Coordinates: 35°50′N 71°47′E / 35.833°N 71.783°E / 35.833; 71.783

Chitral Chetrar
چترال
Ataliq bazaar, Chitral
Chitral Location within Pakistan
Coordinates: 35°53′N 71°48′E / 35.883°N 71.8°E / 35.883; 71.8
Country	Pakistan
Province	Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Municipal Corporation	1969
Area
• Total	14,850 km2 (5,730 sq mi)
Elevation	1,100 m (3,600 ft)
Population (2006)
• Total	20,000
Time zone	PST (UTC+5)
Area code(s)	0943
Website	http://www.chitraltoday.net (Chitral Today) www.chitraltimes.com

Chitral or Chetrar (Urdu: چترال) (Khowar:چھترار) (Persian: چیترال‎), translated as field in the native language Khowar, is the capital of the Chitral District, situated on the western bank of the Kunar River (also called Chitral River), in Pakistan. The town is at the foot of Tirich Mir, the highest peak of the Hindu Kush, 25,289 ft (7,708 m) high. It has a population of 20,000, while the district (of 14,833 km² or 5,727 sq mi), has a population of 300,000. The altitude of the valley is 3,700 ft (1,100 m).

Geography[link]

The easiest access to Chitral is in the southwest along the Chitral or Kunar Valley towards Jalalabad. This route is open all year and provides direct access to Kabul. However the Pakistan–Afghanistan border (Durand Line) prevents this being used as an internal route to Peshawar and the south. The other routes are over mountain passes. To the south, the Lowari Pass (3,200 m or 10,499 ft) leads 365 km (227 mi) to Peshawar. In the north, the easiest route during summer runs over the Broghol Pass (3,798 m or 12,460 ft) to Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor, however during winter this route is usually closed. To the east, there is a 405 kilometres (252 mi) route to Gilgit over the 3,719 metres (12,201 ft) Shandur Pass. In the west, the 4,300 metres (14,100 ft) Dorah Pass provides an additional route to Afghanistan. The territory is home to rare falcons and the snow leopard, and is cut off by snow from the rest of the country for six months a year, a problem soon to be relieved by the completion of the Lowari Tunnel which will reduce transit time to Chitral as well as allow the district to be connected to the rest of the country even during the cold winter months.

Climate[link]

In contrast to more southerly valleys of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Chitral has a dry Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with almost no rainfall during the very hot summers. Precipitation occurs mainly from spring thunderstorms brought about by western frontal systems. In the winter the night time temperature occasionally drops to −10 C. Winter snowfall in the town can be quite heavy with an accumulation of up to two feet being quite common, at higher elevations snowfall can reach as high as 20 metres (70 ft).

Languages[link]

The main languages spoken in this area of Pakistan are Khowar and about 13 other dialects. The people of the Kalash Valley speak the Kalash language. Urdu is widely spoken and understood in major towns and to some extent Pashto is also spoken.

Population[link]

The main tribe, the Khow, speak Khowar (or Chitrali), one of the Dardic languages, which is also spoken in parts of Yasin, Gilgit, Ghizer and Swat. Pashto language is also spoken and understood by some in the city. Chitral is known for the famous Kalash tribe polytheist native inhabitants that ruled the region for centuries later invaded by "Khow". The Kalasha reside in an enclave of three remote valleys west of Ayun, which is ten miles (16 km) down from Chitral town. The Chitral culture is Islamic and contrasts considerably with the urban cities of Pakistan as well as the adjacent district of Gilgit. Women are nearly invisible except to their male relatives and other women. They avoid walking the streets of the town, so men or children do most of the shopping. Travel requires the company of a close male relative and sometimes the wearing of a burqa.^[3] There is also a sizeable population of Nuristanis, Tajiks and Uzbeks most of whom arrived from Afghanistan in the late 1980s.^{[citation needed]}

Sport[link]

Unlike the rest of Pakistan where cricket dominates, polo is the most watched sport and soccer the most played sport.^{[citation needed]} A number of sport festivals and tournaments are held throughout the year, including the Shandur polo tournament held at the highest polo ground in the world. Around 15,000 people travel to Shandur for the tournament, which lasts around a week.^{[citation needed]}

Chitral has also produced some national players such as Muhammad Rasool who plays for the national football team. There are many football clubs in Chitral.

Newspapers[link]

• Chitral News
• Chitral Today (chitraltoday.net)
• Awaaz-e-Chitral
• Chitral Times
• Chitral Vision

Educational Institutions[link]

• Qutaiba Public School Chitral Denin
• Chitral Model College Chitral
• Government Commerce College, Shahi Masjid Road, Chitral, affiliated with University of Malakand
• Government Technical and Vocational College, Garum Chassma Road, Chitral
• Government Degree College, affiliated with University of Malakand
• Government Girls Degree College, affiliated with University of Malakand
• Government Centennial Model High School
• Government Centennial Model School for Girls
• Singoor Public School
• Chitral Public School & College (Chitral's first English Medium School)
• Langlands School and College, formerly known as Sayurj Public School
• Pamir Public School
• Iqra Model School
• Islamia Model School Bombagh
• Aga Khan School
• Terichmir Model School
• Al-Nasir Community Based School, Garam Chashma
• Chamber of Commerce College, Garam Chashma
• Al-Nasir Cbs School and Degree College, Garam chashma

History[link]

Buddhist and Hindu period[link]

Chitral was a Hindu country before the extension of Islam, and traces of Buddhism are also found.^[4]

A British garrison, sent from Gilgit to oversee the smooth transition of power to the heir apparent after a ruler was murdered, was besieged in Chitral Fort for over a month in 1895.^[5]

See also[link]

• Badshah Munir Bukhari
• Chitral Airport
• Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
• Languages of Chitral
• State of Chitral

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Decker, D. Kendall (1992). Languages of Chitral. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_work.asp?id=32850. 
• Durand, Col. A. (1899). The Making of a frontier. http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/scanned/durand.htm. 
• Leitner, G. W. (First Reprint 1978). Dardistan in 1866, 1886 and 1893: Being An Account of the History, Religions, Customs, Legends, Fables and Songs of Gilgit, Chilas, Kandia (Gabrial) Yasin, Chitral, Hunza, Nagyr and other parts of the Hindukush, as also a supplement to the second edition of The Hunza and Nagyr Handbook. And An Epitome of Part III of the author’s The Languages and Races of Dardistan. New Delhi: Manjusri Publishing House. 

External links[link]

• Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
• Chitral travel guide from Wikitravel

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Pervez Musharraf پرویز مشرّف
President of Pakistan
In office 20 June 2001 – 18 August 2008
Prime Minister	Zafarullah Khan Jamali Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain Shaukat Aziz Muhammad Mian Soomro Yousaf Raza Gillani
Preceded by	Muhammad Rafiq Tarar
Succeeded by	Asif Ali Zardari
Chief Executive of Pakistan
In office 12 October 1999 – 21 November 2002
President	Muhammad Rafiq Tarar
Preceded by	Nawaz Sharif (Prime Minister)
Succeeded by	Zafarullah Khan Jamali (Prime Minister)
Minister of Defence
In office 12 October 1999 – 23 November 2002
Preceded by	Nawaz Sharif
Succeeded by	Rao Sikandar Iqbal
Chief of Army Staff
In office 6 October 1998 – 28 November 2007
Preceded by	Jehangir Karamat
Succeeded by	Ashfaq Parvez Kayani
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
In office 8 October 1998 – 7 October 2001
Preceded by	Jehangir Karamat
Succeeded by	Aziz Khan
Personal details
Born	(1943-08-11) 11 August 1943 (age 68) Delhi, British India
Political party	Pakistan Muslim League- Quaid (Before 2010) All Pakistan Muslim League (2010–present)
Spouse(s)	Sehba Musharraf
Alma mater	Forman Christian College Pakistan Military Academy Command and Staff College National Defence University Royal College of Defence Studies
Military service
Nickname(s)	Cowboy, Mush
Allegiance	Pakistan
Service/branch	Pakistan Army
Years of service	1964–2007
Rank	General
Unit	Army Regiment of Artillery
Commands	I Corps Special Services Group XII Corps
Battles/wars	Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001) 1999 Pakistani coup d'état 2001–2002 India-Pakistan standoff War in North-West Pakistan
Awards	Nishan-e-Imtiaz Imtiazi Sanad

This article contains Urdu text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Urdu script.

Pervez Musharraf (Urdu: پرویز مشرف, born 11 August 1943) is a retired four-star general who served as the 13th Chief of Army Staff and tenth President of Pakistan as well as tenth Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. Musharraf headed and led an administrative military government from October 1999 till August 2007. He ruled Pakistan as Chief Executive from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008. Facing impeachment, he preferred to resign on 18 August 2008.

After years of military service, he rose to prominence when Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif appointed him as the Chief of Army Staff in October 1998. Musharraf was the mastermind behind the controversial and internationally condemned Kargil infiltration, which derailed peace negotiations with Pakistan's long standing enemy India. He previously also played a vital role in the Afghanistan civil war (1996–2001) both in peace negotiations and in trying to end the bloodshed. After months of contentious relations with Sharif, Musharraf was brought to power through a bloodless military coup. Subsequently Nawaz Sharif was placed under a house-arrest, later shifting him to Adiala Jail.

As Pakistan's head of state, he was a U.S. ally in the War on Terror. He was credited with the development of Pakistan's economy during the early years of his rule. He is also credited to be the first president of Pakistan who accepted supreme court rulings and who organized free and fair elections. The last two years of his rule were marred by controversies, including the suspension of the Supreme Court Chief Justice and the Lal Masjid siege. Ian Kershaw, a professor of modern history at Sheffield University, described Musharraf as Pakistan's Paul von Hindenburg.^[1]

In February 2011, a Pakistani court issued an arrest warrant for him because of his alleged involvement in the assassination of Benazir Bhutto. As of June 2011, he lives in self-exile in London but has vowed to return for the next election.

Early life[link]

India[link]

He was born on 11 August 1943 in Delhi, British India, four years before the partition of India.^[2][3][4] He is the son of Syed and Zarin Musharraf.^[5][6] Syed graduated from Aligarh Muslim University and was a civil servant for the British.^[7] Zarin was born in the early 1920s.^[3]

Musharraf's first childhood home was called neharwali haveli, literally "mansion by the canal".^[8] The house, located at the epicenter of India's ruling Mughal elite, is so large that in 2001 it housed eight different families.^[8] Syed Ahmed Khan's family lived adjacent to the home.^[8] The home's title deeds were written entirely in Urdu except for his father's English signature.^[8]

Pakistan and Turkey[link]

Musharraf and his family left for Pakistan on one of the last safe trains in August 1947, a few days before the partition of India took effect.^[5][8][9] His father began to work for the new Pakistani government and eventually joined the Foreign Ministry.^[5] In his autobiography Line of Fire, Musharraf elaborates on his first experience with death, after falling out of a mango tree.^[10]

Musharraf's family moved to Ankara in 1949, when his father became part of a diplomatic deputation from Pakistan to Turkey.^[7][11] He learned to speak Turkish.^[12][13] He had a dog named Whiskey that gave him a "lifelong love for dogs".^[7] He often played sports in his youth.^[5][14] He left Turkey in 1956.^[7][11]

He returned to Pakistan in 1957.^[12] He attended Saint Patrick's School in Karachi and Forman Christian College in Lahore.^[7][15][16]

Initial military career[link]

In 1961, at age of 18^[17], Musharraf entered the prestigious Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul.^[14][18] He joined the Pakistan Army in 1964 and was placed in an artillery regiment.^[19][20] During his college years in PMA and initial joint military testings, Musharraf shared a room with PQ Mehdi of PAF and Abdul Aziz Mirza of Navy (both reached to four-star assignments and served with Musharraf later on) and after giving the exams and entranace interviews, all three cadets went to watch a world-acclaimed Urdu film, Savera (lit. Dawn), with his inter-services and college friends, Musharraf recalls, "In the Line of Fire" published in 2006.^[17] With his friends, Musharraf passed the standardize, physical, psychological, and officer-training exams, he also took discussions involving the socioeconomics issues; all three were interviewed by joint military officers who were designated as Commandants.^[17] The next day, Musharraf along with PQ Mehdi and Mirza reported to PMA and were selected for their respected training in their arms of commission.^[17]

Finally in 1964, Musharraf graduated with a 29th PMA Long Course together with Ali Kuli Khan and his life-long friend Abdul Aziz Mirza (later four-star admiral).^[20] During this time, Musharraf maintained his friendship and contact with Mirza through letters and telephones even in difficult times when Mirza, after joining the Navy Special Service Group, was stationed in East-Pakistan as a military advisor to East Pakistan Army.^[17]

Indo-Pakistani conflicts (1965–1971)[link]

His first battlefield experience was with his artillery regiment in the intense fighting for Khemkaran sector in the Second Kashmir War.^[21] He also participated in the Lahore and Sialkot war zones during the conflict.^[13] During the war, Musharraf developed a reputation for sticking to his post under shellfire.^[9] He received the Imtiazi Sanad medal for gallantry.^[11][14]

Shortly after the end of the War of 1965, he joined the elite Special Service Group (SSG) and trained together with then-lieutenant Shahid Karimullah (later four-star admiral) in a joint operations.^[12][20] He served in the SSG from 1966–1972.^[12][22] He was promoted to captain and to major during this period.^[12] During the war, he also was a company commander of a commando battalion.^[13]

Various military posts (1972–1990)[link]

Musharraf was a lieutenant colonel in 1974^[12] and a colonel in 1978.^[23] As staff officer in the 1980s, he studied and taught at Command and Staff College and National Defense University.^[19][20][22] One of his professor at NDU was general Jehangir Karamat who served Musharraf's guidance counselor and instructor who had significant influence on Musharraf's philosophy and critical thinking.^[24] He did not play any significant role in Pakistan's proxy war in the 1979–89 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.^[22] In 1987, he became a brigade commander of a new division of the SSG near Siachen Glacier.^[4] He was personally chosen by then-President and chief of army staff general Zia-ul-Haq for this assignment due to Musharraf's wide experience in mountain and arctic warfare.^[25] In September 1987, an assault was launched under the command of Musharraf at Bilafond La before being pushed back.^[4] In 1990-91, he studied at the Royal College of Defense Studies (RCDS) in Britain.^[13] His course-mate included Major-generals B.S. Malik and Ashok Mehta^[25] of Indian Army, and Ali Kuli Khan of Pakistan Army.^[25] In his course studies, Musharraf performed extremely well comparing to other his classmates, and submit his master's degree thesis, entitling "Impact of Arm Race in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent", and earned well remarks.^[25] He submitted his thesis to Commandant General Anthony Walker who regarded Musharraf as one of his finest students he had seen entire his career.^[25] At one point, Walker described Musharraf: "A capable, articulate and extremely personable officer, who made a valuable impact at RCDS. His country is fortunate to have the services of a man of his undeniable quality".^[25] He graduated with a master's degree from RCDS and returned to Pakistan soon after.^[25]

While in the Army, he earned the nickname "Cowboy" for his westernized ways.^[22][23]

Director-General (1991–1995)[link]

Earlier in 1988-89, (as Brigadier) Musharraf proposed a Kargil infiltration to Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto but she rebuffed the plan.^[26] In 1991-93, he secured a two-star promotion, elevating to a rank of major general and held a command of 40th Army Division as its GOC, stationed in Okara Military District in Punjab Province.^[25] In 1993-95, Major-General Musharraf worked closely with the Chief of Army Staff as Director-General of Pakistan Army's Directorate General for the Military Operations (DGMO).^[23] During this time, Musharraf became close to engineering officer and director-general of ISI lieutenant-general Javed Nasir and had worked with him while directing operations in Bosnian war.^[25][27] After the collapse of the fractious Afghan government, Musharraf assisted General Babar and the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in devising a policy of supporting the newly-formed Taliban in the Afghan civil war against the Northern Alliance government.^[22] On policy matter issues, Musharraf befriended with senior justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan Justice Rafiq Tarar (later president) and held common beliefs with the latter.^[25]

His last military field operations posting was at the Mangla region of the Kashmir Province in 1995 when Benazir Bhutto approved the promotion of Musharraf to three-star rank, Lieutenant-General.^[25] In 1995-98, Lieutenant-General Musharraf was the corps commander (CC-I) of I Strike Corps stationed in Mangla, Mangla Military District.^[20]

Chief of Army Staff[link]

Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff[link]

Musharraf in four-star uniform, PA.

Although both Nawaz Sharif and general Jehangir Karamat were educated and hold common beliefs concerning the national security, but problems arose with chairman joint chiefs and chief of army staff general Karamat on October 1998.^[28] While addressing the officers and cadets at the Naval War College, general Karamat stressed the creation of National Security Council^[20] which would be backed by a "team of civil-military experts"^[28] for devising policies to seek resolution ongoing problems relating the civil-military issues; also recommended a "neutral but competent bureaucracy and administration of at federal level and the establishment of Local governments in four provinces.^[28] This proposal was met with hostility, and it succeeded all in accomplishing was pricking the Prime minister's highly inflated altered ego.^[28] Nawaz Sharif's dismissal of general Karamat^[20], plummeted his mandate in the public circles and criticism he received from Leader of the Opposition Benazir Bhutto was rogue.^[28]

There were three lieutenant-general officers in the line of promotion to four-star rank and chief of army staff. First officer being lieutenant-general Ali Kuli Khan, a graduate of PMA and RMA, Sandhurst.^[28] Lieutenant-general Ali Kuli Khan was an extremely capable staff officer and had prestige in the public circles, but was close to former chief of army staff general (retired) Abdul Vaheed; therefore he was ignored for the promotion.^[28] Second in line was lieutenant-general Khalid Nawaz Khan who was popularly knew for his ruthless leadership in the army; unforgiven to his junior subordinated officers if failing to meet task. Lieutenant-general Nawaz Khan was knew in public for his opposition and anti-muhajir sentiment, particularly his hardline against the MQM.^[28]

Musharraf was in third-in line, and had a good reputation in public circles, armed forces and high academic standings in his college and university studies^[28]. Musharraf had a good image in Prime minister's circles and a straight officer with democratic views^[28]. Nisar Ali Khan and Shahbaz Sharif recommended Musharraf during the meeting and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif personally promoted Musharraf as four-star general to replace Karamat.^[20] Musharraf superseded Lieutenant General Khalid Nawaz Khan and Lieutenant-General Ali Kuli Khan Khattak who were much senior to him.^[28]

After the Kargil, Musharraf did not wished to be the Chairman Joint Chiefs but, in clear terms, he mentioned to Shahbaz Sharif that he would not agree to relieved from the post of chief of army staff and promoted to chairman joint chiefs before his term was up.^[28] Musharraf favored the chief of naval staff Admiral Bokhari to be elevated as chairman joint chiefs, and claimed that: "he did not care"^[28] Prime minister was already facing cold war with the Admiral in sometime between 1999 and Musharraf cemented problems with Nawaz Sharif after recommending the force retirement of senior officer close to the Prime minister.^[28] Lieutenant-General Tariq Pervez (or TP) was a corps commander of XII Corps, who was a brother-in-law of Prime minister's one of high profile cabinet minister.^[28] According to Musharraf, lieutenant-general TP was an ill-mannered, foul-mouth, ill-disciplined officer and was responsible to cause dissension in the armed forces, an information Musharraf reported claimed to have credible and authentic.^[28] In a dinner with Admiral Bokhari, Nawaz Sharif announced to promote General Musharraf as chairman joint chiefs while willingly approved the retirement papers of TP.^[28] When Admiral Bokhari heard the news, a strong and powerful protest was launched against the Prime minister and the silent cold war with the admiral came to end with Prime minister approving the relieving papers of Admiral Bokhari the next morning.^[28]

Kargil Conflict[link]

The Pakistan Army originally conceived the Kargil plan after the Siachen conflict but the plan was rebuffed repeatedly by senior civilian and military officials.^[26] Musharraf was a leading strategist behind the Kargil Conflict.^[13] From March to May 1999, he ordered the secret infiltration of Kashmiri forces in the Kargil district.^[22] After India discovered the infiltration, a fierce Indian offensive nearly led to a full-scale war.^[22][26] However, Sharif withdrew support of the insurgents in the border conflict in July because of heightened international pressure.^[22] Sharif's decision antagonized the Pakistan Army and rumors of a possible coup began emerging soon afterward.^[22][29] Sharif and Musharraf dispute on who was responsible for the Kargil conflict and Pakistan's withdrawal.^[30]

This strategic operation met with great hostility in the public circles and wide scale disapproval in the media who roundly criticized this operation.^[31] Musharraf had severe confrontation and became involve in serious altercations with his senior officers, chief of naval staff Admiral Fasih Bokhari^[32] , chief of air staff, air chief marshal PQ Mehdi and senior lieutenant-general Ali Kuli Khan.^[33] Admiral Bokhari ultimately demanded a full-fledged joint-service court martial against General Musharraf^[32], while on other hand General Kuli Khan lambasted the war as "a disaster bigger than the East-Pakistan tragedy",^[33] adding that the plan was "flawed in terms of its conception, tactical planning and execution" that ended in "sacrificing so many soldier.^[33][34] Problems with his life long friend, chief of air staff air chief marshal Pervez Mehdi also risen when air chief refrained to participate or authorise any air strike to support the elements of army operations in the Kargil region.^[35]

During the last meeting with the Prime minister, Musharraf faced a grave criticism on results produced by Kargil infiltration by the principle military intelligence (MI) director lieutenant-general Jamshed Gulzar Kiani who maintained in the meeting: "(...) whatever has been written there is against logic. If you catch your enemy by the jugular vein he would react with full force.... If you cut enemy supply lines, the only option for him will be to ensure supplies by air... (sic).. at that situation the Indian Army was unlikely to confront and it had to come up to the occasion. It is against wisdom that you dictate to the enemy to keep the war limited to a certain front...".^[36]

After Prime minister Nawaz went to the United States on emergency situation, an impression was attempted to create in the print media that Prime minister was at fault to surrender there. Lieutenant-General Kiani maintained that "this impression was created by General Pervez Musharraf which was totally wrong..".^[36]

Chief Executive[link]

1999 coup[link]

Military officials from Musharraf's Joint Staff Headquarters (JS HQ) met with regional corps commanders three times in late September in anticipation of a possible coup.^[37] To quiet rumors of a fallout between Musharraf and Sharif, Sharif officially certified Musharraf's remaining two years of his term on September 30.^[37][38]

Musharraf had left for a weekend trip to take part in Sri Lanka's Army's 50th-anniversary celebrations.^[39] When Pervez Musharraf was returning from an official visit to Colombo his flight was denied landing permissions to Karachi International Airport after orders were issued from the Prime Minister's office.^[40] Upon hearing the announcement of Nawaz Sharif, replacing Pervez Musharraf by Khwaja Ziauddin, the third replacement of the top military commander of the country in less than two years,^[40] local military commanders begun to mobilize troops towards Islamabad from nearby Rawalpindi.^[39][40] The military placed Sharif under house arrest,^[41][41] but in a last-ditch effort Sharif privately ordered Karachi air traffic controllers to redirect Musharraf's flight to India.^[37][40] The plan failed after soldiers in Karachi surrounded the airport control tower.^[40][42] At 2:50 AM on October 13,^[41] Musharraf addressed the nation with a recorded message.^[40]

Musharraf met with President Rafiq Tarar on October 13 to deliberate on legitimizing the coup.^[43] On October 15, Musharraf ended emerging hopes of a quick transition to democracy after he declared state of emergency, suspended the Constitution, and assumed power as Chief Executive.^[42][44] He also quickly purged the government of political enemies, notably Ziauddin and national airline chief Shahid Khaqan Abbassi.^[42] On October 17, he gave his second national address and established a seven-member military-civilian council to govern the country.^[45][46] He named three retired military officers and a judge as provincial administrators on October 21.^[47] Ultimately, Musharraf assumed to executive powers and held powers of chief executive, but did not obtained the office of Prime minister.^[46] The Prime minister secretariat (official residence of Prime minister of Pakistan) was closed by the military police and the staff was deposed by Musharraf immediately.^[46]

There were no organized protests within the country to the coup.^[46][48] The coup was widely criticized by the international community.^[49] Consequently, Pakistan was suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations.^[50][51] Sharif was put under house arrest and later exiled to Saudi Arabia on his personal request and under a contract.^[52]

First days[link]

The senior military appointments in the inter-services were extremely important and crucial for Musharraf to keep the legitimacy and the support for his coup in the joint inter-services.^[53] Starting with the PAF, Musharraf pressured President Tarar to appoint most-junior air marshal to four-star rank, particularly someone with Musharraf had experienced working during the inter-services operations.^[35] Once Air-chief Marsha Pervez Kureshi was retired, the most junior air marshal Muschaf Mir (who worked with Musharraf in 1996 to assist ISI in Taliban matters) was appointed to four-star rank as well as elevated as Chief of Air Staff.^[35] There were two extremely important military appointments were made by Musharraf in the Navy. Although Admiral Aziz Mirza (a life-long friend of Musharraf shared the dorm with the admiral in 1960s and graduated together from the academy) was appointed by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif, Mirza remained extremely supportive to Musharraf's coup and was also a close friend of Musharraf since 1971 when both participate in an joint operations against Indian Army.^[53] After Mirza's retirement, Musharraf appointed Admiral Shahid Karimullah, whom Musharraf was trained together in special forces schools in 1960s^[53], to four-star rank and chief of naval staff.^[54]

Musharraf's first foreign visit was to Saudi Arabia on October 26 where he met with King Fahd.^[55][56] After meeting senior Saudi royals, the next day he went to Medina and performed Umrah in Mecca.^[55] On October 28, he went to United Arab Emirates before returning home.^[55][56]

By the end of October, Musharraf appointed many technocrats and bureaucrats in his Cabinet, including former Citibank executive Shaukat Aziz as Finance Minister and Abdul Sattar as Foreign Minister.^[57][58] In early November, he released details of his assets to the public.^[59]

In late December 1999, Musharraf's dealt with his first international crisis when India accused Pakistan's involvement in the Indian Airlines Flight 814 hijacking.^[60][61] Though United States President Bill Clinton pressured Musharraf to ban the alleged group behind the hijacking — Harkat-ul-Mujahideen,^[62] Pakistani officials refused because of fears of reprisal from political parties such as Jamaat-e-Islami.^[63]

In March 2000, Musharraf banned political rallies.^[48]

Sharif trial and exile[link]

The army held Sharif under house arrest at a government guesthouse^[64] and opened his Lahore home to the public in late October 1999.^[57] He was formally indicted in November^[64] on charges of hijacking, kidnapping, attempted murder, and treason for preventing Musharraf's flight from landing at Karachi airport on the day of the coup.^[65][66] His trial began in early March 2000 in an anti-terrorism court,^[67] which are designed for speedy trials.^[68] He testified Musharraf began preparations of a coup after the Kargil conflict.^[67] Sharif was placed in Adiala Jail, infamous for hosting Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's trial, and his leading defense lawyer, Iqbal Raad, was shot dead in Karachi in mid-March.^[69] Sharif's defense team blamed the military for intentionally providing their lawyers with inadequate protection.^[69] The court proceedings were widely accused of being a show trial.^[70][71][72] Sources from Pakistan claimed that Musharraf and his military government's officers were in full mood to exercise tough conditions on Sharif, was intended to sent Navaz Sharif to gallows to face similar fate as Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1979. It was the pressure on Musharraf exerted by Saudia Arabia and the United States to exile Sharif after it became authenticated that the court is near to place her verdict on Navaz Sharif on his charges, and the court will sentenced Sharif to death. Sharif signed an agreement with Musharraf and his military government and his family was exiled to Saudi Arabia in December 2000.

Constitutional changes[link]

Shortly after Musharraf's takeover, Musharaf issued Oath of Judges Order No. 2000, which required judges to take a fresh oath of office swearing allegiance to military. On 12 May 2000, the Supreme Court asked Musharraf to hold national elections by 12 October 2002. The residing President Rafiq Tarar remained in office until his voluntarily resignation on June 2001. After his resignation, Musharraf formally appointed himself as President on 20 June 2001. In August 2002, he issued the Legal Framework Order No. 2002, which added numerous amendments to the Constitution.

2002 general elections[link]

In October 2002, Pakistan held general elections which the pro-Musharraf PML-Q won wide margins, although it had failed to gain absolute majority. The PML-Q formed government with far-right religious parties coalition, the MMA and the liberals MQM; the coalition legitimized Musharraf's rule.

After elections, the PML-Q nominated Zafarullah Khan Jamali for the office of Prime minister which Musharraf also approved.^[17] After first session at the Parliament, Musharraf voluntarily transferred the powers of chief executive to Prime minister of Pakistan Zafarullah Khan Jamali.^[17] Musharraf succeeded to pass the XVII amendment which grants powers to dissolve the parliament however approval requires from the Supreme Court.^[17] Within two years, Jamali proved to be an ineffective prime minister to forcefully implement his policies in the country and mounted problems with elite business class of Pakistan. Musharraf accepted the resignation of Jamali and asked his close colleague Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain to appoint a new prime minister in place.^[17] Hussain nominated Finance minister Shaukat Aziz, who had been impressive due to his performance as finance minister in 1999. Musharraf regarded Aziz as his right hand and preferable choice for the office of Prime minister.^[17] With Aziz appointed as Prime minister, Musharraf transferred all executive powers to Aziz as he eye-blindly trusted Shaukat Aziz.^[17] Aziz proved to be extremely capable while running the government and under Aziz's government economic growth reached to a maximum level which further stabilized Musharraf's presidency.^[73] Aziz swiftly, quietly and more quickly undermined the elements seeking to undermine Musharraf which became a factor that Musharraf had eye-blindly trusted Aziz.^[73] During 2004-07, Aziz approved many projects that did not required permission of Musharraf.^[73]

In 2010, all constitutionals changes carried out by Musharraf and Aziz's policies were reverted back by the 18th Amendment, and put the country back to its initial position and gave powers to Prime minister to its actual constitutional status.

Presidency[link]

Support for the War on Terror[link]

U.S. President George W. Bush with Musharraf in September 2006

Musharraf allied with the United States against the Taliban government in Afghanistan after the September 11 attacks. He claims in his 2006 memoirs he was given an ultimatum after military threats "to go back to the Stone Age" by U.S. President George W. Bush through Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage and Secretary of State Colin Powell.^[74][75] Bush and Armitage denied it.^[76][77] Musharraf agreed to give the United States the use of three airbases for Operation Enduring Freedom. In return for his support on the War on Terror Musharraf was among the 194 candidates nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004.^[78] However, there are controversies that Musharraf's played a double game with the US in the war on terror, and undermined US efforts to curb the Taliban and the extremist militants by funding and aiding several of the Al Qaeda leaders.^{[citation needed]}

A few months after the September 11 attacks, Musharraf gave a speech against Islamic extremism.^[79] He instituted prohibitions on foreign students' access to studying Islam within Pakistan, an effort which began as an outright ban but was later reduced to restrictions on obtaining visas.^[80] On 18 September 2005, Musharraf made a speech before a broad based audience of Jewish leadership, sponsored by the American Jewish Congress's Council for World Jewry, in New York City. In the speech, he denounced terrorism and opened the door to relationships between Pakistan and Israel. He was widely criticized by Middle Eastern leaders, but was met with some praise among Jewish leadership.^[81]

Relations with India[link]

After the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, Musharraf expressed his sympathies to Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and sent a plane load of relief supplies to India.^[82][83][84]

In the mid-2004, Musharraf began a series of talks with India to resolve the Kashmir dispute.

Relations with Saudi Arabia[link]

In 2006, King Abdullah visited Pakistan for the first time as King. Musharraf honored King Abdullah with the Nishan-e-Pakistan.^[85] Musharraf received the King Abdul-Aziz Medallion in 2007.^[86]

Nuclear scandals[link]

In 2001, as part of Musharraf's de-extremism policies, the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) apprehended Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood, a nuclear engineer, and Dr. Chaudhry Abdul Majeed, a nuclear chemist, in suspicion of having contacts and connections to Taliban. During this sting operation, it was revealed that Mahmood had a meeting with Osama bin Laden to build a radiological weapon. But, Mahmood was not capable of developing the weapon as he was an expert in nuclear power technology, not weapons. Therefore, Al-Qaeda was unable to gain any knowledge from these scientists, the ISI and CIA later reported. Musharraf, who during this time was Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, decided to militarily debrief the scientists. Mahmood and Dr. Majeed were taken into the custody of the Judge Advocate General Branch (JAG) where the debriefings continued until the early 2005. After the debriefings were completed, both scientists were put out of public eye and were prevented from attending any science seminars held in the country.

As President, General Musharraf had promoted Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan to the most prestigious post, the Science Advisor to the President. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan's open-promotion of nuclear weapons and ballistics missiles brought an international embarrassment for Pakistan. According to Zahid Malik, after the government received potential and solid evidence against Khan from the United States, General Musharraf and the military establishment were in full mood to exercise rough actions against Khan. Khan's debriefing was necessary for General Musharraf to prove the loyalty of Pakistan to the United States and Western world.

One of the most widely-reported controversies during Musharraf's administration arose as a consequence of the disclosure of nuclear proliferation by Dr. A.Q. Khan, a pakistani national hero and one of the most decorated scientists. Initially General Musharraf denied knowledge of or participation by Pakistan or the Pakistan Army, Pakistan Air Force and even the Pakistan Navy, despite Khan urging that Musharraf was the leader of the proliferation ring. On January 2004, General Musharraf dismissed Dr. A.Q. Khan as his Science Adviser. A formal military debriefing of Khan continued for the next three years.

Musharraf faced bitter domestic criticism for singularly attempting to vilify Khan. Musharraf's long standing ally MQM gave a cold shoulder and bitter and acrimonious criticism to Musharraf over his handling of Khan. MQM tapped an anti-Musharraf movement for the release of Khan which initially shocked Musharraf and the United States. MQM and her leaders threatened to leave Musharraf's government if Khan was persecuted or even jailed.

Fearing his regime would be topple if MQM continued to tap this wave, Khan was pardoned in exchange for cooperation in the investigation by Musharraf, but was put under house arrest where he was forced to attend various debriefings which would continue for hours.^[87] Immediately, Musharraf handed over the case of Abdul Qadeer Khan to Prime minister Aziz who remains supportive towards Khan since 1999, in an attempt to escape the public rage against Musharraf.^[88] After Musharraf's resignation, Dr. Khan was finally released from house arrest by the executive order of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. After Musharraf departed from the country, then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Tärikue Majid ended further debriefings of Dr. Khan.

Musharraf at the World Economic Forum, Davos 2008

Corruption issues[link]

When Musharraf came to power in 1999, he claimed that the corruption in the government bureaucracy would be cleaned up.^[89] According to a survey conducted by Transparency International Pakistan ranked in 2001 as the world's 11th most corrupt nation. In 2007 Pakistan ranked as the 41st most corrupt nation.

Domestic politics[link]

In December 2003, Musharraf made a deal with Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, a six-member coalition of Islamic parties, agreeing to leave the army by 31 December 2004. With that party's support, pro-Musharraf legislators were able to muster the two-thirds supermajority required to pass the Seventeenth Amendment, which retroactively legalized Musharraf's 1999 coup and many of his decrees. In late 2004, Musharraf went back on his agreement with the MMA and pro-Musharraf legislators in the Parliament passed a bill allowing Musharraf to keep both offices. Constitution Article 63 clause (1) paragraph (d), read with proviso to Article 41 clause (7) paragraph (b), allows the President to hold dual office.

On 1 January 2004, Musharraf had won a confidence vote in the Electoral College of Pakistan, consisting of both houses of Parliament and the four provincial assemblies. Musharraf received 658 out of 1170 votes, a 56% majority, but many opposition and Islamic members of parliament walked out to protest the vote. As a result of this vote, his term was extended to 2007.

Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali resigned on 26 June 2004, after losing the support of the PML(Q). His resignation was at least partially due to his public differences with the party chairman, Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain. This was rumored to have happened at Musharraf's command. Jamali had been appointed with the support of Musharraf's and the pro-Musharraf PML(Q). Most PML(Q) parliamentarians formerly belonged to the Pakistan Muslim League party led by Sharif, and most ministers of the cabinet were formerly senior members of other parties, joining the PML(Q) after the elections upon being offered positions. Musharraf nominated Shaukat Aziz, the minister for finance and a former employee of Citibank^[90] and head of Citibank Private Banking as the new prime minister.

Women's rights[link]

The National Assembly voted in favor of the “Women's Protection Bill” on 15 November 2006 and the Senate approved it on 23 November 2006. President General Pervez Musharraf signed into law the “Women's Protection Bill”, on 1 December 2006. The bill places rape laws under the penal code and allegedly does away with harsh conditions that previously required victims to produce four male witnesses and exposed the victims to prosecution for adultery, if they were unable to prove the crime.^[91] However, the Women's Protection bill has been criticized heavily by many for paying continued lip service and failing to address the actual problem by its roots: repealing the Hudood Ordinance. In this context, Musharraf has also been criticized by women and human rights activists for not following up his words by action.^[92][93] The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) said that "The so-called Women's Protection Bill is a farcical attempt at making Hudood Ordinances palatable" outlining the issues of the bill and the continued impact on women.^[94]

His government increased reserved seats for women in assemblies, to increase women's representation and make their presence more effective. Compared with 1988 seats in the National Assembly were increased from 20 to 60. In provincial assemblies 128 seats were reserved for women. This situation has brought out increase participation of women for 1988 and 2008 elections.^[95]

In March 2005, a couple of months after the rape of a Pakistani physician, Dr. Shazia Khalid, working on a government gas plant in the remote Baluchistan province, Musharraf was criticized for pronouncing, Captain Hammad, a fellow military man and the accused in the case, innocent before the judicial inquiry was complete.^[96][97] Following the rape, riots erupted in the local Bugti clan of the province, where the rape took place. They saw a rape in their heartland as being a breach of their code of honor and attacked the gas plant. In an uncompromising response Musharraf sent tanks, helicopters and an extra 4,500 soldiers to guard the installation. If the tribesmen failed to stop shooting, he warned on television, "they will not know what hit them".^[98] Shazia was later forced and threatened by the government to leave the country.^[99]

In an interview to the Washington Post in September 2005 Musharraf said that Pakistani women, who were the victims of rape, treated rape as a "moneymaking concern" and were only interested in the publicity in order to make money and get a Canadian visa. He subsequently denied making these comments, but the Washington Post made available an audio recording of the interview, in which Musharraf could be heard making the quoted remarks.^[100] Musharraf also denied Mukhtaran Mai, a Pakistani rape victim, the right to travel abroad, until pressured by US State Department.^[101] The remarks made by Musharraf sparked outrage and protests both internationally and in Pakistan by various groups i.e. women groups, activists.^[102] In a rally, held close to the presidential palace and Pakistan's parliament, hundreds of women demonstrated in Pakistan demanding Musharraf apologize for the controversial remarks about female rape victims.^[103]

Assassination attempts[link]

In 2000 Kamran Atif, an alleged member of Harkat-ul Mujahideen al-Alami, tried to assassinate Musharraf. Atif was sentenced to death in 2006 by an Anti Terrorism Court. On 14 December 2003, Musharraf survived an assassination attempt when a powerful bomb went off minutes after his highly-guarded convoy crossed a bridge in Rawalpindi. It was the third such attempt during his four-year rule. On 25 December 2003, two suicide bombers tried to assassinate Musharraf, but their car bombs failed to kill him; 16 others died instead.^[104] Musharraf escaped with only a cracked windshield on his car. Amjad Farooqi was an alleged mastermind behind these attempts, and was killed by Pakistani forces in 2004 after an extensive manhunt.

On 6 July 2007, there was another attempted assassination, when an unknown group fired a 7.62 submachine gun at Musharraf's plane as it took off from a runway in Rawalpindi. Security also recovered 2 anti-aircraft guns, from which no shots had been fired.^[105] On 17 July 2007, Pakistani police detained 39 people in relation to the attempted assassination of Musharraf.^[106] The suspects were detained at an undisclosed location by a joint team of Punjab Police, the Federal Investigation Agency and other Pakistani intelligence agencies.^[107]

On 8 October 2007, a military helicopter escorting President Musharraf, on his visit to the earthquake-affected areas on its second anniversary, crashed near Muzaffarabad, killing four people, including a brigadier. The Puma helicopter crashed at Majohi near Garhi Dupatta in Azad Kashmir at 11:15 am due to technical fault. Those killed included Brigadier Zahoor Ahmed, Naik Ajmal, Sepoy Rashid and PTV cameraman Muhammad Farooq, while President’s Media Advisor Maj Gen (R) Rashid Qureshi sustained injuries. Twelve people were on board the helicopter.^[108]

Fall from Presidency[link]

By August 2007, polls showed 64 percent of Pakistanis did not want another Musharraf term.^[109][110] More importantly, with Shaukat Aziz departing from the office of Prime minister, Musharraf dramatically fall from the presidency within matter of eight months.

Suspension and reinstatement of the Chief Justice[link]

On 9 March 2007, Musharraf suspended Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry and pressed corruption charges against him. He replaced him with ally Acting Chief Justice Javed Iqbal.

Musharraf's moves sparked protests among Pakistani lawyers. On 12 March 2007, lawyers started a campaign called Judicial Activism across Pakistan and began boycotting all court procedures in protest against the suspension. In Islamabad, as well as other cities such as Lahore, Karachi, and Quetta hundreds of lawyers dressed in black suits attended rallies, condemning the suspension as unconstitutional. Slowly the expressions of support for the ousted Chief Justice gathered momentum and by May, protesters and opposition parties took out huge rallies against Musharraf and his tenure as army chief was also challenged in the courts.^[111][112]

Lal Masjid siege[link]

Lal Masjid had a religious school for women and the Jamia Hafsa madrassa, which was attached to the mosque. A male madrassa was only a few minutes drive away. The mosque often attended by prominent politicians including prime ministers, army chiefs, and presidents.^[113]

The Lal Masjid administration had been in an escalating conflict with government authorities since January 2007.^[113] Government officials accused the mosque leadership of organizing a vigilante "vice-squad" which conducted raids against brothels, kidnappings of corrupt police officers, and suspected prostitutes.^[113] In April 2007, the mosque administration set up its own Islamic court in violation of government sanctions.^[113] In July 2007, a confrontation occurred when government authorities sent officers for demolition of the mosque under the pretense that it was created illegally.^[113]