District courts are a category of courts which exists in several nations. These include:

Australia[link]

District Court is the name given to the intermediate court in most Australian States. They hear indictable (serious) criminal offences excluding treason, murder and, in some States, manslaughter. Their civil jurisdiction is also intermediate, typically being for civil disputes where the amount claimed is greater than a $75 000 but less than $750 000.^[1] The limits vary between Australian States. In Victoria, the equivalent Court is called the County Court.^[2] Below them is the Magistrates' Courts, known as the Local Court in New South Wales. Above them are the State Supreme Courts.

Austria[link]

Austria has some 200 district, or local, courts, which decide minor civil and criminal cases.

Finland[link]

See also Judicial system of Finland

Finland has 61 district courts (käräjäoikeus/tingsrätt), which deal with criminal cases, civil cases and petitionary matters. Each court is headed by the Chief Judge and other District Judges. In certain cases, the district court may also have Lay Judges. The cases are handled and resolved either in a session or in chambers. In simple cases decisions can be made by notaries.

Hong Kong[link]

The District Courts in Hong Kong, established in 1953, has limited jurisdiction in both civil and criminal matters. With effect from 1 December 2003, it has civil jurisdiction to hear monetary claims up to HK$1 million or, where the claims are for recovery of land, the annual rent or rateable value does not exceed HK$240,000. In its criminal jurisdiction, the court may try the more serious cases, with the main exceptions of murder, manslaughter and rape. The maximum term of imprisonment it may impose is seven years. There are one Chief District Judge and 30 District Judges, among which three District Judges sit in the Family Court and two District Judges sit in the Lands Tribunal as Presiding Officers.

India[link]

The District Courts of India are presided over by a judge.^[3] They administer justice in India at a district level. These courts are under administrative and judicial control of the High Court of the State to which the district concerned belongs.

Ireland[link]

The District Court in Ireland was established in 1924. The Court handles civil claims of up to €6,350 and summary criminal trials (minor offences tried by a judge alone where the maximum penalty is 12 months on indictment in the Circuit Court and the granting of licences for the sale of alcohol.

Israel[link]

The District Courts in Israel serve both as the appellate courts and also as the court of first instance for some cases (e.g. real estate or IP). As of 2007, there are six district courts^[4]:

• Jerusalem
• Tel Aviv
• Haifa
• Nazareth
• Central Region (Petah Tikva)
• Beersheba

New Zealand[link]

The District Courts of New Zealand are a low-level trial court. The Courts can hear civil claims up to $200,000 and deal with relatively minor criminal charges. The District Courts were called the Magistrates' Courts until 1980.

Norway[link]

The Norwegian tingrett deals with criminal and civil cases.

Pakistan[link]

The District Courts of Pakistan are presided over by a Senior judge. They administer justice in Pakistan at a district level. These courts are under administrative and judicial control of the High Court of the province to which the district concerned belongs.

Poland[link]

District courts exist in Poland. See judiciary of Poland.

Scotland[link]

District Courts were introduced in 1975 as replacement for Burgh Police Courts; they dealt with the most minor crimes. They were run by the local authorities. Each court comprised one or more Justices of the Peace (lay magistrates) who sat alone or in threes with a qualified legal assessor as convener or clerk of court.

They handled many cases of breach of the peace, drunkenness, minor assaults, petty theft, and offences under the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982.

District Court operated under summary procedure and could not impose a fine in excess of £2,500 or sentence an offender to more than 60 days in prison. In practice, most offences were dealt with by a fine.

In Glasgow where the volume of business requires the employment of three solicitors as "stipendiary magistrates" who sit in place of the lay Justices. The Stipendiary Magistrates' court has the same sentencing power as the summary Sheriff Court.

District Courts in Scotland were abolished and replaced with Justice of the Peace Courts under the provisions of the Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007. The Justice of the Peace Courts are managed by the Scottish Court Service. Responsibility for the Courts was transferred from the local authorities in a rolling programme of court unification which concluded in February 2010. District Courts were replaced by JP Courts in sheriffdoms as follows-

• Sheriffdom of Lothian and Borders, 10 March 2008^[5]
• Sheriffdom of Grampian, Highlands and Islands, 2 June 2008^[6]
• Sheriffdom of Glasgow and Strathkelvin, 8 December 2008^[7]
• Sheriffdom of Tayside, Central and Fife, 23 February 2009^[8]
• Sheriffdom of North Strathclyde, 14 December 2009^[9]
• Sheriffdom of South Strathclyde, Dumfries & Galloway, 22 February 2010^[10]

Sweden[link]

See also Judicial system of Sweden

As of 2009^[update], Sweden has 53 district courts under the name tingsrätt, which deal with criminal and civil cases.^[11] The number has decreased since 1999, when there were 96 district courts.^[12]

United States[link]

In the United States federal courts, the United States district courts are the general trial courts. The federal district courts have jurisdiction over federal questions (trials and cases interpreting federal law, or which involve federal statutes or crimes) and diversity (cases otherwise subject to jurisdiction in a state trial court but which are between litigants of different states and/or countries). There are 89 federal districts in the 50 states. United States district courts also exist in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. So, in total, there are 94 U.S. district courts. Decisions from these courts are subject to review by one of the 13 United States court of appeals, which are, in turn, subject to review by the Supreme Court of the United States.

Some states maintain state courts called "district courts." In Florida, the Florida District Courts of Appeal are intermediate appellate courts. In Texas, the Texas District Courts are trial courts of general jurisdiction, hearing all felony and divorce cases, election controversies, and many civil matters. The Hawaii State District Courts, Alaska District Courts, and Kentucky District Courts, to name a few, are courts of limited jurisdiction.

References[link]

This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (November 2011)

External links[link]

• Finnish district courts
• United States district courts
• United States District Courts in each state

Edward Chen
President of Lingnan College, then University
In office 1 September 1995 – 31 August 2007
Succeeded by	Chan Yuk-shee
Personal details
Born	(1945-01-14) 14 January 1945 (age 67)
Alma mater	University of Hong Kong Oxford University

Edward Chen Kwan-yiu (Chinese: 陳坤耀), CBE, GBS, JP (born January 14, 1945, Hong Kong) was the President of Lingnan University of Hong Kong. He is now an Honorary Professor and Distinguished Fellow of the Centre of Asian Studies at the University of Hong Kong (HKU). He is a non-executive director of Wharf Holdings.^[1]

Edward Chen graduated with a Bachelor of Economics degree at the HKU in 1967. He then pursue further studies overseas at Oxford University, where he earned his M.Phil and D.Phil degrees in economics. He returned to HKU to be an Assistant Lecturer and then Chair Professor from 1970 to 1995. He left HKU to take the role of the President of Lingnan University in 1995 until he retired in 2007.

Chen has been active in public service. He was a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and the Executive Council of Hong Kong. He was also a member of the Basic Law Consultative Committee and the chairman of the Hong Kong Consumer Council.^[2]

References[link]

Analisa Nadine Torres (born 1959) is a Justice of the New York Supreme Court in Manhattan and is a nominee for United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Biography[link]

Torres was born in 1959 in New York City. She received her Artium Baccalaureus degree, magna cum laude, in 1981 from Harvard College. She received her Juris Doctorate in 1984 from Columbia Law School. The early portion of her career was spent as a real estate associate at three New York City law firms. From 1992 to 1999, she clerked for Judge Elliot Wilk of the New York Supreme Court. She served as a Commissioner of the New York City Planning Commission from 1993 to 1995. From 2000 to 2002 she was a judge of the New York City Criminal Court. From 2003 to 2004, she was a judge on the New York City Civil Court. She served as an Acting Justice of the New York Supreme Court in Manhattan from 2004 to 2009, become a Justice of that court in 2010, handling criminal felony cases.^[1][2]

District Court nomination[link]

On November 14, 2012, President Obama nominated Torres to serve as a United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, to the seat vacated by Judge Naomi Reice Buchwald, who took senior status on March 21, 2012.^[3] On January 2, 2013, her nomination was returned to the President, due to the sine die adjournment of the Senate.

On January 3, 2013, she was renominated to the same office. Her nomination is currently pending before the Senate Judiciary Committee.^[4]

References[link]

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