John Kenneth Blackwell (born February 28, 1948) is an American politician and activist who served as the mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio from 1979 to 1980 and Ohio Secretary of State from 1999 to 2007. A Republican, he was the first African-American to be the candidate for governor of a major party in Ohio. In 2006, Blackwell was the Republican candidate for the seat of Governor of Ohio. He is currently Vice Chairman of the Republican National Committee's Platform Committee and was a candidate for chairman of the RNC.[1] Additionally, he currently serves as senior fellow for family empowerment at the Family Research Council.
Blackwell gained national prominence for his dual roles as Chief Elections Official of Ohio and honorary co-chair of the "Committee to re-elect George W. Bush" during the 2004 election. Allegations of conflict of interest and voter disenfranchisement led to the filing of at least sixteen related lawsuits naming Blackwell. Regarding voter disenfranchisement, a federal appellate court ruled, in agreement with Blackwell, that provisional ballots cast in the wrong polling location should not be counted in the election, but the court overturned his directive to poll workers that they refuse to issue provisional ballots unless satisfied as to the voter's residence. Blackwell was also named in a 2006 lawsuit related to his office's public disclosure of the Social Security numbers of Ohio residents.
A staunch conservative, Blackwell successfully led the campaign for the 2004 Ohio Constitution Amendment banning state recognition of same-sex marriage and civil unions,[2] despite opposition from many other Republican leaders.[3] He is a proponent of gun ownership rights, and has stated that he is against abortion except in order to protect the life of the mother. He was defeated by Ted Strickland in the 2006 Ohio gubernatorial election.
Blackwell was born in Cincinnati, Ohio to George (a meatpacker) and Dana (a part-time nurse) Blackwell. He has two brothers, Carl and Charles. He married his wife Rosa in 1969 while he was in college. They have three children, Kimberly, Rahshann (a Denver resident and Ohio Northern Law School graduate) and Kristin.
Blackwell attended Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio on a football scholarship. Blackwell received a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology from Xavier in 1970 and his Master of Education degree, also from Xavier, in 1971. He taught at Xavier from 1974 to 1991 and has served as a trustee of Wilberforce University and Wilmington College. After college, he was invited to the Dallas Cowboys' training camp; he gave up football when he was told he would have to convert from linebacker to offensive lineman.[4]
From 1979 to 1980, Blackwell served as Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio. Earlier, he had been a member of the Cincinnati city council.
One of the first orders of business of Blackwell's administration as mayor of Cincinnati was the establishment of a crowd control task force stemming from the deaths of 11 concert fans at a concert by the British rock group The Who at Riverfront Coliseum on December 3, 1979.
Blackwell was a member of the Charter Party, Cincinnati's third party, which is generally supported by left-leaning voters. However, when he began to consider statewide and national offices, he became a Republican.
Blackwell served in the administration of President George H. W. Bush as undersecretary in the Department of Housing and Urban Development from 1989 to 1990. He returned to Cincinnati to run for the first district seat in the United States House of Representatives being vacated by Tom Luken. Blackwell lost to Luken's son, Charlie Luken, by a narrow 51% to 49% margin. Following his close defeat, President Bush appointed Blackwell ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Blackwell served in that post from 1992 to 1993.
Blackwell was appointed Ohio State Treasurer by then-Gov. George Voinovich in 1994 to complete the term of Mary Ellen Withrow, who was appointed U.S. treasurer by President Bill Clinton. Blackwell was elected treasurer in 1994 and was elected Ohio Secretary of State in 1998. That year, Blackwell considered a run for governor, but Ohio Republican Party chairman Robert T. Bennett persuaded Blackwell to run for secretary of state instead, leaving the governorship open to Bob Taft.[citation needed] Blackwell was national chairman of longtime friend Steve Forbes' presidential campaign in 2000.[5] Blackwell was re-elected secretary of state in 2002.
Blackwell, a strict fiscal and social conservative, has become a vocal critic of the moderate wing of the Ohio Republican Party, including Taft, for adopting tax increases in the face of budget shortfalls in recent years.[citation needed][when?] He has also demanded the resignation of Ohio House of Representatives Speaker Larry Householder, a Republican, whose staff became embroiled[when?] in fund-raising scandals.[citation needed]
He was also[when?] the most prominent Republican to support adding an amendment to the state constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage.[citation needed] The state's Republican U.S. Senator George Voinovich and then-Senator Mike DeWine opposed the amendment's broad language, fearing it could bar not only same-sex marriage but also civil unions, domestic partnerships, and possibly wills and any legal contracts for homosexuals.[citation needed] Taft later[when?] also came out against the amendment, expressing his concern that its ambiguous language would have unintended consequences and leave the state open to a number of lawsuits.[citation needed] During the campaign Blackwell lobbied hard for this measure and was widely credited[by whom?] with attracting many conservative evangelical African Americans to the polls to vote for the measure and for Bush's re-election. The amendment passed with the approval of 61.64% of the voters.
As Secretary of State of a hotly contested swing state, Blackwell played a prominent role in the 2004 national election. As Secretary of State, Blackwell held the position of Chief Elections Officer, overseeing Ohio's elections process. In Congressional testimony, Blackwell stated that every Republican holder of statewide office in Ohio was named an honorary "co-chair" of the Bush campaign, that the position carried no responsibilities, and that previous Ohio Secretaries of State from both parties had held similar honorary positions.[6]
Blackwell also announced he would enforce an Ohio State election law decreeing that any person who appeared at a polling place to vote but whose registration could not be confirmed would be given only a provisional ballot; if it were later determined that the person had attempted to vote in the wrong precinct, then their provisional ballot would not be counted. He also directed poll workers to refuse to distribute provisional ballots unless they were satisfied as to the voter's residence. The Democratic party promptly filed a lawsuit claiming that the policy was "intended to disenfranchise minority voters" and in violation of federal election law, specifically section 302 of the Help America Vote Act (HAVA).[7]
On October 21, 2004, U.S. District Court Judge James G. Carr issued an order rejecting Blackwell's policy.[8] Blackwell said that he would go to jail rather than comply.
Blackwell appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. On October 26, 2004, the Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed in part and reversed in part. The court agreed with the plaintiffs and the District Court that Blackwell's directive violated HAVA to the extent that it empowered poll workers to withhold a provisional ballot based on their "on-the-spot determination at the polling place." The court also ruled, however, that if a subsequent review concluded that the voter was not entitled to vote in that precinct, then the provisional ballot would not be counted. (pdf)(pdf) In accordance with the Court of Appeals ruling, provisional ballots cast in the wrong precincts were not counted in Ohio's 2004 elections.
Democratic members of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary asked Blackwell to explain irregularities in the Ohio election in two letters, (pdf) (pdf) and requested his presence at a Public Congressional Hearing. (pdf) He did not attend the hearing, but responded to the first letter, refusing to comply with their requests for explanation, noting that he was already responding to requests from the Government Accountability Office and the Department of Justice. (pdf)
Keith Olbermann interviewed Blackwell regarding the 2004 U.S. presidential election controversy.[9]
On December 27, 2004, Blackwell requested a court order to protect him from being interviewed in the Moss v. Bush case, a challenge of the presidential vote, and fought a subpoena, arguing that the litigation was frivolous.[10]
As Ohio Secretary of State, Blackwell has been a party to many election-related lawsuits.[11] Some of these include:
- Moss v. Bush; Dismissed at request of plaintiff after certification of electoral votes
- Beacon Journal Publishing Company, Inc. and Charlene Nevada v. J. Kenneth Blackwell and the Board of Elections; Ohio was ordered to permit reporters to enter polling places during the Fall 2004 election, notwithstanding ORS § 3501.35.(pdf)
- Lucas County Democratic Party et al. v. Blackwell[12]
- The Sandusky County Democratic Party v. J. Kenneth Blackwell; Blackwell was forced to pay nearly $65,000 in legal fees to the Sandusky County Democratic party.[13][14]
- The League of Women Voters of Ohio et al. v. Blackwell[15]
- Miller et al. v. Blackwell et al.[16]
- Spencer v. Blackwell[17]
- Summit County Democratic Central and Executive Committee et al. v. Blackwell et al.[18]
- American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. et al. v. Blackwell[19]
- State of Ohio Ex Rel. Matthew Wolf, et al. v. Blackwell[20]
- Sarah White v. J. Kenneth Blackwell and the Board of Elections of Lucas County, Ohio[21]
- Nader et al. v. Blackwell[22]
- Schering v. Blackwell[23]
- Ohio Democratic Party v. Blackwell; Upheld in federal appeals court in favor of Blackwell[23]
- Anita Rios et al. v. Blackwell[24]
- State ex. rel David Yost et al. v. National Voting Rights Institute et al.[24]
On March 1, 2006 Blackwell's office accidentally published a list of 1.2 million Social Security numbers of Ohio citizens on a website along with their business filings. A Federal class-action lawsuit was filed by Darrell Estep who claimed that the release of the data had caused his Social Security number to appear three times on the website.[25] The lawsuit was settled on March 28, 2006 after the numbers were removed from the website, a registration process was enacted to view the data and Blackwell's office agreed to make monthly progress reports to the court.[26] The data was part of a centralized voter database, required by Federal law. At that time, Blackwell promised to only retain the last four digits of the Social Security number in the database to prevent future problems.[27]
However, on April 26, 2006, Blackwell's office disclosed Ohio Social Security numbers again, mailing out computer disks containing the names, addresses, and the Social Security numbers of 5.7 million registered voters in Ohio (80% of all registered voters in the state).[28] The list was released as a standard practice under the Freedom of Information Act and Help America Vote Act. Blackwell's office apologized, indicating that the release of the Social Security numbers was accidental and attempted to recall all 20 of the disks. At least one recipient of the disks has refused to comply.
Jim Petro, then Republican Attorney General of Ohio, has launched an investigation into the disclosure, citing a legal requirement to "investigate any state entity where there may be a risk of a loss of private data." Blackwell stated that he considered the issue to be closed, but Petro disagreed, saying that he will use "maximum due diligence" to ensure that the data was not copied before it was returned. Ohio law requires that individuals be notified if their Social Security numbers are compromised.[29][30]
Ohio State Senator Jeff Jacobson asked Blackwell in July 2003 to disqualify Diebold Election Systems' bid to supply voting machines for the state, after security problems were discovered in its software,[31] but was refused.[citation needed] Blackwell had ordered Diebold touch screen voting machines, reversing an earlier decision by the state to purchase only optical scan voting machines which, unlike the touch screen devices, would leave a "paper trail" for recount purposes.[citation needed]
On April 4, 2006, the Columbus Dispatch reported that Blackwell "owned stock [83 shares, down from 178 shares purchased in January 2005] in Diebold, a voting-machine [and ATM] manufacturer, at the same time his office negotiated a deal" with the company. After discovering the stock ownership, Blackwell promptly sold the shares at a loss.[32] He attributed the purchase to an unidentified financial manager at Credit Suisse First Boston who he said had, without his knowledge, violated his instructions to avoid potential conflict of interest.[33]
When Cuyahoga County's primary was held on May 2, 2006, officials ordered the hand-counting of more than 18,000 paper ballots after Diebold's new optical scan machines produced inconsistent tabulations, leaving several local races in limbo for days and eventually resulting in a reversal of the outcome of one race for state representative. Blackwell ordered an investigation by the Cuyahoga County Board of Elections; Ohio Democrats demanded that Blackwell, due to his prior role in acquiring the Diebold equipment as well as his status as the Republican gubernatorial candidate in this election, recuse himself from the investigation due to conflicts of interest, but Blackwell did not do so.[34]
Blackwell was the Republican candidate for Governor of Ohio in 2006. He beat state Attorney General Jim Petro in the 2006 Republican primary. (The then current governor, Republican Bob Taft, could not run because of term limits.) Blackwell's opponents in the general election were Democratic Congressman Ted Strickland, Libertarian professor emeritus Bill Peirce and Green Bob Fitrakis. Blackwell chose Ohio State Representative Tom Raga to be his running mate. Blackwell was the first African-American to be nominated as a candidate for the Ohio governorship by either major political party.
There had been increased national attention on the ability of the Republican party to maintain control in Ohio. On a national level, The New York Times went so far as to suggest that the results of the election would be a "bellwether" for the 2008 US presidential election.[35]
Blackwell faced an uphill battle; according to a broad survey reported by The Plain Dealer on April 30, 2006, Ohio voters would "prefer to see a Democrat occupy the governor's mansion."[36][37] Still, he had his supporters. John Stemberger, president and general counsel for the Florida Family Policy Council, was quoted as saying that Blackwell could "potentially be president of the United States someday, and the first black president at that."[38] Blackwell's campaign relied heavily on accusations that Ted Strickland was not a resident of Ohio, and later that Ted Strickland was gay.[39] Both of these accusations played heavily in campaign literature that failed to resonate with Ohio voters. Due to his poor management of this campaign, Blackwell's ability to compete on a national stage was called into question.
On November 7, 2006 Ted Strickland was elected Governor, defeating Blackwell by a 24% margin.[40]
Blackwell has taken some very conservative positions. In 2005, he supported keeping Terri Schiavo on life support indefinitely, saying, "I really do think that life is sacred, no matter how painful." When asked on Hardball with Chris Matthews if he would keep her on life support for 30 years, Blackwell said he would.
In his 2002 campaign for re-election to the post of Secretary of State, Blackwell took the position that he would favor abortions in the case where the life of the mother was at stake. He has since taken a more conservative position of opposing abortions even in the case where the mother's life is at risk.[41]
Blackwell won the Republican Primary on May 2, 2006 against Ohio Attorney General Jim Petro with 56% of the vote.[42] Blackwell's strongest support came from his home town of Cincinnati and much of rural Ohio.[43] The run up to the primaries was dominated by strongly critical television ads that Blackwell and his opponent Jim Petro ran against one another.[44]
Blackwell was criticized by Petro, for declining to engage in three planned debates which had been organized by the Dayton Daily News and the City Club of Cleveland. The debate at the City Club of Cleveland occurred on April 25, 2006, despite Blackwell's absence. The event was originally scheduled to be broadcast on public television around Ohio. According to the Columbus Dispatch, "Blackwell said he has 'shared plenty of forums' with Petro and that he wants to focus on talking to Republicans in the final days of the campaign." [45]
On April 29, the Hamilton County Democrats publicly demanded that Ken Blackwell pull radio ads which urged unregistered Democrats to ask for Republican primary ballots on May 2, 2006 (rather than the issues only ballot which unregistered voters normally get) and thereby become registered Republicans. The Democrats argued that the ads are using "illegal and unethical political tactics."[46]
During the primary, Blackwell led the Republican candidates in his ability to raise significant amounts of money for his campaign. He raised $1.09 million between January 31, 2006 and April 12, 2006, from approximately 12,000 individuals and businesses. This was nearly $800,000 more than his main competition, Jim Petro, but less than the $1.1 million raised by his main Democratic competition, Ted Strickland.[47][48] Blackwell, along with 14 other candidates, (including Petro and Strickland) were accused by the Ohio Citizen Action group of failing to meet Ohio's campaign contribution law which requires best efforts to disclose the names, addresses, employment status, employer, and place of employment of individuals who donate $100 or more to a political campaign. Blackwell, Petro, and Strickland all received a "B letter grade" from the group for their levels of disclosure.[49]
On April 16, 2006, the Toledo Blade reported that Blackwell had accepted more than $1 million dollars in campaign contributions from "employees of firms seeking business with the statewide offices he's held over the past 12 years." Furthermore, the same organizations donated $1.34 million dollars to the Ohio Republican Party, $1.29 million of which was forwarded directly to Blackwell's campaign fund. Several of the firms which have been awarded contracts from Blackwell's office have also been hired on to his gubernatorial campaign. The investigators argue that the suggestion of quid pro quo based on the actions of contributors raise an issue of a serious conflict of interest. Petro has responded by demanding that a law which bans political contributors from being awarded state contracts. Blackwell has stated that no illegal activity took place. In response to Petro's call for reform, Blackwell stated "If you are asking me ... 'Am I advocating for campaign spending limits?' No. Never have. Never will." [50]
After winning their respective primaries, both Blackwell and his Democratic opponent were able to raise record sums, in part because of the national attention paid to the race. As of September 9, 2006, Strickland led Blackwell, $11.2 million to $10 million.[51]
Blackwell had been well supported by many religious leaders in Ohio both politically and financially; according to campaign filings, Blackwell has received $25,031 from clergy and more than 27 times as much as Strickland.[52]
However, on January 16, 2006, a group of 31 pastors, led by Rev. Eric Williams, pastor of North Congregational Church (United Church of Christ) in Columbus, Ohio wrote a 13-page letter to the IRS alleging that Blackwell has enjoyed "special treatment" by two Ohio "mega-churches," World Harvest Church and Fairfield Christian Church. In the letter, the pastors accused the two organizations of sponsoring at least nine events with Blackwell as the sole invited politician, "partisan voter-registration drives," and distribution of biased voting guides. Rev. Russell Johnson, pastor of the Fairfield Christian Church in Lancaster, Ohio defended his actions by saying that the event in question was not a "meet the candidate forum," but rather he was giving Blackwell "an award for courageous leadership." [53] Blackwell later called the group of 31 pastors "bullies." [54]
On April 19, 2006, e-mails sent on behalf of the Blackwell campaign by Johnson on Easter Sunday, April 16, 2006, came to light in the Columbus Dispatch.[55] Both the Blackwell campaign and Russell Johnson, on behalf of Fairfield Christian Church, denied all wrong-doing. The e-mails in question subsequently emerged on various online media outlets, clearly showing that the e-mails had been sent from within Johnson's church office on the evening of Easter Sunday to Church personnel and employees of the church-owned Fairfield Christian Academy.[56]
On May 7, 2006, the members of the Lord of Life Lutheran church in Columbus, Ohio publicly complained that Blackwell's campaign workers placed fliers on the windshields of those attending the church service on April 30, two days before the May 2 primary. The church pastor, Rev. Jim Wilson, stated "the tactic was offensive and suggested the church was endorsing Blackwell." Wilson said that he had tried to contact the Blackwell campaign in response to the incident but did not get a "satisfactory response." When questioned, Blackwell's campaign said the practice was "standard... for Republicans and Democrats." [57]
On Wednesday, May 14, 2007, Ken Blackwell was appointed a senior fellow at the well-known conservative religious, political group Family Research Council.[58]
As the organizations are 501(c)(3) tax-exempt, not-for-profit organizations, they are explicitly barred from campaigning for, endorsing candidates or "becoming involved in any activity which is beneficial or harmful to any candidate." [59][60] Johnson and Rev. Rod Parsley, pastor of World Harvest church have argued that the investigation is politically motivated and violates their constitutional right to free speech. Mark Everson, commissioner of the IRS responded "you don't have an automatic or constitutional right to a tax exemption, and that's where the line has been drawn." [61]
Ken Blackwell has earned an "A" rating from the National Rifle Association’s (NRA) Political Victory Fund. Blackwell is also endorsed by the Ohio Gun Collectors Association, Ohioans for Concealed Carry and Gun Owners of America.
"I unequivocally support the Second Amendment right of every law-abiding Ohioan to keep and own firearms for hunting, personal protection and any other lawful purpose," said Blackwell. "I am proud to receive the NRA’s highest rating and will be an unflinching advocate for gun owners as governor."
Blackwell announced his intentions to run in the 2009 RNC Chairmanship Election, but withdrew after the 4th round of voting. He won early endorsement from the state chairmen in Louisiana (Roger F. Villere, Jr.), Texas (Tina Benkiser), and Oklahoma (Gary Jones).[citation needed]
RNC Chairman Vote
Source: CQPolitics,[62] and Poll Pundit [63]
- Candidate won that Round of voting
- Candidate withdrew
- Candidate won RNC Chairmanship
Family Research Council identifies Ken Blackwell as a Senior Fellow for Family Empowerment.[64] According to the organization's 2010 form 990 filing with the Internal Revenue Service, Blackwell was paid $162,000 as an independent contractor.
- Kenneth Blackwell and Jerome R. Corsi. Rebuilding America: A Prescription for Creating Strong Families, Building the Wealth of Working People, and Ending Welfare. WND Books, May 4, 2006. ISBN 1-58182-501-3
- Kenneth Blackwell and Ken Klukowski. The Blueprint: Obama's Plan to Subvert the Constitution and Build an Imperial Presidency. Lyons Press, April 27, 2010. ISBN 0-7627-6134-2
- ^ Wright, James (January 28, 2009). "African Americans Vie to Lead Republicans". New America Media. http://news.ncmonline.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=cd88490ad5d47a6b57a420396d2119b4. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
- ^ Wendling, Ted (May 26, 2006). "Ohio candidate hopes gay marriage issue takes him to governor's mansion". National Catholic Reporter. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_/ai_n16598100. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
- ^ Siegel, Jim (October 26, 2004). "Media blitz begins for Ohio's Issue 1". Cincinnati Enquirer. http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2004/10/26/loc_elexissueads.html. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
- ^ Malanga, Steven (Winter 2006). "Ronald Reagan’s Unlikely Heir". City Journal. Manhattan Institute. http://www.city-journal.org/html/16_1_reagan.html.
- ^ Gizzi, John (January 28, 2005). "Conservative Star, Ken Blackwell, Is on the Rise in Ohio". HumanEvents.com. http://humanevents.com/article.php?id=6432. Retrieved 2009-07-17. [dead link]
- ^ Blackwell, Ken (2005-03-21). "Testimony By J. Kenneth Blackwell". Committee on House Administration. http://cha.house.gov/hearings/Testimony.aspx?TID=676. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
- ^ "Ohio provisional ballot ruling reversed". USA Today. October 23, 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-10-23-ohio-ballots_x.htm. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ Defiant Blackwell rips judge
- ^ Countdown with Keith Olbermann, November 29, 2004. Transcript, Video (11-29-04-msnbc-ohio1of2.mov and 11-29-04-msnbc-ohio2of2.mov)
- ^ Welsh-Huggins, Andrew (December 28, 2004). "The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Ohio voting official fights subpoena". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002132450_ohiovote28.html.
- ^ FindLaw News: Election Law Coverage 2004: Lawsuits
- ^ Election Law @ Moritz - Litigation (Lucas County Democratic Party et al. v. Blackwell)
- ^ toledoblade.com - Court affirms Blackwell owes $65,000 in legal fees
- ^ http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/sandusky.php
- ^ http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/lwv05.php
- ^ http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/miller.php
- ^ http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/spencer.php
- ^ http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/summit.php
- ^ http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/ABCv.Blackwell.php
- ^ http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/wolf.php
- ^ http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/white.php
- ^ http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/nader.php
- ^ a b http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/schering.php
- ^ a b http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/electionlaw/litigation/Rios.php
- ^ http://www.wcpo.com/news/2006/local/03/29/blackwell.html
- ^ The Enquirer - This article is no longer available
- ^ The Enquirer - This article is no longer available
- ^ Ohio recalls voter registration CDs; Social Security numbers included
- ^ The Columbus Dispatch - Local/State
- ^ Story not found - Cleveland.com
- ^ US-CERT Cyber Security Bulletin SB04-252 Summary of Security Items from September 1 through September 7, 2004
- ^ Blackwell reports shares in Diebold The Columbus Dispatch, April 4, 2006
- ^ Blackwell reports embarrassing buy of Diebold stock Rivals pounce on controversy over accidental share purchase The Plain Dealer, April 4, 2006
- ^ Democrats want Blackwell to remove himself from election probe Canton Repository, May 9, 2006
- ^ In the Race for Ohio Governor, All Sides Agree on a Need for Change, NY Times
- ^ Story not found - Cleveland.com
- ^ Urbina, Ian (April 21, 2006). "In the Race for Ohio Governor, All Sides Agree on a Need for Change". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/21/us/21ohio.html. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ http://www.newsday.com/news/local/wire/newjersey/ny-bc-nj--eyeonohio-otherdo0429apr29,0,7892071.story?coll=ny-region-apnewjersey
- ^ http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060723/NEWS09/607230348
- ^ 2006 Election Results
- ^ The Columbus Dispatch - Local/State
- ^ cantonrep.com
- ^ Thoughts from Ohio on Yesterday's Returns | Redstate
- ^ Story not found - Cleveland.com
- ^ The Columbus Dispatch - Local/State
- ^ Hamilton Co. Democrats Want Blackwell To Pull Radio Ads
- ^ Story not found - Cleveland.com
- ^ Gingrich Endorses Blackwell for Ohio Gov
- ^ Story not found - Cleveland.com
- ^ toledoblade.com - Blackwell defends campaign donations
- ^ cantonrep.com
- ^ http://www.daytondailynews.com/localnews/content/localnews/daily/0428polmoney.html
- ^ "IRS scrutinizing charities' political work". The Boston Globe. April 29, 2006. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/04/29/irs_scrutinizing_charities_political_work/?page=3.
- ^ The Columbus Dispatch - Local/State
- ^ http://www.dispatch.com/live/contentbe/dispatch/2006/04/19/20060419-A1-04.html
- ^ http://auohio.org/assets/April%2017,%202006%20Evidence_FCC%20email.pdf
- ^ The Columbus Dispatch - Local/State
- ^ Family Research Council: Monday, February 4, 2008 "PR07C03"
- ^ Ohio Church Complaint Raises Questions of Fairness in IRS Enforcement - April 18, 2006 Vol. 7, No. 8 - OMB Watch
- ^ "IRS scrutinizing charities' political work". The Boston Globe. April 29, 2006. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/04/29/irs_scrutinizing_charities_political_work/.
- ^ "IRS scrutinizing charities' political work". The Boston Globe. April 29, 2006. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/04/29/irs_scrutinizing_charities_political_work.
- ^ CQ Politics (January 30, 2009). "Republican Choose Michael Steele as Party Chairman". http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000003021842&cpage=1.
- ^ PollPundit.com (January 30, 3009). "RNC Chairman Vote: Live Coverage". http://polipundit.com/index.php?p=20632.
- ^ Ken Blackwell's Biography at Family Research Council
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| Candidates |
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| Dropped out prior to election |
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| Persondata |
| Name |
Blackwell, Ken |
| Alternative names |
Blackwell, John Kenneth (full name) |
| Short description |
Ohio politician |
| Date of birth |
February 28, 1948 |
| Place of birth |
Cincinnati, Ohio, United States |
| Date of death |
living |
| Place of death |
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