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Khin is a classical membranophone used in Newar music. Khin are played in pair putting on lap by the players facing each other.

A Khin is made of a hollow wooden trunk with membrane covering both sides. The right side is covered with cow skin, while the left side is covered with goat skin. Both sides are attached with a black tuning paste called khau. The right hole of the trunk is narrower than the left one, and thus sound produced from the right side is sharper than the sound from left side.

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Khin Nyunt
9th Prime Minister of Myanmar
In office 25 August 2003 – 18 October 2004
Leader	Than Shwe
Preceded by	Saw Maung
Succeeded by	Soe Win
Secretary 1 of the State Peace and Development Council
In office 1997 – 25 August 2003
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Thein Sein
Personal details
Born	(1939-10-11) 11 October 1939 (age 72) Syriam, British Burma
Nationality	Burmese
Spouse(s)	Khin Win Shwe
Children	Thin Le Le Win, Lt.-Col. Zaw Naing Oo, Dr. Ye Naing Win
Military service
Service/branch	Myanmar Army
Years of service	1960 - 2004
Rank	General

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General Khin Nyunt (Burmese: ခင်ညွန့်; MLCTS: hkang nywan.; pronounced: [kʰɪ̀ɴ ɲʊ̰ɴ]; born 11 October 1939 in Kyauktan, Yangon Division) is an officer and politician in Myanmar. Khin Nyunt is of Burmese Chinese descent.^[1] He held the office of Chief of Intelligence and was Prime Minister from 25 August 2003 until 18 October 2004. He is married to Khin Win Shwe, a medical doctor, and father to a daughter, Thin Le Le Win, and two sons, Lieutenant Colonel Zaw Naing Oo and Dr. Ye Naing Win, who owns Bagan Cybertech, one of the few internet service providers available in Myanmar.^[2]

Khin Nyunt graduated from the 25th batch of the Officer’s Training School in 1960, after dropping out of Yankin College in the late 1950s.^[3]

After his career in the military, he was ordered back to Rangoon in 1984 after an attack on a visiting South Korean delegation which was visiting Burma at that time. 21 people, including three South Korean cabinet ministers, died during the attack, (Rangoon Bombing) which occurred on 9 October 1983 and was perpetrated by terrorists sent from North Korea.^[4] Khin Nyunt was then appointed Chief of Intelligence. From the mid-1980s to the late 1990s Khin Nyunt was considered to be a protégé of the late Ne Win, who supposedly retired from politics in July 1988 but who is thought to have continued to be an influential figure behind the scenes until about the late 1990s.

The 1988 uprising that occurred from March to September 1988 was quelled by the military when the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) was formed on 18 September 1988. The SLORC was renamed as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) in 1997, and Khin Nyunt was appointed as its first secretary (Secretary −1), a post which he held until his appointment as Prime Minister in August 2003.

Shortly after Khin Nyunt was appointed as Prime Minister, he announced a seven-point roadmap to democracy; this roadmap was heavily criticized by the Burmese opposition as well as by many foreign governments especially Western ones as it envisaged a permanent military participation in the government. The so-called 'systematic and step-by-step implementation of the road-map to democracy' also contained no time-line.

The first 'step' of the road map was the recalling of the suspended National Convention (NC) which first met in January 1993. The NC was supposed to 'lay down' the basic principles for a new Constitution. The NC met sporadically until the approval of a new constitution in 2008 by what many observers considered the rigged Burmese constitutional referendum, 2008.

After his appointment as Prime Minister, Khin Nyunt's role in the government gave rise to some hope and speculation that there might be some 'liberalization', as he was considered a moderate pragmatic who saw the need of a dialogue with the democratic opposition. The SPDC Chairman Than Shwe and his deputy, General Maung Aye were seen as hardliners who opposed any relaxation of the military's iron grip of the country.

On 18 October 2004, in a one-sentence announcement signed by SPDC Chairman Senior General Than Shwe, Khin Nyunt was "permitted to retire on health grounds". However, he was immediately arrested and placed under protective custody.^[5] Allegations of Khin Nyunt's corruption were officially made several days later. Khin Nyunt's dismissal and arrest were the result of a power struggle in which the junta's strongman, Than Shwe, successfully managed to clip the power of the "intelligence faction" of the Burmese Armed Forces which Khin Nyunt led. Most of the Generals and military officers in the SPDC, like Than Shwe, did not and do not want to negotiate with Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (NLD).

On 5 July 2005, Khin Nyunt was tried by a Special Tribunal inside Insein prison near Rangoon on various corruption charges. On 21 July 2005, he was sentenced to 44 years in prison, though it is believed that he is ostensibly serving his sentence under house arrest instead of in prison. Khin Nyunt's sons were also sentenced to 51 and 68 years respectively. It is unclear whether his wife was also indicted.^[6]

In July 2009, a video of Khin Nyunt at the home of former Burmese minister Brigadier-General Tint Swe, taken on 7 July 2009, was leaked to the public and there have been reports that Khin Nyunt and his wife have been able to travel outside their home on occasion, since March 2008.^[7] In December 2010, another 16-minute video of Khin Nyunt meeting with the Chief of Police Khin Yi and other senior police officers was circulated on YouTube.^[8]

His brother-in-law, Than Nyein, is one of the founders and chairman of National Democratic Force. Tin Htut, his son in law, has been in prison since October 2004. Khin Nyunt - now referred to by the Burmese media simply as "U" (Mr) - was released from house arrest on 12 January 2012 by the order of current president Thein Sein.^[9]

• 

  Khin Nyunt reviews a Vietnamese honour guard at the Presidential Palace in Hanoi, Vietnam, Monday 9 August 2004

• 

  Prime Minister Soe Win (Left) and Former Prime Minister Khin Nyunt (Right)

• 

  Khin Nyunt shortly after his release in 2012.

References[link]

External links[link]

• We Restored Order – Asiaweek interview with Khin Nyunt from 1999
• McGeown, Kate (19 October 2004). "Khin Nyunt's fall from grace". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3756052.stm. Retrieved 30 June 2006. 
• Khin Nyunt's search/Information from Myanmar Search Engine

v t e Prime Ministers of Burma (Myanmar) U Nu Ba Swe U Nu Ne Win U Nu Ne Win[m] Sein Win[m] Maung Maung Kha[m] Tun Tin Saw Maung[m] Than Shwe[m] Khin Nyunt[m] Soe Win[m] Thein Sein[m] ^[m] military officeholders

This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (November 2010)

Khin Maung Toe (Burmese: ခင်မောင်တိုး [kʰɪ̀ɴ màʊɴ tó]; born 2 April 1950) is a Burmese singer songwriter, and was the longtime lead singer of the Mizzima Hlaing (မဇ္ဈိမလှိုင်း) band. He is one of the few successful Burmese singer-songwriters who have not covered foreign songs. He has released over 20 albums in his career. He is best known for his 1984 hit "Maha Hsan Thu" (မဟာဆန်သူ).

Career[link]

Khin Maung Toe was born in Mawlaik, Sagaing Division (now, Sagaing Region) in northwestern Myanmar, third son of Daw Khin Hla and U Khin Maung.^[1]

Khin Maung Toe became first interested in making music in his second year at the University of Mandalay in the late 1960s, when the Burmese pop music, modeled on Western rock-and-roll and country music, was just taking shape. He said in a 2000 interview that he and his generation of musicians faced both encouragement and criticism for the new kind of music. He released his debut album in 1973 with the E Machines band, and the follow-up album a year later.^[1]

In 1978, he left Mandalay for Yangon, then the capital and largest city. In the early 80s, he formed a band called the Mizzima Hlaing (မဇ္ဈိမလှိုင်း, lit. the Middle Wave), and became the lead singer of the band. In 1984, the band released Maha Hsan Thu album. The success of the album made Khin Maung Toe and the band household names.^[2]

Their style was a modernized version of traditional Burmese music updated with Western musical instruments and arrangements. Their biggest hit, Maha Hsan Thu, could have been a classic Burmese song from the prewar era if not for the background Western instrumentals and arrangements. In the 1980s and the 1990s, Khin Maungn Toe and the Mizzima Hlaing with their "original" music successfully carved out a niche in the Burmese pop music scene which was mainly dominated by covers of foreign songs. They released 18 albums in those two decades. However, the band broke up in the early 2000s after its Keyboardist Myo Khin had died.

Personal life[link]

Khin Maung Toe is married to Wai Wai Khaing. They have three children.^[1]

Discography[link]

He has made 20 albums up to 1999.^[1]

• Kyezu Tin De, Gaba-Gyi-Ye (1973)
• Yin-Khon-Nay-Thaw Einmet-Nge (1974)
• Izzali A-Twet Izzali အဉ္စလီ အတွက် အဉ္စလီ (1980)
• Waing Ye Hsiza ဝိုင်းရဲ့ဆည်းဆာ (1981)
• Saung-Gyo-Hshaik-Than Ne Hse-Hnit-Ta Tay Mya (1982)
• Maha Hsan Thu (1984)
• Gyogya Than (1985)
• Myet-Thwè (1986)
• Yaung-Zin Khunna-Thwè (1988)
• Way-Ge-Bi Pan-Khayan-Pya (1990)
• Lay-Nyo-Shin (1991)
• Pan-Chit-Thu (1992)
• Pan-Daw-U (1993)
• Myit-Da-Zin Hpyit-Ti-Mhu (1994)
• Yi-Ywè-Thu (1995)
• Mhi-Twè-Ya Lwan (1996)
• Hlaing-Htet-Ka Chay-Ya (1997)
• Yin-Khat A-Lwan (1998)
• Seitkyaik Tay -- Best of Khin Maung Toe
• Thachin Da-Bote (1999)

References[link]