Old Frisian is a West Germanic language spoken between the 8th and 16th centuries in the area between the Rhine and Weser on the European North Sea coast. The Frisian settlers on the coast of South Jutland (today's Northern Friesland) also spoke Old Frisian but no medieval texts of this area are known. The language of the earlier inhabitants of the region between the Zuiderzee and Ems River (the Frisians famously mentioned by Tacitus) is attested in only a few personal names and place-names. Old Frisian evolved into Middle Frisian, spoken from the 16th to the 19th century.

In the early Middle Ages, Frisia stretched from the area around Bruges, in what is now Belgium, to the Weser River, in northern Germany. At the time, the Frisian language was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast. This region is referred to as Greater Frisia or Frisia Magna, and many of the areas within it still treasure their Frisian heritage. However by 1300, their territory had been pushed back to the Zuiderzee (now the IJsselmeer), and the Frisian language survives along the coast only as a substrate.

The people from what are today northern Germany and Denmark who settled in England from about 400 onwards came from the same regions and spoke more or less the same language as the people who lived in Frisia (as medieval Friesland is usually called to distinguish it from the present-day regions with that name). Hence, a close relationship exists between Old Frisian and Old English.

Phonology[link]

Early sound developments[link]

Generally, Old Frisian phonologically resembles Old English. In particular, it shares the palatalisation of velar consonants also found in Old English. For example, whereas the closely related Old Saxon and Old Dutch retain the velar in dag, Old Frisian has dei and Old English has dæġ [dai̯]. When followed by front vowels the Germanic /k/ softened to a /tʃ/ sound. The Old Frisian for church was tzirke or tzerke, in Old English it was ċiriċe [ˈtʃiritʃə], while Old Saxon and Old Dutch have the unpalatalised kirika. Another feature shared between the two is Anglo-Frisian brightening, which fronted a to e under some circumstances. In unstressed syllables, o merges into a, and i into e as in Old English.

The old Germanic diphthongs *ai and *au become ē/ā and ā, respectively, in Old Frisian, as in ēn/ān ("one") from Proto-Germanic *ainaz, and brād from *braudaN. In comparison, these diphthongs become ā and ēa (ān and brēad) in Old English, and ē and ō (ēn and brōd) in Old Saxon. The diphthong *eu generally becomes ia, and Germanic *iu is retained. These diphthongs initially began with a syllabic (stressed) i, but the stress later shifts to the second component, giving to iā and iū. For example, thiād ("people") and liūde from Proto-Germanic *theudō and *liudīz.

Between vowels, h generally disappears (sian from *sehwanaN), as in Old English and Old Dutch. Word-initial h- on the other hand is retained. Old Frisian retains th in all positions for longer than Old Dutch and Old Saxon do, showing the gradual spread of the shift from th to d from south to north, beginning in southern Germany in the 9th century as part of the High German consonant shift, but not reaching Frisian until the 13th or 14th century.

Grammar[link]

Old Frisian (c.1150–c.1550) retained grammatical cases. Some of the texts that are preserved from this period are from the 12th or 13th centuries, but most are from the 14th and 15th centuries. Generally, all these texts are restricted to legal writings. Although the earliest written examples of Frisian—stray words in a Latin context—are from approximately the 9th century, there are a few examples of runic inscriptions from the region which are older and in a very early form of the Frisian language. These runic writings however usually consist of no more than inscriptions of a single or few words.

See also[link]

• Old Frisian given names

Notes[link]

References[link]

Rolf H. Bremmer Jr, An Introduction to Old Frisian. History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2009.

Corpus[link]

There are some early Frisian names preserved in Latin texts, and some runic (Futhorc) inscriptions, but the oldest surviving texts in Old Frisian date from the 13th century, in particular official and legal documents. They show a considerable degree of linguistic uniformity.

• Westeremden yew-stick (ca. 750–900)
• Fon Alra Fresena Fridome [1]
• Hunsigo MSS H1, H2: Ten Commandements [2], 17 petitiones [3]
• Londriucht [4]
• Thet Freske Riim [5]
• Skeltana Riucht law code [6]

Doutzen Kroes
Doutzen Kroes at Cannes Film Festival in 2009
Born	Doutzen Kroes (1985-01-23) 23 January 1985 (age 27) Eastermar, Netherlands
Height	5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
Hair color	Blonde
Eye color	Blue
Measurements	(US) 34-24.5-34.75; (EU) 86-62-88[1]
Dress size	(US) 6; (EU) 36
Manager	Paparazzi Model Management, Amsterdam DNA Model Management Viva Models Women Management
Spouse	Sunnery James (2010–present)
Children	Phyllon (2011)

Doutzen Kroes (IPA: [ˌdɔu̯tsən ˈkrus]; born 23 January 1985) is a Dutch model and actress, who is currently one of the Victoria's Secret Angels. She started working for the brand in 2004 and became an Angel in 2008. She is currently on contract with L'Oreal.

Early life[link]

Kroes was born in the village of Eastermar (Dutch: Oostermeer), in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands^[2] to a Frisian family.^[3] As a young girl, Kroes aspired to be a professional speed skater.^[4]

Modeling career[link]

Kroes described herself as a "tomboy" in her youth, though she applied to a modeling agency in Holland when older. The agency sent her to New York City, and after being cast a few times by Victoria's Secret, they asked her to try out as an "angel." When she moved to New York from Holland, she had never heard of the brand before.^[5]

Kroes has been featured on the covers of Time, Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Seventeen, Elle, Marie Claire, Glamour, W, Avantgarde, Dazed & Confused, and Numéro.^{[citation needed]} She also appears regularly in the Victoria's Secret catalog and walked the runway of the company's fashion show in 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, and 2011.^{[citation needed]} Kroes's campaigns include Gucci, Tommy Hilfiger, Versace, Valentino, Blumarine and Calvin Klein for both their 'White' label and their fragrance 'Eternity'.^{[citation needed]} In 2005, Kroes was selected as "Model of The Year" on Vogue.com by readers.^[6] She was presented on the May 2007 cover of American Vogue as one of the “World’s Next Top Models” next to Chanel Iman among others.^[7] Along with several of these models, she appeared in the 2008 Pirelli Calendar.^{[citation needed]}

Doutzen Kroes in New York City

In 2006, a Frisian documentary about a week in Kroes' life as a model was released, directed by J.J.M. Jansen. It documented Kroes at Milan Fashion Week and her thinking about the modeling industry.^[8]

In July 2007, earning at an estimated total of $1.5 million in the previous twelve months, Forbes named Kroes fourteenth in the list of the World's 15 Top-Earning Supermodels.^[9] In April 2008, she was in fifth position, with an estimated income of $6 million.^[10] In May 2009 and May 2010 respectively, Forbes named Kroes fifth again in the list of the World's 15 Top- Earning Supermodels.^[11][12]

Kroes is in the official Frisian provincial campaign for the Frisian language, her mother tongue.^[13]

At the end of August 2008, Victoria's Secret confirmed to People magazine that Kroes was to be the newest Victoria's Secret Angel.^[14] Her first campaign as the brand's newest Angel was "Supermodel Obsession".^{[citation needed]} In September 2009, she signed^[15] to be the new face for Swiss cashmere label Repeat for two years.^[16]

There is a wax figure of Kroes in the Amsterdam branch of Madame Tussaud's wax museum.^[17]

From November 2009 to July 2010, she wrote a monthly column about her life for the Dutch edition of 'Marie Claire.'^[18]

Currently, she is signed by DNA Model Management.^[19]

In February 2010, Kroes returned to the catwalk during fashion week for Prada with fellow Angels Alessandra Ambrosio and Miranda Kerr. Prada was praised by former editor-in-chief of Glamour, Cosmopolitan and Marie Claire magazines, Bonnie Fuller in her blog for using a curvy model such as Kroes for the fashion show.^[20]

Since 2011 Kroes has shot major campaigns for both L'Oreal and Tiffany & Co.

Acting career[link]

On November 24, 2011, she debuts Reinout Oerlemans', Nova Zembla (which is the first Dutch 3D Movie ever made). Kroes has been taking acting classes in New York for several years and plans to star in more movies to come, as she has stated in interviews.

Personal life[link]

Kroes started dating Dutch DJ Sunnery James in 2009.^[21] On 7 November 2010, she and James married in Amsterdam.^[22] On 21 January 2011, Kroes gave birth to a son, Phyllon Joy Gorré.^[23]

She is actively involved with the non-profit organization Dance4Life, which educates youth about HIV and AIDS prevention through song and dance.^[5]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Doutzen Kroes

• Doutzen Kroes at the Internet Movie Database
• Doutzen Kroes at the Fashion Model Directory
• Profile at YES Model Management