Duet Music

Wednesday, 15 May 2013

Duet Music

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孙楠/韩红-- 美丽的神话 Duet by :Alan /Qunliang Music by: Akatomie

梦中人熟悉的脸孔你是我守侯的温柔就算泪水淹没天地我不会放手每一刻孤独的承受只因我曾许下承诺你我之间熟悉的感动爱就要苏醒万世沧桑唯有爱是永远的神话潮起潮落始终不毁真爱的相约几番苦痛的...

published: 12 May 2013

author: qunliang230

Are Chod De Sajaniya - Lata Mangeshkar, Hemant Kumar, Nagin Song (Duet)

Song from super hit old classic movie Nagin (1954) starring Pradeep Kumar, Vaijayanti Mala...

published: 14 May 2013

author: LataMelodyQueen

The Making of Siberia Acoustic - Lights Duet w/ Max Kerman of Arkells

LIGHTS and Max Kerman of Arkells in the studio for the making of Siberia. Siberia Acoustic...

published: 14 May 2013

author: lights

Zelda Lyrics: Fairy Fountain (duet)

My lyrics to the Fairy Fountain Theme from The legend of Zelda. Feel free to use my lyrics...

published: 14 May 2013

author: game4ce

Josh Groban Happy in my Heartache duet

http://josh-groban-challenge.webnode.cz/ I think this is my favourite song on Josh's new a...

published: 14 May 2013

author: Kornelia Grobanite

'Sail On' duet Anna Speller & Roger Happel

Recorded @ 'People's Place' (Roger & Friends) Amsterdam on the 28th of april 2013. One of ...

published: 14 May 2013

author: Roger Happel

Reuni Khiun Tjin - Duet Cen Kaufa &

...

published: 14 May 2013

author: Harikof Tirta

Kenny Wheeler - Duet III - Music For Large And Small Ensembles Vol.2 (1990)

Kenny Wheeler - Duet III - Music For Large And Small Ensembles Vol.2 (1990) John Taylor & ...

published: 09 May 2013

author: lenkarak

Kenny Wheeler - Duet II - Music For Large And Small Ensembles Vol.2 (1990)

Kenny Wheeler - Duet II - Music For Large And Small Ensembles Vol.2 (1990) John Taylor & P...

published: 09 May 2013

author: lenkarak

Mothers Day Dance 2013 - Got Me Good by Ciara - Mother & Son Duet

http://www.brads1star.net Let this be the answer to "Who got you started in dance?" haha :...

published: 13 May 2013

author: Brads1star

Tyle chcialem Ci dac duet Urszula75 & Adamos1(cover)

By moc dawac ,trzeba sie nauczyc otrzymywac.......

published: 14 May 2013

author: karolina dabrowska

Andrei Yvan - Daland. Der Fliegende Hollander by R.Wagner. Act I duet. Conducts by Tiberiu Soare.

Romanian National Opera Cluj- Napoca 2013. Der Hollander - Stefan Ignat. Steuermann - Flor...

published: 14 May 2013

author: Andrei Yvan

Nazia Iqbal Shakirzeb Duet Song!! Pashto Film Ishq!

Nazia Iqbal Shakirzeb Duet Song!! Pashto Film Ishq!...

published: 14 May 2013

author: Nazia Iqbal

Country Music Star from Sugarland Sings Breathtaking Duet of How Great Thou Art

You'll be blown away when you hear this amazing duet with country music star Jennifer Nett...

published: 22 Apr 2013

author: Satoshi Red

Youtube results:

HD Reba McEntire Kelly Clarkson Because Of You Live Cma Music Festival 2007 Duet

I Don't Own This....

published: 26 Aug 2009

author: xFancyRebaFanx

Paperman (Piano Duet) + Sheet Music

Facebook Page: http://www.facebook.com/camdentilleyscores Music composed by Christophe Bec...

published: 01 Feb 2013

author: SuddenlyIseepickmeup

Luther Vandross - Endless Love ft. Mariah Carey

Music video by Luther Vandross (Duet with Mariah Carey) performing Endless Love (Duet with...

published: 24 Nov 2009

author: LutherVandrossVEVO

Try - Pink - Acoustic Duet Music Video - Corey Gray & Savannah Outen - on iTunes

Download this song here: http://bit.ly/SavannahCovers4 Download my original E.P. here: htt...

published: 01 Mar 2013

author: officialcoreygray

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For other uses of the term, see Duet (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011)

The Duet (1628), by Hendrick ter Brugghen

A duet is a musical composition for two performers. In classical music, the term is most often used for a composition for two singers or pianists; with other instruments, the word duo is also often used. A piece performed by two pianists performing together on the same piano is referred to as "piano duet" or "piano four hands". A piece for two pianists performing together on separate pianos is referred to as a "piano duo".

"Duet" is also used as a verb for the act of performing a musical duet, or colloquially as a noun to refer to the performers of a duet. The word is also occasionally used in reference to non-musical activities performed together by two people.

In Renaissance music, a duet specifically intended as a teaching tool, to be performed by teacher and student, was called a bicinium (see Étude).

References [link]

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Duet". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links [link]

Media related to Duos at Wikimedia Commons

The Wiktionary entry for duet

This music-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For other uses, see Music (disambiguation).

Music

A painting on an Ancient Greek vase depicts a music lesson (c. 510 BC).

Medium Sound

Originating culture various

Originating era Paleolithic

Performing arts

Major forms

Dance · Music · Opera · Theatre · Circus

Minor forms

Magic · Puppetry

Genres

Drama · Tragedy · Comedy · Tragicomedy · Romance · Satire · Epic · Lyric

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Music is an art form whose medium is sound and silence. Its common elements are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike; "art of the Muses").^[1]

The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their recreation in performance), through improvisational music to aleatoric forms. Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. Within "the arts", music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art, and auditory art. There is also a strong connection between music and mathematics.^[2]

To many people in many cultures, music is an important part of their way of life. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."^[3] Musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez summarizes the relativist, post-modern viewpoint: "The border between music and noise is always culturally defined—which implies that, even within a single society, this border does not always pass through the same place; in short, there is rarely a consensus ... By all accounts there is no single and intercultural universal concept defining what music might be."^[4]

Contents

1 History

1.1 Prehistoric eras

1.2 Ancient Egypt

1.3 References in the Bible

1.4 Antiquity

1.4.1 Ancient Greece

1.5 The Middle Ages

1.6 The Renaissance

1.7 The Baroque

1.8 Classicism

1.9 Romanticism

1.10 Asian cultures

1.11 20th and 21st century music

2 Performance

2.1 Aural tradition

2.2 Ornamentation

3 Production

3.1 Composition

3.2 Notation

3.3 Improvisation

3.4 Theory

4 Cognition

5 Sociology

6 Media and technology

6.1 Internet

7 Business

8 Education

8.1 Non-professional

8.2 Academia

8.3 Ethnomusicology

9 Music therapy

10 See also

11 References

12 Further reading

13 External links

History [link]

Main article: History of music

Prehistoric eras [link]

Main article: Prehistoric music

Prehistoric music can only be theorized based on findings from paleolithic archaeology sites. Flutes are often discovered, carved from bones in which lateral holes have been pierced; these are thought to have been blown at one end like the Japanese shakuhachi. The Divje Babe flute, carved from a cave bear femur, is thought to be at least 40,000 years old. Instruments such as the seven-holed flute and various types of stringed instruments have been recovered from the Indus Valley Civilization archaeological sites.^[5] India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the world—references to Indian classical music (marga) are found in the Vedas, ancient scriptures of the Hindu tradition.^[6] The earliest and largest collection of prehistoric musical instruments was found in China and dates back to between 7000 and 6600 BC.^[7] The Hurrian song, found on clay tablets that date back to approximately 1400 BC, is the oldest surviving notated work of music.

Ancient Egypt [link]

Main article: Music of Egypt

Musicians of Amun, Tomb of Nakht, 18th Dynasty, Western Thebes.

The ancient Egyptians credited one of their gods Thoth with the invention of music, which Osiris in turn used as part of his effort to civilize the world. The earliest material and representational evidence of Egyptian musical instruments dates to the Predynastic period, but the evidence is more securely attested in the Old Kingdom when harps, flutes and double clarinets were played.^[8] Percussion instruments, lyres and lutes were added to orchestras by the Middle Kingdom. Cymbals^[9] frequently accompanied music and dance, much as they still do in Egypt today. Egyptian folk music, including the traditional Sufi dhikr rituals, are the closest contemporary music genre to ancient Egyptian music, having preserved many of its features, rhythms and instruments.^[10]^[11]

References in the Bible [link]

Main article: History of music in the biblical period

"David with his harp" Paris Psalter,
c. 960, Constantinople

Music and theatre scholars studying the history and anthropology of Semitic and early Judeo-Christian culture have discovered common links in theatrical and musical activity between the classical cultures of the Hebrews and those of later Greeks and Romans. The common area of performance is found in a "social phenomenon called litany," a form of prayer consisting of a series of invocations or supplications. The Journal of Religion and Theatre notes that among the earliest forms of litany, "Hebrew litany was accompanied by a rich musical tradition:"^[12]

"While Genesis 4.21 identifies Jubal as the “father of all such as handle the harp and pipe,” the Pentateuch is nearly silent about the practice and instruction of music in the early life of Israel. Then, in I Samuel 10 and the texts that follow, a curious thing happens. “One finds in the biblical text,” writes Alfred Sendrey, “a sudden and unexplained upsurge of large choirs and orchestras, consisting of thoroughly organized and trained musical groups, which would be virtually inconceivable without lengthy, methodical preparation.” This has led some scholars to believe that the prophet Samuel was the patriarch of a school, which taught not only prophets and holy men, but also sacred-rite musicians. This public music school, perhaps the earliest in recorded history, was not restricted to a priestly class—which is how the shepherd boy David appears on the scene as a minstrel to King Saul."^[12]

Antiquity [link]

Western cultures have had a major influence on the development of music. The history of the music of the Western cultures can be traced back to Ancient Greece times.

Ancient Greece [link]

Music was an important part of social and cultural life in Ancient Greece. Musicians and singers played a prominent role in Greek theater. Mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration, and spiritual ceremonies.^[13] Instruments included the double-reed aulos and a plucked string instrument, the lyre, principally the special kind called a kithara. Music was an important part of education, and boys were taught music starting at age six. Greek musical literacy created a flowering of music development. Greek music theory included the Greek musical modes, that eventually became the basis for Western religious and classical music. Later, influences from the Roman Empire, Eastern Europe, and the Byzantine Empire changed Greek music. The Seikilos epitaph is the oldest surviving example of a complete musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world.

The Middle Ages [link]

The medieval era (476 A.D. to 1400 A.D.) started with the introduction of chanting into Roman Catholic Church services. Western Music then started becoming more of an art form with the advances in music notation. The only European Medieval repertory that survives from before about 800 is the monophonic liturgical plainsong of the Roman Catholic Church, the central tradition of which was called Gregorian chant. Alongside these traditions of sacred and church music there existed a vibrant tradition of secular song. Examples of composers from this period are Léonin, Pérotin and Guillaume de Machaut. From the Renaissance music era, much of the surviving music of 14th century Europe is secular. By the middle of the 15th century, composers and singers used a smooth polyphony for sacred musical compositions. Prominent composers from this era are Guillaume Dufay, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Thomas Morley, and Orlande de Lassus.

The Renaissance [link]

Allegory of Music, by Filippino Lippi

Renaissance music (c. 1400 A.D. to 1600 A.D.) was more focused on secular themes. Around 1450, the printing press was invented, and that helped to disseminate musical styles more quickly and across a larger area. Thus, music could play an increasingly important role in daily life. Musicians worked for the church, courts and towns. Church choirs grew in size, and the church remained an important patron of music. However, musical activity shifted to the courts. Kings and princes competed for the finest composers.

Many leading important composers came from Holland, Belgium, and northern France, called the Franco-Flemish composers. They held important positions throughout Europe, especially in Italy. Other countries with vibrant musical lives include Germany, England, and Spain.

The Baroque [link]

J.S.Bach
Toccata und Fuge

During the Baroque music expanded in range and complexity. The era of Baroque music (1600 to 1750) began when the first operas were written and when contrapuntal music became prevalent. German Baroque composers wrote for small ensembles including strings, brass, and woodwinds, as well as choirs, pipe organ, harpsichord, and clavichord. During the Baroque period, several major music forms were defined that lasted into later periods when they were expanded and evolved further, including the fugue, the invention, the sonata, and the concerto.^[14] The late Baroque style was polyphonically complex and ornamental and rich in its melodies. Composers from the Baroque era include Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, and Georg Philipp Telemann.

Classicism [link]

W.A. Mozart
Symphony 40 g-moll

The music of the Classical Period (1750 A.D. to 1830 A.D.) looked to the art and philosophy of Ancient Greece and Rome, to the ideals of balance, proportion and disciplined expression. It has a lighter, clearer and considerably simpler texture, and tended to be almost voicelike and singable. New genres were discovered. The main style was the homophony,^[15] where prominent melody and accompaniment are clearly distinct.

Importance was given to instrumental music. It was dominated by further evolution of musical forms initially defined in the Baroque period: the sonata, the concerto, and the symphony. Others main kinds were trio, string quartet, serenade and divertimento. The sonata was the most important and developed form. Although Baroque composers also wrote sonatas, the Classical style of sonata is completely distinct. All of the main instrumental forms of the Classical era were based on the dramatic structure of the sonata.

One of the most important evolutionary steps made in the Classical period was the development of public concerts. The aristocracy would still play a significant role in the sponsorship of musical life, but it was now possible for composers to survive without being its permanent employees. The increasing popularity led to a growth in both the number and range of the orchestras. The expansion of orchestral concerts necessitated large public spaces. As a result of all these processes, symphonic music (including opera and oratorio) became more extroverted.

The best known composers of the Classicism are Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Johann Christian Bach, Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert. Beethoven and Schubert are also considered to be composers in evolution towards the Romanticism.

Romanticism [link]

R. Wagner
Die Walküre

Romantic Music (c. 1810 A.D. to 1900 A.D.) turned the rigid styles and forms of the Classical era into more passionate and expressive pieces. It attempted to increase emotional expression and power to describe deeper truths or human feelings. The emotional and expressive qualities of music came to take precedence over technique and tradition. Romantic composers grew in idiosyncrasy, and went further in the syncretism of different art-forms (such as literature), history (historical figures), or nature itself with music. Romantic love was a prevalent theme in many works composed during this period. In some cases the formal structures from the classical period were preserved, but in many others existing genres, forms, and functions were improved. Also, new forms were created that were deemed better suited to the new subject matter.

In 1800, the music developed by Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert introduced a more dramatic, expressive style. In Beethoven's case, motifs, developed organically, came to replace melody as the most significant compositional unit. Later Romantic composers such as Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Antonín Dvořák, and Gustav Mahler used more elaborated chords and more dissonance to create dramatic tension. They generated complex and often much longer musical works. During Romantic period tonality was at its peak. The late 19th century saw a dramatic expansion in the size of the orchestra, and in the role of concerts as part of urban society.

Asian cultures [link]

Indian classical music is one of the oldest musical traditions in the world.^[16] The Indus Valley civilization has sculptures that show dance^[17] and old musical instruments, like the seven holed flute. Various types of stringed instruments and drums have been recovered from Harrappa and Mohenjo Daro by excavations carried out by Sir Mortimer Wheeler.^[18] The Rigveda has elements of present Indian music, with a musical notation to denote the metre and the mode of chanting.^[19] Indian classical music (marga) is monophonic, and based on a single melody line or raga rhythmically organized through talas. Hindustani music was influenced by the Persian performance practices of the Afghan Mughals. Carnatic music popular in the southern states, is largely devotional; the majority of the songs are addressed to the Hindu deities. There are a lot of songs emphasising love and other social issues.

Asian music covers the music cultures of Arabia, Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Chinese classical music, the traditional art or court music of China, has a history stretching over around three thousand years. It has its own unique systems of musical notation, as well as musical tuning and pitch, musical instruments and styles or musical genres. Chinese music is pentatonic-diatonic, having a scale of twelve notes to an octave (5 + 7 = 12) as does European-influenced music. Persian music is the music of Persia and Persian language countries: musiqi, the science and art of music, and muzik, the sound and performance of music (Sakata 1983). See also: Music of Iran, Music of Afghanistan, Music of Tajikistan, Music of Uzbekistan.

20th and 21st century music [link]

Main article: 20th century music

Double bassist Reggie Workman, tenor saxophone player Pharoah Sanders, and drummer Idris Muhammad performing in 1978

With 20th century music, there was a vast increase in music listening as the radio gained popularity and phonographs were used to replay and distribute music. The focus of art music was characterized by exploration of new rhythms, styles, and sounds. Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, and John Cage were all influential composers in 20th century art music. The invention of sound recording and the ability to edit music gave rise to new sub-genre of classical music, including the acousmatic ^[20] and Musique concrète schools of electronic composition.

Jazz evolved and became an important genre of music over the course of the 20th century, and during the second half of that century, rock music did the same. Jazz is an American musical artform that originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions. The style's West African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes, improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation, and the swung note.^[21] From its early development until the present, jazz has also incorporated music from 19th and 20th century American popular music.^[22] Jazz has, from its early 20th century inception, spawned a variety of subgenres, ranging from New Orleans Dixieland (1910s) to 1970s and 1980s-era jazz-rock fusion.

Rock music is a genre of popular music that developed in the 1960s from 1950s rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, and country music. The sound of rock often revolves around the electric guitar or acoustic guitar, and it uses a strong back beat laid down by a rhythm section of electric bass guitar, drums, and keyboard instruments such as organ, piano, or, since the 1970s, analog synthesizers and digital ones and computers since the 1990s. Along with the guitar or keyboards, saxophone and blues-style harmonica are used as soloing instruments. In its "purest form," it "has three chords, a strong, insistent back beat, and a catchy melody."^[23] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, it branched out into different subgenres, ranging from blues rock and jazz-rock fusion to heavy metal and punk rock, as well as the more classical influenced genre of progressive rock and several types of experimental rock genres.

Performance [link]

Main article: Performance

Chinese Naxi musicians

Performance is the physical expression of music. Often, a musical work is performed once its structure and instrumentation are satisfactory to its creators; however, as it gets performed, it can evolve and change. A performance can either be rehearsed or improvised. Improvisation is a musical idea created without premeditation, while rehearsal is vigorous repetition of an idea until it has achieved cohesion. Musicians will sometimes add improvisation to a well-rehearsed idea to create a unique performance.

Many cultures include strong traditions of solo and performance, such as in Indian classical music, and in the Western art-music tradition. Other cultures, such as in Bali, include strong traditions of group performance. All cultures include a mixture of both, and performance may range from improvised solo playing for one's enjoyment to highly planned and organised performance rituals such as the modern classical concert, religious processions, music festivals or music competitions. Chamber music, which is music for a small ensemble with only a few of each type of instrument, is often seen as more intimate than symphonic works.

Aural tradition [link]

Many types of music, such as traditional blues and folk music were originally preserved in the memory of performers, and the songs were handed down orally, or aurally (by ear). When the composer of music is no longer known, this music is often classified as "traditional." Different musical traditions have different attitudes towards how and where to make changes to the original source material, from quite strict, to those that demand improvisation or modification to the music. A culture's history may also be passed by ear through song.

Ornamentation [link]

Main article: Ornament (music)

In a score or on a performer's music part, this sign indicates that the musician should perform a trill—a rapid alternation between two notes. Play (help·info)

The detail included explicitly in the music notation varies between genres and historical periods. In general, art music notation from the 17th through the 19th century required performers to have a great deal of contextual knowledge about performing styles. For example, in the 17th and 18th century, music notated for solo performers typically indicated a simple, unadorned melody. However, performers were expected to know how to add stylistically appropriate ornaments, such as trills and turns. In the 19th century, art music for solo performers may give a general instruction such as to perform the music expressively, without describing in detail how the performer should do this. The performer was expected to know how to use tempo changes, accentuation, and pauses (among other devices) to obtain this "expressive" performance style. In the 20th century, art music notation often became more explicit and used a range of markings and annotations to indicate to performers how they should play or sing the piece.

In popular music and jazz, music notation almost always indicates only the basic framework of the melody, harmony, or performance approach; musicians and singers are expected to know the performance conventions and styles associated with specific genres and pieces. For example, the "lead sheet" for a jazz tune may only indicate the melody and the chord changes. The performers in the jazz ensemble are expected to know how to "flesh out" this basic structure by adding ornaments, improvised music, and chordal accompaniment.

Production [link]

Main article: Music production

Jean-Gabriel Ferlan performing at a 2008 concert at the collège-lycée Saint-François Xavier

Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. Amateur musicians compose and perform music for their own pleasure, and they do not derive their income from music. Professional musicians are employed by a range of institutions and organisations, including armed forces, churches and synagogues, symphony orchestras, broadcasting or film production companies, and music schools. Professional musicians sometimes work as freelancers, seeking contracts and engagements in a variety of settings.

There are often many links between amateur and professional musicians. Beginning amateur musicians take lessons with professional musicians. In community settings, advanced amateur musicians perform with professional musicians in a variety of ensembles and orchestras. In some cases, amateur musicians attain a professional level of competence, and they are able to perform in professional performance settings. A distinction is often made between music performed for the benefit of a live audience and music that is performed for the purpose of being recorded and distributed through the music retail system or the broadcasting system. However, there are also many cases where a live performance in front of an audience is recorded and distributed (or broadcast).

Composition [link]

Main article: Musical composition

An old songbook showing a composition

"Composition" is often classed as the creation and recording of music via a medium by which others can interpret it (i.e., paper or sound). Many cultures use at least part of the concept of preconceiving musical material, or composition, as held in western classical music. Even when music is notated precisely, there are still many decisions that a performer has to make. The process of a performer deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed and notated is termed interpretation. Different performers' interpretations of the same music can vary widely. Composers and song writers who present their own music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the music of others or folk music. The standard body of choices and techniques present at a given time and a given place is referred to as performance practice, whereas interpretation is generally used to mean either individual choices of a performer, or an aspect of music that is not clear, and therefore has a "standard" interpretation.

In some musical genres, such as jazz and blues, even more freedom is given to the performer to engage in improvisation on a basic melodic, harmonic, or rhythmic framework. The greatest latitude is given to the performer in a style of performing called free improvisation, which is material that is spontaneously "thought of" (imagined) while being performed, not preconceived. Improvised music usually follows stylistic or genre conventions and even "fully composed" includes some freely chosen material. Composition does not always mean the use of notation, or the known sole authorship of one individual. Music can also be determined by describing a "process" that creates musical sounds. Examples of this range from wind chimes, through computer programs that select sounds. Music from random elements is called Aleatoric music, and is associated with such composers as John Cage, Morton Feldman, and Witold Lutosławski.

Music can be composed for repeated performance or it can be improvised: composed on the spot. The music can be performed entirely from memory, from a written system of musical notation, or some combination of both. Study of composition has traditionally been dominated by examination of methods and practice of Western classical music, but the definition of composition is broad enough to include spontaneously improvised works like those of free jazz performers and African drummers such as the Ewe drummers.

Notation [link]

Main article: Musical notation

Sheet music is written representation of music. This is a homorhythmic (i.e., hymn-style) arrangement of a traditional piece entitled "Adeste Fideles", in standard two-staff format for mixed voices. Play (help·info)

Notation is the written expression of music notes and rhythms on paper using symbols. When music is written down, the pitches and rhythm of the music is notated, along with instructions on how to perform the music. The study of how to read notation involves music theory, harmony, the study of performance practice, and in some cases an understanding of historical performance methods. Written notation varies with style and period of music. In Western Art music, the most common types of written notation are scores, which include all the music parts of an ensemble piece, and parts, which are the music notation for the individual performers or singers. In popular music, jazz, and blues, the standard musical notation is the lead sheet, which notates the melody, chords, lyrics (if it is a vocal piece), and structure of the music. Scores and parts are also used in popular music and jazz, particularly in large ensembles such as jazz "big bands."

In popular music, guitarists and electric bass players often read music notated in tablature (often abbreviated as "tab"), which indicates the location of the notes to be played on the instrument using a diagram of the guitar or bass fingerboard. Tabulature was also used in the Baroque era to notate music for the lute, a stringed, fretted instrument. Notated music is produced as sheet music. To perform music from notation requires an understanding of both the rhythmic and pitch elements embodied in the symbols and the performance practice that is associated with a piece of music or a genre.

Improvisation [link]

Musical improvisation is the creation of spontaneous music. Improvisation is often considered an act of instantaneous composition by performers, where compositional techniques are employed with or without preparation. Improvisation is a major part of some types of music, such as blues, jazz, and jazz fusion, in which instrumental performers improvise solos and melody lines. In the Western art music tradition, improvisation was an important skill during the Baroque era and during the Classical era; solo performers and singers improvised virtuoso cadenzas during concerts. However, in the 20th and 21st century, improvisation played a smaller role in Western Art music.

Theory [link]

Main article: Music theory

Music theory encompasses the nature and mechanics of music. It often involves identifying patterns that govern composers' techniques and examining the language and notation of music. In a grand sense, music theory distills and analyzes the parameters or elements of music – rhythm, harmony (harmonic function), melody, structure, form, and texture. Broadly, music theory may include any statement, belief, or conception of or about music.^[24] People who study these properties are known as music theorists. Some have applied acoustics, human physiology, and psychology to the explanation of how and why music is perceived. Music has many different fundamentals or elements. These are, but are not limited to: pitch, beat or pulse, rhythm, melody, harmony, texture, allocation of voices, timbre or color, expressive qualities (dynamics and articulation), and form or structure.

Pitch is a subjective sensation, reflecting generally the lowness or highness of a sound. Rhythm is the arrangement of sounds and silences in time. Meter animates time in regular pulse groupings, called measures or bars. A melody is a series of notes sounding in succession. The notes of a melody are typically created with respect to pitch systems such as scales or modes. Harmony is the study of vertical sonorities in music. Vertical sonority refers to considering the relationships between pitches that occur together; usually this means at the same time, although harmony can also be implied by a melody that outlines a harmonic structure. Notes can be arranged into different scales and modes. Western music theory generally divides the octave into a series of 12 notes that might be included in a piece of music. In music written using the system of major-minor tonality, the key of a piece determines the scale used. Musical texture is the overall sound of a piece of music commonly described according to the number of and relationship between parts or lines of music: monophony, heterophony, polyphony, homophony, or monody.

Timbre, sometimes called "Color" or "Tone Color" is the quality or sound of a voice or instrument.^[25] Expressive Qualities are those elements in music that create change in music that are not related to pitch, rhythm or timbre. They include Dynamics and Articulation. Form is a facet of music theory that explores the concept of musical syntax, on a local and global level. Examples of common forms of Western music include the fugue, the invention, sonata-allegro, canon, strophic, theme and variations, and rondo. Popular Music often makes use of strophic form often in conjunction with Twelve bar blues. Analysis is the effort to describe and explain music.

Cognition [link]

Further information: Hearing (sense) and Psychoacoustics

A chamber music group consisting of stringed instrument players, a flautist, and a harpsichordist perform in Salzburg

The field of music cognition involves the study of many aspects of music including how it is processed by listeners. Rather than accepting the standard practices of analyzing, composing, and performing music as a given, much research in music cognition seeks instead to uncover the mental processes that underlie these practices. Also, research in the field seeks to uncover commonalities between the musical traditions of disparate cultures and possible cognitive "constraints" that limit these musical systems. Questions regarding musical innateness, and emotional responses to music are also major areas of research in the field.

Deaf people can experience music by feeling the vibrations in their body, a process that can be enhanced if the individual holds a resonant, hollow object. A well-known deaf musician is the composer Ludwig van Beethoven, who composed many famous works even after he had completely lost his hearing. Recent examples of deaf musicians include Evelyn Glennie, a highly acclaimed percussionist who has been deaf since age twelve, and Chris Buck, a virtuoso violinist who has lost his hearing. This is relevant because it indicates that music is a deeper cognitive process than unexamined phrases such as, "pleasing to the ear" suggests. Much research in music cognition seeks to uncover these complex mental processes involved in listening to music, which may seem intuitively simple, yet are vastly intricate and complex.

University of Montreal researcher Valorie Salimpoor and her colleagues have now shown that the pleasurable feelings associated with emotional music are the result of dopamine release in the striatum--the same anatomical areas that underpin the anticipatory and rewarding aspects of drug addiction.^[26]

Sociology [link]

This Song Dynasty (960–1279) painting, entitled the "Night Revels of Han Xizai," shows Chinese musicians entertaining guests at a party in a 10th century household.

Music is experienced by individuals in a range of social settings ranging from being alone to attending a large concert. Musical performances take different forms in different cultures and socioeconomic milieus. In Europe and North America, there is often a divide between what types of music are viewed as a "high culture" and "low culture." "High culture" types of music typically include Western art music such as Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and modern-era symphonies, concertos, and solo works, and are typically heard in formal concerts in concert halls and churches, with the audience sitting quietly in seats.

Other types of music—including, but not limited to, jazz, blues, soul, and country—are often performed in bars, nightclubs, and theatres, where the audience may be able to drink, dance, and express themselves by cheering. Until the later 20th century, the division between "high" and "low" musical forms was widely accepted as a valid distinction that separated out better quality, more advanced "art music" from the popular styles of music heard in bars and dance halls.

However, in the 1980s and 1990s, musicologists studying this perceived divide between "high" and "low" musical genres argued that this distinction is not based on the musical value or quality of the different types of music.^{[citation needed]} Rather, they argued that this distinction was based largely on the socioeconomics standing or social class of the performers or audience of the different types of music.^{[citation needed]} For example, whereas the audience for Classical symphony concerts typically have above-average incomes, the audience for a rap concert in an inner-city area may have below-average incomes.^{[citation needed]} Even though the performers, audience, or venue where non-"art" music is performed may have a lower socioeconomic status, the music that is performed, such as blues, rap, punk, funk, or ska may be very complex and sophisticated.

When composers introduce styles of music that break with convention, there can be a strong resistance from academic music experts and popular culture. Late-period Beethoven string quartets, Stravinsky ballet scores, serialism, bebop-era jazz, hip hop, punk rock, and electronica have all been considered non-music by some critics when they were first introduced.^{[citation needed]} Such themes are examined in the sociology of music. The sociological study of music, sometimes called sociomusicology, is often pursued in departments of sociology, media studies, or music, and is closely related to the field of ethnomusicology.

Media and technology [link]

Further information: Computer music

File:Vynil record.jpg
A 12-inch (30-cm) 33¹⁄₃ rpm record (left), a 7-inch 45 rpm record (right), which are both analog sound storage mediums, and a CD (above), a digital medium.

The music that composers make can be heard through several media; the most traditional way is to hear it live, in the presence, or as one of the musicians. Live music can also be broadcast over the radio, television or the Internet. Some musical styles focus on producing a sound for a performance, while others focus on producing a recording that mixes together sounds that were never played "live." Recording, even of essentially live styles, often uses the ability to edit and splice to produce recordings considered better than the actual performance.

As talking pictures emerged in the early 20th century, with their prerecorded musical tracks, an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work.^[27] During the 1920s live musical performances by orchestras, pianists, and theater organists were common at first-run theaters.^[28] With the coming of the talking motion pictures, those featured performances were largely eliminated. The American Federation of Musicians (AFM) took out newspaper advertisements protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices. One 1929 ad that appeared in the Pittsburgh Press features an image of a can labeled "Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual or Emotional Reaction Whatever"^[29]

Since legislation introduced to help protect performers, composers, publishers and producers, including the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 in the United States, and the 1979 revised Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in the United Kingdom, recordings and live performances have also become more accessible through computers, devices and Internet in a form that is commonly known as Music-On-Demand.

In many cultures, there is less distinction between performing and listening to music, since virtually everyone is involved in some sort of musical activity, often communal. In industrialized countries, listening to music through a recorded form, such as sound recording or watching a music video, became more common than experiencing live performance, roughly in the middle of the 20th century.

Sometimes, live performances incorporate prerecorded sounds. For example, a disc jockey uses disc records for scratching, and some 20th century works have a solo for an instrument or voice that is performed along with music that is prerecorded onto a tape. Computers and many keyboards can be programmed to produce and play Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) music. Audiences can also become performers by participating in karaoke, an activity of Japanese origin centered on a device that plays voice-eliminated versions of well-known songs. Most karaoke machines also have video screens that show lyrics to songs being performed; performers can follow the lyrics as they sing over the instrumental tracks.

Internet [link]

The advent of the Internet has transformed the experience of music, partly through the increased ease of access to music and the increased choice. Chris Anderson, in his book The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of More, suggests that while the economic model of supply and demand describes scarcity, the Internet retail model is based on abundance. Digital storage costs are low, so a company can afford to make its whole inventory available online, giving customers as much choice as possible. It has thus become economically viable to offer products that very few people are interested in. Consumers' growing awareness of their increased choice results in a closer association between listening tastes and social identity, and the creation of thousands of niche markets.^[30]

Another effect of the Internet arises with online communities like YouTube and MySpace, a social networking service. Such sites simplify connecting with other musicians, and greatly facilitate the distribution of music. Professional musicians also use YouTube as a free publisher of promotional material. YouTube users, for example, no longer only download and listen to MP3s, but also actively create their own. According to Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, in their book Wikinomics, there has been a shift from a traditional consumer role to what they call a "prosumer" role, a consumer who both creates and consumes. Manifestations of this in music include the production of mashes, remixes, and music videos by fans.^[31]

Business [link]

Main article: Music industry

The music industry refers to the business industry connected with the creation and sale of music. It consists of record companies, labels and publishers that distribute recorded music products internationally and that often control the rights to those products. Some music labels are "independent," while others are subsidiaries of larger corporate entities or international media groups. In the 2000s, the increasing popularity of listening to music as digital music files on MP3 players, iPods, or computers, and of trading music on file sharing sites or buying it online in the form of digital files had a major impact on the traditional music business. Many smaller independent CD stores went out of business as music buyers decreased their purchases of CDs, and many labels had lower CD sales. Some companies did well with the change to a digital format, though, such as Apple's iTunes, an online store that sells digital files of songs over the Internet.

Education [link]

Non-professional [link]

Main article: Music education

A Suzuki violin recital with students of varying ages.

The incorporation of music training from preschool to post secondary education is common in North America and Europe. Involvement in music is thought to teach basic skills such as concentration, counting, listening, and cooperation while also promoting understanding of language, improving the ability to recall information, and creating an environment more conducive to learning in other areas.^[32] In elementary schools, children often learn to play instruments such as the recorder, sing in small choirs, and learn about the history of Western art music. In secondary schools students may have the opportunity to perform some type of musical ensembles, such as choirs, marching bands, concert bands, jazz bands, or orchestras, and in some school systems, music classes may be available. Some students also take private music lessons with a teacher. Amateur musicians typically take lessons to learn musical rudiments and beginner- to intermediate-level musical techniques.

At the university level, students in most arts and humanities programs can receive credit for taking music courses, which typically take the form of an overview course on the history of music, or a music appreciation course that focuses on listening to music and learning about different musical styles. In addition, most North American and European universities have some type of musical ensembles that non-music students are able to participate in, such as choirs, marching bands, or orchestras. The study of Western art music is increasingly common outside of North America and Europe, such as the Indonesian Institute of the Arts in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, or the classical music programs that are available in Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, and China. At the same time, Western universities and colleges are widening their curriculum to include music of non-Western cultures, such as the music of Africa or Bali (e.g. Gamelan music).

Academia [link]

Musicology is the study of the subject of music. The earliest definitions defined three sub-disciplines: systematic musicology, historical musicology, and comparative musicology or ethnomusicology. In contemporary scholarship, one is more likely to encounter a division of the discipline into music theory, music history, and ethnomusicology. Research in musicology has often been enriched by cross-disciplinary work, for example in the field of psychoacoustics. The study of music of non-western cultures, and the cultural study of music, is called ethnomusicology. Students can pursue the undergraduate study of musicology, ethnomusicology, music history, and music theory through several different types of degrees, including a B.Mus, a B.A. with concentration in music, a B.A. with Honors in Music, or a B.A. in Music History and Literature. Graduates of undergraduate music programs can go on to further study in music graduate programs.

Graduate degrees include the Master of Music, the Master of Arts, the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (e.g., in musicology or music theory), and more recently, the Doctor of Musical Arts, or DMA. The Master of Music degree, which takes one to two years to complete, is typically awarded to students studying the performance of an instrument, education, voice or composition. The Master of Arts degree, which takes one to two years to complete and often requires a thesis, is typically awarded to students studying musicology, music history, or music theory. Undergraduate university degrees in music, including the Bachelor of Music, the Bachelor of Music Education, and the Bachelor of Arts (with a major in music) typically take three to five years to complete. These degrees provide students with a grounding in music theory and music history, and many students also study an instrument or learn singing technique as part of their program.

The PhD, which is required for students who want to work as university professors in musicology, music history, or music theory, takes three to five years of study after the Master's degree, during which time the student will complete advanced courses and undertake research for a dissertation. The DMA is a relatively new degree that was created to provide a credential for professional performers or composers that want to work as university professors in musical performance or composition. The DMA takes three to five years after a Master's degree, and includes advanced courses, projects, and performances. In Medieval times, the study of music was one of the Quadrivium of the seven Liberal Arts and considered vital to higher learning. Within the quantitative Quadrivium, music, or more accurately harmonics, was the study of rational proportions.

Zoomusicology is the study of the music of non-human animals, or the musical aspects of sounds produced by non-human animals. As George Herzog (1941) asked, "do animals have music?" François-Bernard Mâche's Musique, mythe, nature, ou les Dauphins d'Arion (1983), a study of "ornitho-musicology" using a technique of Nicolas Ruwet's Langage, musique, poésie (1972) paradigmatic segmentation analysis, shows that bird songs are organised according to a repetition-transformation principle. Jean-Jacques Nattiez (1990), argues that "in the last analysis, it is a human being who decides what is and is not musical, even when the sound is not of human origin. If we acknowledge that sound is not organised and conceptualised (that is, made to form music) merely by its producer, but by the mind that perceives it, then music is uniquely human."

Music theory is the study of music, generally in a highly technical manner outside of other disciplines. More broadly it refers to any study of music, usually related in some form with compositional concerns, and may include mathematics, physics, and anthropology. What is most commonly taught in beginning music theory classes are guidelines to write in the style of the common practice period, or tonal music. Theory, even of music of the common practice period, may take many other forms. Musical set theory is the application of mathematical set theory to music, first applied to atonal music. Speculative music theory, contrasted with analytic music theory, is devoted to the analysis and synthesis of music materials, for example tuning systems, generally as preparation for composition.

Ethnomusicology [link]

Main article: Ethnomusicology

Ethnomusicologist Frances Densmore recording Blackfoot chief Mountain Chief for the Bureau of American Ethnology (1916)

Ethnomusicology

In the West, much of the history of music that is taught deals with the Western civilization's art music. The history of music in other cultures ("world music" or the field of "ethnomusicology") is also taught in Western universities. This includes the documented classical traditions of Asian countries outside the influence of Western Europe, as well as the folk or indigenous music of various other cultures. Popular styles of music varied widely from culture to culture, and from period to period. Different cultures emphasised different instruments, or techniques, or uses for music. Music has been used not only for entertainment, for ceremonies, and for practical and artistic communication, but also for propaganda.

There is a host of music classifications, many of which are caught up in the argument over the definition of music. Among the largest of these is the division between classical music (or "art" music), and popular music (or commercial music – including rock music, country music, and pop music). Some genres do not fit neatly into one of these "big two" classifications, (such as folk music, world music, or jazz music).

As world cultures have come into greater contact, their indigenous musical styles have often merged into new styles. For example, the United States bluegrass style contains elements from Anglo-Irish, Scottish, Irish, German and African instrumental and vocal traditions, which were able to fuse in the United States' multi-ethnic society. Genres of music are determined as much by tradition and presentation as by the actual music. Some works, like George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue, are claimed by both jazz and classical music, while Gershwin's Porgy and Bess and Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story are claimed by both opera and the Broadway musical tradition. Many current music festivals celebrate a particular musical genre.

Indian music, for example, is one of the oldest and longest living types of music, and is still widely heard and performed in South Asia, as well as internationally (especially since the 1960s). Indian music has mainly three forms of classical music, Hindustani, Carnatic, and Dhrupad styles. It has also a large repertoire of styles, which involve only percussion music such as the talavadya performances famous in South India.

Music therapy [link]

Main article: Music therapy

Music therapy is an interpersonal process in which the therapist uses music and all of its facets—physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritual—to help clients to improve or maintain their health. In some instances, the client's needs are addressed directly through music; in others they are addressed through the relationships that develop between the client and therapist. Music therapy is used with individuals of all ages and with a variety of conditions, including: psychiatric disorders, medical problems, physical handicaps, sensory impairments, developmental disabilities, substance abuse, communication disorders, interpersonal problems, and aging. It is also used to: improve learning, build self-esteem, reduce stress, support physical exercise, and facilitate a host of other health-related activities.

One of the earliest mentions of music therapy was in Al-Farabi's (c. 872 – 950) treatise Meanings of the Intellect, which described the therapeutic effects of music on the soul.^[33]^{[verification needed]} Music has long been used to help people deal with their emotions. In the 17th century, the scholar Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy argued that music and dance were critical in treating mental illness, especially melancholia.^[34] He noted that music has an "excellent power ...to expel many other diseases" and he called it "a sovereign remedy against despair and melancholy." He pointed out that in Antiquity, Canus, a Rhodian fiddler, used music to "make a melancholy man merry, ...a lover more enamoured, a religious man more devout." ^[35]^[36]^[37] In November 2006, Dr. Michael J. Crawford^[38] and his colleagues also found that music therapy helped schizophrenic patients.^[39] In the Ottoman Empire, mental illnesses were treated with music.^[40]

See also [link]

Music portal

Main articles: Outline of music and Index of music articles

Wikipedia Books: Wikipedia:Books/Music

Music-specific disorders

Lists of musicians

References [link]

^ Mousike, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus

^ http://www.math.niu.edu/~rusin/uses-math/music/

^ John Cage, 79, a Minimalist Enchanted With Sound, Dies

^ Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990). Music and discourse: toward a semiology of music. Carolyn Abbate, translator. Princeton University Press. pp. 48, 55. ISBN 0-691-02714-5.

^ The Music of India By Reginald MASSEY, Jamila MASSEY. Google Books

^ Brown, RE (1971). "India's Music". Readings in Ethnomusicology.

^ Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2000). Chinese history. Harvard University Asia Center.

^ Music of Ancient Egypt. Kelsey Museum. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

^ image

^ Hickmann, Hans (1957). "Un Zikr Dans le Mastaba de Debhen, Guîzah (IVème Dynastie)". Journal of the International Folk Music Council 9: 59–62.

^ ______. "Rythme, mètre et mesure de la musique instrumentale et vocale des anciens Egyptiens." Acta Musicologica, Vol. 32, Fasc. 1. (Jan. - Mar., 1960), pp. 11-22.

^ ^a ^b "A Theatre Before the World: Performance History at the Intersection of Hebrew, Greek, and Roman Religious Processional" The Journal of Religion and Theatre, Vol. 5, No. 1, Summer 2006.

^ West, Martin Litchfield (1994). Ancient Greek music. Oxford University Press.

^ Baroque Music by Elaine Thornburgh and Jack Logan, Ph.D.

^ Blume, Friedrich. Classic and Romantic Music: A Comprehensive Survey. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1970. Print.

^ Richard O. Nidel, World Music: The Basics, p. 219.

^ Charles Kahn, World History: Societies of the Past, p. 98.

^ World History: Societies of the Past By Charles Kahn (page 11)

^ World Music: The Basics By Nidel Nidel, Richard O. Nidel (page 10)

^ Schaeffer, P. (1966), Traité des objets musicaux, Le Seuil, Paris.

^ Alyn Shipton, A New History of Jazz, 2nd. ed., Continuum, 2007, pp. 4–5

^ Bill Kirchner, The Oxford Companion to Jazz, Oxford University Press, 2005, chapter two.

^ allmusic – Rock and Roll

^ Boretz, Benjamin (1995). Meta-Variations: studies in the foundations of musical thought…. Open Space.

^ Harnsberger, Lindsey. "Articulation." Essential Dictionary of Music. Alfred Publishing Co., Inc. Los Angeles, CA.

^ Salimpoor, VN; Benovoy, M; Larcher, K; Dagher, A; Zatorre, RJ (2011). "Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music". Nature Neuroscience 14 (2): 257–62. DOI:10.1038/nn.2726. PMID 21217764.

^ American Federation of Musicians/History^{[dead link]}

^ Hubbard (1985), p. 429.

^ "Canned Music on Trial" part of Duke University's Ad*Access project.

^ Anderson, Chris (2006). The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of More. Hyperion. ISBN 1-4013-0237-8.

^ Tapscott, Don; Williams, Anthony D. (2006-12-28). Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. Portfolio Hardcover. ISBN 978-1-59184-138-8.

^ Woodall and Ziembroski, 2002

^ Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists," Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357–377 [363]

^ cf. The Anatomy of Melancholy, Robert Burton, subsection 3, on and after line 3,480, "Music a Remedy"

^ Ismenias the Theban, Chiron the centaur, is said to have cured this and many other diseases by music alone: as now thy do those, saith Bodine, that are troubled with St. Vitus's Bedlam dance. Project Gutenberg's The Anatomy of Melancholy, by Democritus Junior

^ "Humanities are the Hormones: A Tarantella Comes to Newfoundland. What should we do about it?" by Dr. John Crellin, MUNMED, newsletter of the Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1996.

^ Aung, Steven K.H., Lee, Mathew H.M., "Music, Sounds, Medicine, and Meditation: An Integrative Approach to the Healing Arts," Alternative & Complementary Therapies, Oct 2004, Vol. 10, No. 5: 266–270.

^ Dr. Michael J. Crawford page at Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine.

^ Crawford, Mike J.; Talwar, Nakul, et al. (November 2006). "Music therapy for in-patients with schizophrenia: Exploratory randomised controlled trial". The British Journal of Psychiatry (2006) 189 (5): 405–409. DOI:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.015073. PMID 17077429. http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/abstract/189/5/405. "Music therapy may provide a means of improving mental health among people with schizophrenia, but its effects in acute psychoses have not been explored"

^ Treatment of Mental Illnesses With Music Therapy – A different approach from history

Further reading [link]

Colles, Henry Cope (1978). The Growth of Music : A Study in Musical History, 4th ed., London ; New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-316116-8 (1913 edition online at Google Books)

Harwood, Dane (1976). "Universals in Music: A Perspective from Cognitive Psychology". Ethnomusicology 20 (3): 521–33. DOI:10.2307/851047.

Small, Christopher (1977). Music, Society, Education. John Calder Publishers, London. ISBN 0-7145-3614-8

External links [link]

Find more about Music on Wikipedia's sister projects:

Definitions and translations from Wiktionary

Images and media from Commons

Learning resources from Wikiversity

News stories from Wikinews

Quotations from Wikiquote

Source texts from Wikisource

Textbooks from Wikibooks

BBC Blast Music For 13–19-year-olds interested in learning about, making, performing and talking about music.

The Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary, with definitions, pronunciations, examples, quizzes and simulations

The Music-Web Music Encyclopedia, for musicians, composers and music lovers

Dolmetsch free online music dictionary, complete, with references to a list of specialised music dictionaries (by continent, by instrument, by genre, etc.)

Musical Terms – Glossary of music terms from Naxos

"On Hermeneutical Ethics and Education: Bach als Erzieher", a paper by Prof. Miguel Ángel Quintana Paz in which he explains the history of the different views hold about music in Western societies, since the Ancient Greece to our days.

Monthly Online Features From Bloomingdale School of Music, addressing a variety of musical topics for a wide audience

Arts and Music Uplifting Society towards Transformation and Tolerance Articles meant to stimulate people’s awareness about the peace enhancing, transforming, communicative, educational and healing powers of music.

Scientific American, Musical Chills Related to Brain Dopamine Release

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Lata Mangeshkar

Mangeshkar in 2008

Background information

Born (1929-09-28) September 28, 1929 (age 82)
Indore, Central India Agency, British India

Genres Film music (playback singing)

Occupations Singer

Instruments Vocals

Years active 1942–present

Lata Mangeshkar (born September 28, 1929) is a singer from India. She is one of the best-known and most respected playback singers in India.^[1]^[2] Mangeshkar's career started in 1942 and has spanned over six and a half decades. She has recorded songs for over a thousand Hindi films and has sung songs in over thirty-six regional Indian languages and foreign languages, though primarily in Hindi. She is the elder sister of singer Asha Bhosle, Hridayanath Mangeshkar, Usha Mangeshkar and Meena Mangeshkar. She is the second vocalist to have ever been awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.^[3]

Mangeshkar was featured in the Guinness Book of World Records from 1974 to 1991 for having made the most recordings in the world. The claim was that she had recorded approximately 25,000 solo, duet, and chorus-backed songs in 20 Indian languages between 1948 to 1974. Over the years, while several sources have supported this claim, others have raised concerns over its veracity, claiming that this number was highly exaggerated and that Mangeshkar's younger sister, Asha Bhosle, had more song recordings than she had.^[4]^[5] In 2011 Guinness officially acknowledged Bhosle as the most recorded artist in music history.^[6]

Contents

1 Early life

2 Singing career

2.1 Early career in the 1940s

2.2 1950s

2.3 1960s

2.4 1970s

2.5 1980s onwards

3 Non-singing career

3.1 Music direction

3.2 Production

4 Awards and recognitions

5 See also

6 References

7 Further reading

8 External links

Early life [link]

Lata Mangeshkar was born in Sikh Mohalla,^[7] in the princely state of Indore, part of the Central India Agency (now part of Madhya Pradesh). Her father, Pandit Deenanath Mangeshkar who belonged to a Gomantak Maratha Samaj family from Goa, was a classical singer and theater actor. Her mother Shevanti (Shudhamati) who was from Thalner, Maharashtra, was Deenanath's second wife. The family's last name used to be Hardikar; Deenanath changed it to Mangeshkar in order to identify his family with his native town, Mangeshi in Goa. Lata was named "Hema" at her birth. Her parents later renamed her Lata after a female character, Latika, in one of her father's plays, BhaawBandhan.^[8] Lata is the eldest child of her parents. Meena, Asha, Usha and Hridayanath are her siblings in sequence.

Mangeshkar took her first lessons from her father. At the age of five, she started to work as an actress in her father's musical plays (Sangeet Natak in Marathi). On the first day in the school, she started teaching songs to other children. When the teacher stopped her, she was so angry that she stopped going to the school.^[8] Other sources cite that she left school because they would not allow her to bring Asha with her, as she would often bring her younger sister with her.

Singing career [link]

Early career in the 1940s [link]

In 1942, when Mangeshkar was 13, her father died of heart disease. Master Vinayak (Vinayak Damodar Karnataki), the owner of Navyug Chitrapat movie company and a close friend of the Mangeshkar family, took care of them

Mangeshkar sang the song "Naachu Yaa Gade, Khelu Saari Mani Haus Bhaari" which was composed by Sadashivrao Nevrekar for Vasant Joglekar's Marathi-language movie Kiti Hasaal (1942), but the song was dropped from the final cut. Vinayak gave her a small role in Navyug Chitrapat's Marathi movie Pahili Mangalaa-gaur (1942), in which she sang "Natali Chaitraachi Navalaai" which was composed by Dada Chandekar.^[8] Her first Hindi song was "Mata Ek Sapoot Ki Duniya Badal De Tu" for the Marathi film, Gajaabhaau (1943). Mangeshkar moved to Mumbai in 1945 when Master Vinayak's company moved its headquarters there. She started taking lessons in Hindustani classical music from Ustad Amanat Ali Khan . She sang “Paa Lagoon Kar Jori” for Vasant Joglekar's Hindi-language movie Aap Ki Seva Mein (1946),^[8] which was composed by Datta Davjekar. Mangeshkar and her sister Asha played minor roles in Vinayak's first Hindi-language movie, Badi Maa (1945). In that movie, Lata also sang a bhajan, “Maata Tere Charnon Mein.” She was introduced to music director Vasant Desai during the recording of Vinayak's second Hindi-language movie, Subhadra (1946).

Following the partition of India in 1947, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan migrated to newly formed Pakistan, so Mangeshkar started to learn classical music under Amanat Khan Devaswale. Pandit Tulsidas Sharma, a pupil of Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, also trained her.

After Vinayak's death in 1948, music director Ghulam Haider mentored her as a singer. Haider introduced Mangeshkar to producer Sashadhar Mukherjee, who was working then on the movie Shaheed (1948), but Mukherjee dismissed Mangeshkar's voice as "too thin."^[8] An annoyed Haider responded that in the coming years the producers and the directors would "fall at Lata's feet" and "beg her" to sing in their movies. Haider gave Lata her first major break with the song “Dil Mera Toda,” from the movie Majboor (1948).^[8]

Initially, Mangeshkar is said to have imitated the acclaimed singer Noor Jehan, but later she developed her own style of singing.^[8] Lyrics of songs in Hindi movies are primarily composed by Urdu poets and contain a higher proportion of Urdu words, including the dialogue. Actor Dilip Kumar once made a mildly disapproving remark about Mangeshkar's Maharashtrian accent while singing Hindi/Urdu songs; so for a period of time, Lata took lessons in Urdu from an Urdu teacher named Shafi.^[9]

One of her first major hits was “Aayega Aanewaala,” a song in the movie Mahal (1949), which was composed by music director Khemchand Prakash and lip-synced on screen by actress Madhubala.

1950s [link]

Mangeshkar as a young woman

In the 1950s, Mangeshkar sang songs composed by various music directors of the period, including Anil Biswas (in films such as Tarana and Heer), Shankar-Jaikishan, Naushad, S. D. Burman, C. Ramchandra, Hemant Kumar, Salil Chowdhury, Khayyam, Ravi, Sajjad Hussain, Roshan, Kalyanji-Anandji, Vasant Desai, Sudhir Phadke, Hansraj Behl, Madan Mohan, and Usha Khanna.

Mangeshkar sang many raga-based songs for Naushad in movies such as Baiju Bawra (1952), Mughal-E-Azam (1960), and Kohinoor (1960). Ae Chorre Ki Jaat Badi Bewafa, a duet with G. M. Durrani, was her first song for composer, Naushad. The duo, Shankar-Jaikishan, chose Mangeshkar for Aag, Aah (1953), Shree 420 (1955), and Chori Chori (1956). Before 1957, composer Sachin Dev (S. D.) Burman chose Mangeshkar as the leading female singer for his musical scores in Sazaa (1951), House No. 44 (1955), and Devdas (1955). However a rift developed between Lata and Burman in 1957, and Lata did not sing Burman's compositions again until 1962.^[8]

Mangeshkar won a Filmfare Best Female Playback Award for Salil Chowdhury's composition “Aaja Re Pardesi,” from Madhumati (1958). In the early fifties, Lata Mangeshkar's association with C. Ramchandra produced songs in movies such as Anarkali, Albela, Asha, Pehli Jhhalak, Shin Shinkai Bublaa Boo, Azad and Amardeep. For Madan Mohan, she performed for films like Adalat, Railway Platform, Dekh Kabira Roya and Chacha Zindabad.

1960s [link]

Mangeshkar's song "Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya" from Mughal-E-Azam (1960), composed by Naushad and picturized on Madhubala, still remains famous . The Hawaiian-themed number "Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh" from Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960) was composed by Shankar-Jaikishan and picturized on Meena Kumari.

In 1961, Mangeshkar recorded two popular bhajans, "Allah Tero Naam" and "Prabhu Tero Naam", for Burman's assistant, Jaidev. In 1962, she was awarded her second Filmfare Award for the song "Kahin Deep Jale Kahin Dil" from Bees Saal Baad, composed by Hemant Kumar.

On June 27, 1963, against the backdrop of the Sino-Indian War, Mangeshkar sang the patriotic song "Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo" (literally, "Oh, People of My Country") in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India. The song, composed by C. Ramchandra and written by Pradeep, is said to have brought the Prime Minister to tears.^[8]^[10]

In 1963, Mangeshkar returned to collaboration with S. D. Burman. She also sang for R. D. Burman's very first film Chhote Nawaab and later for his films such as Bhoot Bangla (1965), Pati Patni (1966), Baharon ke Sapne (1967) and Abhilasha (1969). She also recorded several popular songs for S. D. Burman, including "Aaj Phir Jeene Ki Tamanna Hai", "Gata Rahe Mera Dil" (duet with Kishore Kumar) and "Piya Tose" from Guide (1965), and "Hothon Pe Aisi Baat" from Jewel Thief (1967).

During the 1960s, Lata Mangeshkar continued her association with Madan Mohan which included the songs "Aap Ki Nazron Ne Samjha" from Anpadh (1962), "Lag Ja Gale" and "Naina Barse Rim Jhim" from Woh Kaun Thi? (1964), "Woh Chup Rahen To" from Jahan Ara (1964), and "Tu Jahan Jahan Chalega" from Mera Saaya (1966).

The 1960s also witnessed the beginning of Mangeshkar's association with Laxmikant-Pyarelal, the music directors for whom she sang the most popular songs in her career. She sang for Parasmani (1963) which was their first film together.

She also sang several playback songs for Marathi films, composed by Marathi music directors including Hridaynath Mangeshkar, Vasant Prabhu, Srinivas Khale, Sudhir Phadke and herself (under the name Anandghan). During the 1960s and 1970s, she also sang several Bengali songs, composed by music directors like Salil Chowdhury and Hemant Kumar.

In this period Lata Mangeshkar has recorded duets with Mukesh, Manna Dey, Mohammed Rafi, and Kishore Kumar.

1970s [link]

In 1972, Meena Kumari's last film, Pakeezah released. It featured popular songs including "Chalte Chalte" and "Inhi Logon Ne" sung by Lata Mangeshkar, and composed by Ghulam Mohammed. She recorded many popular songs for S. D. Burman's last films, including "Rangeela Re" from Prem Pujari (1970), "Khilte Hain Gul Yahaan" from Sharmeelee (1971), and "Piya Bina" from Abhimaan (1973).

Lata Mangeshkar's most notable songs in 1970s were composed by Laxmikant-Pyarelal (Laxmi-Pyare) and Rahul Dev Burman^{[citation needed]}. She recorded several songs composed by Laxmi-Pyare in 1960s and 1970s, many of them written by the lyricist Anand Bakshi. She also recorded many hit songs with Rahul Dev Burman in the films Amar Prem (1972), Caravan (1971), Kati Patang(1971), and Aandhi (1975). The two are noted for their songs with the lyricists Majrooh Sultanpuri, Anand Bakshi and Gulzar.

In 1973, she won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Beeti Na Bitai" from the film Parichay, composed by R. D. Burman, and written by Gulzar. In 1974, she sang her only Malayalam song "Kadali Chenkadali" for the film Nellu, composed by Salil Chowdhury, and written by Vayalar Ramavarma. In 1975, she again won the national award, this time for the song "Roothe Roothe Piya" from the film Kora Kagaz, composed by Kalyanji-Anandji.

From 1970s onwards, Lata Mangeshkar has also staged many concerts in India and abroad, including several charity concerts. Her first concert overseas was at the Royal Albert Hall, London, in 1974. She also released an album of Mirabai's bhajans, Chala Vaahi Des, composed by her brother Hridayanath Mangeshkar. Some of the bhajans in the album include "Saanware Rang Raachi" and "Ud Jaa Re Kaaga". In the early 70s, she released other non-film albums, such as her collection of Ghalib ghazals, an album of Marathi folk songs (koli-geete), an album of Ganesh aartis (all composed by her brother Hridaynath) and an album of abhangs of Sant Tukaram composed by Shrinivas Khale.

In late 1970s and early 1980s, she worked with the children of composers she had earlier worked with. Some of these composers included Rahul Dev Burman (son of Sachin Dev Burman), Rajesh Roshan (son of Roshan), Anu Malik (son of Sardar Malik), and Anand-Milind (sons of Chitragupt).

1980s onwards [link]

From 1980s onwards, Lata Mangeshkar worked with music directors including Shiv-Hari, Ram Laxman, and A. R. Rahman. She recorded some non-film songs, including ghazals with Jagjit Singh.

In 1990, Mangeshkar launched her own production house for Hindi movies which produced the Gulzar-directed movie Lekin.... She won her third National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for her rendition of the song "Yaara Sili Sili" from the film, which was composed by her brother Hridayanath. During the 1990s, she recorded with music directors including Jatin-Lalit and Nadeem-Shravan. She has sung for Rajshri Productions, including Maine Pyar Kiya (1989) and Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994).

Mangeshkar has sung for almost all the Yash Chopra films and films from his production house Yash Raj Films at that time, including Chandni (1989), Lamhe (1991), Darr (1993), Yeh Dillagi (1994), Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (1995), Dil To Pagal Hai (1997) and later on Mohabbatein (2000), Mujhse Dosti Karoge (2002) and Veer Zaara (2004).

A. R. Rahman recorded a few songs with Mangeshkar during this period, including "Jiya Jale" (Dil Se..), "Khamoshiyan Gungunane Lagin" (One Two Ka Four), "Ek Tu Hi Bharosa" (Pukar), "Pyaara Sa Gaon" (Zubeidaa), "Lukka chuppi" (Rang de Basanti) and "O Paalanhaare" (Lagaan). She made an appearance in the film Pukar singing this song.

In 1999, Lata Eau de Parfum, a perfume brand named after her, was launched.^[11]

In 1999, Mangeshkar was nominated as a member of Rajya Sabha.^[12] However, she did not attend the Rajya Sabha sessions regularly, inviting criticism from several members of the House, including the Deputy Chairperson Najma Heptullah, Pranab Mukherjee and Shabana Azmi.^[13]^[14] She stated the reason for her absence as ill-health; it was also reported that she had not taken a salary, allowance or a house in Delhi for being a Member of Parliament.^[13]^[15]

In 2001, Lata Mangeshkar was awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor. In the same year, she established the Master Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital in Pune, managed by the Lata Mangeshkar Medical Foundation (founded by the Mangeshkar family in October 1989). In 2005, she designed a jewellery collection called Swaranjali, which was crafted by Adora, an Indian diamond export company. Five pieces from the collection raised £105,000 at a Christie's auction, and a part of the money was donated for the 2005 Pakistan earthquake relief.^[16] Also in 2001, she recorded her first Hindi song with the composer Ilaiyaraaja, for the film Lajja; she had earlier recorded Tamil and Telugu songs composed by Ilaiyaraaja.

Lata Mangeshkar's song "Wada Na Tod" is in the film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) and on the film's soundtrack.

On June 21, 2007, she released an album Saadgi, featuring eight ghazal-like songs written by Javed Akhtar and composed by Mayuresh Pai.^[17]

Lata Mangeshkar records songs for Madhur Bhandarkar Kitne Ajeeb Rishte Hain Yahan Par for Page 3 (2005), Daata Sun Le for Jail (2009) and, Kyun Yahan Hota Hai was recorded years ago for Corporate (2006), but is only being used in Heroine (2012).^[18] ^[19]

Non-singing career [link]

Music direction [link]

Lata Mangeshkar composed music for the first time in 1955 for Marathi movie Ram Ram Pavhane. Later in 1960s, she composed music for following Marathi movies under the pseudonym of Anand Ghan.^[20]

1960 - Ram Ram Pavhana

1963 - Maratha Tituka Melvava

1963 - Mohityanchi Manjula

1965 - Sadhi Manase

1969 - Tambadi Mati

She won Maharashtra State Government's Best Music Director Award for the film Sadhi Manase. The song "Airanichya Deva Tula" from the same film received best song award.^{[citation needed]}

Production [link]

Lata Mangeshkar has produced four films:

1953 - Vaadal (Marathi)

1953 - Jhaanjhar (Hindi), co-produced with C. Ramchandra

1955 - Kanchan (Hindi)

1990 - Lekin... (Hindi)

Awards and recognitions [link]

Main article: Awards conferred on Lata Mangeshkar

Lata Mangeshkar has won several awards and honors, including Bharat Ratna (India's Highest Civilian Award), Padma Bhushan (1969), Padma Vibhushan (1999), Dada Saheb Phalke Award (1989), Maharashtra Bhushan Award (1997),^[21] NTR National Award (1999), Bharat Ratna (2001), ANR National Award (2009), three National Film Awards, and 12 Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards. She has also won four Filmfare Best Female Playback Awards. In 1969, she made the unusual gesture of giving up the Filmfare Best Female Playback Award, in order to promote fresh talent. She was later awarded Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award in 1993.

In 1984, the State Government of Madhya Pradesh instituted the Lata Mangeshkar Award in honour of Lata Mangeshkar. The State Government of Maharashtra also instituted a Lata Mangeshkar Award in 1992.

In 1974, The Guinness Book of Records listed Lata Mangeshkar as the most recorded artist in the history, stating that she had reportedly recorded "not less than 25,000 solo, duet and chorus backed songs in 20 Indian languages" between 1948 and 1974. Her record was contested by Mohammed Rafi, who was claimed to have sung around 28,000 songs.^[4]^[22] After Rafi's death, in its 1984 edition, the Guinness Book of World Records stated Lata Mangeshkar's name for the "Most Recordings", but also stated Rafi's claim. The later editions of Guinness Book stated that Lata Mangeshkar had sung no fewer than 30,000 songs between 1948 and 1987.^[23]

Although the entry has not been printed in Guinness editions since 1991, several sources claim that she has recorded thousands of songs, with estimates ranging up to figures as large as 50,000.^[24]^[25] However, even the earliest Guinness claim of 25,000 songs (between 1948–1974) was claimed to be exaggerated by several other sources, with one of them stating that the number of songs sung by Lata Mangeshkar in Hindi films till 1991 was found to be 5250.^[26]^[27]^[28] Mangeshkar herself stated that she does not keep a record of the number of songs recorded by her, and that she did not know from where Guinness Book editors got their information.^[29] In 2011 Asha Bhosle was officially acknowledged by Guinness as the most recorded artist in music history, surpassing Mangeshkar.^[6]

See also [link]

Playback singer

Asha Bhosle

List of Indian playback singers

Bollywood songs

References [link]

^ "Lata Mangeshkar". The Times of India. December 10, 2002. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/30899862.cms. Retrieved 2009-07-22.

^ Yasmeen, Afshan (September 21, 2004). "Music show to celebrate birthday of melody queen". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/09/21/stories/2004092114010200.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-19.

^ Lata Mangeshkar given Bharat Ratna The Hindu

^ ^a ^b Raju Bharatan (23 August 2006). "How fair were they to Mohammed Rafi?: Page 7". Rediff.com. http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/23sld7.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-28.

^ Nerurkar, Vishwas (in Hindi). Swarasha (1948-1994). Mumbai: Vasanti P. Nerukar.

^ ^a ^b Banerjee, Soumyadipta (2011-10-22). "It’s a world record for Asha Bhosle". DNA India. http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_its-a-world-record-for-asha-bhosle_1601969. Retrieved 2011-10-23.

^ Harish Bhimani (1995). In search of Lata Mangeshkar. Indus. ISBN 978-81-7223-170-5.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Khubchandani, Lata (2003). Gulzar, Govind Nihalani, Saibal Chatterjee. ed. Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Popular Prakashan. pp. 486–487. ISBN 81-7991-066-0.

^ Bharatan, Raju (1995). Lata Mangeshkar: A Biography. UBS Publishers Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7476-023-4.

^ "Kavi Pradeep, master of the patriotic song, dies at 84". Rediff.com. 1998-12-11. http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/dec/11kavi.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-04.

^ Suparn Verma (November 3, 1999). "A perfume called Lata". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/nov/03lata.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-13.

^ "Nominated Members of the Rajya Sabha". Rajya Sabha Secretariat, Government of India. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927182238/http://rajyasabha.gov.in/publ/pandp/book2.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-13.

^ ^a ^b Viral Bhayani (November 29, 2002). "Unequal music". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29780945.cms. Retrieved 2007-08-13.

^ "Straight Answers". The Times of India. March 2, 2003. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/39009721.cms. Retrieved 2007-08-13.

^ "Leave me alone, says Lata". The Times of India. March 5, 2003. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/39305376.cms. Retrieved 2007-08-13.

^ "Lata Mangeshkar's jewellery collection raises quake relief funds". November 28, 2005. http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/18569.html. Retrieved 2007-08-13.

^ "Lata Mangeshkar launches new album 'Saadgi'". Daily News & Analysis. June 21, 2007. http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1105020. Retrieved 2007-08-13.

^ http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=13412

^ http://ibnlive.in.com/news/song-for-corporate-to-be-used-in-heroine/199753-8-66.html

^ "BFI, Lata Mangeshkar". http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/83243.

^ "Stage set for felicitation of Lata with Maharashtra Bhushan award". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19971119/32350123.html. Retrieved 2009-12-02.

^ Raju Bharatan (23 August 2006). "How fair were they to Mohammed Rafi?: Page 6". Rediff.com. http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/23sld6.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-28.

^ Puri, Amit (February 24, 2003). "Dedicated to Queen of Melody". The Tribune, Chandigarh. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030224/login/music.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-18.

^ Chopra, Yash (28 September 2004). "The nightingale of India turns 75". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3696042.stm. Retrieved 2007-08-13.

^ "Melody Queen Lata rings in 75th birthday quietly". The Tribune, Chandigarh. September 29, 2004,. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040929/nation.htm#12. Retrieved 2007-08-13.

^ Broughton, Simon; Mark Ellingham, Richard Trillo (2000). World music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-85828-636-5.

^ Nerurkar, Vishwas (in Hindi). Lata Mangeshkar Gandhar Swaryatra (1945-1989). Mumbai: Vasanti P. Nerukar.

^ Neepa Majumdar (25 September 2009). Wanted cultured ladies only!: female stardom and cinema in India, 1930s-1950s. University of Illinois Press. pp. 232–. ISBN 978-0-252-07628-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=TdM2Ben3alIC&pg=PA232. Retrieved 6 October 2011.

^ Bhatt, Punita. "A controversy in the making". Filmfare magazine. June 1–15, 1987.

Further reading [link]

Bichu, Dr. Mandar (2011). Lata - Voice of the Golden Era. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7991-625-4.

Bhimani, Harish (1995). In search of Lata Mangeshkar. Indus. ISBN 978-81-7223-170-5.

Bharatan, Raju (1995). Lata Mangeshkar: A Biography. UBS Publishers Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7476-023-4.

Kabir, Nasreen Munni (2009). Lata Mangeshkar: In Her Own Voice. Niyogi Books. ISBN 978-81-89738-41-9.

Lata, Mangeshkar (1995). Madhuvanti Sapre and Dinkar Gangal. ed (in Marathi). In search of Lata Mangeshkar. Harper Collins/Indus. ISBN 978-81-7223-170-5. . A collection of articles written by Lata Mangeshkar since 1952.

Nerurkar, Vishwas (in Hindi). Lata Mangeshkar Gandhar Swaryatra (1945-1989). Mumbai: Vasanti P. Nerukar. .

Bichhu, Mandar V. (1996) (in Hindi). Gaaye Lata, Gaaye Lata. Sharjah: Pallavi Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7223-170-5. . A collection of articles written by Lata Mangeshkar since 1952.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lata Mangeshkar

Lata Mangeshkar at the Internet Movie Database

Awards for Lata Mangeshkar

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Bharat Ratna laureates

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1954)

C. Rajagopalachari (1954)

C. V. Raman (1954)

Bhagwan Das (1955)

Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya (1955)

Jawaharlal Nehru (1955)

Govind Ballabh Pant (1957)

Dhondo Keshav Karve (1958)

Bidhan Chandra Roy (1961)

Purushottam Das Tandon (1961)

Dr. Rajendra Prasad (1962)

Dr. Zakir Hussain (1963)

Pandurang Vaman Kane (1963)

Lal Bahadur Shastri (1966)

Indira Gandhi (1971)

V. V. Giri (1975)

K. Kamaraj (1976)

Mother Teresa (1980)

Acharya Vinoba Bhave (1983)

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987)

M. G. Ramachandran (1988)

B. R. Ambedkar (1990)

Nelson Mandela (1990)

Rajiv Gandhi (1991)

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (1991)

Morarji Desai (1991)

Abul Kalam Azad (1992)

J. R. D. Tata (1992)

Satyajit Ray (1992)

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1997)

Gulzarilal Nanda (1997)

Aruna Asaf Ali (1997)

M. S. Subbulakshmi (1998)

Chidambaram Subramaniam (1998)

Jayaprakash Narayan (1998)

Ravi Shankar (1999)

Amartya Sen (1999)

Gopinath Bordoloi (1999)

Lata Mangeshkar (2001)

Bismillah Khan (2001)

Bhimsen Joshi (2008)

v

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Dadasaheb Phalke Award

1969–1980

Devika Rani Chaudhuri Roerich (1969)

B. N. Sircar (1970)

Prithviraj Kapoor (1971)

Pankaj Mullick (1972)

Ruby Myers (1973)

Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy (1974)

Dhirendranath Ganguly (1975)

Kanan Devi (1976)

Nitin Bose (1977)

Rai Chand Boral (1978)

Sohrab Modi (1979)

Paidi Jairaj (1980)

1981–2000

Naushad Ali (1981)

L. V. Prasad (1982)

Durga Khote (1983)

Satyajit Ray (1984)

V. Shantaram (1985)

Bommireddy Nagi Reddy (1986)

Raj Kapoor (1987)

Ashok Kumar (1988)

Lata Mangeshkar (1989)

Akkineni Nageswara Rao (1990)

Bhalji Pendharkar (1991)

Bhupen Hazarika (1992)

Majrooh Sultanpuri (1993)

Dilip Kumar (1994)

Rajkumar (1995)

Sivaji Ganesan (1996)

Pradeep (1997)

B. R. Chopra (1998)

Hrishikesh Mukherjee (1999)

Asha Bhosle (2000)

2001–present

Yash Chopra (2001)

Dev Anand (2002)

Mrinal Sen (2003)

Adoor Gopalakrishnan (2004)

Shyam Benegal (2005)

Tapan Sinha (2006)

Manna Dey (2007)

V. K. Murthy (2008)

D. Ramanaidu (2009)

K. Balachander (2010)

Soumitra Chatterjee (2011)

v

t

e

National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer

1968–1980

No Award (1968)

P. Susheela (1969)

K. B. Sundarambal (1970)

Sandhya Mukherjee (1971)

P. Susheela (1972)

Lata Mangeshkar (1973)

No Award (1974)

Lata Mangeshkar (1975)

Vani Jairam (1976)

P. Susheela (1977)

S. Janaki (1978)

Chhaya Ganguly (1979)

Vani Jairam (1980)

1981–2000

S. Janaki (1981)

Asha Bhosle (1982)

P. Susheela (1983)

P. Susheela (1984)

S. Janaki (1985)

K. S. Chithra (1986)

K. S. Chithra (1987)

Asha Bhosle (1988)

K. S. Chithra (1989)

Anuradha Paudwal (1990)

Lata Mangeshkar (1991)

Vani Jairam (1992)

S. Janaki (1993)

Alka Yagnik (1994)

Swarnalatha (1995)

Anjali Marathe (1996)

K. S. Chithra (1997)

K. S. Chithra (1998)

Alka Yagnik (1999)

Jayshree Dasgupta (2000)

2001–present

Bhavatharini Ilaiyaraaja (2001)

Sadhana Sargam (2002)

Shreya Ghoshal (2003)

Tarali Sarma (2004)

K. S. Chithra (2005)

Shreya Ghoshal (2006)

Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar (2007)

Shreya Ghoshal (2008)

Shreya Ghoshal (2009)

Nilanjana Sarkar (2010)

Rekha Bhardwaj (2011)

Rupa Ganguly (2012)

v

t

e

Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer

1959–1960

Lata Mangeshkar (1959)

No Award (1960)

1961–1980

No Award (1961)

No Award (1962)

Lata Mangeshkar (1963)

No Award (1964)

No Award (1965)

Lata Mangeshkar (1966)

No Award (1967)

Asha Bhosle (1968)

Asha Bhosle (1969)

Lata Mangeshkar (1970)

Sharda (1971)

Asha Bhosle (1972)

Asha Bhosle (1973)

Asha Bhosle (1974)

Asha Bhosle (1975)

Sulakshana Pandit (1976)

Hemlata (1977)

Preeti Sagar (1978)

Asha Bhosle (1979)

Vani Jairam (1980)

1981–2000

Nazia Hassan (1981)

Parveen Sultana (1982)

Salma Agha (1983)

Aarti Mukherji (1984)

Anupama Deshpande (1985)

Anuradha Paudwal (1986)

No Award (1987)

No Award (1988)

Alka Yagnik (1989)

Sapna Mukherjee (1990)

Anuradha Paudwal (1991)

Anuradha Paudwal (1992)

Anuradha Paudwal (1993)

Alka Yagnik and Ila Arun (1994)

Kavita Krishnamurthy (1995)

Kavita Krishnamurthy (1996)

Kavita Krishnamurthy (1997)

Alka Yagnik (1998)

Jaspinder Narula (1999)

Alka Yagnik (2000)

2001–present

Alka Yagnik (2001)

Alka Yagnik (2002)

Kavita Krishnamurthy and Shreya Ghoshal (2003)

Shreya Ghoshal (2004)

Alka Yagnik (2005)

Alisha Chinai (2006)

Sunidhi Chauhan (2007)

Shreya Ghoshal (2008)

Shreya Ghoshal (2009)

Kavita Seth and Rekha Bhardwaj (2010)

Mamta Sharma and Sunidhi Chauhan (2011)

Rekha Bhardwaj and Usha Uthup (2012)

v

t

e

Filmfare Award for Lifetime Achievement

1991 – 2000

Amitabh Bachchan (1991)

Dev Anand (1992)

Dilip Kumar (1993)

Lata Mangeshkar (1994)

Shammi Kapoor & Waheeda Rehman (1995)

Ashok Kumar, Sunil Dutt & Vyjayanthimala (1996)

Dharmendra, Mumtaz & Pran(1997)

Sharmila Tagore (1998)

Manoj Kumar & Helen (1999)

Vinod Khanna & Hema Malini (2000)

2001 – 2010

Feroz Khan & Asha Bhosle (2001)

Gulzar & Asha Parekh (2002)

Jeetendra (2003)

Sulochana Latkar, Nirupa Roy & B.R. Chopra (2004)

Rajesh Khanna (2005)

Shabana Azmi (2006)

Javed Akhtar & Jaya Bachchan (2007)

Rishi Kapoor (2008)

Bhanu Athaiya & Om Puri (2009)

Shashi Kapoor & Khayyam (2010)

2011 - present

Manna Dey (2011)

Pyarelal & Aruna Irani (2012)

Persondata

Name Mangeshkar, Lata

Alternative names

Short description Playback singer

Date of birth 1929-09-28

Place of birth Indore, Central India Agency, British India

Date of death

Place of death

http://wn.com/Lata_Mangeshkar

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Josh Groban

Josh Groban, February 6, 2009

Background information

Birth name Joshua Winslow Groban

Born (1981-02-27) February 27, 1981 (age 31)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Genres Easy listening, vocal, operatic pop, pop rock

Occupations Singer, songwriter, musician, actor, record producer

Instruments Vocals, piano, drums, percussion

Years active 1997–present

Labels 143, Reprise

Associated acts Tenacious D

Website joshgroban.com

Joshua Winslow "Josh" Groban (born February 27, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, actor, and record producer. His first four solo albums have been certified multi-platinum, and in 2007, he was charted as the number-one best selling artist in the United States with over 21 million records in that country.^[1]^[2] To date, he has sold over 24 million albums worldwide,^[3] and is the top selling classical artist of the 2000s in the US, according to Nielsen SoundScan.^[4]

Groban originally studied acting, but as his voice changed, it developed into a "significant instrument". Groban attended the Los Angeles High School for the Arts, a free public school where students received a conservatory-style education. His life changed when his vocal coach, Seth Riggs, submitted a tape of Josh singing "All I Ask of You", from The Phantom of the Opera, to Riggs' friend, producer, composer and arranger David Foster.^[5]^[6] Foster called him to stand in for an ailing Andrea Bocelli to rehearse a duet, "The Prayer," with Celine Dion at the rehearsal for the Grammy Awards in 1998.^[7] Rosie O'Donnell immediately invited him to appear on her talk show.^[8] Foster asked him to sing at the California Governor's Gray Davis' 1999 inauguration.^[5]^[9] He was cast on Ally McBeal by the show's creator, David E. Kelley, performing "You're Still You" for the 2001 season finale.^[10]

Contents

1 Early life and education

2 Music career

2.1 1998–2001: debut

2.2 2002–05: Closer

2.3 2005–10: Awake

2.4 2010–present

3 Notable performances

4 Film and television appearances

5 Voice type

6 Charity

7 Impact

8 Personal life

9 Discography

10 Concert tours

11 References

12 External links

Early life and education [link]

Groban was born in Los Angeles, to Lindy (née Johnston), a school teacher and full time mother, and Jack Groban, a businessman.^[11]^[12] He has a younger brother, Chris, who shares the same birthday, four years later.^[13] Groban's father was born Jewish, and is a descendant of Russian and Polish immigrants;^[14] he converted from Judaism to Christianity when marrying Groban's mother.^[13] Groban's mother's ancestry includes Norwegian (from Toten), German, and English; one of her own grandfathers had been Jewish.^[15]^[16]^[17] Groban's parents practiced in the Episcopal Church.^[8]

Groban debuted as a singer in the fifth grade. His music teacher chose him to sing a solo of "S'wonderful" at the school's Cabaret Night, where he sang alone on stage for the first time. At this time, he was more focused on theatrical arts.^[8] In the summers of 1997 and 1998, he also attended the Interlochen Center for the Arts Camp in Michigan,^[14] majoring in music theatre, and began taking vocal lessons. Groban went on to attend the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts as a theatre major and graduated in 1999.^[14] He was admitted to Carnegie Mellon University, intending to study drama, but he left four months into his first semester. Offered a recording contract, he decided to pursue his singing career.^[14]

Music career [link]

1998–2001: debut [link]

In late 1998, the 17-year-old Groban was introduced by his vocal coach to Grammy-winning producer/arranger David Foster and future manager Brian Avnet.^[18] At the time Groban had no recording experience and was preparing to begin studying at Carnegie Mellon University.^[18] Groban worked for David Foster as a rehearsal singer on a series of high-profile events, including the January 1999 inauguration of Gray Davis as Governor of California and the 1999 Grammy Awards where—as a stand-in for Andrea Bocelli—he rehearsed Foster's "The Prayer" with Céline Dion. According to manager Avnet, Groban was very nervous about standing in for Bocelli and had to be talked into it, but his performance prompted the show hostess, Rosie O'Donnell, to ask him to appear on her show the following week, which then led to an appearance on the Ally McBeal show.^[18] David E. Kelley, creator of the television series Ally McBeal, created a character, Malcolm Wyatt, for Groban in the season finale aired in May 2001. The character of Malcolm Wyatt was so popular, prompting 8,000 emails from viewers,^[19] that Groban was asked to return the next season to reprise his role and perform "To Where You Are." Avnet claims this sequence of events effectively got Groban's career off the ground.^[18]

Groban was offered a recording contract at Warner Bros. Records through Foster's 143 Records imprint. Avnet told HitQuarters that Warner initially proved resistant to the deal because "They were afraid they wouldn’t be able to get a voice like that on radio."^[18] Explaining his reasons for signing the artist, Foster said: "I love his natural ability in the pop and rock arena, but I love his sense of classics even more. He's a true musical force to be reckoned with."^[19] Under Foster's influence, Groban's first album focused more on classics such as "Gira Con Me Questa Notte" and "Alla Luce Del Sole."

Groban performed "There For Me" with Sarah Brightman on her 2000–01 La Luna World Tour, and was featured on her "La Luna" concert DVD. He recorded "For Always" with Lara Fabian on the movie soundtrack to A.I.: Artificial Intelligence (2001). Groban performed in many benefit shows, including: "The Andre Agassi Grand Slam Event For Children," singing alongside Elton John, Stevie Wonder, Don Henley, and Robin Williams; "Muhammad Ali's Fight Night Foundation" which honored Michael J. Fox and others; "The Family Celebration" (2001), which was co-hosted by President Bill Clinton and his wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, and David E. Kelley and his wife, Michelle Pfeiffer; and Michael Milken's CapCure event, which raises funds for cancer research.

The singer's self-titled debut album Josh Groban was released on November 20, 2001. Over the next year, it went from gold to double-platinum.^[20]

[edit] 2002–05: Closer

On February 24, 2002, Groban performed "The Prayer" with Charlotte Church at the closing ceremonies of the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, and by November, he had his own PBS special, "Josh Groban In Concert" (2002). In December 2002, he performed "To Where You Are" and sang "The Prayer" in a duet with Sissel Kyrkjebø at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway. He joined The Corrs, Ronan Keating, Sting, Lionel Richie, and others for a Christmas performance at the Vatican in Rome, Italy. In 2003, Groban performed at the David Foster concert for World Children's Day, singing "The Prayer" with Celine Dion and the finale song, "Aren't They All Our Children?" with artists including Yolanda Adams, Nick Carter, Enrique Iglesias, and Celine Dion.

Groban in concert at the Verizon Wireless Arena in Manchester, NH

Groban's second album Closer, produced and written by Foster, was released on November 11, 2003. Groban said that he believed that this second album was a better reflection of him, and that his audience would be able to get a better idea of his personality from listening to it. "What most people know about me, they know through my music. This time, I've tried to open that door as wide as possible. These songs are a giant step closer to who I really am and what my music is all about. Hence the title."^[19]

Two months after Closer was released, it rose on the Billboard charts from number 11 to number one.^[6] His cover of "You Raise Me Up" became very popular on the adult contemporary charts. Groban also performed the song "Remember" (with Tanja Tzarovska) on the Troy soundtrack, "Believe" on the soundtrack to the 2004 animated film The Polar Express, and a cover of Linkin Park's "My December".

In the summer of 2004, Groban returned to Interlochen, performing and discussing his earlier experiences with local residents and campers. On November 30, 2004, his second live DVD, Live At The Greek, was released; it was also shown as a Great Performances special on PBS. Also in 2004, Groban performed "Remember When It Rained," backed by a full orchestra, at the American Music Awards, where he was nominated for Favorite Male Artist in the pop category; he was also nominated for a People's Choice Award in that year. His recording of "Believe" secured a 2005 Academy Award nomination for the song's two writers, Glen Ballard and Alan Silvestri,^[21] and earned them a Grammy in the category Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media at the ceremony held in February 2006.^[22]

[edit] 2005–10: Awake

Groban earned his first Grammy nomination in 2005 for his single "You Raise Me Up", in the category of "Best Male Vocal Performance". During the first week of September 2006, Groban's single entitled "You Are Loved (Don't Give Up)" was released exclusively on AOL's First Listen. His third studio album Awake was officially released on November 7, 2006. Groban performed "You Are Loved (Don't Give Up)" as well as two other tracks from Awake at his recording session for Live from Abbey Road at Abbey Road Studios on 26 October 2006. On that album, Groban also collaborated with British musician and songwriter Imogen Heap, on the single "Now or Never". He performed two tracks with the South African group Ladysmith Black Mambazo, "Lullaby" and "Weeping." Groban's "Awake" world tour visited 71 cities between February and August 2007, and travelled further to Australia and the Philippines with Lani Misalucha as his special guest in October 2007. He performed a duet with Barbra Streisand ("All I Know of Love") and with Mireille Mathieu ("Over the Rainbow"). As to his future, Groban is open to a plethora of possibilities. He said, "I am fortunate enough to have had many really big moments in my career. I think the mistake a lot of people in my position make is to always search for the next big thing. I am looking forward to playing some small theaters. I'm looking forward to writing more. I want to delve further into my acting career and explore some of the film and TV opportunities that I haven't had time for. My outlook is to expect the unexpected. And when the next step comes, I'm prepared to take it."^[10] Groban has also expressed an interest in performing on Broadway.^[23]

2010–present [link]

Groban finished his fifth studio album, entitled Illuminations, and the album was released on November 15, 2010.^[24] Most of the songs on the album are about "specific situations that I've had where love has existed and ultimately failed," Groban told The New York Times, adding: "And other songs are about the quest, and it just not working out." Groban wrote 11 of the 13 songs on the album.^[25] The first single from the album, "Hidden Away," was made available for free download via Facebook on September 8.^[26] “For me to sit in a room with a piano in one take with some of Johnny Cash’s musicians — that was totally new for me.” Josh added. “and I think that excitement is on the record.”^[25] On October 12, a second single from the upcoming album, "Você Existe Em Mim", was made available on iTunes.^[27] This song is sung in Brazilian Portuguese and was written by Brazilian artist Carlinhos Brown. The Washington Post said: "Illuminations" is not a revelation, but it offers a perfectly fine, and often quite lovely, glimpse at a pop-classical crossover artist in the middle of crossing over."^[28] Josh plans on making one more record with Rick Rubin.^[29] Beginning May 12, 2011 and continuing through December of that year, Groban undertook the 81-city Straight to You Tour to promote Illuminations, encompassing appearances in North America, Europe, and South Africa.^[30]

Notable performances [link]

Groban at the ET Post-Emmys Party, Walt Disney Concert Hall, September 21, 2008

On April 14, 2008, Groban joined Idina Menzel for a PBS Soundstage taping. The next day, he held his own taping for the same PBS TV series at Lincoln Center's Rose Hall at Jazz in New York City.

In June 2007, Groban recorded a Christmas album in London with the London Symphony Orchestra and the Magdalen College Choir, which he discussed on the DVD from "The Making of Noël". It was released on October 9, 2007, and is titled Noël.^[31] The album has been highly successful in the US, breaking numerous records for a Christmas album, as well as becoming the best selling album of 2007 in only its tenth week of release, at sales of 3.6 million.^[32]

On July 1, 2007, Groban performed with Sarah Brightman at the Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium; it was broadcast to over 500 million homes in 140 countries.

On February 10, 2008, Groban performed at the 2008 Grammy Awards with Andrea Bocelli in a tribute to Luciano Pavarotti.

On May 12 and 13, 2008 At Royal Albert Hall, London, Groban performed as "The Russian" Anatoly Sergievsky; joining with Broadway stars Idina Menzel and Adam Pascal in "Chess in Concert" a live concert version of the musical Chess composed by Benny Andersson and Bjorn Ulvaeus of ABBA fame. This performance has since been made into a DVD and CD recording.^[33]

On September 21, 2008, Groban performed a comical medley of well-known TV theme songs at the 60th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards.

In December 2008, Groban appeared on Never Mind the Buzzcocks. He performed a duet with Only Men Aloud! at the Royal Variety Show at the London Palladium for the Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall.^[34]

On January 18, 2009, Groban performed as part of the Presidential Inauguration ceremonies, performing "My Country 'Tis of Thee" in duet with Heather Headley.^[35]

On January, 19. 2009, Groban performed with Herbie Hancock as part of Feeding America's Rally Against Hunger in Washington DC. The event was also attended by Martin Luther King III and actor Ben Affleck.

At the 2010 BCS National Championship Game, he performed the Star Spangled Banner on Jan. 7, 2010, with Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea, at the historic Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California.

Film and television appearances [link]

Groban has appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show six times,^[10] as well as on The Ellen Degeneres Show, Larry King Live, The Rosie O'Donnell Show, Tim & Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno,^[36] 20/20, Today, Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Super Bowl XXXVIII, and the Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade, the Rockefeller Tree Lighting. He has also been a guest co-host on Live with Regis and Kelly many times from 2006 to 2012.

Groban played Malcolm Wyatt, a preacher's son, on Ally McBeal, episodes "The Wedding" and "Nine One One" (2001).

Groban has made two guest appearances on the series Glee as himself.^[37]

Groban appeared on BBC Two's hit British music quiz Never Mind the Buzzcocks. His first appearance was as a guest on Omid Djalili's team. On December 21, 2010, he returned to Never Mind the Buzzcocks, this time as guest host/quiz master and ending the show duetting with Michael Ball in a version of "I Dreamed a Dream" from Les Miserables.

Groban appeared in The Office as Andy Bernard's brother in the episode "Garden Party" (2011).^[38]

On Tuesday, May 24, 2011, Groban appeared as a mystery guest star on the season 12 finale of Dancing With the Stars to surprise Petra Nemcova by singing "You Raise Me Up" to her dance. When she saw that it was he who was actually singing the song and not one of the usual performers, she momentarily was too stunned to continue dancing.

In the comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love., a film starring Steve Carell and Ryan Gosling, released on July 29, 2011, Groban played a character named Richard, a caddish and nerdy attorney.^[39]^[40]

In 2012, he appeared in episode 5 of series 12 of the revived British comedy panel show Room 101.

Voice type [link]

Various music critics have described Groban's voice in different ways, with some referring to him as a tenor^[41]^[42] and others as a baritone.^[43]^[44] In performance, Groban's music goes as low as G₂ (as in the songs "To Where You Are" and "Higher Window") and extends up to at least B♭₄^[45] (as heard in "You Raise Me Up" or in "February Song").^[46] This places his voice lower than the tenor range on the low end, and just short of Tenor C, and therefore above the baritone range, on the high end.^[47]^[48] There is currently no authoritative system of voice classification in non-classical music. The problem lies in the fact that classical terms are used to describe not merely various vocal ranges, but specific vocal timbres each unique to those respective ranges, and produced by the classical training techniques with which most popular singers are not intimately familiar and which are not universally employed by the few that are. In a 2002 New York Times article, Groban described himself as a "tenor in training".^[49]

Charity [link]

Josh Groban in concert at Atlantic City's Boardwalk Hall

Under the guidance of his mentor David Foster, Groban performed for many charity events that included VH1 Save the Music (2005), Tsunami Aid: A Concert of Hope (2005), Fifth Annual Adopt-A-Minefield concert (2005), 2nd Annual Grammy Jam (2005), Live 8 (2005), The Heart Foundation Gala (2005), and David Foster and Friends Charity Gala (2006). He also sang a solo on the recording of We Are The World 25 for Haiti (2010). Inspired by a visit with Nelson Mandela during a 2004 trip to South Africa, he established the Josh Groban Foundation to help children in need through education, healthcare and the arts. Mandela appointed Groban as an Official Ambassador for Mandela's Project 46664, a campaign to help raise Global awareness of HIV/AIDS in Africa. On April 25, 2007, Josh Groban performed with the African Children's Choir on American Idol's "Idol Gives Back" episode. Also on September 2, 2007, Groban donated $150,000 to Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools to fund music education.^[50] On February 28, 2008, he appeared in One Night Live at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Canada with Bryan Adams, Sarah McLachlan, Jann Arden and RyanDan in aid of the Sunnybrook Hospital Women and Babies Program. In honor of his 27th birthday, his fans set out to raise $27,000 in a project called "Raise 27". They ended up raising a total of $44,227 for the Josh Groban Foundation, to benefit the Noah's Ark children's orphanage called Siyawela in South Africa. Groban has since referred to this donation as "the best birthday present ever".^[51] For those who could afford the $1500 ticket, Josh Groban performed at the The Angel Ball on October 21, 2010. Proceeds went to the Gabrielles Angel Foundation for cancer research.^[52]

Impact [link]

Some of Groban's musical influences have been Radiohead, Steve Perry, Paul Simon, Sting, Peter Gabriel, Freddie Mercury^[53] and Björk. He cites as vocal influences "anyone who told a story with their songs," including Mandy Patinkin, Klaus Nomi, George Hearn, and Luciano Pavarotti.^[54]

He was named the #1 Best Selling Artist of All Time on Barnes & Noble in 2007. Groban has sold more than 20 million albums in less than ten years.

In 2002, Groban was listed as "100 Sexiest Newcomer" and in 2008, he became one of People's "100 Most Beautiful People".

Personal life [link]

Groban dated actress January Jones from 2003–06.^[55] Although maintaining a home in Los Angeles, he recently moved his primary residence to New York City, where he indicates that "dating can be very easy or very tough."^[56]^[57]

Discography [link]

Main article: Josh Groban discography

2001: Josh Groban

2003: Closer

2006: Awake

2007: Noël

2010: Illuminations

Concert tours [link]

Closer Tour (2004–2005)

Awake Tour (2007)

Before We Begin (2010)

Straight to You Tour (2011)

References [link]

^ "That Josh Groban Guy". That Josh Groban Guy. http://www.thatjoshgrobanguy.com/. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ "Gold & Platinum – March 12, 2011". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=JOSH%20GROBAN&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2011&sort=Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ "Josh Groban". Classical-crossover.co.uk. http://www.classical-crossover.co.uk/artprofiles/124-josh-groban.html/. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ "Classical Artists Music Chart | Billboard.com". billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/classical-artists?year=2009. Retrieved 17 January 2012.

^ ^a ^b Gurewitsch, Matthew (July 28, 2002). "MUSIC; The New Boy Wonder of the Voice". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/28/arts/music-the-new-boy-wonder-of-the-voice.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=al.

^ ^a ^b Ruhlmann, William "Josh Groban > Biography". allmusic. Rovi Corporation.

^ "Josh Groban: Biography from Answers.com". answers.com. Answers Corporation.

^ ^a ^b ^c "Bio". April 12, 2008. joshgrobanlive.com. AJT Enterprises.

^ "Josh Groban Biography". Tvguide.com. 1981-02-27. http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/josh-groban/bio/196649. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ ^a ^b ^c "Josh Groban Biography". Josh Groban.

^ "That Josh Groban Guy". That Josh Groban Guy. http://www.thatjoshgrobanguy.com/bio.php. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ Thrills, Adrian (January 5, 2007). "The popera boy struts his stuff". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/reviews/article-426651/The-popera-boy-struts-stuff.html.

^ ^a ^b "Dave 'Til Dawn". Groban Archives. 2002-12-13. http://www.grobanarchives.com/transcripts/tra021213a.html. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Josh Groban – Biography". Biggeststars.com. http://www.biggeststars.com/j/josh-groban-biography.html. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ Cidoni, Michael (January 21, 2008). "Josh Groban to sing at Sundance festival". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/sundance/2008-01-20-sundance-concert_N.htm. Retrieved May 7, 2010.

^ "Josh Groban article". Grobanarchives.com. 2006-11-07. http://www.grobanarchives.com/transcripts/tra061107a.html. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ Megan Smolenyak: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Josh Groban's Family Tree. Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-11.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Interview with Brian Avnet". HitQuarters. 16 Feb 2004. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_BrianAvnetInterview.html. Retrieved 21 Dec 2010.

^ ^a ^b ^c "Official Josh Groban site". Joshgroban.com. http://www.joshgroban.com/. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ New Sets By Industry Vets Post Strong Sales^{[dead link]} RIAA newsletter December 4, 2002

^ "Nominees & Winners for the 77th Academy Awards (2005)". Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/2000-2009/77nominees.html. Retrieved 2012-01-19.

^ The Polar Express Grammy Awards AllMusic.com. Retrieved 19 January 2012.

^ "Josh Groban Biography – life, children, parents, school, mother, young, old, information, born, college". Notablebiographies.com. http://www.notablebiographies.com/news/Ge-La/Groban-Josh.html. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ "New Album Illuminations – Coming Soon! | Official Josh Groban". Joshgroban.com. 2010-09-01. http://www.joshgroban.com/news/2010/08/31/new-album-illuminations-coming-soon. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ ^a ^b "Josh Groban Dishes On His New Album & Love Life | Access Hollywood – Celebrity News, Photos & Videos". Access Hollywood. 2010-11-12. http://www.accesshollywood.com/josh-groban-dishes-on-his-new-album-and-love-life-i-am-a-single-man_article_39697. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ "Hidden Away", Amazon.com

^ "New Song "Voce Existe Em Mim" Available on iTunes Now | Official Josh Groban". Joshgroban.com. 2010-10-11. http://www.joshgroban.com/news/new-song-voce-existe-em-mim-available-itunes-now. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ Stewart, Allison (November 16, 2010). "'Illuminations': Josh Groban is still a swell guy". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/15/AR2010111506565.html?hpid=sec-artsliving.

^ "Undercover News: Josh Groban Plans More Records With Rick Rubin". Undercover.fm. 2010-12-29. http://www.undercover.fm/news/13189-josh-groban-plans-more-records-with-rick-rubin. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ "Josh Groban Announces 2011 "Straight To You" World Tour" (Press release). Marketwire. 14 February 2011. http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Josh-Groban-Announces-2011-Straight-To-You-World-Tour-1395413.htm. Retrieved 9 March 2011.

^ "''Noël''". Josh Groban. 2007-11-20. http://www.joshgroban.com/node/298. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ Geoff Mayfield, "Groban's 'Noel' Makes Chart History", Billboard.biz, December 18, 2007.

^ "Chess In Concert". http://www.chessinconcert.com. Retrieved 05-10-2011.

^ "Royal Variety Performance 2008: all-star line-up unveiled for 80th anniversary show on BBC One". BBC Press Office. BBC. 2008-11-17. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/11_november/17/variety.shtml. Retrieved 06-01-2009.

^ Daunt, Tina (2009-01-17). Inauguration revelers have plenty of events to choose from., Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2009-01-17.

^ "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno: Simon Cowell; Rob Schneider; Josh Groban Episode Summary on". Tv.com. http://www.tv.com/the-tonight-show-with-jay-leno/simon-cowell-rob-schneider-josh-groban/episode/1203109/summary.html. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ Josh on the Glee Season Finale | Official Josh Groban. Joshgroban.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-11.

^ "Josh Groban appearing on 'The Office' as Andy's brother". Entertainment Weekly. 18 August 2011. http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/08/18/josh-groban-the-office/.

^ "Crazy, Stupid, Love Cast and Actor Biographies | Movie Cast and Credits". Tribute.ca. http://www.tribute.ca/movies/Crazy,+Stupid,+Love/cast/24044. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ Chinen, Nate (November 11, 2010). "Josh Groban's Album ‘Illuminations'". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/14/arts/music/14groban.html?_r=1.

^ "Josh Groban Fan Site". joshgrobanlive.com. AJT Enterprises. Retrieved June 4, 2008.

^ "Groban leads U.S. pop charts in slow sales week". December 5, 2007. reuters.com. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved June 9, 2008.

^ Davis, Love' That Josh Groban Guy. Retrieved June 4, 2008.

^ CBS Interactive Inc., Josh Groban's "Full-Circle Moment", CBS early show. Retrieved June 9, 2008.

^ "FAQs and Facts". joshgrobanlive.com. AJT Enterprises. Retrieved June 5, 2008.

^ musicnotes.com sheet music. Retrieved June 5, 2008.

^ Suverkrop, Bard IPA Source, www.ipasource.com. Retrieved June 2, 2008.

^ McKinney, James (1994). The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults. Genovex Music Group. ISBN 978-1-56593-940-0.

^ Gurewitsch, Matthew "MUSIC; The New Boy Wonder of the Voice", The New York Times, July 9, 2008.

^ Singer Josh Groban donates $150,000 to CMS

^ Started By (2004-09-02). "Josh Groban Says Thank You to Fans". Joshgroban.yuku.com. http://joshgroban.yuku.com/topic/7596/t/THANK-YOU.html?page=1. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ josh-groban-in-national/josh-groban-announces-tour-and-upcoming-appearances

^ Fox News: Josh Groban Raw and Uncut Fox News.com Video interview^{[dead link]}

^ "On the Brink of Stardom: Josh Groban live Internet chat on ABCNEWS.com". Olografix.org. 1999-02-22. http://www.olografix.org/hikrees/dfnet/html/readinterviews.php?ID=7. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

^ "Josh Groban, January Jones Take a Breather". People. 2006-06-26. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,1208272,00.html. Retrieved 2008-01-29.

^ Gardner, Elysa (November 15, 2010). "'Illuminations' casts Josh Groban in new light". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2010-11-15-joshgroban15_st_N.htm?csp=34.

^ Chinen, Nate (November 11, 2010). "Josh Groban's Album ‘Illuminations'". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/14/arts/music/14groban.html.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Josh Groban

Official website

BroadwayWorld: Idina Menzel & Josh Groban to Star in 'Chess' Musical UK Concert?

Chess in Concert (2008)

Brown, Bob. "A Star in the Making: Who is Josh Groban?."^{[dead link]} ABCNews. com: 20/20

Josh Groban at the Internet Movie Database

Josh Groban video interview on Virgin Red Room

Watch Josh Groban make a northern cuppa in this exclusive interview with Virgin Red Room

v

t

e

Josh Groban

Studio albums

Josh Groban (2001)

Closer (2003)

Awake (2006)

Noël (2007)

Illuminations (2010)

Live albums

Josh Groban In Concert (2002)

Live at the Greek (2004)

Awake Live (2008)

Greatest hits albums

A Collection (2008)

Singles

"To Where You Are"

"You Raise Me Up"

"You Are Loved (Don't Give Up)"

"Ave Maria"

"Hidden Away"

"Voce Existe Em Mim"

"Higher Window"

"L'Ora Dell'Addio"

"If I Walk Away"

Concert tours

Closer Tour (2004–05)

Awake Tour (2007)

Before We Begin (2010)

Straight to You Tour (2011)

Other

Discography

Reprise Records

Authority control: PND: 135266033 | LCCN: no2002017784 | VIAF: 59286881 | WorldCat

Persondata

Name Groban, Josh

Alternative names

Short description American musician and actor

Date of birth February 27, 1981

Place of birth Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Date of death

Place of death

http://wn.com/Josh_Groban

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Groban

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Kenny Wheeler

Kenny Wheeler performing in 2007.

Background information

Born (1930-01-14) January 14, 1930 (age 82)
Toronto, Canada

Genres Avant-garde jazz
Post bop

Occupations Composer
Trumpet player

Instruments Trumpet, Flugelhorn

Associated acts Berlin Contemporary Jazz Orchestra

Kenneth Vincent John Wheeler, OC (born 14 January 1930, Toronto, Canada) is a Canadian composer and trumpet and flugelhorn player, based in the U.K. since the 1950s.^[1]

Most of his output is rooted in jazz, but he has also been active in free improvisation and has occasionally contributed to rock music recordings. Wheeler has written over one hundred compositions and is a skilled arranger for small groups and larger ensembles.

Kenny Wheeler still lives in Britain today and is the patron of the Royal Academy Junior Jazz course.

Contents

1 Biography

2 Discography^[2]^[3]^[4]

2.1 As leader

2.2 Collaborations with John Taylor

2.2.1 As Azimuth

2.3 Other collaborations

2.4 Featured

2.5 As sideman

3 References

4 External links

Biography [link]

Growing up in Toronto, Wheeler began playing cornet at age 12, and became interested in jazz in his mid-teens. Wheeler spent a year studying composition at the Royal Conservatory in Toronto in 1950. In 1952, Wheeler moved to Britain. He found his way into the London jazz scene of the time, playing in groups led by Tommy Whittle, Tubby Hayes, and Ronnie Scott. In the late 1950s, he was a member of Buddy Featherstonhaugh's quintet together with Bobby Wellins. Throughout the Sixties, he worked with John Dankworth, and also formed part of (Eric Burdon and) The Animals Big Band that made its one-and-only public appearance at the 5th Annual British Jazz & Blues Festival in Richmond (1965) with tenors Stan Robinson, Dick Morrissey and Al Gay, baritone sax Paul Carroll, and fellow trumpets Ian Carr and Greg Brown. In 1968, Wheeler appeared on guitarist Terry Smith's first solo album, Fall Out.

Kenny Wheeler has performed and recorded his own compositions with large jazz ensembles throughout his career, starting with his first album Windmill Tilter, (1969), recorded with the John Dankworth band. The Windmill Tilter LP today is a collector's item, since the original master tapes have been lost. A digitally remastered (by Andrew Thompson at Sound Performance, London) CD was released by BGO Records in September 2010. The big band album Song for Someone (1973) fused Wheeler's characteristic orchestral writing with passages of free improvisation provided by musicians such as Evan Parker and Derek Bailey, and was also named Album of the Year by Melody Maker magazine in 1975. This has subsequently been reissued on CD by Evan Parker's Psi label.

In the mid-1960s, Wheeler became a close participant in the nascent free improvisation movement in London, playing with John Stevens, Evan Parker, the Spontaneous Music Ensemble and the Globe Unity Orchestra. His involvement in this genre continues to this day. Despite the above-noted accomplishments, much of Wheeler's reputation rests on his work with smaller jazz groups. Wheeler's first small group recordings to gain significant critical attention were Gnu High (1975) and Deer Wan (1977), both for the ECM label. Gnu High is one of the few albums ever to feature Keith Jarrett as a sideman since his tenure with Charles Lloyd. One exception from the ongoing collaboration with ECM was his rare album on CBC called Ensemble Fusionaire in 1976. This had three other fellow Canadian musicians and was recorded in St. Mary's Church in Toronto for a different character to the sound than on the ECM recordings.

Wheeler was the trumpet player in the Anthony Braxton Quartet from 1971 to 1976; and from 1977 he was also a member of chamber jazz group Azimuth (with John Taylor and Norma Winstone). In 1997 Wheeler received widespread critical praise for his album Angel Song, which featured an unusual "drummerless" quartet of Bill Frisell (guitar), Dave Holland (bass) and Lee Konitz (alto sax).

[edit] Discography^[2]^[3]^[4]

As leader [link]

1968: Windmill Tilter (Fontana) with The John Dankworth Orchestra

1973: Song for Someone (Incus)

1975: Gnu High (ECM)

1976: Ensemble Fusionaire (CBC)

1977: Deer Wan (ECM)

1980: Around 6 (ECM)

1984: Double, Double You (ECM)

1988: Flutter By, Butterfly (Soul Note)

1988: Visions (Justin Time)

1990: Music for Large & Small Ensembles (ECM)

1990: The Widow in the Window (ECM)

1992: Kayak (Ah Um)

1997: All the More (Soul Note; recorded 1993)

1997: Angel Song (ECM)

1999: A Long Time Ago (ECM)

2003: Dream Sequence (PSI)

2005: What Now? (CAM Jazz)

2006: It Takes Two! (CAM Jazz)

2008: Other People (CAM Jazz) with Hugo Wolf String Quartet featuring John Taylor

2011: One of Many (CAM Jazz) with John Taylor and Steve Swallow

[edit] Collaborations with John Taylor

with Norma Winstone, Paolo Fresu, Paolo Damiani, Tony Oxley: Live at Roccella Jonica (Ismez Polis, 1985)

featuring Gabriele Mirabassi: Moon (Egea, 2001)

with Riccardo Del Fra: Overnight (Sketch, 2002)

Where Do We Go from Here (CAM Jazz, 2005)

[edit] As Azimuth

Azimuth (ECM, 1977)

The Touchstone (ECM, 1978)

with Ralph Towner: Départ (ECM, 1979)

Azimuth '85 (ECM, 1985)

How It Was Then... Never Again (ECM, 1994)

with The Maritime Jazz Orchestra: Siren's Song (Justin Time, 1997)

Other collaborations [link]

arranged Fire and Rain, My Sweet Lord, and Your Song on Maynard Ferguson's album Alive and Well in London (1971)

arranged Summer of 42 and wrote/arranged Free Wheeler on Maynard Ferguson's album MF Horn Two (1972)

with Elton Dean and Joe Gallivan: The Cheque Is in the Mail (Ogun, 1977)

with Günter Christmann, Gerd Dudek, Albert Mangelsdorff, Paul Rutherford, Manfred Schoof: Horns (FMP, 1979)

with Tiziana Simona: Gigolo (ITM, 1986)

with Claudio Fasoli, Jean-François Jenny Clark, Daniel Humair: Welcome (Soul Note, 1987)

with Claudio Fasoli and Jean-François Jenny Clark: Land (Innowo/New Sound Planet, 1989)

with Jeff Gardner, Hein van de Geyn, André Ceccarelli: California Daydream (Musidisc, 1992)

with David Friedman, Jasper van't Hof: Greenhouse Fables (Sentemo, 1992)

with Paolino Dalla Porta, Stefano Battaglia, Bill Elgart: Tales (Soul Note, 1993)

with Paul Bley: Touché (Justin Time, 1996)

with Sonny Greenwich: Live at the Montreal Bistro (Justin Time, 1998)

with Brian Dickinson: Still Waters (Hornblower, 1999)

with Fred Hersch, Norma Winstone, Paul Clarvis: 4 in Perspective (Village Life, 2000)

with Marc Copland and John Abercrombie: That's for Sure (Challenge, 2001)

with Stan Sulzmann and John Parricelli: Ordesa (Symbol, 2002)

with Bob Brookmeyer: Island (Artist House, 2003)

with Marc Copland and John Abercrombie: Brand New (Challenge, 2004)

with Tony Coe, John Edwards, Alan Hacker, Sylvia Hallett, Marcio Mattos, Evan Parker, Philipp Wachsmann: Free Zone Appleby 2003 (PSI, 2004)

with Evan Parker, Gerd Dudek, John Edwards, Paul Dunmall, Paul Rogers, Philipp Wachsmann, Tony Marsh, Tony Levin: Free Zone Appleby 2005 (PSI, 2006)

with Evan Parker, Paul Dunmall, Tony Levin, John Edwards: Live at the Vortex, London (Rare Music, 2011)

Featured [link]

Robert 'Bob' Cornford, Tony Coe, Kenny Wheeler and the NDR 'Pops' Orchestra: Long Shadows (Chapter One, 2007; recorded 1979)

The Guildhall Jazz Band: Walk Softly (Wave, 1998; recorded 1987)

Tim Brady: Visions (Justin Time, 1988) with L'orchestre de chambre de Montréal

The Upper Austrian Jazzorchestra: Plays the Music of Kenny Wheeler (West Wind, 1996)

The Maritime Jazz Orchestra: Now and Now Again (Justin Time, 2002; recorded 1998) with Norma Winstone and John Taylor

UMO Jazz Orchestra: One More Time (A-Records, 2000) with Norma Winstone

Munich Jazz Orchestra: Sometime Suite (Bassic Sound, 2001)

Colours Jazz Orchestra: Nineteen Plus One (Astarte/Egea, 2009)

As sideman [link]

With John Dankworth

What the Dickens! (1963)

With Philly Joe Jones

Mo'Joe (Black Lion, 1968)

With Collective Consciousness Society

C.C.S. (1970)

with Paul Gonsalves

Humming Bird (1970)

With Anthony Braxton

New York, Fall 1974 (Arista, 1974)

Five Pieces 1975 (Arista, 1975)

The Montreux/Berlin Concerts (Arista, 1975-6)

Creative Orchestra Music 1976 (Arista, 1976)

With George Adams

Sound Suggestions (ECM, 1979)

With Ralph Towner

Old Friends, New Friends (ECM, 1979)

With Rainer Brüninghaus

Freigeweht (ECM, 1980)

with Bill Frisell

Rambler (ECM, 1985)

With Dave Holland Quintet

Jumpin' In (ECM, 1984)

Seeds of Time (ECM, 1985)

The Razor's Edge (ECM, 1987)

With David Sylvian

Gone to Earth (1986)

With John Abercrombie

Open Land (ECM, 1998)

With Joni Mitchell

Travelogue (2002)

References [link]

^ Allmusic biography

^ Discography at discogs

^ PSI Records

^ ECM Records

External links [link]

Kenny Wheeler entry in the 'Canadian Encyclopaedia'

Kenny Wheeler profile on the 'European Jazz Network'

2003 Interview with journalist John Eyles, from AllAboutJazz.com

2005 Interview with John Fordham - PDF from JazzServices.org.uk

2005 Review of the Kenny Wheeler Big Band by John Fordham in the 'Guardian'

Kenny Wheeler on ECM Records

FMP releases

Kenny Wheeler discography at discogs

Persondata

Name Wheeler, Kenny

Alternative names

Short description Canadian jazz trombonist

Date of birth 14 January 1930

Place of birth Toronto, Canada

Date of death

Place of death

http://wn.com/Kenny_Wheeler

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Wheeler

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Music
A painting on an Ancient Greek vase depicts a music lesson (c. 510 BC).
Medium	Sound
Originating culture	various
Originating era	Paleolithic

Performing arts
Major forms
Dance · Music · Opera · Theatre · Circus
Minor forms
Magic · Puppetry
Genres
Drama · Tragedy · Comedy · Tragicomedy · Romance · Satire · Epic · Lyric
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Lata Mangeshkar
Mangeshkar in 2008
Background information
Born	(1929-09-28) September 28, 1929 (age 82) Indore, Central India Agency, British India
Genres	Film music (playback singing)
Occupations	Singer
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1942–present

Persondata
Name	Mangeshkar, Lata
Alternative names
Short description	Playback singer
Date of birth	1929-09-28
Place of birth	Indore, Central India Agency, British India
Date of death
Place of death

Josh Groban
Josh Groban, February 6, 2009
Background information
Birth name	Joshua Winslow Groban
Born	(1981-02-27) February 27, 1981 (age 31) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Genres	Easy listening, vocal, operatic pop, pop rock
Occupations	Singer, songwriter, musician, actor, record producer
Instruments	Vocals, piano, drums, percussion
Years active	1997–present
Labels	143, Reprise
Associated acts	Tenacious D
Website	joshgroban.com

Persondata
Name	Groban, Josh
Alternative names
Short description	American musician and actor
Date of birth	February 27, 1981
Place of birth	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Date of death
Place of death

Kenny Wheeler
Kenny Wheeler performing in 2007.
Background information
Born	(1930-01-14) January 14, 1930 (age 82) Toronto, Canada
Genres	Avant-garde jazz Post bop
Occupations	Composer Trumpet player
Instruments	Trumpet, Flugelhorn
Associated acts	Berlin Contemporary Jazz Orchestra

Persondata
Name	Wheeler, Kenny
Alternative names
Short description	Canadian jazz trombonist
Date of birth	14 January 1930
Place of birth	Toronto, Canada
Date of death
Place of death

Make changes yourself !

Contents

Contents

Contents

[edit] 2002–05: Closer

[edit] 2005–10: Awake

Contents

[edit] Discography[2][3][4]

[edit] Collaborations with John Taylor

[edit] As Azimuth

[edit] Discography^[2]^[3]^[4]