Hispanic (Spanish: hispano, hispánico; Portuguese: hispânico, hispano, Catalan: hispà, hispànic)^[1][2][3] is an ethnonym that denotes a relationship to Spain or to ancient Hispania, which comprised Andorra, Portugal, Spain and the territory of Gibraltar. Today, organizations in the United States use the term Hispanic to either denote a relationship to Spain or to Spain and Portugal. Some organizations intend to encapsulate only the Spanish-speaking population, limiting the definition to that subset.

The term is also used to denote the culture and people of Spanish colonization of the Americas countries formerly ruled by the Crown of Castile.

Cultural elements (Spanish names, the Spanish language, Spanish customs, etc.), and people known as Hispanic in the United States, can also be found in other areas that were formerly part of the Spanish Empire, such as in Equatorial Guinea in Africa, or the Philippines in Asia-Pacific.

Terminology[link]

Trajan was a Hispano-Roman Emperor, born in Italica Hispania Baetica (modern-day Sevilla, Spain).

The term Hispanic is derived from Hispanicus, which derived from Hispania) Hispania may in turn derive from Latin Hispanicus, or from Greek Ισπανία Hispania and Ισπανός Hispanos, probably from Celtiberian^[4] or from Basque Ezpanna.^[5] In English the word is attested from the 16th century (and in late 19th century in American English).^[6]

The words Spain, Spanish, and Spaniard are of the same etymology as Hispanus, ultimately.^[4]

Stele of a family of celts, hispanus from Gallaecia  : Apana · Ambo/lli · f(ilia) · Celtica /Supertam(arica) · / [j] Miobri · /an(norum) · XXV · h(ic) · s(ita) · e(st) · /Apanus · fr(ater) · f(aciendum)· c(uravit)^[7]

Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule. In English, the term Hispano-Roman is sometimes used.^[8] The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from many different tribes.^[9] Some famous Hispani (plural of Hispanus) were Seneca the Elder, Seneca the Younger, Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, Martial, Prudentius, the Roman Emperors Trajan, Hadrian and Theodosius I, and also Magnus Maximus and Maximus of Hispania.

Here follows a comparison of several terms related to Hispanic:

• Hispania was the name of the Iberian Peninsula/Iberia from the 3rd century BC to the 8th AD, both as a Roman Empire province and immediately thereafter as a Visigothic kingdom, 5th–8th century.
• Hispanic is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania.^[10][11][12]
• Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas.^[12][13]
• Spanish is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language and other things of Spain.
• Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain.

Hispania was the Roman name for the whole territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. In 27 b.C, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms (Spain, and The Spains) used to refer to the peninsula and its kingdoms in the Middle Ages.^[14]

Prior to the marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, the four Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, namely the Kingdom of Portugal, the Crown of Aragon, the Crown of Castile, and the Kingdom of Navarre, were collectively referred to as The Spains. This revival of the old Roman name in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and appears to be first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote.

The word "Lusitanian", chiefly poetic, relates to Lusitania or Portugal, also in reference to the Lusitanians, one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribe's name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, which was previously part of Hispania, and Lusitania remains Portugal's name in Latin.

The terms "Spain" and " the Spains" were not interchangeable.^[15] Spain was a geographic territory home to several kingdoms (Christian and Muslim), with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and costumes and was also the historical remnant of the Hispano-Gothic unity.^[16] Spain was not a political entity until much later, and when referring to the middle ages one should not be confounded with the nation-state of today.^[17] The term "The Spains" referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, that is, it first referred only to the Christian kingdoms, then to the different kingdoms ruled by the same king.

With the Decretos de Nueva Planta, Philip V started to organize the fusion of his kingdoms that until then were ruled as distinct and independent, but this unification process lacked a formal and juridic proclamation.^[18][19]

Although colloquially and literarilly the expression "King of Spain" or "King of the Spains" was already widespread,^[20] it did not refer to a unified nation-state. It was only in the constitution of 1812 that was adopted the name "Españas" (Spains) for the Spanish nation and the use of the title of "king of the Spains".^[21] The constitution of 1876 adopts for the first time the name "Spain" for the Spanish nation and from then on the kings would use the title of "king of Spain".^[22]

The expansion of the Spanish Empire between 1492 and 1898 brought thousands of Spanish migrants to the conquered lands, who established settlements, mainly in the Americas but also in other distant parts of the world, like in the Philippines being the lone Spanish territory in Asia, producing a number of multiracial populations. Today the term Hispanic is typically applied to the varied populations of these places, including those with insignificant or no Spanish ancestry.

Definitions in ancient Rome[link]

The Latin gentile adjectives that belong to Hispania are Hispanus, Hispanicus and Hispanienses. Hispanus is some one who is a native of Hispania with no foreign parents, while children born in Hispania of roman parents were Hispaniensis. Hispaniensis means connected in some way to Hispania as in "Exercitus Hispaniensis" or "mercatore Hispanienses", that means those who are located in Hispania. While Hispanicus means "of" or "belonging to" Hispania or the Hispanus or of their fashion as in "glaudius Hispanicus".^[23] The gentile adjectives were not ethnolinguistic but derived primarily on a geographic basis, from the toponym Hispania as the people of Hispania spoke different languages, although Livy said they could all understand each other, not making clair if they spoke dialects of the same language or were polyglots. ^[24] The first recorded use of an anthroponym derived from the toponym Hispania is attested in one of the five fragments, of Quinto Ennius in 236 b.c who wrote "Hispane, non Romane memoretis loqui me" (remember I speak hispane not roman) as having been said by a native of Hispania.^[25][26]

Definitions in Portugal and Spain[link]

In Portugal, Hispanic always refers to something related to Hispania, Spain or the Spanish language and culture.^[27] Portugal and Spain have the same definition for the term Hispanic (pt: hispânico, es: hispánico). The Royal Spanish Academy (Spanish: Real Academia Española, RAE), the official royal institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language defines the term hispanic in Spanish as^[28]:

• 1. Belonging or pertaining to Spain.
• 2. Pertaining to the ancient Hispania or the peoples which were part of it and those born at a later date.
• 3. Pertaining to the Spanish language and culture.

The term signifies the cultural resonance, among other elements and characteristics, of the descendants of the people who inhabited ancient Hispania. It has been used throughout history for purposes such as, but not limited to, drawing a contrast to the moors and differentiating explorers and settlers.

In Spanish, another term, "hispano", refers to the people of Spanish-American origin who live in the United States; it also refers to a relationship to Hispania.

A term used for the common culture of Portugal and Spain is "Iberian". The, "Rede Ibérica da Máscara",^{[29][30] [31]} that promotes a joint candidacy of Portugal and Spain to World Heritage is one example of the conventions used by Portugal and Spain when referring to the common ancestral culture. The term "Luso-Spanish" ^[32] or Hispano-Portuguese ^[33]is also used. The Ibero-American Summit is another example of the terminology adopted officially. When referring specifically to the common culture of northern Portugal and Galicia the convention used is "Galician-Portuguese" as in for example the joint candidacy for the Galician-Portuguese Oral Traditions as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.^[34]

Definitions in the United States[link]

The U.S. Office of Management and Budget currently defines "Hispanic or Latino" as "a person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race".^[35] The 2010 Census asked if the person was "Spanish/Hispanic/Latino".

"The terms "Hispanic" or "Latino" refer to persons who trace their origin or descent to Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Spanish speaking Central and South America countries, and other Spanish cultures. Origin can be considered as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race."^[36]

The U.S. Department of Transportation defines Hispanic as, "persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central or South American, or others Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin, regardless of race."^[37] This definition has been adopted by the Small Business Administration as well as by many federal, state, and municipal agencies for the purposes of awarding government contracts to minority owned businesses. The Congressional Hispanic Caucus and the Congressional Hispanic Conference include representatives of Spanish and Portuguese descent. The Hispanic Society of America is dedicated to the study of the arts and cultures of Spain, Portugal, and Latin America. The Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities, proclaimed champions of Hispanic success in higher education, is committed to Hispanic educational success in the U.S., Puerto Rico, Latin America, Spain, and Portugal.

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission encourages any individual who believes that he or she is Hispanic to self-identify as Hispanic.^[38] The United States Department of Labor - Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs encourages the same self-identification.^[39] As a result, any individual who traces his or her origins to part of the Spanish Empire may self-identify as Hispanic, because an employer may not override an individual's self-identification.^[40]

The 1970 Census was the first time that a "Hispanic" identifier was used and data collected with the question. The definition of "Hispanic" has been modified in each successive census. ^[41]

Hispanicization[link]

Hispanicization is the process by which a place or a person absorbs characteristics of Hispanic society and culture.^[42][43][44] Modern hispanization of a place, namely in the United States, might be illustrated by Spanish-language media and businesses. Hispanization of a person might be illustrated by speaking Spanish, making and eating Latin food, listening to Spanish language music or participating in Hispanic festivals and holidays - Hispanization of those outside the Hispanic community as opposed to assimilation of Hispanics into theirs.

One reason Hispanic advocates claim the assimilation of Hispanics in the U.S. is not comparable to that of other cultural groups is that Hispanic and Latino Americans have been living in parts of North America for centuries, in many cases well before the English-speaking culture became dominant. For example, California, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico (1598), Arizona, Nevada, Florida and Puerto Rico have been home to Spanish-speaking people since the 16th century, long before the U.S. gained independence from Great Britain. These and other Spanish-speaking territories were part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and later Mexico (with exception of Florida and Puerto Rico), before these regions joined or were taken by the United States in 1848. Some cities in the U.S. were founded by Spanish settlers in the 16th century, prior to the creation of the Thirteen Colonies. For example, San Miguel de Galdape, Pensacola and St. Augustine, Florida were founded in 1526, 1559 and 1565 respectively, Santa Fe, New Mexico was founded in 1604, and Albuquerque was established in 1660, In the case of St. Agustine Florida it was founded by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. Therefore, in many parts of the U.S., the Hispanic cultural legacy predates British influence. For this reason, according to Hispanic advocates, many generations have largely maintained their cultural traditions and Spanish language. However, Spanish-speaking persons in the above-listed areas amounted to only a few thousand people when they became part of the United States; a large majority of current Hispanic residents are descended from Hispanics who entered the United States in the mid-to-late 20th and early 21st centuries. In that sense, the early influence of Spain in the United States, and that of Spanish speakers, was not unlike that of The Netherlands, France, Sweden or even Russia, who also had colonial holdings in what later became the United States.

Language retention is a common index to assimilation and according to the 2000 census, about 75 percent of all Hispanics spoke Spanish in the home. Spanish language retention rates vary geographically; parts of Texas and New Mexico have language retention rates over 90 percent, whereas in parts of Colorado and California, retention rates are lower than 30 percent. The degree of retention of Spanish as the native language is based on recent arrival from countries where Spanish is spoken. As is true of other immigrants, those who were born in other countries still speak their native language. Later generations are increasingly less likely to speak the language spoken in the country of their ancestors, as is true of other immigrant groups.

Spanish-speaking countries and regions[link]

Spanish-speaking countries

Spanish identified as an official or de facto official language

Today, Spanish is among the most commonly spoken first languages of the world. During the period of the Spanish Empire from 1492 and 1898, many people migrated from Spain to the conquered lands. The Spaniards brought with them the Castillian language and culture, and in this process that lasted several centuries, created a global empire with a diverse population. Miscegenation between peoples in the colonies led to the creation of the new mixed peoples, chiefly half-caste and mulattos, in many countries. Culturally, Spaniards are typically European and are believed to be the longest continuously established population in Europe; they also have small traces of many peoples from the rest of Europe, the Near East and the Mediterranean areas of northern Africa.^[45][46] The Hispanic countries, including Spain, are also inhabited by peoples of non-Spanish ancestry, to widely varying extents.

Language and ethnicities in Spanish-speaking areas around the world[link]

Continent/Region	Country/Territory	Languages Spoken [47]	Ethnic Groups [48]	Picture	References
Europe	Spain	Spanish (official) 89%, Catalan 9%, Galician 5%, Basque 1%, are official regionally. (Spanish is spoken by 100% of the population, over 100% indicates bilingual population).[49]	88.0% Spanish, 12.0% others (Romanian, British, Moroccan, Latin American, German) (2009) (See: Spanish people)		[50][51]
	Andorra	Catalan (official) 38.1%, Spanish 39.7%, Portuguese 14.5, French 8.5%			[52]
North America	Mexico	Spanish 92.7%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5.7%, indigenous only 0.8%, unspecified 0.8%; (Indigenous languages include Mayan languages, Nahuatl, and other) (2005)	Mestizo (European-Amerindian) 60-70%,[53] Amerindian (or predominantly Amerindian) 12-18%, White (or predominantly White) 9-17%,[54] other (including Black minority) 1%[53] (See: Mexican people)		[55]
	United States	English 79.4%, Spanish 12.8%, other Indo-European 3.7%, Asian and Pacific Islander languages 3.0%, other 0.9% (2010 census) (Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii). (Note: The U.S. is a predominantly English-speaking country. As is true of many immigrant families, the immigrants often speak Spanish and some English, while their children are fluent English speakers because they were born and educated in the U.S. Some retain their Spanish language as is true of other immigrant families. The recent influx of large numbers of immigrants from Spanish speaking countries into the U.S. has meant that the number of Spanish speaking U.S. residents has increased, but the children speaking English as is true of the historic U.S. immigrant experience, continues. Migration from Hispanic countries has increased the Spanish speaking population in the United States. Of those who speak Spanish in the United States, three quarters speak English well or very well.	White 79.96%, Black 12.85%, Asian 4.43%, Amerindian and Alaska Native 0.97%, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific islanders 0.18%, two or more races 1.61% (July 2007 estimate) (Note: a separate listing for Hispanics is not included because the U.S. Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American descent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican origin) and of Spanish descent living in the U.S. who may be of any race or ethnic group (white, black, Asian, etc.); about 15-16% of the total U.S. population is Hispanic, not including estimates about alien residents).		[56][57]
Central America	Belize	Spanish 43%, Belizean Creole 37%, Mayan dialects 7.8%, English 5.6% (official), German 3.2%, Garifuna 2%, other 1.5%	Mestizo 34%, Kriol 25%, Spanish[citation needed] 15%, Maya peoples 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other 11% (2000 census) (See:Belizean people)		[58]
	Costa Rica	Spanish (official)	(White including Mestizo) 94%, Black 3%, Amerindian 1%, Chinese 1% Other 1%		[59]
	El Salvador	Castilian (official)	Mestizo 86%, White 12%, Amerindian 1%		[60]
	Guatemala	Spanish 59.4%, Amerindian languages 40.5% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including K'iche, Kakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca).	Mestizo (in local Spanish called Ladino) and White 59.4%, K'iche 9.1%, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam 7.9%, Q'eqchi 6.3%, other Maya peoples 8.6%, indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%, other 0.1% (2001 census)		[61]
	Honduras	Spanish, various Amerindian languages	Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%, Black 2%, White 1%		[62]
	Nicaragua	Spanish 97.5% (official), Miskito 1.7%, others 0.8% (1995 census) (English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast).	Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 69%, White 17%, Black 9%, Amerindian 5%		[63]
	Panama	Spanish (official), English 14% (bilingual)	Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 70%, Black 14%, White 10%, Amerindian 6%		[64]
South America	Argentina	Spanish (official), other European and Amerindian languages	European Argentine 86% (mostly from Spanish and Italian ancestries), Mestizo, Amerindian and other non-European or non-White groups (including Arab, East Asian, and Black minorities) 14% (See: Argentinian people)		[65]
	Bolivia	Spanish 60.7% (official), Quechua 21.2% (official), Aymara 14.6% (official), foreign languages 2.4%, other 1.2% (2001 census)	Quechua 30%, Mestizo (mixed White and Amerindian ancestry) 30%, Aymara 25%, White 15%, Black minority.		[66]
	Chile	Spanish (official), Mapudungun, other European languages	White 52,7%, Mestizo 44,1%, Amerindian 3,2% (See: Chilean people)		[67]
	Colombia	Spanish (official)	Mestizo 58%, White 20%, Mulatto 14%, Black 4%, mixed Black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1% (See: Colombian people)		[68]
	Ecuador	Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua)	Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and White) 65%, Amerindian 25%, White 7%, Black 3%		[69]
	Paraguay	Spanish (official), Guaraní (official)	Mestizo (mixed European and Amerindian) 74,5%, White 20%, Mulato 3,5%, Indigenous 1,5%		[70]
	Peru	Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages	Amerindian 45%, Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and White) 37%, White 15%, Black, East Asian and others 3%		[71]
	Uruguay	Spanish (official)	White (mostly from Spanish and Italian ancestries) 88%, Mestizo 8%, Black 4%, Amerindian (less than 0.5%)		[72]
	Venezuela	Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects	Mestizos (mixed Amerindian and White) 65%, White 25%, Black 8% and Amerindians 2% (See: Venezuelan people)		[73]
Caribbean Islands	Cuba	Spanish (official)	White 65.1% (mostly Spanish), Mulattoes 24.8%, Black 10.1% (2002 census) (See: Cubans)		[74]
	Dominican Republic	Spanish (official)	Mixed 73%, White 16%, Black 11%		[75]
	Puerto Rico (Territory of the U.S. with Commonwealth status)	Spanish, English	White (mostly of Spanish ancestry) 76.2%, Black 6.9%, Asian 0.3%, Amerindian 0.2%, mixed 4.4%, other 12% (2007)		[76]
Africa	Equatorial Guinea	Spanish 67.6% (official), other 32.4% (includes the other 2 official languages - French and Portuguese, Fang, Bube, Annobonese, Igbo, Krio, Pichinglis, and English) (1994 census) Note: Equatorial Guinea was the only Spanish colony in Sub-Saharan Africa.	Fang 85.7%, Bubi 6.5%, Mdowe 3.6%, Annobon 1.6%, Bujeba 1.1%, other 1.4% (1994 census)		[77]
Polynesia	Easter Island Territory of Chile	Spanish (official), Rapanui	Rapanui		[78]
The CIA World Factbook is in the public domain. Accordingly, it may be copied freely without permission of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[79]

Areas with Hispanic cultural influence[link]

Continent/Region	Country/Territory	Languages Spoken [47]	Ethnic Groups [48]	Picture	References
Africa	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Disputed	Arabic is the official language of Western Sahara, while Spanish is still widely spoken.			[citation needed]
Asia	Philippines	Chavacano, a Spanish-based creole language is spoken in the Philippines by 600,000 people.[80] Filipino Spanish is natively spoken by 5,000 people but second- and third-language speakers range from 500,000 to 2,500,000.[81][82] Hispanic influences have impacted several native languages, such as Tagalog, Cebuano and Ilocano[80]	The official percentage of Filipinos with Spanish ancestry is unknown as the National Statistics Office does not gather data on racial descent. Different estimates of this mixed descent from either parent are approximated to be from 3,500,000 to 5,000,000. In other cases, is is estimated there are some 17,000,000 to 36,550,197 people of Hispanic descent. Of note however, is that none of these figures are supported by thorough genetic studies.[83] (See: Filipino people)	120x120px	[80]
Micronesia	Guam	Most former Spanish territories in Asia-Pacific no longer recognize Spanish as an official language. The predominant languages used in Guam are English, Chamorro and Filipino. Also, in Guam -a U.S. territory- and the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth in political union with the U.S., a Malayo-Polynesian language called Chamorro is spoken, with numerous loanwords with Spanish etymological origins. However it is not a Spanish creole language.[84]	Asians, Chamorro, and others		[84]
	FSM Micronesia	Micronesia's official language is English, although native languages, such as Chuukese, Kosraean, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi are also prominent.[85]	Asians, Micronesians, and others		[85]
	Northern Mariana Islands	In the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth in political union with the U.S., a Malayo-Polynesian language called Chamorro is spoken, with numerous loanwords with Spanish etymological origins. However it is not a Spanish creole language. The top four languages used in the Northern Mariana Islands are Filipino, Chinese, Chamorro and English.[86]	Asians, Chamorro, and others		[86]
	Palau	In Palau, Spanish is no longer used; instead, the people use their native languages, such as Palauan, Angaur, Sonsorolese and Tobian.[87]	Asians, Palauan, and others		[87]
The CIA World Factbook is in the public domain. Accordingly, it may be copied freely without permission of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[79]

Music[link]

Folk and popular dance and music also varies greatly among Hispanics. For instance, the music from Spain is a lot different from the Hispanic American, although there is a high grade of exchange between both continents. In addition, due to the high national development of the diverse nationalities and regions of Spain, there is a lot of music in the different languages of the Peninsula (Catalan, Galician and Basque, mainly). See, for instance, Music of Catalonia or Rock català, Music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias, and Basque music. Flamenco is also a very popular music style in Spain, especially in Andalusia. Spanish ballads "romances" can be traced in Mexico as "corridos" or in Argentina as "milongas", same structure but different scenarios.

On the other side of the ocean, Latin America is also home to a wide variety of music, even though "Latin" music is often erroneously thought of, as a single genre. Hispanic Caribbean music tends to favor complex polyrhythms of African origin. Mexican music shows combined influences of mostly Spanish and Native American origin, while traditional Northern Mexican music — norteño and banda — is more influenced by country-and-western music and the polka, brought by Central European settlers to Mexico. The music of Hispanic Americans — such as tejano music — has influences in rock, jazz, R&B, pop, and country music as well as traditional Mexican music such as Mariachi. Meanwhile, native Andean sounds and melodies are the backbone of Peruvian and Bolivian music, but also play a significant role in the popular music of most South American countries and are heavily incorporated into the folk music of Ecuador and Chile and the tunes of Colombia, and again in Chile where they play a fundamental role in the form of the greatly followed nueva canción. In U.S. communities of immigrants from these countries it is common to hear these styles. Latin pop, Rock en Español, Latin hip-hop, Salsa, Merengue, colombian cumbia and Reggaeton styles tend to appeal to the broader Hispanic population, and varieties of Cuban music are popular with many Hispanics of all backgrounds.

Literature[link]

Spanish Language literature and folklore is very rich and is influenced by a variety of countries. There are thousands of writers from many places, and dating from the Middle Ages to the present. Some of the most recognized writers are Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (Spain), Lope de Vega (Spain), Calderón de la Barca (Spain), Carlos Fuentes (Mexico), Octavio Paz (Mexico), Miguel Ángel Asturias (Guatemala), George Santayana (US), José Martí (Cuba), Sabine Ulibarri (US), Federico García Lorca (Spain), Miguel de Unamuno (Spain), Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia), Horacio Quiroga (Uruguay), Rómulo Gallegos (Venezuela), Rubén Darío (Nicaragua), Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru), Giannina Braschi (Puerto Rico), Cristina Peri Rossi (Uruguay), Luisa Valenzuela (Argentina), Roberto Quesada (Honduras), Julio Cortázar (Argentina), Pablo Neruda (Chile), Gabriela Mistral (Chile), Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina), Pedro Henríquez Ureña (Dominican Republic), Ernesto Sabato (Argentina), Juan Tomás Ávila Laurel (Equatorial Guinea), Ciro Alegría (Peru), Joaquin Garcia Monge (Costa Rica), and José Rizal (Philippines).

Religion[link]

With regard to religious affiliation among Spanish-speakers, Christianity — specifically Roman Catholicism — is usually the first religious tradition that comes to mind. Indeed, the Spaniards took the Roman Catholic faith to Latin America, and in the Philippines, and Roman Catholicism continues to be the overwhelmingly predominant, but not the only, religious denomination amongst most Hispanics. A small but growing number of Hispanics belong to a Protestant denomination.

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There are also Spanish-speaker Jews, of which most are the descendants of Ashkenazi Jews who migrated from Europe (German Jews, Russian Jews, Polish Jews, etc.) to Latin America, particularly Argentina, Uruguay, Peru and Cuba (Argentina is host to the third largest Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States and Canada)^[88][89] in the 19th century and during and following World War II. Many Spanish-speaker Jews also originate from the small communities of reconverted descendants of anusim — those whose Spanish and Portuguese Sephardi Jewish ancestors long ago hid their Jewish ancestry and beliefs in fear of persecution by the Spanish Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition in the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America. The Spanish Inquisition led to a large number of forced conversions of Spanish Jews. Genetic studies on the (male) Y-chromosome conducted by the University of Leeds in 2008 appear to support the idea that the number of forced conversions have been previously underestimated significantly. They have determined that the current population of Spain has ancestry through the male line that is at least 20% Jewish.^[90] This seems to imply there was much forced conversions than which was previously thought to be about 200,000. There are also the now Catholic-professing descendants of marranos and the Spanish-speaker crypto-Jews believed to exist in the once Spanish-held Southwestern United States and scattered through Latin America. Additionally, there are Sephardic Jews who are descendants of those Jews who fled Spain to Turkey, Syria, and North Africa, some of whom have now migrated to Latin America, holding on to some Spanish/Sephardic customs, such as the Ladino language which mixes Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic and others, though written with Hebrew and Latin characters.^[91] Though, it should be noted, that Ladinos were also African slaves captive in Spain held prior to the colonial period in the Americas. (See also History of the Jews in Latin America and List of Latin American Jews.)

Among the Spanish-speaker Catholics, most communities celebrate their homeland's patron saint, dedicating a day for this purpose with festivals and religious services. Some Spanish-speakers syncretize Roman Catholicism and African or Native American rituals and beliefs. Such is the case of Santería, popular with Afro-Cubans and which combines old African beliefs in the form of Roman Catholic saints and rituals. Other syncretistic beliefs include Spiritism and Curanderismo.

While a tiny minority, there are some Muslims in Latin America, in the US, and in the Philippines, living predominantly in Mindanao, the of home of Islam in the Philippines.

In the United States, some 70% of Hispanics and Latinos report themselves Catholic and 23% Protestant, with 6% having no affiliation.^[92] A minority among the Roman Catholics, about one in five, are charismatics. Among the Protestant, 85% are "Born-again Christians" and belong to Evangelical or Pentecostal churches. Among the smallest groups, less than 4%, are Jewish.

See also[link]

Spanish language (Hispanophone, Languages of Spain, Spanish language in the Americas, Spanish language in the United States) Latin Americans (Afro-Latin American, Amerindians, Asian Latin American, Criollo people, Mestizo, Mulatto. White Latin American, Isleño) Hispanic and Latino Americans (Black Hispanic and Latino Americans, White Hispanic and Latino Americans, Hispanic/Latino naming dispute, Hispanic Heritage Sites (U.S. National Park Service), Hispanic Paradox, Cuban-American lobby) Indigenous peoples of the Americas (Aztec, Inca civilization, Maya civilization, Maya peoples)

Latino and Hispanic American portal Panhispanism (Hispanism, Flag of the Hispanic People, Hispanophobia) Hispanic influence on Filipino culture Emancipados Fernandinos Ibero-America (Iberian Peninsula) Latin Union Hispanos Hispanic Ancestry userbox

Notes[link]

References[link]

• De la Garza, Rodolfo O., and Louis Desipio. Ethnic Ironies: Latino Politics in the 1992 Elections (1996)
• What is a Hispanic? Legal Definition vs. Racist Definition.Montalban-Anderssen. (1996)
• What is a Hispanic? Legal Definition vs. Racist Definition. Romero Anton Montalban-Anderssen. Large file with footnotes (1996)
• Price, M., Cooper, C., Competing Visions, Shifting Boundaries: The Construction of Latin America as a World Region

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hispanic

• What is a Hispanic? Racist vs. Legal Definition. Romero Anton Montalban-Anderssen
• Hispanic and Latino at the Open Directory Project

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since June 2010. Its citation style may be unclear. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. Tagged since June 2010. It relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Tagged since June 2010. It may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since June 2010.

María Elena Salinas (born August 1954) is the co-anchor of Noticiero Univision with Jorge Ramos, the most watched newscast by American Hispanics. She is considered one of the most recognized and influential female Hispanic journalists in the United States.

Her parents immigrated to the United States from Mexico in the 1940s. She was born and raised in Los Angeles, California.

After a humble beginning as news reader at Radio Xpress XEPRS, a radio station broadcasting to Baja California, Mexico, and Southern California, USA, she promptly jumped into the ranks of KMEX Channel 34 in Los Angeles, California as TV news reporter.

Salinas has interviewed some of the world's most politically influential figures, ranging from U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Mexican President Vicente Fox, Zapatista Army of National Liberation spokesman Subcomandante Marcos and U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama.

Salinas is one of the founders of the National Association of Hispanic Journalists. She sponsors the Maria Elena Salinas Scholarship for college students interested in Spanish news broadcasting. She also was inducted into the association's Hall of Fame in 2006.

She is also a columnist whose work in both English and Spanish is distributed by King Features Syndicate. Salinas has 2 daughters. Julia Alexandra and Gabriela Maria and has lived in Miami since 1991.

Since 2000, she has been a co-host on Aquí y Ahora (Here and Now) which is a 20/20 news type program on Univision.

On April 11, 2006 her autobiography, Yo Soy la Hija de mi Padre (I Am my Father's Daughter) was released as a hardback edition. The title word, Padre is a double entendre as Father can mean a Catholic priest. As an adult, María Elena Salinas discovered that her father had been a former priest and was understandably stunned.^[2]
Salinas is a Board Member at the IWMF (International Women's Media Foundation).^[3]

Salinas was married to local Miami news anchor Eliott Rodriguez, most notably of WFOR, until 2007.

References[link]

External links[link]

• María Elena Salinas at the Internet Movie Database
• Noticiero Univision (Spanish)

Laura Ingraham
Laura Ingraham in October 2011.
Born	Laura Anne Ingraham (1964-06-19) June 19, 1964 (age 48) Glastonbury, Connecticut, U.S.
Residence	Washington, D.C.
Nationality	American
Education	Dartmouth College (A.B., 1984) University of Virginia School of Law (J.D., 1991)
Occupation	Radio personality
Religion	Roman Catholic
Children	Maria Caroline (adopted 2008 from Guatemala) Michael Dmitri Nikolai
Website
lauraingraham.com
Notes [1]

Laura Anne Ingraham (born June 19, 1964) is an American radio host, author, and conservative political commentator. Her nationally syndicated talk show, The Laura Ingraham Show, airs throughout the United States on Talk Radio Network.

Career[link]

Ingraham grew up in a middle-class family in Glastonbury, Connecticut ^[2] and graduated from Glastonbury High School, in 1981.

Ingraham earned a bachelor's degree at Dartmouth College, in 1985, and a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree at the University of Virginia School of Law, in 1991. As a Dartmouth undergraduate, she was a staff member of the independent conservative newspaper, The Dartmouth Review. In her senior year, she was the newspaper's editor-in-chief,^[3] its first female editor.^[2] She wrote a few controversial articles during her tenure, notably an article alleging racist and unprofessional behavior by a Dartmouth music professor Bill Cole. Cole responded by harassing Ingraham's dormitory roommate and inciting anger against her in one of his classes. Cole later sued Ingraham for $2.4 million; the college paid for his lawyer. He retracted the lawsuit in 1985 without ever naming an inaccuracy in Ingraham's article.^[4]

She also authored a piece characterizing a campus gay rights group as "cheerleaders for latent campus Sodomites". She also secretly tape recorded the organization's meetings, and sent copies to the participants' parents.^[5][6] Jeffrey Hart, the faculty adviser for The Dartmouth Review, described Ingraham as having "the most extreme antihomosexual views imaginable," and noted that "she went so far as to avoid a local eatery where she feared the waiters were homosexual and might touch her silverware or spit on her food, exposing her to AIDS."^[7] In 1997, Ingraham wrote an essay in the Washington Post in which she stated that she changed her views after witnessing "the dignity, fidelity and courage" with which her gay brother Curtis and his late companion coped with AIDS.^[8] Ingraham regrets the "callous rhetoric" of her youth, and now supports some legal protections for homosexuals.^[8]

In the late 1980s, Ingraham worked as a speechwriter in the Ronald Reagan administration for the Domestic Policy advisor. She also briefly served as editor of The Prospect, the magazine issued by Concerned Alumni of Princeton. After law school, in 1991, she served as a law clerk for Judge Ralph K. Winter, Jr., of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in New York and subsequently clerked for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. She then worked as an attorney at the New York-based law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom.^[9]

In 1996, she and Jay P. Lefkowitz organized the first Dark Ages Weekend in response to the New Year's Renaissance Weekend of the Democrats.^[10]

Ingraham has had two stints as a cable television host. In the late 1990s, she became a CBS commentator and hosted the MSNBC program Watch It! Several years later, Ingraham began openly campaigning for another cable television show on her radio program. She finally got her wish in 2008, when Fox News Channel gave her a three-week trial run for a new show entitled Just In.^[11][12] She appeared on a 1995 cover of The New York Times Magazine for an article about rising young conservatives, in which she joked about subjugating Third World countries.^[13]

She also appeared on the August 3, 2010, episode of The Colbert Report, where Stephen Colbert implied that she had integrated "hideous, hackneyed racial stereotypes" into her book The Obama Diaries. In reply, she suggested that a word Colbert had previously used to label her, banshee, which is of Irish origin (bean sidhe, meaning 'woman of the Sidhe'), also contained racial overtones, suggesting that it may be offensive to Native Americans.^[14] Her latest book is titled Of Thee I Zing and was released on July 12, 2011.

Ingraham suiting up for a VIP flight as a guest of the U.S. Navy at Naval Air Station Oceana in Virginia.

Radio show host[link]

Ingraham launched The Laura Ingraham Show in April 2001, which is heard on 306 stations and on XM Satellite Radio. The show was originally syndicated by Infinity's (now CBS's) Westwood One, but is now syndicated by Talk Radio Network. Ingraham is also the official guest host of The O'Reilly Factor on Fox News Channel and a weekly contributor with her segment, "The Ingraham Angle."

In one of her most famous incidents, on Election Day 2006 Ingraham encouraged listeners to jam the phone line of a toll-free Democratic Party service for reporting voting problems. No tangible consequences came of it.^[2]

In 2012, Laura Ingraham was rated as the No. 5 radio show in America, by Talkers Magazine.^[15]

Books[link]

• The Hillary Trap: Looking for Power in All the Wrong Places, first published June 2000, while the author was a talk show host on MSNBC, was updated and reissued in paperback December 25, 2005. It analyzes and reinterprets Hillary Clinton as a faux feminist,^[16] whose "liberal feminism has created a culture that rewards dependency, encourages fragmentation, undermines families, and celebrates victimhood".^[17]

• Shut Up & Sing: How Elites from Hollywood, Politics, and the UN Are Subverting America, published October 25, 2003, decries liberal "elites" in politics, the media, academia, arts and entertainment, business, and international organizations, on behalf of "disrespected" Middle Americans, whom the author praises as "the kind of people who are the lifeblood of healthy democratic societies".^[18]

• Power to the People, a New York Times number one best seller,^[19][20] published September 11, 2007, focuses on what Ingraham calls the "pornification" of America and stresses the importance of popular participation in culture, promoting conservative values in family life, education and patriotism.^[21]

• The Obama Diaries, a New York Times number one best seller,^[22] published July 13, 2010. The book is a fictional collection of diary entries purportedly made by Barack Obama, which the author uses satirically to criticize Mr. Obama, his family and his administration.^[23]

• Of Thee I Zing, a New York Times best seller,^[24] published July 12, 2011. The book is a collection of humorous anecdotes meant to point out the decline of American culture, from muffin tops to body shots.^[25]

Personal[link]

Ingraham had become estranged from her brother, Curtis, for a number of years, but they reconciled as young adults. On February 23, 1997, she had an op-ed published in the Washington Post where she spoke of her maturing:

"In the ten years since I learned my brother Curtis was gay my views and rhetoric about homosexuality have been tempered, because I have seen him and his companion Richard lead their lives with dignity, fidelity and courage."

She was once engaged to conservative author and fellow Dartmouth alumnus Dinesh D'Souza. She also has dated former New Jersey Democratic Senator Robert Torricelli.^[26] In April 2005, she announced that she was engaged to businessman James V. Reyes, with a wedding planned in May or June 2005. On April 26, 2005, she announced that she had undergone breast cancer surgery. On May 11, 2005, Ingraham told listeners that her engagement to Reyes was canceled, citing issues regarding her diagnosis with breast cancer. Despite the breakup, she maintained that the two remain good friends and had told listeners, in 2006, that she was in good health.^[27]

She is a convert to Catholicism.^[28]

In May 2008, Ingraham adopted a young girl from Guatemala, whom she has named Maria Caroline.^[29] In July 2009 she adopted a 13-month-old boy, Michael Dmitri, and two years later in June 2011 she announced the adoption of her third child, 13-month-old Nikolai Peter. Both of the boys were from Russia, a nation where Ingraham had spent considerable time earlier.^[30]

Activism[link]

Code Red Rally[link]

On December 8, 2009, Ingraham broadcast her support of a rally protesting the 2009 health care reform bill that was to be held in Washington, D.C. at the U.S. Capitol on December 15, 2009.^[31]

See also[link]

conservatism portal

• List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Laura Ingraham

• Official website
• Laura Ingraham at NNDB
• Photos of Ingraham in Iraq, February 2006, at LauraIngraham.com
• C-SPAN Q&A interview with Ingraham, December 11, 2005