n·n = 25.

Similarly, if Q(n) is the predicate "n is even", then

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists{n}{\in}\mathbb{N}\, \big(Q(n)\;\!\;\! {\wedge}\;\!\;\! P(n,n,25)\big)

is the (false) statement

For some natural number n, n is even and n·n = 25.

In mathematics, the proof of a "some" statement may be achieved either by a constructive proof, which exhibits an object satisfying the "some" statement, or by a nonconstructive proof which shows that there must be such an object but without exhibiting one.

Properties[link]

Negation[link]

A quantified propositional function is a statement; thus, like statements, quantified functions can be negated. The Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lnot\   symbol is used to denote negation.

For example, if P(x) is the propositional function "x is between 0 and 1", then, for a domain of discourse X of all natural numbers, the existential quantification "There exists a natural number x which is between 0 and 1" is symbolically stated:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x)

This can be demonstrated to be irrevocably false. Truthfully, it must be said, "It is not the case that there is a natural number x that is between 0 and 1", or, symbolically:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lnot\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x)

.

If there is no element of the domain of discourse for which the statement is true, then it must be false for all of those elements. That is, the negation of

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x)

is logically equivalent to "For any natural number x, x is not between 0 and 1", or:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, \lnot P(x)

Generally, then, the negation of a propositional function's existential quantification is a universal quantification of that propositional function's negation; symbolically,

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lnot\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \equiv\ \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, \lnot P(x)

A common error is stating "all persons are not married" (i.e. "there exists no person who is married") when "not all persons are married" (i.e. "there exists a person who is not married") is intended:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lnot\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \equiv\ \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, \lnot P(x) \not\equiv\ \lnot\ \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \equiv\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, \lnot P(x)

Negation is also expressible through a statement of "for no", as opposed to "for some":

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nexists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \equiv \lnot\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x)

Unlike the universal quantifier, the existential quantifier distributes over logical disjunctions:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \or Q(x) \to\ (\exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \or \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, Q(x))

Rules of Inference[link]

A rule of inference is a rule justifying a logical step from hypothesis to conclusion. There are several rules of inference which utilize the existential quantifier.

Existential introduction (∃I) concludes that, if the propositional function is known to be true for a particular element of the domain of discourse, then it must be true that there exists an element for which the proposition function is true. Symbolically,

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(a) \to\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x)

The reasoning behind existential elimination (∃E) is as follows: If it is given that there exists an element for which the proposition function is true, and if a conclusion can be reached by giving that element an arbitrary name, that conclusion is necessarily true, as long as it does not contain the name. Symbolically, for an arbitrary c and for a proposition Q in which c does not appear:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \to\ ((P(c) \to\ Q) \to\ Q)

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(c) \to\ Q

must be true for all values of c over the same domain X; else, the logic does not follow: If c is not arbitrary, and is instead a specific element of the domain of discourse, then stating P(c)  might unjustifiably give more information about that object.

The empty set[link]

The formula Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists {x}{\in}\emptyset \, P(x)

is always false, regardless of P(x). This is because Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \emptyset
denotes the empty set, and no x of any description – let alone an x fulfilling a given predicate P(x) – exist in the empty set. See also vacuous truth.

See also[link]

• Uniqueness quantification
• Quantifiers
• First-order logic

Notes[link]

1. ^ The term "predication" in grammar means the predicate of a sentence which refers to subject and is an adverb or adjective, or equivalent, that describes an attribute of the subject. In logic, "predication" is a declaration (or assertion) that is claimed to be self-evident and can be assumed as the basis for argument.
2. ^ This symbol is also known as the existential operator. It is sometimes represented with V.

References[link]

• Hinman, P. (2005). Fundamentals of Mathematical Logic. A K Peters. ISBN 1-56881-262-0. 

PZ Myers
PZ Myers
Born	Paul Zachary Myers (1957-03-09) March 9, 1957 (age 55)
Residence	United States
Fields	Evolutionary developmental biology
Institutions	University of Minnesota Morris
Known for	Pharyngula (blog)

Paul Zachary "PZ" Myers (born March 9, 1957) is an American scientist and biology professor at the University of Minnesota Morris (UMM) and the author of the Pharyngula science blog, hosted on both the Science Blogs and Freethought Blogs blog networks. He is currently an associate professor of biology at UMM,^[1] works with zebrafish in the field of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), and also cultivates an interest in cephalopods. He has published numerous research papers in Nature and other notable scientific journals.^[2]

He is a public critic of intelligent design (ID) and of the creationist movement in general and is an activist in the American creation–evolution controversy. He is widely regarded as a confrontationalist.^[3]

In 2006, the journal Nature listed his blog, Pharyngula, as the top-ranked blog written by a scientist.^[4] Additionally, PZ Myers was the recipient of the Humanist of the Year award in 2009, and the International Humanist Award in 2011.

Asteroid 153298 Paulmyers is named in his honor.^[5]

Early life[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011)

Myers was born March 9, 1957, the eldest of six children in Kent, Washington; his mother is of Swedish and Norwegian descent.^[6] Regarding his ancestry, Myers wrote: "I'm only half Scandinavian. The blood has been thinned with that of those domesticated English and Irish and Scots."^[7] He was named "Paul Zachary", after his grandfather, but preferred the initials PZ to being called "Little Paul". He claims to have been a "science geek" from an early age, gaining an interest in zoology and marine biology from studying the insides of fish while on fishing trips with his father.

Myers was raised as a Lutheran. Prior to his confirmation, Myers says, "I started thinking, you know, I don't believe a word of this."^[8] Now an atheist, Myers comments widely on his blog about science, education, atheism and religion.^{[9] [10]}

Education and activism[link]

Myers graduated from Kent-Meridian High School in 1975,^[11] and subsequently attended DePauw University in Indiana on a full scholarship. However, he returned home the next year after his father suffered a heart attack. He then graduated from the University of Washington in 1979 with Bachelor of Science in zoology. Myers drifted away from this field toward evolutionary developmental biology and obtained a PhD in Biology from the University of Oregon.

A self-avowed "godless liberal"^[12] and outspoken atheist, he is a vocal skeptic of all forms of religion, superstition, supernaturalism, spirituality and pseudoscience. He is quoted as having "nothing but contempt" for intelligent design, arguing that it is "fundamentally dishonest".^[8]

In 2009 Myers was named the American Humanist Association's "Humanist of the Year".^[13]

Post-graduate career[link]

Myers has taught and researched at the University of Oregon, the University of Utah and Temple University. He is currently an associate professor of biology at the University of Minnesota's Morris campus.^[1] He is a member of Minnesota Citizens for Science Education.^[14]

Internet involvement[link]

USENET[link]

On USENET user groups, forums, and web sites such as talk.origins, Myers became involved in scientific debates, particularly those surrounding the growing creationist movement in the United States. In June 2002 he created his own web site and blog, Pharyngula.org, and he was a founding member of The Panda's Thumb. Since late 2005 he has been a contributor to Ask A Biologist, a science education website.

Pharyngula[link]

Pharyngula is Myers' personal weblog, promoted as "Evolution, development, and random biological ejaculations from a godless liberal."^[12] The topics Myers covers are eclectic, delving into the non-scientific as well as scientific. While Pharyngula includes many articles discussing breaking science news and research, the blog has become particularly well known for ridicule of intelligent design and of attempts to insert it into science education. The blog has been ranked as the third-most-read blog maintained by a Minnesotan. Pharyngula won the 2005 Koufax Award for Best Expert Blog. The science journal Nature listed Pharyngula as the top-ranked blog written by a scientist.^[15]

According to Alexa.com, Pharyngula.org was started on June 19, 2002.^[16] It started out as an experiment in writing instruction for a class. Students were required to submit mini-essays to be published online. After the project was finished, Myers still had the web-publishing software, and started to use it himself. The blog is named after his favorite stage in embryonic development, the pharyngula stage. Pharyngula moved to hosting at ScienceBlogs, a project of Seed Magazine, in 2005.

On Pharyngula, Myers has repeatedly denounced the Discovery Institute, Answers in Genesis, and other creationist websites, as well as offering rebuttals to Intelligent Design, pointing out that its claims are pseudoscientific. Other posts on Pharyngula cover a broad variety of topics that interest Myers. These include cephalopods; science; religion (to which Myers is unequivocally opposed); local, national and international politics, particularly those involving science and/or education; superstition; and evolutionary developmental biology. Myers dismissed the Discovery Institute's petition A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism, stating that the scientists listed didn't have credentials relevant to Biology, and that the number of them was minuscule compared to the scientific community as a whole.

On his blog in 2007, Myers reviewed Stuart Pivar's book Lifecode, which argues that self-organization at the embryonic and fetal stages determine the development and final structure of organisms.^[17][18][19] Myers reviewed the book negatively, stating that the diagrams and ideas in the book arose from Pivar's imagination and had no basis in actual evidence.

How his theory can be reconciled with a large body of embryological evidence that directly contradicts virtually all of it is not clear, and Pivar has chosen not to address any of it. And a book full of geometrically interesting sketches neither explains nor supports Pivar's theory.… Theories are supposed to explain observation and experiment. You don't come up with a theory first, and then invent the evidence to support it.^[17]

After some discussion in the comments threads of Pharyngula, Pivar sued Myers for libel.^[17][19] Within a week Pivar withdrew the lawsuit, stating that "the real issue got sidelined" and that his problem was more with Seed Media Group.^[20]

In addition to articles about keeping religion out of science education, church-state separation, and complaints of misdeeds done in the name of religion, Myers continues to write about science in the disciplines of evolution,^[21] palaeontology,^[22] genetics,^[23] development,^[24] and molecular biology.^[25]

Eucharist controversy[link]

A controversy arose in July 2008 over a Pharyngula blog entry written by Myers expressing amazement at news reports of death threats issued to University of Central Florida Student Senator Webster Cook. On June 29, 2008, Cook attended a Catholic Mass being held in the student union at UCF by a Catholic student group that receives funding from the student government. Cook received the Catholic Eucharist host but did not consume it immediately. He said later that he wanted to take it back to his seat to show a friend, but when stopped he pretended to put it in his mouth until back at his seat, then a church leader made forcible attempts to take the wafer from him.^[26][27] Cook stored the host at his home, then returned it one week later after receiving e-mail threats and pleas.^[26][28] Bill Donohue, President of the Catholic League, described the student's actions as "beyond hate speech" and said that "All options should be on the table, including expulsion."^[29]

In his July 8 blog entry, Myers criticized the reaction to Cook's act. Myers described the level of harassment including multiple death threats leveled against the student, and accusations against the student which included hate crime, kidnapping, and intent to desecrate the Eucharist which Catholics consider a mortal sin.^[27][30] Myers expressed outrage that Fox News Channel appeared to be inciting readers to cause further problems for the student, and ridiculed reports that armed guards would attend the next mass. Myers suggested that if any of his readers could acquire some consecrated Eucharistic hosts for him, he would treat the wafers "with profound disrespect and heinous cracker abuse, all photographed and presented here on the web."^[31]

Myers was criticized from both religious and non-religious quarters. The Catholic League accused Myers of anti-Catholic bigotry,^[32] described his proposal as a threat to desecrate what Catholics hold to be the Body of Christ, and sent a letter asking the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota State Legislature to take action against Myers.^[32][33] The Catholic League argued that, as the Pharyngula website was accessible via a link from the University of Minnesota's website, it should be bound by the university's code of conduct, which requires faculty to be "respectful, fair and civil" when dealing with others.^[33] Joe Foley, a member of the Board of the Secular Student Alliance, wrote on the organization's website that Myers had "crossed the line" from "playful satire" to "masturbatory condescension".^[34] Foley concluded, "if open-minded believers are willing to join us in polite dialogue, we need to be ready to welcome them with more than ridicule and pranks."^[34]

Subsequently, Myers explained to the Star Tribune that while his post was "satire and protest," he had received death threats regarding the incident but was not taking them too seriously.^[32]

Wikinews has related news: Woman fired over husband's email threat to Minnesota professor

In a talk show featuring Myers on Catholic Radio International, hosted by Jeff Gardner, Myers confirmed that he had been sent an unspecified number of consecrated hosts and said that he intended to “subject them to heinous cracker abuse.” When asked by Gardner to explain why he must do so, Myers said that Donohue of the Catholic League was insisting that he acknowledge the Body of Christ in the Eucharist. Gardner pointed out that Donohue had no authority to insist on such acknowledgment. The show host then asked Myers which individual possessing the Magisterial authority of the Catholic Church had insisted that he recognize the body of Christ in the Eucharist. Myers replied that no one from the Catholic Church had contacted him.^[35]

On July 24, 2008, Myers, in his post, "The Great Desecration," wrote that he had pierced through the "goddamned cracker" with a rusty nail, which he also used to pierce a few ripped-out pages of the Qur'an and The God Delusion, and had simply thrown them all in the trash along with old coffee grounds and a banana peel. He provided a photograph of these items in the garbage, and wrote that nothing must be held sacred, encouraging people to question everything. In addition, he described the history of allegations of host desecration, emphasizing the frequent use of such allegations in medieval Europe to justify anti-Semitism.^[36] The following day, University of Minnesota, Morris (UMM) Chancellor stated: "I believe that behaviors that discriminate against or harass individuals or groups on the basis of their religious beliefs are reprehensible" and that the school "affirms the freedom of a faculty member to speak or write as a public citizen without institutional discipline or restraint."^[37]

Science activism[link]

[edit] Interview and screening of Expelled

In April 2007 Myers was interviewed for a documentary titled "Crossroads", purportedly about science and religion.^[38] However in September 2007, executive producer Mark Mathis announced that the movie was Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed about "censorship" of intelligent design supporters.^[39] Regarding the discrepancy of focus, Myers wrote: "I mean, seriously, not telling one of the sides in a debate about what the subject might be and then leading him around randomly to various topics, with the intent of later editing it down to the parts that just make the points you want, is the video version of quote-mining and is fundamentally dishonest."^[38]

On March 20, 2008, Myers was denied entry into a screening of Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed at the Mall of America in Minneapolis. He was waiting with his family and guests to attend a private screening after having reserved seats for himself and guests under his own name using the freely available online procedure set up by the film's promoters. Shortly before the film started, a security guard told him that the producer Mark Mathis had instructed that Myers be removed from the premises. After telling his family of this Myers went to a nearby Apple store and blogged about his amusement that they had expelled him, but allowed his guest entry to see the film—British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, who had also been interviewed for the film under similar circumstances.^[40] In a question and answer session at the end of the film Dawkins asked why Myers had been excluded, and later said that "if anyone had a right to see the film, it was [Myers]. The incompetence, on a public relations level, is beyond belief."^[41] The saga has been described by Dawkins as "an incredible piece of inept public relations" on the part of the film's producers.^[42]

Creation Museum visit[link]

Myers at the Creation Museum

Myers' engagement as keynote speaker at the 2009 Secular Student Alliance Conference in Columbus, Ohio^[43] developed into an August 7, 2009 trip, in which 304 attendees visited the nearby Creation Museum in Petersburg, Kentucky.^[44] Beforehand, there was a flurry of heated blog posts which resulted in the museum sending a warning letter detailing appropriate behavior. The visit resulted in two reported incidents. In one, a student wearing a t-shirt that read, "There's probably no God. Now stop worrying and enjoy yourself"^[45] was asked to turn the shirt inside out.^[46]

It was also reported that a student was asked to leave the Creation Museum after a family visiting the museum complained to staff that they saw him "laughing at the exhibits". Ken Ham however denied that the student was told to leave, claiming that a photographer who witnessed the incident was the one who was removed.^[47]

Appearances[link]

Myers has been invited to speak about science, rationalism, or atheism at conferences, symposia, and other events.

• Global Atheist Convention in Melbourne, Australia, 2012
• Reason Rally, 24 March 2012
• Secular Student Alliance Conference in Columbus, Ohio, 2009

Awards[link]

Myers has received several awards for his activism.

• International Humanist Award (2011)
• Humanist of the Year award (2009)
• top-ranked blog written by a scientist (Nature science journal, 2006)
• Koufax Award for Best Expert Blog (2005)

See also[link]

	Atheism portal
	Science portal

• Antireligion
• Antitheism
• Conflict thesis
• Evo devo

References[link]

External links[link]

Find more about PZ Myers on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

Official

• Pharyngula – Official blog
• Myers' personnel page from University of Minnesota Morris

Interviews/Presentations

• Minnesota Citizens for Science Education
• Science Friday: Interview with a Mad Scientist on Daily Kos
• Genetics Interview #23: PZ Myers of Pharyngula, Hsien Hsien Lei, Genetics and Health
• Interview with PZ Myers (January 26, 2007), and Debate with Kenneth R. Miller (May 10, 2007) on The Inoculated Mind
• Video interviews/discussions involving PZ Myers on Bloggingheads.tv
• Debate with Geoffrey Simmons of the Discovery Institute on KKMS
• PZ Myers vs. Angus Menuge April 2008 on UMM
• MnIndy interview: Unrepentant science-heathen PZ Myers still intends to prove "this cracker is nothing" at Minnesota Independent
• Poll Crashers Tilt Unscientific Polls Their Way
• PZ Myers - Global Atheist Convention 2010

Philip Enquist
Nationality	American
Work
Practice	Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Projects	Lakeside Master Plan, Chongming Island Master Plan

Philip Enquist, FAIA is a partner in the Chicago office of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP in charge of Urban Design & Planning. He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects.

Since joining SOM in 1981, Enquist has focused on strengthening the physical, social, and intellectual infrastructure of cities. He strives to create a framework for humane and rational habitats, workplaces, open spaces and agricultural areas on a rapidly urbanizing planet. Enquist’s work emphasizes the rebuilding of inner cities, including commercial centers and neighborhoods^[1]; the improvement of infrastructure of city streets and transit; as well as the conservation of the natural environment.^[2] He is known for his ability to synthesize the various elements of city design.^[3] The focus of his work also extends to regional ecosystems such as North America’s Great Lakes region and the Bohai Rim in China.

Enquist is active in the city planning profession through one-on-one mentorships, his instruction of a studio for architecture and urban design students at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design^[4], and as the Charles Moore Visiting Professor at the University of Michigan’s Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning.^[5]

During his career, Mr. Enquist has collaborated closely with a wide cross-section of significant governmental and private planning entities. These include the cities of Shanghai, Detroit, Chicago^[6], Los Angeles and Orlando, Harvard University, Bowdoin College, the Kingdom of Bahrain and others.

Enquist was honored with the 2010 Distinguished Alumnus Award from the Architectural Guild of the University of Southern California (USC) School of Architecture for his dedication to strengthening the physical, social and intellectual infrastructure of cities. In 2009, the Chicago Tribune named him and his studio Chicagoans of the Year in Architecture, citing “the city-friendly designs of Phil Enquist.”^[3] Enquist was the 2011 commencement speaker for the University of Pennsylvania School of Design.^[7][8]

Great Lakes Century Vision[link]

In 2009, Enquist conceived of a 100-year vision for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River basin as SOM’s contribution to the Burnham Plan Centennial.^[9] Since then, Enquist and SOM’s City Design Practice have been refining, promoting and advancing the vision as a pro bono public service to catalyze policymakers, planners and advocates around the environmental and economic renewal of the Great Lakes region.

Enquist has been invited to present SOM's vision to key stakeholders, including the International Joint Commission, over 86 Canadian and American mayors, the National Parks Conservation Association, at the Green Build Expo, The Brookings Institution^[10], The MOWAT Centre for Policy Innovation, the Great Lakes Roundtable, at TEDxMillCity^[11], and on Capitol Hill.

In 2011, the Great Lakes Century vision was awarded a design excellence award from the Chicago Chapter of the American Institute of Architects.^[12]

Education[link]

• Bachelor of Science from University of California, 1974
• Master of Architecture from University of Southern California, 1979

Published Work[link]

Enquist is a co-author of City Building: Nine Planning Principles for the Twenty-First Century.^[13]

Professional Associations[link]

• Fellow, American Institute of Architects (FAIA)
• Chair, 1999, AIA Regional/Urban Design PIA
• Vice Chair, 1998 AIA Regional/Urban Design PIA
• Member, Chicago Architecture Foundation
• Board Member, Friends of Downtown Chicago
• Member, Urban Land Institute
• Member, U.S./China Building Council, 1999 and 2000
• Member, Lambda Alpha International
• Board Member, Openlands Project
• Board Member, Design Futures Council^[14]

See also[link]

• Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
• William F. Baker (engineer)
• George J. Efstathiou (architect)
• Roger Duffy
• T.J. Gottesdiener
• Craig Hartman
• Ross Wimer

External links[link]

• Official SOM Biography
• Great Lakes Century Blog, sponsored by Philip Enquist and SOM

References[link]

1. ^ "Philip Enquist on the Lakefront Master Plan". Chicago Tribune. January 10, 2009. http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2009/01/phillip-enquist.html. 
2. ^ "Working Group for Sustainable Cities at Harvard University: Core Professionals". Harvard University Center for the Environment. http://environment.harvard.edu/related-programs/sustainable-cities-core-members-bios. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "Philip Enquist Tapped for Alumnus Award". University of Southern California. March 23, 2010. http://uscnews.usc.edu/university/philip_enquist_tapped_for_alumnus_award.html. 
4. ^ "Course Details:Water Line...Chicago's Urban River Corridor". Harvard University Graduate School of Design. http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/courses/details.cgi?term=201120&course=STU-01501-00. 
5. ^ "Urban Design Visiting Faculty 2007". University of Michigan Taubman College. http://www.tcaup.umich.edu/urbandesign/faculty/visiting_faculty/philip_enquist. 
6. ^ "On the Vacant Site of a Chicago Steel Mill, SOM Knits a Neighborhood Back into the Lake Michigan Waterfront". American Institute of Architects. http://www.aia.org/practicing/AIAB087723?dvid=&recspec=AIAB087723. 
7. ^ "2011 Commencement Speaker Announced". University of Pennsylvania. April 25, 2011. http://www.design.upenn.edu/news/2011-commencement-speaker-announced. 
8. ^ "Video of University of Pennsylvania School of Design 2011 commencement speech". PennDesign. http://vimeo.com/23924365. 
9. ^ "Recognizing a Global Resource: Vision for the Great Lakes & St. Lawrence Region". The Burnham Plan Centennial. http://burnhamplan100.lib.uchicago.edu/events/id/2238/. 
10. ^ "A Regional Vision for the Great Lakes". The Atlantic Cities. October 14, 2011. http://www.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2011/10/regional-vision-for-great-lakes/299/. 
11. ^ "Philip Enquist - Imagine There Are No Borders". TEDxMillCity. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wn5R5uHVRO4. 
12. ^ "SOM’s Culture of Collaboration Celebrates 10 Design Awards". SOM. October 28, 2011. http://www.som.com/content.cfm/102811_som_culture_of_collaboration_celebrates_10_design_awards. 
13. ^ "City Building:Nine Planning Principles for the Twenty-First Century". Princeton Architectural Press. 2010. http://www.papress.com/html/book.details.page.tpl?&isbn=9781568988818. 
14. ^ "DFC Fellow Phil Enquist Addresses PennDesign Grads". DesignIntelligence. June 2, 2011. http://designintelligence.com/news/enquistaddress/.