Defence Intelligence is a key member of the United Kingdom Intelligence Community but differs from the agencies (SIS, GCHQ, and the Security Service) in that it is not a stand-alone organisation but is a constituent part of the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The organisation employs a mixture of civilian and military staff and is funded within the Defence budget. Like the rest of the MOD Defence Intelligence was subject to the 2008 'Streamlining' initiative in which 20-25 percent of Central London staff were cut. The organisation was formerly known as the Defence Intelligence Staff or DIS but changed its name in early 2010.

Defence Intelligence is a collector of intelligence through its Intelligence Collection Group (ICG) however this function is carried out mainly to support its primary role which is the conduct of 'all-source' intelligence analysis and assessment. This draws from a variety of overt and covert sources to provide written products and advice in support of military operations, contingency planning, and to inform defence policy and procurement decisions. The maintenance of the ability to give timely strategic warning of politico-military and scientific and technical developments with the potential to affect UK interests is a vital part of the process. DI's assessments are also used outside the MOD to support the work of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) and assist the work of other Government Departments (OGDs) and International partners (such as NATO and the European Union).

It is this 'all-source' analysis function which distinguishes Defence Intelligence from other organisations which focus predominantly on 'single-source' intelligence.

Organisation[link]

Defence Intelligence is headed by the Chief of Defence Intelligence (CDI) who is a serving three-star military officer and who, as the MOD's 'intelligence process owner', is also responsible for the overall co-ordination of intelligence activities throughout the Armed Forces and single Service Commands. He is supported by two deputies - one civilian and one military. The civilian Deputy Chief of Defence Intelligence (DCDI) is responsible for Defence Intelligence analysis and production, the military Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff - Intelligence Capabilities (ACDS(IC) ) is responsible for intelligence collection, mapping and training. Air Marshal Chris Nickols is the current CDI.

Deputy Chief of Defence Intelligence (DCDI)[link]

DCDI manages the analysis and production directorates of Defence Intelligence (known as the Defence Intelligence Analytical Staff or DIAS). These include directorates for: - Strategic Assessments - Capability (weapons systems and platforms) Assessments - Counter Proliferation - Operations - Development and Support

DCDI is currently Mr Nick Gurr.

Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff - Intelligence Capabilities (ACDS (IC))[link]

ACDS (IC) is responsible for the provision of specialised intelligence, imagery and geographic support services, and for the intelligence and security training of the Armed Forces. ACDS (IC) is currently Maj Gen Jerry Thomas. In addition to a Head Office policy staff he is responsible for two major groupings within Defence Intelligence:

The Intelligence Collection Group (ICG)[link]

The ICG Headquarters is at Feltham, Middlesex and the whole organisation makes up the largest sub-element of Defence Intelligence. It is responsible for the collection of Signals, Geospatial, Imagery and Measurement and Signature Intelligence and comprises: - The Defence Geographic Centre (DGC) - The Joint Air Reconnaissance Intelligence Centre (JARIC, The National Imagery Exploitation Centre) - Joint Aeronautic and Geospatial Organisation (JAGO) - Joint Services Signals Organisation (JSSO) - Defence HUMINT Organisation (DHO)

In particular the Defence HUMINT Organisation (DHO) is a Tri-Service organisation that provides specialist support to military operations. The DHO manages strategic aspects of defence human intelligence and is under the command of a Colonel. It is based at the Feltham ICG Headquarters and consists of 350 staff who are drawn from across the three services.

The Joint Services Signals Organisation (JSSO) conducts research into new communications systems and techniques in order to provide operational support to static and deployed units. The JSSO is located at RAF Digby in Lincolnshire under the command of a Group Captain with some 1,600 staff drawn from all three services.

JAGO provides force elements from 42 Engineer Regiment (Geographic) as geographic sub-units and individuals operating specialist equipments to augment organic deployed headquarters capabilities, both in the UK and overseas.

The tri-service HQ JAGO is located at Hermitage, near Newbury in Berkshire and is commanded by an Army Colonel and is composed of three elements: HQ JAGO commands and controls the organisation's current and future activities. It focuses on the development of GEOINT, geospatial and aeronautical in-service capabilities, exploiting synergies wherever possible. It provides career and technical management support to relevant service staffs across Defence. The HQ comprises 12 military and 12 civilian staff. 42 Engineer Regiment (Geographic) maintains sub-units and individuals at readiness for deployment and to support exercises. All support is provided by 3 regular Royal Engineer Geographic Squadrons and a Territorial Army Geographic Squadron. It further provides routine Station support functions to HQ JAGO and the Defence College of Intelligence Royal School of Military Survey (DCI RSMS). The Regiment comprises 390 military personnel and soldiers and 75 civilian staff. No.1 Aeronautical Information and Documentation Unit (No1 AIDU) produces standard and non-standard products and services from 4 Flights; 2 Editorial Flights, a Production and Finishing Flight and a Support Flight. No1 AIDU comprises 108 RAF Officers and Air Cartographer and 35 civilians.

Defence Intelligence and Security Centre (DISC)[link]

The DISC, at Chicksands, Bedfordshire, was created 1 October 1996 and provides a single defence focal point for intelligence, security, languages and photography training in the UK. The organisation consists of a headquarters, the Defence College of Intelligence and a specialist operational intelligence capability. DISC is co-located with the headquarters of the British Army's Intelligence Corps. In 1998/99, it employed 484 staff and its net operating cost was £27 million.

Director-General Intelligence (1964-1984)[link]

In 1964 with the consolidation of the Ministry of Defence a centralised defence intelligence organisation was formed, incorporating the former Naval Intelligence Division and the other services' pre-existing intelligence staffs.

• Major-General Sir Kenneth Strong, 1964–1966
• Air Chief Marshal Sir Alfred Earle, rtd 1966-1968
• Air Marshal Sir Harold Maguire, rtd 1968-1972
• Vice-Admiral Sir Louis Le Bailly rtd 1972-1975
• Lieutenant-General Sir David Willison, rtd 1975-1978
• Air Chief Marshal Sir John Aiken, rtd 1978-1981
• Vice-Admiral Sir Roy Halliday, rtd 1981-1984

Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Intelligence) (1964-1986)[link]

• Vice-Admiral Sir Norman Denning 1964-1965
• Air Marshal Sir Harold Maguire 1965-1968
• Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Fyffe 1968-1971
• Vice-Admiral Sir Louis Le Bailly 1971-1972
• Lieutenant-General Sir David Willison 1972-1975
• Air Marshal Sir Richard Wakeford 1975-1978
• Vice-Admiral Sir Roy Halliday 1978-1981
• Lieutenant-General Sir James Glover 1981-1983
• Air Marshal Sir Michael Armitage 1983-1984

Chiefs of Defence Intelligence (1985-)[link]

• Air Marshal Sir Michael Armitage 1984-1986
• Lieutenant-General Sir Derek Boorman 1986-1988
• Vice-Admiral Sir John Kerr 1988-1991
• Air Marshal Sir John Walker, 1991–1994
• Lieutenant-General Sir John Foley, 1994–1997
• Vice-Admiral Sir Alan West, 1997–2000
• Air Marshal Sir Joe French, 2000–2003
• Lieutenant-General Sir Andrew Ridgway, 2003–2006
• Air Marshal Sir Stuart Peach 2006 - 2009
• Air Marshal Christopher Nickols 2009 -

See also[link]

• Operation Rockingham
• Ministry of Defence
• JARIC
• RAF Intelligence
• List of intelligence agencies
• Hutton inquiry
• David Kelly

External links[link]

• Defence Intelligence Staff
• UK Intelligence Community Online
• National Intelligence Machinery

v t e United Kingdom intelligence agencies and organisations Current agencies Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) Security Service (MI5) Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS) Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) Defunct agencies MI1 (code breaking) MI2 (geographic info) MI3 (geographic info) MI4 (maps and aerial photos) MI7 (propaganda) MI8 (signals intelligence) MI9 (resistance aid) MI10 (technical analysis) MI11 (military security) MI12 (censorship) MI14 (Germany desk) MI15 (aerial defence) MI16 (scientific intelligence) MI17 (secretariat) MI19 (interrogation) Naval Intelligence Division Committee of Imperial Defence Directorate of Military Intelligence

Military intelligence is a military discipline that exploits a number of information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to commanders in support of their decisions. This is achieved by providing an assessment of available data from a wide range of sources, directed towards the commanders' mission requirements or responding to focused questions as part of the operational or campaign planning activity. In order to provide an informed analysis, the commander's information requirements are first identified. These information requirements are then incorporated into a process of intelligence collection, analysis and dissemination.

Areas of study may include the operational environment, hostile, friendly and neutral forces, the civilian population in an area of combat operations, and other, broader areas of interest ^[1]. Intelligence activities are conducted at all levels, from tactical to strategic, in peacetime, the period of transition to war, and during a war itself.

Most governments maintain a military intelligence capability to provide analytical and information collection personnel in both specialist units and from other arms and services. The military intelligence capabilities will interact with civilian intelligence capabilities to inform the spectrum of political and military activities.

Personnel selected for intelligence duties may be selected for their analytical abilities and personal intelligence before receiving formal training.

Levels of intelligence[link]

Military intelligence diagram of defense positions during the Battle of Okinawa, 1945.

Intelligence operations are carried out throughout the hierarchy of political and military activity.

Strategic intelligence[link]

Strategic intelligence is concerned with broad issues such as economics, political assessments, military capabilities and intentions of foreign nations (and, increasingly, non-state actors). Such intelligence may be scientific, technical, tactical, diplomatic, or sociological but these changes are analyzed in combination with known facts about the area in question, such as geography, demographics, and industrial capacities.

Operational intelligence[link]

Operational intelligence is focused on support to an expeditionary force commander and will be attached to the formation headquarters.

Tactical intelligence[link]

Tactical intelligence is focused on support to operations at the tactical level, and would be attached to the battlegroup. At the tactical level briefings are delivered to patrols on current threats and collection priorities, these patrols are then debriefed to elicit information for analysis and communication through the reporting chain.

Intelligence tasking[link]

Intelligence should respond to the needs of the commander, based on the military objective and the outline plans for the operation. The military objective provides a focus for the estimate process, from which a number of information requirements are derived, information requirements may be related to terrain and impact on vehicle or personnel movement, disposition of hostile forces, sentiments of the local population and capabilities of the hostile order of battle.

In response to the information requirements the analysis staff will trawl existing information identifying gaps in the available knowledge. Where gaps in knowledge exist the staff may be able to task collection assets to collect against the requirement.

Analysis reports draw on all available sources of information, whether drawn from existing material or collected in response to the requirement. The analysis reports are used to inform the remaining planning staff, influencing planning and seeking to predict adversary intent.

This process is described as Collection Co-ordination and Intelligence Requirement Management (CCIRM).

The intelligence process[link]

The process of intelligence has four phases: collection, analysis, processing and dissemination.

In the United Kingdom these are known as:

• Direction
• Collection
• Processing
• Dissemination.

Collection[link]

Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI) Timeline CIA Factbook on Intelligence^[2] key:
1. German Enigma Enciphering Machine WWII
2. Special Forces' Wings WWII
3. Virginia Hall's Distinguished Service Cross WWII (Courtesy of Lorna Catling)
4. OSS/Early CIA Time Stamp, ca.1945
5. On the Front Lines of the Cold War: Documents on the Intelligence War in Berlin, 1946 to 1961
6. The CIA Under Truman
7. Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939-1959
8. Selected Estimates on the Soviet Union 1950-1959
9. Sign, North Building, Original CIA Headquarters, 2430 E Street, Washington, D.C. ca. 1950
10. Corona: America's First Satellite Program 1960
11. Air America Cap, ca. 1960
12. Pneumatic Tube System, Original Headquarters Building ca. 1963
13. The CIA and the U-2 Program, 1954-1974
14. Winter Hat, Soviet Military ca. 1980
15. Minox ‘Model B' Camera 1948-1972
16. Soviet Infrared Night Vision Device, ca. 1970s
17. Intentions and Capabilities: Estimates on Soviet Strategic Forces, 1950-1983
18. At Cold War's End: US Intelligence on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1989-1991
19. Canteen, Iraqi Military ca. 1991
20. Helmet, Iraqi Military ca. 1991
21. Caltrop (tire spike) 1991
22. The Day the Wall Came Down, ©1991 by Veryl Goodnight, Berlin, Germany
23. Studies in Intelligence
24. Psychology of Intelligence Analysis by Richards J. Heuer, Jr. 1999
25. In June 2002, the CIA commemorated the 60th anniversary of the Office of Strategic Services with a special publication of Studies in Intelligence and a new legacy exhibit on the OSS in the CIA Museum.

Many of the most important facts are well known, or may be gathered from public sources. This form of information collection is known as open source intelligence. For example, the population, ethnic make-up and main industries of a region are extremely important to military commanders, and this information is usually public. It is however imperative that the collector of information understands that what he collected is "Information", and does not become intelligence until after an analyst has evaluated and verified this information. Collection of read materials, composition of units or elements, dipostion of the same, strength, training, tactics, personalities (leaders) of these units and elements contribute to the overall intelligence value after careful analysis.

The tonnage and basic weaponry of most capital ships and aircraft are also public, and their speeds and ranges can often be reasonably estimated by experts, often just from photographs. Ordinary facts like the lunar phase on particular days, or the ballistic range of common military weapons are also very valuable to planning, and are habitually collected in an intelligence library.

A great deal of useful intelligence can be gathered from photointerpretation of detailed high-altitude pictures of a country. Photointerpreters generally maintain catalogs of munitions factories, military bases and crate designs, in order to interpret munition shipments and inventories.

Most intelligence services maintain or support groups whose only purpose is to keep maps. Since maps also have valuable civilian uses, these agencies are often publicly associated or identified as other parts of the government. Some historic counter-intelligence services, especially in Russia and China, have intentionally banned or placed disinformation in public maps; good intelligence can identify this disinformation.

It is commonplace for the intelligence services of large countries to read every published journal of the nations in which it is interested, and the main newspapers and journals of every nation. This is a basic source of intelligence.

It is also common for diplomatic and journalistic personnel to have a secondary goal of collecting military intelligence. For western democracies, it is extremely rare for journalists to be paid by an official intelligence service, but they may still patriotically pass on tidbits of information they gather as they carry on their legitimate business. Also, much public information in a nation may be unavailable from outside the country. This is why most intelligence services attach members to foreign service offices.

Some industrialized nations also eavesdrop continuously on the entire radio spectrum, interpreting it in real time. This includes not only broadcasts of national and local radio and television, but also local military traffic, radar emissions, and even microwaved telephone and telegraph traffic, including satellite traffic.

The U.S. in particular is known to maintain satellites able to intercept cell-phone and pager traffic, usually referred to as the ECHELON system. Analysis of bulk traffic is normally performed by complex computer programs that parse natural language and phone numbers looking for threatening conversations and correspondents. In some extraordinary cases, undersea or land-based cables have been tapped, as well.

More exotic secret information, such as encryption keys, diplomatic message traffic, policy and orders of battle are usually restricted to analysts on a need-to-know basis, in order to protect the sources and methods from foreign traffic analysis.

Analysis[link]

Analysis consists of assessment of an adversary's capabilities and vulnerabilities. In a real sense these are threats and opportunities. Analysts generally look for the least defended or most fragile resource that is necessary for important military capabilities. These are then flagged as critical vulnerabilities. For example, in modern mechanized warfare, the logistic train for a military unit's fuel supply is often the most vulnerable part of a nation's order of battle.

Human intelligence, gathered by spies, is usually carefully tested against unrelated sources. It is notoriously prone to inaccuracy: In some cases, sources will just make up imaginative stories for pay, or they may try to settle grudges by identifying personal enemies as enemies of the state that is paying for the intelligence. However, human intelligence is often the only form that provides information about an opponent's intentions and rationales, and it is therefore often uniquely valuable to successful negotiation of diplomatic solutions.

In some intelligence organizations, analysis follows a procedure, screening general media and sources to locate items or groups of interest, and then systematically assessing their location, capabilities, inputs and environment for vulnerabilities, using a continuously-updated list of typical vulnerabilities.

Packaging[link]

Critical vulnerabilities are then indexed in a way that makes them easily available to advisors and line intelligence personnel who package this information for policy-makers and war-fighters. Vulnerabilities are usually indexed by the nation and military unit, with a list of possible attack methods.

Critical threats are usually maintained in a prioritized file, with important enemy capabilities analyzed on a schedule set by an estimate of the enemy's preparation time. For example, nuclear threats between the USSR and the U.S. were analyzed in real time by continuously on-duty staffs. In contrast, analysis of tank or army deployments are usually triggered by accumulations of fuel and munitions, which are monitored on slower, every-few-days cycles. In some cases, automated analysis is performed in real time on automated data traffic.

Packaging threats and vulnerabilities for decision makers is a crucial part of military intelligence. A good intelligence officer will stay very close to the policy-maker or war fighter, to anticipate their information requirements, and tailor the information needed. A good intelligence officer will ask a fairly large number of questions in order to help anticipate needs, perhaps even to the point of annoying the principal. For an important policy-maker, the intelligence officer will have a staff to which research projects can be assigned.

Developing a plan of attack is not the responsibility of intelligence, though it helps an analyst to know the capabilities of common types of military units. Generally, policy-makers are presented with a list of threats, and opportunities. They approve some basic action, and then professional military personnel plan the detailed act and carry it out. Once hostilities begin, target selection often moves into the upper end of the military chain of command. Once ready stocks of weapons and fuel are depleted, logistic concerns are often exported to civilian policy-makers.

Dissemination[link]

The processed intelligence information is disseminated through database systems, intel bulletins and briefings to the different decision makers. The bulletins could also include consequently resulting information requirements and thus conclude the intelligence cycle.

It can also be leaked for political purposes by the Executive Branch or by whistleblowers such as Daniel Ellsberg. ^[3][4]

See also[link]

National:

• DIO (Australian Defence Intelligence Organisation)
• GRU (Russian Military Intelligence)
• Inter-Services Intelligence and Military Intelligence (Pakistan)
• MAD (German Military Intelligence)

US specific:

• Defense Intelligence Agency
• Defense Language Institute
• Document Exploitation (DOCEX)
• United States Army Intelligence Center
• World Basic Information Library (WBIL)

External links[link]

• Office of the Director of National Intelligence
• Intelligence Resource Program of the Federation of American Scientists Reference

Footnotes[link]

References[link]

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009)

• N.J.E. Austin and N.B. Rankov, Exploratio: Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World From the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople. London: Routledge, 1995.
• Julius Caesar, The Civil War. Translated by Jane F. Mitchell. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.
• Cassius Dio, Dio's Roman History. Translated by Earnest Cary. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1916.
• Francis Dvornik, Origins of Intelligence Services. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1974.
• J.F.C. Fuller, A Military History of the Western World, Vol. 1: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto. New York: Da Capo Press, 1987.
• Richard A. Gabriel and Karen S. Metz, From Summer to Rome; The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.
• John Keegan, Intelligence in War. New York: Knopf, 2003.
• Charles H. Harris & Louis R. Sadler. The Border and the Revolution: Clandestine Activities of the Mexican Revolution 1910-1920. HighLonesome Books, 1988.
• Ishmael Jones, The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture, New York: Encounter Books, 2010 (ISBN 978-1594032233).
• Henry Landau, The Enemy Within: The Inside Story of German Sabotage in America. G.P. Putnam Sons, 1937.
• Sidney F. Mashbir. I Was An American Spy. Vantage, 1953.
• Nathan Miller. Spying for America: The Hidden History of U.S. Intelligence. Dell Publishing, 1989.
• Ian Sayer & Douglas Botting. America's Secret Army, The Untold Story of the Counter Intelligence Corps. Franklin Watts Publishers, 1989.
• Barbara W. Tuchman, The Zimmerman Telegram. Ballantine Books, 1958.
• "Coast Guard Intelligence Looking For a Few Good Men and Women." Commandant's Bulletin (Jun 10 1983), p. 34.
• "Coast Guard Investigative Service." Coast Guard (Dec 1996), pp. 24–25.
• The Coast Guard at War: Volume XII: Intelligence. Washington, DC: Historical Section, Public Information Division, U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters, January 1, 1949.
• Hinsley, Francis F. "British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations". Cambridge University Press, 1990.
• Ruiz, Victor H., 2010. "A Knowledge Taxonomy for Army Intelligence Training: An Assessment of the Military Intelligence Basic Officer Leaders Course Using Lundvall’s Knowledge Taxonomy". Applied Research Projects. Texas State University Paper 331. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/331

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Nick Pope (born 19 September 1965) worked for 21 years at the British Government's Ministry of Defence from 1985 to 2006. He is best known for a job that he did from 1991 to 1994, where his duties included investigating reports of UFO sightings, to see if they had any defence significance.^[1] He now works as a freelance journalist and media commentator.^[2]

Ministry of Defence[link]

Pope joined the Ministry of Defence in 1985. After serving in a number of different posts, he was assigned in 1991 to a section of Secretariat (Air Staff) known as Sec (AS) 2a, where his duties included investigating reports of UFO sightings, to see if they had any defence significance.

At the time, while the Ministry of Defence stated that it "remains totally open-minded" about the existence or otherwise of extraterrestrial lifeforms”, it also stated that there was no evidence to suggest that any UFO sightings posed any threat to the UK or that they were extraterrestrial in origin.^[3] It is clear from material that Pope wrote whilst still at the MoD that he did not share the MoD's view that conventional explanations could be found for all UFO sightings.^[4]

Pope's final posting in the MoD was to the Directorate of Defence Security. He resigned in 2006 and in 2009 MoD announced that UFO sightings would no longer be investigated.^[5][6][7]

Media work[link]

In November 2006, he resigned from his post at the MOD, saying the government's "X-Files have been closed down."^[8] He continues his research and investigation in a private capacity and now works as a freelance journalist and media commentator, covering subjects that include the unexplained, conspiracy theories, space, science fiction and fringe science.^[9]

He also does work for a number of film companies and PR agencies, promoting the release of science fiction films.^[10]

Books[link]

Open Skies, Closed Minds is Pope's autobiographical account of his interest in ufology. It provides an overview of the UFO phenomenon, with the emphasis on Pope's three-year tour of duty as the Ministry of Defence's UFO desk officer. Pope also discusses the politics surrounding the way in which those within government and the military view UFO-phenomena.

Pope has also written two science fiction novels, Operation Thunder Child and its sequel Operation Lightning Strike.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website

v t e UFOs and ufology Index of ufology articles Notable incidents List of aircraft-UFO incidents List of UFO sightings in outer space Aurora (1897) Roswell (1947) Washington (1952) Tehran (1976) Rendlesham Forest (1980) Japan Air Lines (1986) Belgian UFO wave (1990) Phoenix Lights (1997) 21st century Mexico (2004) Tinley Park Lights (2004-2006) O'Hare Airport (2006) Alderney (2007) Stephenville (2008) Turkey (2008) Wales (2008) Norway (2009) Harbour Mille (2010) Vancouver, Washington (2011) Sightings by country Argentina Australia Belarus Belgium Brazil Canada China France Indonesia Iran Iraq Italy Mexico New Zealand Norway Philippines Portugal Russia South Africa Spain (Canary Islands) Sweden United Kingdom United States Hypothesis and studies UFO hypotheses (Extraterrestrial hypothesis) Project Blue Book Condon Report COMETA Report List of notable studies in ufology Identification studies of UFOs Types Black triangle Fastwalkers Flying saucer Foo fighter Ghost rockets Green fireballs Mystery airship UFO conspiracy theory Majestic 12 Area 51 Bob Lazar Men in Black Project Serpo Disclosure Project Culture UFO Culture UFO religion List of UFO religions UFOs in fiction Involvement Government responses Organizations Ufologists Abduction Contactee Topics Declassification of UFO documents Skeptics List of skeptics and skeptical organizations Committee for Skeptical Inquiry

Sir Roy William "Gus" Halliday
Nickname	"Gus"
Born	(1923-06-27)27 June 1923
Died	23 November 2007(2007-11-23) (aged 84) Bank nr Lyndhurst, Hampshire
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	Royal Navy
Years of service	1941–1978
Rank	Vice-Admiral
Commands held	813 Naval Air Squadron HMS Diligence Commander (Air), HMS Albion 3rd Destroyer Squadron
Battles/wars	Second World War
Awards	KBE (1980) DSC (1944) Mentioned in Dispatches (1944)
Other work	Chairman of Trustees of the Burma Star Association Chairman of the British Military Power Boat Trust

Vice-Admiral Sir Roy William "Gus" Halliday KBE, DSC (27 June 1923 – 23 November 2007) was a British naval pilot who saw service in the Second World War, in the British Pacific Fleet and subsequently became Director-General Intelligence in Britain's Defence Intelligence Staff between 1981 and 1984.

War service[link]

Halliday studied at William Ellis School and University College School before volunteering in 1939 for the Royal Navy. While he awaited his call-up papers, he worked as a trawler deck-hand on Breadwinner, out of Lowestoft. Initially entering service in 1941 as a naval rating at HMS Royal Arthur at Skegness, he was offered a commission as an officer in the RNVR^[1] and training as a naval airman. His air training took place in the United States (still formally neutral at that time) at the naval air station at Grosse Ile, near Detroit and at Pensacola, Florida.^[2] After qualifying, he was posted to a squadron of Grumman Avengers, aboard the escort carrier HMS Chaser in the Gulf of Mexico.^[3]

Fleet Air Arm Avenger

After three months period on anti-submarine patrols in the north Atlantic, Halliday was posted to a shore station, RNAS Hatston in Orkney, guarding against sorties by German warships. In late 1943, Halliday's squadron was embarked on HMS Illustrious; they sailed for the Far East, arriving at Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in January 1944.^[3] There were air raids on Japanese installations and in support of 14th Army operations.

Halliday had transferred to HMS Victorious by the time of the Meridian air raids by the British Pacific Fleet on oil refineries near Palembang on 24 January.^[3] Halliday's aircraft was shot up during the raid and he was obliged to "ditch" his burning aircraft in the sea; he was rescued by HMS Whelp.^[4] Whelp's first lieutenant, Prince Philip of Greece, lent Halliday a spare uniform and subsequently accompanied him on a "run ashore" in Fremantle.^[2]

Halliday was back on Victorious in time to take part in the raids on the airfields on the Sakishima Islands in March to May 1945,^[3] for his efforts, he was awarded a DSC in addition to the Mention in Dispatches earned during Operation Meridian.^[1]

After the Japanese surrender, he learned that his cabin-mate, Ken Burrenston, who had been shot down over Palembang, had been beheaded by the Japanese at Changi, two days after the Japanese surrender.^[2]

Post-war[link]

Halliday returned to Britain on the troopship Rangitiki with his squadron commander, David Foster, who subsequently became president of Colgate-Palmolive. On return to the UK, he was offered, and accepted, a permanent commission in the Royal Navy (16 March 1946) and took up a post as a test pilot at Boscombe Down. There followed several postings to naval units: commander of 813 Naval Air Squadron on HMS Eagle; commander of HMS Diligence (a base at Hythe, Hampshire); senior officer of the 104th Minesweeping Squadron in the Far East. The 104th swept left-over Japanese mines in the Celebes Sea and chased pirates, who desisted once the ready use of capital punishment by the civil authorities became known.^[2]

The next appointment was for two years as naval assistant to the Chief of Naval Information at the Admiralty. During this time, Halliday closed down a leak of information to the press. Another sea posting ensued in 1964, as second in command of commando carrier HMS Albion and commander of its air operations, for which he learnt to fly helicopters. Albion was a busy posting, supporting operations in the Radfan and Aden and in Borneo during the Indonesian Confrontation.^[2]

He was appointed Deputy Director Naval Air Warfare in 1966, Captain Far East Fleet and Western Fleet in 1970 and Commodore Amphibious Warfare in 1971.^[1] He went on to be Commodore Intelligence in 1973, Naval Attaché and Commander of the British Navy Staff in Washington D. C. in 1975 and Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Intelligence) in 1978 before retiring in 1981.^[1]

In retirement he served as Director-General Intelligence at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984.^[3]

References[link]

• Forgotten Army

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "Halliday, Sir Roy William "Gus"". Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) Officers 1939-1945. Daily Telegraph. 26 Dec 2007. http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RNVR_officersH.html. Retrieved 9 Feb 2010. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Vice-Admiral Sir 'Gus' Halliday". Daily Telegraph. 26 Dec 2007. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1573623/Vice-Admiral-Sir-Gus-Halliday.html. Retrieved 9 Feb 2010. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Vice-Admiral Sir Roy Halliday". World Naval Ships Forum. 27 Aug 2009. http://www.worldnavalships.com/forums/showthread.php?t=4798. Retrieved 9 Feb 2010. 
4. ^ Gatrell, Anthony (2004). "HMS Whelp: Reminiscences of a Young Naval Officer". WW2 People's War. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/23/a2103823.shtml. Retrieved 6 Feb 2010. 

General Moeen U Ahmed, ndc, psc
Born	Noakhali
Allegiance	Bangladesh
Service/branch	Bangladesh Army
Years of service	1975-2009
Rank	General
Commands held	GOC: - 19 Infantry division, Mymensingh 24 Infantry division, Chittagong Chief of General Staff Chief of Army Staff
Battles/wars	None

General Moeen Uddin Ahmed ndc psc (Bengali:মঈন উদ্দিন আহমেদ) was Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army from 15 June 2005 to 15 June 2009. Previously, he worked as in diplomatic mission in Pakistan as a Defence Attaché, prior to that he served as a UN Peacekeeper in United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda.

General Moeen was the first to become the Army Chief from among the officers commissioned in independent Bangladesh. General Moeen U Ahmed is believed to be the main pillar behind the country's Caretaker government in 2008 which declared an emergency period in the country for nearly two years and imprisoned nearly all political leaders of the country including the Sheikh Hasina and Khaleda Zia. His period of service was expanded once for 1 year. Later on, he retired from office on June 15, 2009 and handed over power to General Muhammad Abdul Mubeen, psc, ndc.^{[1][not in citation given]} Upon retirement, Moeen intended to become Bangladesh's representative to the UN, which the ruling Awami League denied.

Military career[link]

Moeen U Ahmed is a graduate of PAF Public School Sargodha in the erstwhile West Pakistan. He belonged to the 16th entry (831 – Fury House), which stayed there from 1965 to 1970.

General Moeen U Ahmed, ndc, psc, the former Chief of Army Staff of Bangladesh Army started his military career in January 1975. He was commissioned in the 2nd East Bengal Regiment, a battalion that was raised on 7 February 1949. His service profile started as Distinguished "Chief of Army Staff's Cane" holder of the pioneer Short Service Course-1 from Bangladesh Military Academy. General Moeen has the experience of commanding all echelons and levels of command commensurate to his rank from the Platoon Commander to General Officer Commanding of Infantry Division.

His service profile is a combination of important command, staff and instructional appointments. He started his instructional career as Weapon Training Officer and then Platoon Commander in Bangladesh Military Academy. He then served as Brigade Major of an Infantry Brigade.

Besides commanding two infantry battalions as Lieutenant Colonel, he also served as Grade One Staff Officer in Army Headquarters, Military Operations Directorate. As a Colonel, he served as Colonel Staff of an Infantry Division. A veteran Instructor, General Moeen has served in Defence Services Command and Staff College in three terms as Directing Staff in the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, Senior Instructor of Army Wing in the rank of Colonel and Chief Instructor in the rank of Brigadier General.

Moeen was the key force behind the declaration of emergency in the country on 11 January 2007 widely known as 1/11 phenomenon. He has been accused of playing a controversial role by helping the caretaker government of Bangladesh to retain power after constitution stipulated three months duration. Although never publicly admitted he has been identified as the main driving force behind the non-elected government but he has also been praised for not declaring martial law even though he had the opportunity to do so. He and the government has been accused domestically and globally to de-politicise the country. Hundreds of political figures including two ex-prime ministers, ministers, lawmakers and local government heads have been imprisoned by the regime accusing them of corruption. Although some of these figures were notoriously corrupt, most of them do not have any specific allegation against them. The regime's anti-corruption drive has been widely praised and criticised around the globe.

However, he raised much controversy during the tenure. Some quarters also hold him responsible for degrading Army's fame and reputation among the general mass. He arguably also displayed non soldier like attitude both during and after the tenure.

Family life[link]

He is married to Begum Naznin Moeen and they have a son and a daughter; Nihat Ahmed & Sabrina Ahmed.

References[link]

1. ^ "Neapolitans protest against garbage crisis plan". bdnews24.com (Naples). Jan 4th, 2008. http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=87380&cid=2. 

External links[link]

• General Moeen U Ahmed takes over as Army Chief
• Bangladesh army chief's tenure extended
• Cliffhanger in Bangladesh

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