Ziguinchor
—  Commune  —
Place Jean-Paul II in the Escale neighborhood of Ziguinchor
Official seal of Ziguinchor Seal
Ziguinchor Location within Senegal
Coordinates (region:SN_type:city): 12°33′43″N 16°17′2″W / 12.56194°N 16.28389°W / 12.56194; -16.28389
Country	Senegal
Region	Ziguinchor Region
Departement	Ziguinchor
Government
• Mayor	Abdoulaye Baldé
Area
• Total	9 km2 (3 sq mi)
Elevation	12 m (39 ft)
Population (2007)
• Total	230,000
• Density	26,000/km2 (66,000/sq mi)
Time zone	GMT (UTC+0)
Twin cities
• Saint-Maur-des-Fossés	France

Ziguinchor (also called Zinguinchor) is the capital of the Ziguinchor Region, and the chief town of the Casamance area of Senegal, lying at the mouth of the Casamance River. It has a population of over 230,000 (2007 estimate). It is the second city of Senegal, but largely separated from the north of the country by The Gambia.

History[link]

A church on the outskirts of Ziguinchor

The first European settlement in the area was founded by the Portuguese in 1645. According to tradition, Ziguinchor's name and meaning comes from the time when Portuguese traders and explorers came to the region to form a trading post, and derives from Portuguese Cheguei e choram, "I came and they cry". The local people, seeing the Europeans, began crying, thinking they were to be enslaved. Ziguinchor was in fact a Slave port during much of the Portuguese occupation.

The spot was not chosen at random. While a Jola village predated the town, it was situated to trade with the Jola kingdom of Kasso, which dates back to the Mali Empire, when Mandinke people moved into the area from the south and east.

Following the end of the slave trade, Portuguese commerce stultified, and the town was eventually handed over to France on 22 April 1888, in a deal brokered amongst the colonial powers at the Berlin conference of 1886.

Under the French, Ziguinchor became a major trade port, mostly due to the intensive groundnut cultivation the colonial government encouraged in the interior. By 1900, the area was largely converted to Christianity, although significant Syncretist and Muslim communities flourish.

Rice growing, the traditional crop of the region, was hurt by the push to cultivate groundnuts, and extensive forest areas were cleared. The French government also imported rice across West Africa from the intensive farming they encouraged in French Indochina, shrinking the market for Casamance's main produce.

After independence, the city saw its economic growth slow, in part due to the War of Independence in neighboring Guinea-Bissau. Portuguese military crossed into the area at least once, pursuing PAIG rebels, and cannon fire could be heard in the city for much of the war. During this period Ziguinchor became a main post for both the Senegalese Army and French forces, guarding the frontier; a frontier which cut in two Diola families and communities.

As the capital of Casamance, Ziguinchor has been at the center of the three decade long conflict with Dakar, that has flared into open civil war on more than one occasion. With a population with a majority of Diola and Christian,^[1] the effects of a large migration of Wolof Muslims fleeing drought in the north during the 1970s caused tensions to flare. A 1983 demonstration against price rises in Ziguinchor Market was put down violently by Senegalese forces, and an insurgency by the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) followed, effectively wrecking the economy of the region. The 2004 peace accords, signed in Ziguinchor, were hoped to be the end of the violence, but in 2006, sporadic fighting by an MFDC split and laying of land mines again erupted in rural areas nearby.^[2]

Transport and economy[link]

Ziguinchor remains economically dependent on its role as a cargo port, transport hub and ferry terminal. The "Nationale 4" highway crosses the Casamance River just east of the city, linking the region with Bignona about 25 km to the north, and (via The Gambia), the rest of Senegal.

The MV Joola, which sank in 2002, was sailing from Ziguinchor to Dakar. Its sinking, replaced only in 2005, cut off the major major link between Casamance and the rest of the country.^[3] The new ferry, which began regular runs in 2007, is named for local anti-colonial martyr Aline Sitoe Diatta, promises a boost to the local economy. ^[4]

Facilities in the town include markets, a cathedral and an airport. In February 2007, the new Ziguinchor University opened in the city.^[5] It is also home to a large peanut oil factory. A vibrant tourist destination, the beaches of nearby Cap Skirring were discovered by foreign tourists in the 1960s, and the location was built up to become one of the first Club Med resorts. Ziguinchor region is also known for growing great quantities of rice, oranges, mangoes, bananas, cashews, tropical fruits and vegetables, fish, and prawns, much of which are processed locally and exported from the city, its port, and its airport. Mauritania Airways flies twice a week to Dakar and Nouakchott.

Ethnicity[link]

Labelled the most cosmopolitan city in Senegal,^{[citation needed]} Ziguinchor is a melting pot of all the ethnic groups co-existing in Senegal: Mandinka, Jola, Wolof, Fula/Halpulaar, Mancagne, Manjack, Soninke, Serer, Bainounck and Creole. Jola have been the majority of the population in the region since at least 1500, and culturally share much with the people of Guinea-Bissau. One of three dialects of Guinea-Bissau Creole, Cacheu–Ziguinchor, is centered around the city. Resistant to first Islam and later Christianity, many Jola retain a degree of animist practices, while Basse Casamance is the only majority Catholic area in Senegal.

Notable natives and residents[link]

Ziguinchor is the birth place of some famous Senegalese writers and filmmakers (Sembene Ousmane), artists (Doura Mane, Bouly Sonko, Ousmane Sow Huchard "Soleya Mama", the Tourekunda brothers), sports men (Jules Francois Bocande, Bassirou NDiaye, Lansana Coly, Basile de Carvalho).

Politics[link]

In the decades following independence, Ziguinchor was a stronghold of the Socialist Party of Senegal (PS). Robert Sagna, a long-time minister in Socialist Party governments, was also Mayor of Ziguinchor from 1984 to 2009. In the beginning of 2007 Sanga left the PS and led the Taku Défaraat Sénégal coalition in a failed presidential bid.^[6] In 2001's legislative elections, a big push by President Abdoulaye Wade's ruling PDS party, spearheading the Sopi coalition (joined in 2008 by And-Jëf/Pads), was led by Ziguinchor politician Abdoulaye Baldé, a former General Secretary to the President. In the 2001 elections, the a Ziguinchor National Assembly seat was gained by the PDS, and held again in 2007, prompting speculation that Sagna and his party's days of dominating local politics were numbered. Sagna, though, won a legislative seat on proportional representation in 2007, and continued in both offices^[7] until 2009. The Sopi Coalition won the March 2009 local election in Ziguinchor, and Baldé was elected Mayor.^[8]

Africa Nations Cup[link]

In 1992 Ziguinchor was one of the city-hosts of the Africa Cup of Nations football championship. The city Sports and Arts Associations conceived for the first time the concept of having specific suburbs housing each national team in order to give a vibrant and joyful atmosphere to the Football tournament that saw Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Zambia, Egypt, Congo play the first half of the Championship in that city. This successful and original experience inspired other tournament organisers from then on. Mali hosting the 2002 Africa Cup of Nations used the same concept through the famous Ndiatiguiya (having specific suburbs barracking for a specific team throughout the tournament and then Korea/Japan during the 2002 World Cup used the same concept as well.

Sister cities[link]

Ziguinchor has a sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International:

• Prince George's County, Maryland, United States

References[link]

• Much of this article was translated from the French language Wikipedia article fr:Ziguinchor.
• Ferdinand de Jong. Politicians of the Sacred Grove: Citizenship and Ethnicity in Southern Senegal. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 72, No. 2 (2002), pp. 203–220 On the political and cultural tactics of longtime mayor Robert Sagna.

Further reading[link]

• (French) Jean-Claude Bruneau, Ziguinchor en Casamance : aspects géographiques de la capitale régionale du Sud Sénégalais, Université de Bordeaux III, 1975, 409 p. (Thèse de 3rd cycle)
• (French) Jean-Claude Bruneau, Ziguinchor en Casamance : la croissance urbaine dans les pays tropicaux, Talence, Ministère des universités, CNRS, Centre d'études de géographie tropicale, 1979
• (French) Nfally Diedhiou, Administration coloniale et travail forcé en Casamance. Étude de cas du réseau routier à travers la construction de la route Tobor-Ziguinchor, Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2000, 119 p. + annexes, (Mémoire de Maîtrise)
• (French) Maguette Diop, Monographie climatique d’une station synoptique : Ziguinchor (1946–1975), Université de Dakar, 1977 (Mémoire de Maîtrise)
• (French) Baudouin Duquesne, Le secteur informel en Afrique. Approche théorique et étude de cas : "les barroms-sarrettes de Ziguinchor", Sénégal, 1986
• (French) Mamadou Goudiaby, Monographie de la ville de Ziguinchor de 1886 à 1960 : le problème des sources, Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2001, 51 p. (Mémoire de DEA)
• (French) Caroline Juillard, Sociolinguistique urbaine : la vie des langues à Ziguinchor (Sénégal), Paris, CNRS, 1995
• (French) Mamadou Goudiaby, Monographie de la ville de Ziguinchor de 1886 à 1960 : le problème des sources, Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2001, 51 p. (Mémoire de DEA)
• (French) Jacqueline Trincaz, Colonisations et religions en Afrique noire. L’exemple de Ziguinchor, Paris, L’Harmattan, 1981, VIII + 360 p. (Thèse de 3rd cycle publiée)
• (French) Pierre-Xavier Trincaz, Colonisation et régionalisme, la double domination : exemple de Ziguinchor en Casamance, Sénégal. Etude urbaine socio-économique d’une capitale régionale d’Afrique, Paris, Université de Paris V, 1979 (Thèse de 3rd cycle publiée en 1984, Colonisation et Régionalisme. Ziguinchor en Casamance, Paris, ORSTOM, 270 p.

External links[link]

• (French) Mayor of Ziguinchor's statistics at the International Association for Francophone Mayors.
• (French) Centre culturel régional de Ziguinchor, Ministère de la Culture, du Patrimoine historique classé, des Langues nationales et de la Francophonie, Senegal.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ziguinchor

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Coordinates: 12°35′N 16°16′W / 12.583°N 16.267°W / 12.583; -16.267

Aline Sitoe Diatta (1920–1944) (alter: Aline Sitow Diatta and Alyn Sytoe Jata): a Senegalese heroine of the resistance to French colonialism, often called the Joan of Arc or the Marianne of Senegal.

Diola royalty living in the village of Kabrousse, Basse Casamance, Aline Sitoe Diatta was one of the leaders of a tax resistance movement during the Second World War. While Diola resistance had never really ended since the region was annexed to French West Africa in 1914, in 1942 the French government began seizing as much as half the area's rice harvest for their war effort.

The MV Aline Sitoé Diatta, christened in 2008 to travel the route from Dakar to Ziguinchor.

When a boycott begun by market women proved successful, the French authorities imprisoned the boycott's leadership. Aline Sitoe Diatta, esteemed as a Diola queen and believed to have religious powers, was marked out by authorities as a leader. She remained in prison, and was deported to a jail in Timbuctu in 1943. There she died of disease in 1944.

Since her death, Aline Sitoe Diatta has become one of the best known symbols of resistance in West Africa, and a national symbol in Senegal, especially in Casamance. An area of Dakar, near Cheikh Anta Diop University is named cité Aline Sitoé Diatta, a stadium bears her name, and numerous schools, businesses, and organizations are named after her.

The latest use of her name is the new passenger ferry MV Aline Sitoe Diatta as replacement for the 2002 sank MV Le Joola.

References[link]

• Journées culturelles Aline Sitoé Diatta : Les étudiantes réclament les cendres de leur marraine in Le Quotidien 23 février 2004
• kassoumay.com: Histoire de la Casamance
• Quand Ndaté Yalla et Aline Sitoe Diatta inspirent les Sénégalaises APS, 7 Feb. 2007.