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Woodkid - Iron
Calvin Harris, Nicky Romero - IRON (Radio Edit)
How Iron Man 3 Should Have Ended
Generation Iron Official Trailer (HD) Arnold Schwarzenegger, Mickey Rourke
IRON BABY
IGN Plays Iron Man 3: The Official Game
Iron Man 3 - Official Trailer (HD)
Iron Man 3 Trailer # 2
16-Bit Iron Man 3 - Movie Homage HD Video Game
IRON MAN 3 THE MUSICAL - Parody
Iron Man 3 - Official Trailer #2 (HD) : Iron Legion, Hulk Buster Armor
IRON MAN 3 Trailer - Thai sweded by FEDFE

Iron

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Woodkid - Iron
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:46
  • Updated: 20 Aug 2013

Woodkid - Iron

UK Fans - I Love You Feat. Angel Haze : http://po.st/thegoldenage Order Woodkid "THE GOLDEN AGE" on iTunes: http://smarturl.it/thegoldenageitunes Join the Wo...
  • published: 28 Mar 2011
  • views: 22056313
  • author: WOODKIDMUSIC
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/Woodkid - Iron
Calvin Harris, Nicky Romero - IRON (Radio Edit)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:57
  • Updated: 10 Aug 2013

Calvin Harris, Nicky Romero - IRON (Radio Edit)

Buy Nicky Romero feat Calvin Harris - Iron (Original Mix) on Beatport : http://www.beatport.com/release/iron/963952 Nicky Romero Facebook : http://www.facebo...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/Calvin Harris, Nicky Romero - IRON (Radio Edit)
How Iron Man 3 Should Have Ended
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:28
  • Updated: 19 Aug 2013

How Iron Man 3 Should Have Ended

Tony Stark returns to HISHE for How Iron Man 3 Should Have Ended. Thank you for watching! Give us a 'Like' if enjoyed it and please 'Subscribe' if you want u...
  • published: 30 May 2013
  • views: 5963057
  • author: HISHEdotcom
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/How Iron Man 3 Should Have Ended
Generation Iron Official Trailer (HD) Arnold Schwarzenegger, Mickey Rourke
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:27
  • Updated: 27 Aug 2013

Generation Iron Official Trailer (HD) Arnold Schwarzenegger, Mickey Rourke

http://www.joblo.com - "Generation Iron Official Trailer (HD) Arnold Schwarzenegger, Mickey Rourke Generation Iron examines the professional sport of bodybuilding today and gives the audience front row access to the lives of the top 7 bodybuilders (including Phil Heath, Kai Greene, Branch Warren and Dennis Wolf) in the sport as they train to compete in the world's most premiere bodybuilding stage—Mr. Olympia. Official Site: http://generation-iron.com/ Director: Vlad Yudin Cast: Mickey Rourke, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Lou Ferrigno, Jay Cutler, Phil Heath, Kai Greene, Branch Warren , Dennis Wolf Writers: Vlad Yudin In theaters: September 20th, 2013 Copyright © 2013 The Vladar Company
  • published: 27 Aug 2013
  • views: 9930
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/Generation Iron Official Trailer (HD) Arnold Schwarzenegger, Mickey Rourke
IRON BABY
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:13
  • Updated: 19 Aug 2013

IRON BABY

An Iron Man movie parody starring my baby girl. The costume was created by her uncle STROB. http://www.youtube.com/user/STROBdotNET Making of http://www.yout...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/IRON BABY
IGN Plays Iron Man 3: The Official Game
  • Order:
  • Duration: 7:38
  • Updated: 19 Aug 2013

IGN Plays Iron Man 3: The Official Game

Justin and Anthony take a tour of Gameloft's Iron Man endless flyer, launching April 25 on iOS. Subscribe to IGN's channel for reviews, news, and all things ...
  • published: 24 Apr 2013
  • views: 1000467
  • author: IGN
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/IGN Plays Iron Man 3: The Official Game
Iron Man 3 - Official Trailer (HD)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:06
  • Updated: 19 Aug 2013

Iron Man 3 - Official Trailer (HD)

http://www.joblo.com - "Iron Man 3" - Official Trailer Marvel's "Iron Man 3" pits brash-but-brilliant industrialist Tony Stark/Iron Man against an enemy whos...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/Iron Man 3 - Official Trailer (HD)
Iron Man 3 Trailer # 2
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:25
  • Updated: 19 Aug 2013

Iron Man 3 Trailer # 2

New trailer for anticipated IRON MAN 3, starring Robert Downey JR. Join us on http://facebook.com/FreshMovieTrailers The Lastest Action Trailers are HERE : h...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/Iron Man 3 Trailer # 2
16-Bit Iron Man 3 - Movie Homage HD Video Game
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:34
  • Updated: 19 Aug 2013

16-Bit Iron Man 3 - Movie Homage HD Video Game

It started as an art project, but quickly grew into a full blown homage to Iron Man 3, retro-games, and the 1990s! What's your favorite part? Let us know in ...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/16-Bit Iron Man 3 - Movie Homage HD Video Game
IRON MAN 3 THE MUSICAL - Parody
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:02
  • Updated: 17 Aug 2013

IRON MAN 3 THE MUSICAL - Parody

Download song on iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/iron-man-3-the-musical/id666114040?i=666114252 Movie Musicals #12: IRON MAN 3 THE MUSICAL Tony Sta...
  • published: 26 Jun 2013
  • views: 597019
  • author: lhugueny
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/IRON MAN 3 THE MUSICAL - Parody
Iron Man 3 - Official Trailer #2 (HD) : Iron Legion, Hulk Buster Armor
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:45
  • Updated: 19 Aug 2013

Iron Man 3 - Official Trailer #2 (HD) : Iron Legion, Hulk Buster Armor

The second trailer for Marvel's Iron Man 3. Including Tony Stark's Iron Legion including new Hulk Buster armor. Starring Robert Downey Jr. and Gwyneth Paltro...
  • published: 06 Mar 2013
  • views: 1374422
  • author: ENTV
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/Iron Man 3 - Official Trailer #2 (HD) : Iron Legion, Hulk Buster Armor
IRON MAN 3 Trailer - Thai sweded by FEDFE
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:25
  • Updated: 16 Aug 2013

IRON MAN 3 Trailer - Thai sweded by FEDFE

IRON MAN 3 Trailer - Thai sweded by FEDFE เฟ็ดเฟ่อย่างกะแซวหนังไอรอน แมน3 เชิญกดLIKE ติดตามความฮาอีกได้ที่ FEDFE แฟนเพจ https://www.facebook.com/fedfeboyband.
  • published: 25 Apr 2013
  • views: 1909880
  • author: fedfeclip
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/IRON MAN 3 Trailer - Thai sweded by FEDFE
Honest Trailers - Iron Man 3
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:13
  • Updated: 03 Sep 2013

Honest Trailers - Iron Man 3

Keeping movies honest ► http://brk.to/IM3descr Iron Man 3 is the summer's biggest box office hit... and miss. Strap in for two hours of Pepper Potts kicking more ass than Tony Stark. Watch Jon Bailey's awesome prank: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USqZsdn_qzM We'll be uploading new HONEST TRAILERS on Tuesdays! (And 'Supercuts / MashUps' in between weeks) And new episodes of the ScreenJunkies Show on Thursdays! So make sure to SUBSCRIBE!! Got a tip? Email us at - tips@screenjunkies.com Like us on Facebook - http://www.fb.com/screenjunkies Follow us on twitter - http://www.twitter.com/screenjunkies You can find all our Screen Junkies t-shirts here: http://screenjunkies.spreadshirt.com/ Honest Trailers: Iron Man 3 Directed by Andy Signore Executive Producer Mitch Rotter Series Created by Andy Signore & Brett Weiner Episode Written by Spencer Gilbert, Ian Weinreich, Dan Murrell, Jason Pickar, and Andy Signore Edited by Dan Murrell Voiceover Narration by Jon: http://youtube.com/jon3pnt0 As always let us know in the comments what movie or television show you wanna see next! And check out our previous Honest Trailers: Honest Trailers: STAR TREK INTO DARKNESS http://youtu.be/6B22Uy7SBe4 Honest Trailers: BREAKING BAD http://youtu.be/oDqGAUvWKkU Honest Trailers: BATMAN & ROBIN: http://youtu.be/FCS_kif7qfk Honest Trailers: X-MEN ORIGINS: WOLVERINE: http://youtu.be/PA576VinXT0 Honest Trailers: GROWN UPS http://youtu.be/zcFOthNlCtg Honest Trailers: INDEPENDENCE DAY http://youtu.be/7YtvsxB9xQY Honest Trailers: THE LAST AIRBENDER http://youtu.be/H3VnQE3qXHE Honest Trailers: FAST FIVE http://youtu.be/MOTk1Gi5zoA Honest Trailers: STAR TREK (2009) http://youtu.be/OTfBH-XFdSc Honest Trailers: IRON MAN 2 http://youtu.be/uKCF63Ux4x8 Honest Trailers: HARRY POTTER http://youtu.be/kL1aqfnIr2Y Honest Trailers: JURASSIC PARK http://youtu.be/sgjDSfbB2ok Honest Trailers: LES MISERABLES http://youtu.be/IBYfA3zTxFE Honest Trailers: TWILIGHT: BREAKING DAWN http://youtu.be/yvo5_Zi-Yxs Honest Trailers: THE NOTEBOOK http://youtu.be/6Gv-AMiofEI Honest Trailers: SKYFALL http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FWfg__wKSY Honest Trailers: INDIANA JONES & THE KINGDOM OF THE CRYSTAL SKULL http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFKu_bwMoYE Honest Trailers: INCEPTION http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BfMivMDOBI Honest Trailers: THE LORD OF THE RINGS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOIi9SjJvgU Honest Trailers: THE DARK KNIGHT RISES http://youtu.be/WQJuGeqdbn4 Honest Trailers: THE AMAZING SPIDER-MAN http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2KSPiTOMR8 Honest Trailers: PARANORMAL ACTIVITY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdZW2b0FzPc Honest Trailers: PROMETHEUS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBaKqOMGPWc Honest Trailers: THE AVENGERS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDajL441mZc Honest Trailers: THE HUNGER GAMES http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hp_xsUg9ws Honest Trailers: THE DARK KNIGHT http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u843KNE-exo Honest Trailers: AVATAR http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUTtt14G31c Honest Trailers: TRANSFORMERS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzJuDo5ots0 Honest Trailers: TITANIC http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6mMvBeEPT4 Honest Trailers: TWILIGHT http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gugBiEkLwU Honest Trailers: THE PHANTOM MENACE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sKRRY5tQz8 Are you still reading this?? Tell us your favorite Avenger in the comments below!
  • published: 03 Sep 2013
  • views: 14564
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/Honest Trailers - Iron Man 3
Iron Man Helps The Homeless Smile
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:51
  • Updated: 28 Sep 2013

Iron Man Helps The Homeless Smile

All the money made from this video will be donated to the Las Vegas Rescue Mission. http://www.vegasrescue.org Dear Whoever Made It To The Description Box To Read This, I know this isn't my usual type of video; however, this is something that I wanted to do for a while now. And to be completely honest... right before I went out to the streets, I thought this was going to be a simple video of me being Iron Man and giving back to the community. But the moment I came across the first homeless person something instantly pierced my heart. And through out the day and even up until writing this.... I finally came to realize what that meant. And I think it goes like this. Every day we walk by strangers and completely forget that sometimes they even exist. Wether they are Rich, Middle Class, or Poor. We forget that these same people are no different from us. We are all human which means we all have some type of struggles in our life. And in the end, someone could always use a helping hand. But while I was busy in life trying to figure out what I want to eat, these people were busy figuring out how they were going to eat. And maybe it didn't help that the food I gave them was probably the most unhealthy thing ever (yeah I didn't think that one all the way out), but one thing it did do was bring some type of happiness to their life. And that was worth it for me. So to end this Essay, I leave you with this. Be grateful for the things in life, because some where in the middle of a place we never heard of...is someone who might not have some of the things you have. It could be the luxury of food, or clothes, or even what ever Technology it is you're using to read this right now. And help someone out if you can, anybody... because in the end, we all can use a little help that would bring us nothing but a Smile. So thanks again for your time and spread happiness. With love... -"Iron Man" (ps... Sorry for the length, I type 83 wpm.)
  • published: 28 Sep 2013
  • views: 379557
http://web.archive.org./web/20131103020857/http://wn.com/Iron Man Helps The Homeless Smile
  • Woodkid - Iron
    3:46
    Woodkid - Iron
  • Calvin Harris, Nicky Romero - IRON (Radio Edit)
    3:57
    Calvin Harris, Nicky Romero - IRON (Radio Edit)
  • How Iron Man 3 Should Have Ended
    4:28
    How Iron Man 3 Should Have Ended
  • Generation Iron Official Trailer (HD) Arnold Schwarzenegger, Mickey Rourke
    2:27
    Generation Iron Official Trailer (HD) Arnold Schwarzenegger, Mickey Rourke
  • IRON BABY
    1:13
    IRON BABY
  • IGN Plays Iron Man 3: The Official Game
    7:38
    IGN Plays Iron Man 3: The Official Game
  • Iron Man 3 - Official Trailer (HD)
    2:06
    Iron Man 3 - Official Trailer (HD)
  • Iron Man 3 Trailer # 2
    2:25
    Iron Man 3 Trailer # 2
  • 16-Bit Iron Man 3 - Movie Homage HD Video Game
    3:34
    16-Bit Iron Man 3 - Movie Homage HD Video Game
  • IRON MAN 3 THE MUSICAL - Parody
    3:02
    IRON MAN 3 THE MUSICAL - Parody
  • Iron Man 3 - Official Trailer #2 (HD) : Iron Legion, Hulk Buster Armor
    2:45
    Iron Man 3 - Official Trailer #2 (HD) : Iron Legion, Hulk Buster Armor
  • IRON MAN 3 Trailer - Thai sweded by FEDFE
    2:25
    IRON MAN 3 Trailer - Thai sweded by FEDFE
  • Honest Trailers - Iron Man 3
    5:13
    Honest Trailers - Iron Man 3
  • Iron Man Helps The Homeless Smile
    3:51
    Iron Man Helps The Homeless Smile

Woodkid - Iron

UK Fans - I Love You Feat. Angel Haze : http://po.st/thegoldenage Order Woodkid "THE GOLDEN AGE" on iTunes: http://smarturl.it/thegoldenageitunes Join the Wo...
  • published: 28 Mar 2011
  • views: 22056313
  • author: WOODKIDMUSIC

3:46
Wood­kid - Iron
UK Fans - I Love You Feat. Angel Haze : http://​po.​st/​thegoldenage Order Wood­kid "THE GOLDE...
pub­lished: 28 Mar 2011
3:57
Calvin Har­ris, Nicky Romero - IRON (Radio Edit)
Buy Nicky Romero feat Calvin Har­ris - Iron (Orig­i­nal Mix) on Beat­port : http://​www.​beatpor...
pub­lished: 16 Sep 2012
au­thor: Balla Lev­ente
4:28
How Iron Man 3 Should Have Ended
Tony Stark re­turns to HISHE for How Iron Man 3 Should Have Ended. Thank you for watch­ing! ...
pub­lished: 30 May 2013
2:27
Gen­er­a­tion Iron Of­fi­cial Trail­er (HD) Arnold Schwarzeneg­ger, Mick­ey Rourke
http://​www.​joblo.​com - "Gen­er­a­tion Iron Of­fi­cial Trail­er (HD) Arnold Schwarzeneg­ger, Micke...
pub­lished: 27 Aug 2013
1:13
IRON BABY
An Iron Man movie par­o­dy star­ring my baby girl. The cos­tume was cre­at­ed by her uncle STROB...
pub­lished: 27 May 2010
au­thor: Patrick Boivin
7:38
IGN Plays Iron Man 3: The Of­fi­cial Game
Justin and An­tho­ny take a tour of Gameloft's Iron Man end­less flyer, launch­ing April 25 on...
pub­lished: 24 Apr 2013
au­thor: IGN
2:06
Iron Man 3 - Of­fi­cial Trail­er (HD)
http://​www.​joblo.​com - "Iron Man 3" - Of­fi­cial Trail­er Mar­vel's "Iron Man 3" pits brash-bu...
pub­lished: 23 Oct 2012
2:25
Iron Man 3 Trail­er # 2
New trail­er for an­tic­i­pat­ed IRON MAN 3, star­ring Robert Downey JR. Join us on http://faceb...
pub­lished: 05 Mar 2013
3:34
16-Bit Iron Man 3 - Movie Homage HD Video Game
It start­ed as an art pro­ject, but quick­ly grew into a full blown homage to Iron Man 3, ret...
pub­lished: 30 Jul 2013
3:02
IRON MAN 3 THE MU­SI­CAL - Par­o­dy
Down­load song on iTunes: https://​itunes.​apple.​com/​us/​album/​iron-man-3-the-musical/​id666114...​
pub­lished: 26 Jun 2013
au­thor: lhugue­ny
2:45
Iron Man 3 - Of­fi­cial Trail­er #2 (HD) : Iron Le­gion, Hulk Buster Armor
The sec­ond trail­er for Mar­vel's Iron Man 3. In­clud­ing Tony Stark's Iron Le­gion in­clud­ing n...
pub­lished: 06 Mar 2013
au­thor: ENTV
2:25
IRON MAN 3 Trail­er - Thai swed­ed by FEDFE
IRON MAN 3 Trail­er - Thai swed­ed by FEDFE เฟ็ดเฟ่อย่างกะแซวหนังไอรอน แมน3 เชิญกดLIKE ติดตา...
pub­lished: 25 Apr 2013
au­thor: fed­fe­clip
5:13
Hon­est Trail­ers - Iron Man 3
Keep­ing movies hon­est ► http://​brk.​to/​IM3descr Iron Man 3 is the sum­mer's biggest box off...
pub­lished: 03 Sep 2013
3:51
Iron Man Helps The Home­less Smile
All the money made from this video will be do­nat­ed to the Las Vegas Res­cue Mis­sion. http:/...
pub­lished: 28 Sep 2013
Vimeo results:
3:45
Wood­kid "Iron"
IRON EP on ITUNES : http://​itunes.​apple.​com/​fr/​album/​iron-ep/​id423849905 First EP "IRON" a...
pub­lished: 28 Mar 2011
au­thor: WOOD­KID
2:34
A Brief His­to­ry of Title De­sign
Pre­sen­ta­tion video for the SXSW "Ex­cel­lence in Title De­sign" com­pe­ti­tion screen­ing. Edito...
pub­lished: 07 Mar 2011
au­thor: Ian Al­binson
3:36
Wood­kid "Run Boy Run"
RUN BOY RUN EP ON I-TUNES : http://​itunes.​apple.​com/​fr/​album/​run-boy-run-remixes-ep/​id522...​
pub­lished: 22 May 2012
au­thor: WOOD­KID
4:34
The View: A "Back-to-the-Cam­era Shot" Mon­tage
A col­lec­tion of "back to the cam­era" shots. The char­ac­ter stands cen­ter frame (most of the...
pub­lished: 10 Apr 2013

Youtube results:
9:13
Ev­ery­thing Wrong With Iron Man 3 Ac­cord­ing To Our View­ers
Iron Man 3 was plen­ty sin­ful, so much so that we turned over to our fans the keys to the s...
pub­lished: 08 Oct 2013
2:18
How Iron Man Should Have Ended
Maybe you should take a bil­lion dol­lar war suit for a test drive be­fore you try to fight i...
pub­lished: 27 Apr 2010
2:40
Iron Man: A Film by Mark Wahlberg
When Ben Af­fleck was an­nounced as the new Bat­man the In­ter­net was pissed. But when Mark W...
pub­lished: 03 Sep 2013
2:17
Iron Man 3 Trail­er #1: IN LEGO
The in­cred­i­ble Iron Man 3 Movie Trail­er re­made in LEGO. By CBL An­i­ma­tion. LIKE THIS ON REB...
pub­lished: 27 Apr 2013
au­thor: ca­bel28
×
photo: US Army / Specialist Michelle C. Lawrence
File - Sgt. Kevin Fischer, Sight Security Team 1st Battalion 161st Field Artillery, signals his security team to fill in the security perimeter, August 22, 2011, in the deserts of Djibouti.
Edit WorldNews.com
02 Nov 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but. our country, right or wrong!" -Stephen Decatur, U.S. Naval Officer. In the First U.S.-Barbary States War, on October 31, 1803, Commodore Stephen Decatur devised a secret plan to sail into Tripoli's harbor and either salvage or set ablaze the USS Philadelphia ... U.S ... As the U.S ... slavery and the slave trade....(size: 7.6Kb)
photo: Flickr
Eike Batista
Edit BBC News
31 Oct 2013
Related Stories. Batista oil firm in bankruptcy Brazil's fallen billionaire Brazilian billionaire sells up. Once listed as one of the top 10 wealthiest people in the world, Eike Batista boasted he would one day become the richest person on the planet. In little over a year, he is thought to have lost almost his entire fortune. OGX, the huge oil exploration company he controlled, has sought protection from bankruptcy ... 20 hours ago ... ....(size: 5.6Kb)
photo: AP / Ishtiaq Mehsud
File - In this photo taken Sunday, Oct. 4, 2009, new Pakistani Taliban chief Hakimullah Mehsud, right, holds a rocket launcher with his comrades in Sararogha of Pakistani tribal area of South Waziristan along the Afghanistan border.
Edit The Independent
02 Nov 2013
The Pakistan Taliban is expected to announce a new chief after its leader for the past four years was killed in a CIA drone strike – a move that will likely complicate efforts to hold peace between Pakistan’s government and the militant outfit ... Mr Mehsud’s cousin, uncle and one of his guards were among those said to have also been killed ... Mr Mehsud was widely reported to have been killed in 2010, only for him to later emerge alive ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
photo: AP / Ariel Schalit
File - Israeli soldiers drive armored personal carriers during a military exercise in the Israeli-controlled Golan Heights near the border with Syria, Wednesday, Oct. 2, 2013.
Edit Belfast Telegraph
01 Nov 2013
Israeli warplanes attacked a shipment of Russian missiles inside a Syrian government stronghold, officials said yesterday. It was a development that threatened to add another volatile layer to regional tensions from the Syrian civil war ... An Obama administration official confirmed the Israeli airstrike, but provided no details ... There was no immediate confirmation from Syria ... They said the cause of the blasts was not known ... AP ... Latest Sport....(size: 8.9Kb)




Edit Lexington Herald-Leader
03 Nov 2013
two assistants brought a large ladle up to the spout at the bottom of the cupola, a cylindrical furnace where iron was melted ... And with that, the UK Sculpture iron pour has been happening at the University of Kentucky for 20 years. There are other times during the year when visual arts students and faculty fire up the furnace to about 3,000 degrees to melt down iron so they can pour it into molds and make new artwork....(size: 3.7Kb)
Edit The Salt Lake Tribune
03 Nov 2013
Shanghai • For 16 holes, Dustin Johnson looked like the player who has won every year since turning pro and has played on two Ryder Cup teams ... Photos. At a glance. —. Leaderboard. WGC-HSBC Champions ... Also ... He followed with another run of four straight birdies, hitting a 5-iron into 15 feet for a two-putt birdie on the par-5 14th, and a 3-iron to the front of the 16th green for a chip-and-putt birdie that stretched his lead to six shots ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
Edit The Miami Herald
03 Nov 2013
Vilma was placed on short-term IR following arthroscopic knee surgery in August ... Ironically, Vilma played the first four seasons of his career with the Jets ... ....(size: 0.8Kb)
Edit The Examiner
03 Nov 2013
at hand. 2014 has a March-bound sequel Captain America film, a sophomore Phase 2 flick after “Iron Man 3” where, as told by Marvel, the S.H.I.E.L.D. allies come to aftermath terms after forming “The Avengers”. In one all-new official trailer for “Captain America ... And it all goes ballistic ... (Marvel.com) ....(size: 1.7Kb)
Edit Detroit Free Press
03 Nov 2013
In September, Flint Powers was 3-6 and some doubts crept into the mind of sophomore Erich Ruth as far as a possible run to the Division 3 championship. “I didn’t really know if we could do it or not,” said the diminutive midfielder. Well, he did it Saturday at Troy Athens ... Powers tied the first shoot-out, 3-3, when Christian Mansour, Powers’ last shooter, beat goalkeeper Zac Medendorp ... “I was nervous ... We had to iron out some things....(size: 2.3Kb)
Edit The Miami Herald
03 Nov 2013
Winnipeg, MB (SportsNetwork.com) - Corey Crawford made 26 saves and the Chicago Blackhawks rode an offensive barrage to a 5-1 win over the Winnipeg Jets at MTS Centre. The Blackhawks scored five unanswered goals, including three in a 4.55 span early in the second period to chase Winnipeg goaltender Ondrej Pavelec ... Shortly after Kane's backhander struck iron, Ben Smith beat Montoya on a redirection near the midway point of the third ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
Edit The Dallas Morning News
03 Nov 2013
The eastern region that makes up District 12-5A is muddied in one of the wildest playoff races so far this football season. While no official word has been handed down — a meeting this weekend will try and iron out the details — there are some scenarios that could take place. Matt Diggs posted his take on the district race at theoldcoach.com.. There is no explicit rule in the rules about a four-way tie ... We have Longview vs ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Edit Detroit Free Press
03 Nov 2013
BROOKLYN, MICH. — Kirsten Olling wanted one more terrible race to cap one more terrible season. Yeah, that sounds weird, but it makes perfect sense if you think like Olling. A year ago, the absolutely delightful Olling described her junior season at Breckenridge as “sucky” because all she did was win her third straight Division 4 cross-country state championship ... “I had my iron deficiency and everything ... Another bit of history ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
Edit The Charlotte Observer
03 Nov 2013
San Francisco, CA (SportsNetwork.com) - Fred Couples fired a 3-under-par 68 on Saturday to move ahead by five shots entering the final round of the Charles Schwab Cup Championship. Couples, who is seeking his first Champions Tour win of the season, sits at 15-under-par 198 through 54 holes at TPC Harding Park ... "To shoot 4-under today ... NOTES ... On Friday, Fred Funk carded a hole-in-one at the par-3 eighth with a 4-iron from 204 yards ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
Edit Orange News
03 Nov 2013
Australia warmed to the task of regaining the World Cup as they beat Fiji 34-2 on a bitterly cold night in St Helens to book their quarter-final spot ... Try scoring ... The teeming rain meant that half-time was a welcome distraction - especially for Australian's iron man Paul Gallen who was uncharacteristically roughed up by Kane Evans - but the break did little to halt Australia's dominance ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Edit The Guardian
03 Nov 2013
Sadler's Wells, London. Hofesh Shechter's trademark interplay of politics and humour steers too close to whimsy in this lively new work 2. 'His most antic work yet’ ... Photograph. Tristram Kenton ... But Shechter goes too far, blunting his message with a goose-stepping kick line that's a whisper away from Springtime for Hitler, a scene in which thugs cosh a hapless victim and then take an ironic bow, and repeated on- and off-stage screaming ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
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03 Nov 2013
VANCOUVER - . Jarome Iginla admits it felt "awkward.". Here he was this past summer, a man with no team, waiting to find a home in free agency, his brief tenure as a Pittsburgh Penguin having ended abruptly in a sweep at the hands of the Boston Bruins in the Eastern Conference final ... Make no mistake ... You were pissed at the time ... And then, in an ironic twist, just weeks later, he was reaching out to those same Bruins ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
Edit The Miami Herald
03 Nov 2013
2013 — Chriselliam. 2012 — Flotilla. 2011Stephanie's Kitten. 2010More Than Real. 2009 — Tapitsfly. 2008 — Maram. 2013 — Groupie Doll. 2012 — Groupie Doll. 2011 — Musical Romance. 2010 — Dubai Majesty. 2009 — Informed Decision. 2008 — Ventura. 2007 — Maryfield. 2013 — Ria Antonia. 2012 — Beholder ... 2009 — Man of Iron ... 1 . .. ....(size: 4.0Kb)
manganeseironcobalt
-

Fe

Ru
Appearance
lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge
A rough wedge of silvery metal

Spectral lines of iron
General properties
Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26
Pronunciation /ˈ.ərn/
Element category transition metal
Group, period, block 84, d
Standard atomic weight 55.845(2)
Electron configuration [Ar] 3d6 4s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 14, 2 (Image)
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 7.874 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 6.98 g·cm−3
Melting point 1811 K, 1538 °C, 2800 °F
Boiling point 3134 K, 2862 °C, 5182 °F
Heat of fusion 13.81 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 340 kJ·mol−1
Molar heat capacity 25.10 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1728 1890 2091 2346 2679 3132
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 8,[1] 7,[1] 6, 5[2], 4, 3, 2, 1[3], -1, -2
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.83 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)
1st: 762.5 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1561.9 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 2957 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 126 pm
Covalent radius 132±3 (low spin), 152±6 (high spin) pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure body-centered cubic
a=286.65 pm;
face-centered cubic
between 1185–1667 K
Magnetic ordering ferromagnetic
1043 K
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 96.1 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity 80.4 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 11.8 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (r.t.) (electrolytic)
5120 m·s−1
Young's modulus 211 GPa
Shear modulus 82 GPa
Bulk modulus 170 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.29
Mohs hardness 4
Vickers hardness 608 MPa
Brinell hardness 490 MPa
CAS registry number 7439-89-6
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of iron
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
54Fe 5.8% >3.1×1022y 2ε capture  ? 54Cr
55Fe syn 2.73 y ε capture 0.231 55Mn
56Fe 91.72% 56Fe is stable with 30 neutrons
57Fe 2.2% 57Fe is stable with 31 neutrons
58Fe 0.28% 58Fe is stable with 32 neutrons
59Fe syn 44.503 d β 1.565 59Co
60Fe syn 2.6×106 y β 3.978 60Co
· r

Iron (/ˈərn/ EYE-ər-n) is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element (by mass) forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Iron's very common presence in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production as a result of fusion in high-mass stars, where the production of nickel-56 (which decays to the most common isotope of iron) is the last nuclear fusion reaction that is exothermic. This causes radioactive nickel to become the last element to be produced before collapse of a supernova leads to the explosive events that scatter this precursor radionuclide of iron abundantly into space.

Like other group 8 elements, iron exists in a wide range of oxidation states, −2 to +8, although +2 and +3 are the most common. Elemental iron occurs in meteoroids and other low oxygen environments, but is reactive to oxygen and water. Fresh iron surfaces appear lustrous silvery-gray, but oxidize in normal air to give iron oxides, also known as rust. Unlike many other metals which form passivating oxide layers, iron oxides occupy more volume than iron metal, and thus iron oxides flake off and expose fresh surfaces for corrosion.

Iron metal has been used since ancient times, though lower-melting copper alloys were used first in history. Pure iron is soft (softer than aluminium), but is unobtainable by smelting. The material is significantly hardened and strengthened by impurities from the smelting process, such as carbon. A certain proportion of carbon (between 0.2% and 2.1%) produces steel, which may be up to 1000 times harder than pure iron. Crude iron metal is produced in blast furnaces, where ore is reduced by coke to cast iron, which has a high carbon content. Further refinement with oxygen reduces the carbon content to the correct proportion to make steel. Steels and low carbon iron alloys with other metals (alloy steels) are by far the most common metals in industrial use, due to their great range of desirable properties.

Iron chemical compounds, which include ferrous and ferric compounds, have many uses. Iron oxide mixed with aluminium powder can be ignited to create a thermite reaction, used in welding and purifying ores. It forms binary compounds with the halogens and the chalcogens. Among its organometallic compounds is ferrocene, the first sandwich compound discovered.

Iron plays an important role in biology, forming complexes with molecular oxygen in hemoglobin and myoglobin; these two compounds are common oxygen transport proteins in vertebrates. Iron is also the metal used at the active site of many important redox enzymes dealing with cellular respiration and oxidation and reduction in plants and animals.

Contents

Characteristics[link]

Mechanical properties[link]

Characteristic values of tensile strength (TS) and Brinell hardness (BH) of different forms of iron.[4][5]
Material TS
(MPa)
BH
(Brinell)
Iron whiskers 11000
Ausformed (hardened) steel 2930 850–1200
Martensitic steel 2070 600
Bainitic steel 1380 400
Pearlitic steel 1200 350
Cold-worked iron 690 200
Small-grain iron 340 100
Carbon-containing iron 140 40
Pure, single-crystal iron 10 3

The mechanical properties of iron and its alloys can be evaluated using a variety of tests, including the Brinell test, Rockwell test and the Vickers hardness test. The data on iron is so consistent that it is often used to calibrate measurements or to compare tests.[5][6] However, the mechanical properties of iron are significantly affected by the sample's purity: pure research-purpose single crystals of iron are actually softer than aluminium,[4] and the purest industrially produced iron (99.99%) has a hardness of 20–30 Brinell.[7] An increase in the carbon content of the iron will initially cause a significant corresponding increase in the iron's hardness and tensile strength. Maximum hardness of 65 Rc is achieved with a 0.6% carbon content, although this produces a metal with a low tensile strength.[8]

Phase diagram and allotropes[link]

Iron represents an example of allotropy in a metal. There are at least four allotropic forms of iron, known as α, γ, δ, and ε; at very high pressures, some controversial experimental evidence exists for a phase β stable at very high pressures and temperatures.[9]

Low-pressure phase diagram of pure iron

As molten iron cools down it crystallizes at 1538 °C into its δ allotrope, which has a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure. As it cools further its crystal structure changes to face-centered cubic (fcc) at 1394 °C, when it is known as γ-iron, or austenite. At 912 °C the crystal structure again becomes bcc as α-iron, or ferrite, is formed, and at 770 °C (the Curie point, Tc) iron becomes magnetic. As the iron passes through the Curie temperature there is no change in crystalline structure, but there is a change in "domain structure", where each domain contains iron atoms with a particular electronic spin. In unmagnetized iron, all the electronic spins of the atoms within one domain are in the same direction; the neighboring domains point in various directions and thus cancel out. In magnetized iron, the electronic spins of all the domains are aligned, so that the magnetic effects of neighboring domains reinforce each other. Although each domain contains billions of atoms, they are very small, about 10 micrometres across.[10] At pressures above approximately 10 GPa and temperatures of a few hundred kelvin or less, α-iron changes into a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure, which is also known as ε-iron; the higher-temperature γ-phase also changes into ε-iron, but does so at higher pressure. The β-phase, if it exists, would appear at pressures of at least 50 GPa and temperatures of at least 1500 K; it has been thought to have an orthorhombic or a double hcp structure.[9]

Iron is of greatest importance when mixed with certain other metals and with carbon to form steels. There are many types of steels, all with different properties, and an understanding of the properties of the allotropes of iron is key to the manufacture of good quality steels.

α-iron, also known as ferrite, is the most stable form of iron at normal temperatures. It is a fairly soft metal that can dissolve only a small concentration of carbon (no more than 0.021% by mass at 910 °C).[11]

Above 912 °C and up to 1400 °C α-iron undergoes a phase transition from bcc to the fcc configuration of γ-iron, also called austenite. This is similarly soft and metallic but can dissolve considerably more carbon (as much as 2.04% by mass at 1146 °C). This form of iron is used in the type of stainless steel used for making cutlery, and hospital and food-service equipment.[10]

The high-pressure phases of iron are important as endmember models for the solid parts of planetary cores. The inner core of the Earth is generally assumed to consist essentially of an iron-nickel alloy with ε (or β) structure.

The melting point of iron is experimentally well constrained for pressures up to approximately 50 GPa. For higher pressures, different studies placed the γ-ε-liquid triple point at pressures differing by tens of gigapascals and yielded differences of more than 1000 K for the melting point. Generally speaking, molecular dynamics computer simulations of iron melting and shock wave experiments suggest higher melting points and a much steeper slope of the melting curve than static experiments carried out in diamond anvil cells.[12]

Isotopes[link]

Naturally occurring iron consists of four stable isotopes: 5.845% of 54Fe, 91.754% of 56Fe, 2.119% of 57Fe and 0.282% of 58Fe. Of these stable isotopes, only 57Fe has a nuclear spin (−1/2). The nuclide 54Fe is predicted to undergo double beta decay, but this process had never been observed experimentally for these nuclei, and only the lower limit on the half-life was established: t1/2>3.1×1022 years.

60Fe is an extinct radionuclide of long half-life (2.6 million years).[13] It is not found on Earth, but its ultimate decay product is the stable nuclide nickel-60.

Much of the past work on measuring the isotopic composition of Fe has focused on determining 60Fe variations due to processes accompanying nucleosynthesis (i.e., meteorite studies) and ore formation. In the last decade however, advances in mass spectrometry technology have allowed the detection and quantification of minute, naturally occurring variations in the ratios of the stable isotopes of iron. Much of this work has been driven by the Earth and planetary science communities, although applications to biological and industrial systems are beginning to emerge.[14]

The most abundant iron isotope 56Fe is of particular interest to nuclear scientists as it represents the most common endpoint of nucleosynthesis. It is often cited, falsely, as the isotope of highest binding energy, a distinction which actually belongs to nickel-62.[15] Since 56Ni is easily produced from lighter nuclei in the alpha process in nuclear reactions in supernovae (see silicon burning process), nickel-56 (14 alpha particles) is the endpoint of fusion chains inside extremely massive stars, since addition of another alpha particle would result in zinc-60, which requires a great deal more energy. This nickel-56, which has a half-life of about 6 days, is therefore made in quantity in these stars, but soon decays by two successive positron emissions within supernova decay products in the supernova remnant gas cloud, first to radioactive cobalt-56, and then stable iron-56. This last nuclide is therefore common in the universe, relative to other stable metals of approximately the same atomic weight.

In phases of the meteorites Semarkona and Chervony Kut a correlation between the concentration of 60Ni, the daughter product of 60Fe, and the abundance of the stable iron isotopes could be found which is evidence for the existence of 60Fe at the time of formation of the Solar System. Possibly the energy released by the decay of 60Fe contributed, together with the energy released by decay of the radionuclide 26Al, to the remelting and differentiation of asteroids after their formation 4.6 billion years ago[citation needed]. The abundance of 60Ni present in extraterrestrial material may also provide further insight into the origin of the Solar System and its early history.

Nuclei of iron atoms have some of the highest binding energies per nucleon, surpassed only by the nickel isotope 62Ni. This is formed by nuclear fusion in stars. Although a further tiny energy gain could be extracted by synthesizing 62Ni, conditions in stars are unsuitable for this process to be favored. Elemental distribution on Earth greatly favors iron over nickel, and also presumably in supernova element production.[16]

Iron-56 is the heaviest stable isotope produced by the alpha process in stellar nucleosynthesis; elements heavier than iron and nickel require a supernova for their formation. Iron is the most abundant element in the core of red giants, and is the most abundant metal in iron meteorites and in the dense metal cores of planets such as Earth.

Nucleosynthesis[link]

Iron is created by extremely large, extremely hot (over 2.5 billion kelvin) stars, through a process called the silicon burning process. It is the heaviest stable element to be produced in this manner. The process starts with the second largest stable nucleus created by silicon burning: calcium. One stable nucleus of calcium fuses with one helium nucleus, creating unstable titanium. Before the titanium decays, it can fuse with another helium nucleus, creating unstable chromium. Before the chromium decays, it can fuse with another helium nucleus, creating unstable iron. Before the iron decays, it can fuse with another helium nucleus, creating unstable nickel-56. Any further fusion of nickel-56 consumes energy instead of producing energy, so after the production of nickel-56, the star does not produce the energy necessary to keep the core from collapsing. Eventually, the nickel-56 decays to unstable cobalt-56 which, in turn decays to stable iron-56. When the core of the star collapses, it creates a Supernova. Supernovas also create additional forms of stable iron via the r-process.

Occurrence[link]

Planetary occurrence[link]

Iron meteorites of similar composition of Earth's inner and outer core

Iron is the sixth most abundant element in the Universe, and the most common refractory element.[17] It is formed as the final exothermic stage of stellar nucleosynthesis, by silicon fusion in massive stars. Metallic iron is rarely found on the surface of the Earth because it tends to oxidize, but its oxides are pervasive and represent the primary ores. While it makes up about 5% of the Earth's crust, both the Earth's inner and outer core are believed to consist largely of an iron-nickel alloy constituting 35% of the mass of the Earth as a whole. Iron is consequently the most abundant element on Earth, but only the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust.[18][19] Most of the iron in the crust is found combined with oxygen as iron oxide minerals such as hematite and magnetite. Large deposits of iron are found in banded iron formations. These geological formations are a type of rock consisting of repeated thin layers of iron oxides, either magnetite (Fe3O4) or hematite (Fe2O3), alternating with bands of iron-poor shale and chert. The banded iron formations are common in the time between 3,700 million years ago and 1,800 million years ago[20][21]

About 1 in 20 meteorites consist of the unique iron-nickel minerals taenite (35–80% iron) and kamacite (90–95% iron). Although rare, iron meteorites are the main form of natural metallic iron on the Earth's surface.[22] It was proven by Mössbauer spectroscopy that the red color of the surface of Mars is derived from an iron oxide-rich regolith.[23]

Stocks in use in society[link]

According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global per capita stock of iron in use in society is 2200 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (7000–14000 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (2000 kg per capita).

Chemistry and compounds[link]

Iron forms compounds mainly in the +2 and +3 oxidation states. Traditionally, iron(II) compounds are called ferrous, and iron(III) compounds ferric. Iron also occurs in higher oxidation states, an example being the purple potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) which contains iron in its +6 oxidation state. Iron(IV) is a common intermediate in many in biochemical oxidation reactions.[24][25] Numerous organometallic compounds contain formal oxidation states of +1, 0, −1, or even −2. The oxidation states and other bonding properties are often assessed using the technique of Mössbauer spectroscopy.[26] There are also many mixed valence compounds that contain both iron(II) and iron(III) centers, such as magnetite and Prussian blue (Fe4(Fe[CN]6)3).[25] The latter is used as the traditional "blue" in blueprints.[27]

Some canary-yellow powder sits, mostly in lumps, on a laboratory watch glass.
Hydrated iron(III) chloride, also known as ferric chloride

The iron compounds produced on the largest scale in industry are iron(II) sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O) and iron(III) chloride (FeCl3). The former is one of the most readily available sources of iron(II), but is less stable to aerial oxidation than Mohr's salt ((NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O). Iron(II) compounds tend to be oxidized to iron(III) compounds in the air.[25]

Unlike many other metals, iron does not form amalgams with mercury. As a result, mercury is traded in standardized 76 pound flasks (34 kg) made of iron.[28]

Binary compounds[link]

Iron reacts with oxygen in the air to form various oxide and hydroxide compounds; the most common are iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4), and iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3). Iron(II) oxide also exists, though it is unstable at room temperature. These oxides are the principal ores for the production of iron (see bloomery and blast furnace). They are also used in the production of ferrites, useful magnetic storage media in computers, and pigments. The best known sulfide is iron pyrite (FeS2), also known as fool's gold owing to its golden luster.[25]

The binary ferrous and ferric halides are well known, with the exception of ferric iodide. The ferrous halides typically arise from treating iron metal with the corresponding binary halogen acid to give the corresponding hydrated salts.[25]

Fe + 2 HX → FeX2 + H2

Iron reacts with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine to give the corresponding ferric halides, ferric chloride being the most common:

2 Fe + 3 X2 → 2 FeX3 (X = F, Cl, Br)

Coordination and organometallic compounds[link]

Several cyanide complexes are known. The most famous example is Prussian blue, (Fe4(Fe[CN]6)3). Potassium ferricyanide and potassium ferrocyanide are also known; the formation of Prussian blue upon reaction with iron(II) and iron(III) respectively forms the basis of a "wet" chemical test.[25] Prussian blue is also used as an antidote for thallium and radioactive caesium poisoning.[29][30] Prussian blue can be used in laundry bluing to correct the yellowish tint left by ferrous salts in water.[31]

Several carbonyl compounds of iron are known. The premier iron(0) compound is iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5, which is used to produce carbonyl iron powder, a highly reactive form of metallic iron. Thermolysis of iron pentacarbonyl gives the trinuclear cluster, triiron dodecacarbonyl. Collman's reagent, disodium tetracarbonylferrate, is a useful reagent for organic chemistry; it contains iron in the −2 oxidation state. Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer contains iron in the rare +1 oxidation state.[32]

Ferrocene is an extremely stable complex. The first sandwich compound, it contains an iron(II) center with two cyclopentadienyl ligands bonded through all ten carbon atoms. This arrangement was a shocking novelty when it was first discovered,[33] but the discovery of ferrocene has led to a new branch of organometallic chemistry. Ferrocene itself can be used as the backbone of a ligand, e.g. dppf. Ferrocene can itself be oxidized to the ferrocenium cation (Fc+); the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple is often used as a reference in electrochemistry.[34]

History[link]

Wrought iron[link]

A circle, with a short, simple arrow shape extending diagonally upwards and rightwards from its edge
The symbol for Mars has been used since antiquity to represent iron.
An pillar, slightly fluted, with some ornamentation at its top. It is black, slightly weathered to a dark brown near the base. It is around 7 meters (22 feet) tall. It stands upon a raised circular base of stone, and is surrounded by a short, square fence.
The Delhi iron pillar is an example of the iron extraction and processing methodologies of India. The iron pillar at Delhi has withstood corrosion for the last 1600 years.

Iron objects of great age are much rarer than objects made of gold or silver due to the ease of corrosion of iron.[35] Beads made of meteoric iron in 3500 B.C. or earlier were found in Gerzah, Egypt by G. A. Wainwright.[36] The beads contain 7.5% nickel, which is a signature of meteoric origin since iron found in the Earth's crust has very little to no nickel content. Meteoric iron was highly regarded due to its origin in the heavens and was often used to forge weapons and tools or whole specimens placed in churches.[36] Items that were likely made of iron by Egyptians date from 2500 to 3000 BC.[35] Iron had a distinct advantage over bronze in warfare implements. It was much harder and more durable than bronze, although susceptible to rust. However, this is contested. Hittitologist Trevor Bryce argues that before advanced iron-working techniques were developed in India, cast-iron weapons used by early Mesopotamian armies had a tendency to shatter in combat, due to their high carbon content.[37]

The first iron production started in the Middle Bronze Age but it took several centuries before iron displaced bronze. Samples of smelted iron from Asmar, Mesopotamia and Tall Chagar Bazaar in northern Syria were made sometime between 2700 and 3000 BC.[38] The Hittites appear to be the first to understand the production of iron from its ores and regard it highly in their society.[31] They began to smelt iron between 1500 and 1200 BC and the practice spread to the rest of the Near East after their empire fell in 1180 BC.[38] The subsequent period is called the Iron Age. Iron smelting, and thus the Iron Age, reached Europe two hundred years later and arrived in Zimbabwe, Africa by the 8th century.[38]

Artifacts from smelted iron occur in India from 1800 to 1200 BC,[39] and in the Levant from about 1500 BC (suggesting smelting in Anatolia or the Caucasus).[40][41]

The Book of Genesis, fourth chapter, verse 22 contains the first mention of iron in the Old Testament of the Bible; "Tubal-cain, an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron."[35] Other verses allude to iron mining (Job 28:2), iron used as a stylus (Job 19:24), furnace (Deuteronomy 4:20), chariots (Joshua 17:16), nails (I Chron. 22:3), saws and axes (II Sam. 12:31), and cooking utensils (Ezekiel 4:3).[42] The metal is also mentioned in the New Testament, for example in Acts chapter 12 verse 10, "[Peter passed through] the iron gate that leadeth unto the city" of Antioch.[43] The Quran referred to Iron 1400 years ago.

Iron working was introduced to Greece in the late 11th century BC.[44] The spread of ironworking in Central and Western Europe is associated with Celtic expansion. According to Pliny the Elder, iron use was common in the Roman era.[36] The annual iron output of the Roman Empire is estimated at 84,750 t,[45] while the similarly populous Han China produced around 5,000 t.[46]

During the Industrial Revolution in Britain, Henry Cort began refining iron from pig iron to wrought iron (or bar iron) using innovative production systems. In 1783 he patented the puddling process for refining iron ore. It was later improved by others including Joseph Hall.

Cast iron[link]

Cast iron was first produced in China about 550 BC,[47] but was hardly in Europe until the medieval period.[48][49] During the medieval period, means were found in Europe of producing wrought iron from cast iron (in this context known as pig iron) using finery forges. For all these processes, charcoal was required as fuel.

Coalbrookdale by Night, 1801. Blast furnaces light the iron making town of Coalbrookdale.

Medieval blast furnaces were about 10 feet (3.0 m) tall and made of fireproof brick; forced air was usually provided by hand-operated bellows.[49] Modern blast furnaces have grown much bigger.

In 1709, Abraham Darby I established a coke-fired blast furnace to produce cast iron. The ensuing availability of inexpensive iron was one of the factors leading to the Industrial Revolution. Toward the end of the 18th century, cast iron began to replace wrought iron for certain purposes, because it was cheaper. Carbon content in iron wasn't implicated as the reason for the differences in properties of wrought iron, cast iron and steel until the 18th century.[38]

Since iron was becoming cheaper and more plentiful, it also became a major structural material following the building of the innovative first iron bridge in 1778.

Steel[link]

Steel (with smaller carbon content than pig iron but more than wrought iron) was first produced in antiquity by using a bloomery. Blacksmiths in Luristan in western Iran were making good steel by 1000 BC.[38] Then improved versions, Wootz steel by India and Damascus steel by China were developed around 300 B.C. and 500 A.D. respectively. These methods were specialized, and so steel did not become a major commodity until the 1850s.[50]

New methods of producing it by carburizing bars of iron in the cementation process were devised in the 17th century AD. In the Industrial Revolution, new methods of producing bar iron without charcoal were devised and these were later applied to produce steel. In the late 1850s, Henry Bessemer invented a new steelmaking process, involving blowing air through molten pig iron, to produce mild steel. This made steel much more economical, thereby leading to wrought iron no longer being produced.[citation needed]

Foundations of modern chemistry[link]

Antoine Lavoisier used the reaction of water steam with metallic iron inside an incandescent iron tube to produce hydrogen in his experiments leading to the demonstration of the mass conservation. Anaerobic oxidation of iron at high temperature can be schematically represented by the following reactions:

   Fe +    H2O → FeO + H2
2 Fe + 3 H2O → Fe2O3 + 3 H2
3 Fe + 4 H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 H2

Recent discoveries[link]

  • discovery of Mössbauer effect
  • many enzymes use iron in the catalytic center
  • Nickel-56 is the natural end product of silicon burning in massive stars. However Nickel-56 decays to cobalt-56 and then to stable iron-56, ultimately making iron the most abundant heavy element produced by that nucleosynthesis.[51]
  • superconductivity?
  • magnetic effect
  • ferrocene

Industrial production[link]

The production of iron or steel is a process containing two main stages, unless the desired product is cast iron. The first stage is to produce pig iron in a blast furnace. Alternatively, it may be directly reduced. The second is to make wrought iron or steel from pig iron by a further process.

The fining process of smelting iron ore to make wrought iron from pig iron, with the right illustration displaying men working a blast furnace, from the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia, published in 1637 by Song Yingxing.
How iron was extracted in the 19th century

For a few limited purposes like electromagnet cores, pure iron is produced by electrolysis of a ferrous sulfate solution[31]

Blast furnace[link]

Ninety percent of all mining of metallic ores is for the extraction of iron[citation needed]. Industrially, iron production involves iron ores, principally hematite (nominally Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) in a carbothermic reaction (reduction with carbon) in a blast furnace at temperatures of about 2000 °C. In a blast furnace, iron ore, carbon in the form of coke, and a flux such as limestone (which is used to remove silicon dioxide impurities in the ore which would otherwise clog the furnace with solid material) are fed into the top of the furnace, while a massive blast of heated air, about 4 tons per ton of iron,[49] is forced into the furnace at the bottom.

Iron output in 2005

In the furnace, the coke reacts with oxygen in the air blast to produce carbon monoxide:

2 C + O2 → 2 CO

The carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore (in the chemical equation below, hematite) to molten iron, becoming carbon dioxide in the process:

Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO2

Some iron in the high-temperature lower region of the furnace reacts directly with the coke:

2 Fe2O3 + 3 C → 4 Fe + 3 CO2

The flux is present to melt impurities in the ore, principally silicon dioxide sand and other silicates. Common fluxes include limestone (principally calcium carbonate) and dolomite (calcium-magnesium carbonate). Other fluxes may be used depending on the impurities that need to be removed from the ore. In the heat of the furnace the limestone flux decomposes to calcium oxide (also known as quicklime):

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Then calcium oxide combines with silicon dioxide to form a liquid slag.

CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3

The slag melts in the heat of the furnace. In the bottom of the furnace, the molten slag floats on top of the denser molten iron, and apertures in the side of the furnace are opened to run off the iron and the slag separately. The iron, once cooled, is called pig iron, while the slag can be used as a material in road construction or to improve mineral-poor soils for agriculture[49]

This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production.

In 2005, approximately 1,544 million metric tons of iron ore were produced worldwide. According to the British Geological Survey, China was the top producer of iron ore with at least one quarter world share, followed by Brazil, Australia and India.

Direct iron reduction[link]

Since coke is becoming more regulated due to environmental concerns, alternative methods of processing iron have been developed. One of them is known as direct iron reduction.[49] It reduces iron ore to a powder substance called sponge iron, which is suitable for steelmaking. There are two main reactions that go on in the direct reduction process:

Natural gas is partially oxidized (with heat and a catalyst):

2 CH4 + O2 → 2 CO + 4 H2

These gases are then treated with iron ore in a furnace, producing solid sponge iron:

Fe2O3 + CO + 2 H2 → 2 Fe + CO2 + 2 H2O

Silica is removed by adding a flux, i.e. limestone, later.

Further processes[link]

Iron-carbon phase diagram, various stable solid solution forms

Pig iron is not pure iron, but has 4–5% carbon dissolved in it with small amounts of other impurities like sulfur, magnesium, phosphorus and manganese. As the carbon is the major impurity, the iron (pig iron) becomes brittle and hard. This form of iron, also known as cast iron, is used to cast articles in foundries such as stoves, pipes, radiators, lamp-posts and rails.

Alternatively pig iron may be made into steel (with up to about 2% carbon) or wrought iron (commercially pure iron). Various processes have been used for this, including finery forges, puddling furnaces, Bessemer converters, open hearth furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, and electric arc furnaces. In all cases, the objective is to oxidize some or all of the carbon, together with other impurities. On the other hand, other metals may be added to make alloy steels.

The hardness of the steel depends upon its carbon content: the higher the percentage of carbon, the greater the hardness and the lesser the malleability. The properties of the steel can also be changed by several methods.

Annealing involves the heating of a piece of steel to 700–800 °C for several hours and then gradual cooling. It makes the steel softer and more workable.

Steel may be hardened by cold working. The metal is bent or hammered into its final shape at a relatively cool temperature. Cold forging is the stamping of a piece of steel into shape by a heavy press. Wrenches are commonly made by cold forging. Cold rolling, which involves making a thinner but harder sheet, and cold drawing, which makes a thinner but stronger wire, are two other methods of cold working. To harden the steel, it is heated to red-hot and then cooled by quenching it in the water. It becomes harder and more brittle. If it is too hardened, it is then heated to a required temperature and allowed to cool. The steel thus formed is less brittle.

Heat treatment is another way to harden steel. The steel is heated red-hot, then cooled quickly. The iron carbide molecules are decomposed by the heat, but do not have time to reform. Since the free carbon atoms are stuck, it makes the steel much harder and stronger than before.[49]

Sometimes both toughness and hardness are desired. A process called case hardening may be used. Steel is heated to about 900 °C then plunged into oil or water. Carbon from the oil can diffuse into the steel, making the surface very hard. The surface cools quickly, but the inside cools slowly, making an extremely hard surface and a durable, resistant inner layer.

Iron may be passivated by dipping it into a concentrated nitric acid solution. This forms a protective layer of oxide on the metal, protecting it from further corrosion.[52]

Applications[link]

Metallurgical[link]

Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for 95% of worldwide metal production.[citation needed] Its low cost and high strength make it indispensable in engineering applications such as the construction of machinery and machine tools, automobiles, the hulls of large ships, and structural components for buildings. Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly used in the form of steel.

Commercially available iron is classified based on purity and the abundance of additives. Pig iron has 3.5–4.5% carbon[53] and contains varying amounts of contaminants such as sulfur, silicon and phosphorus. Pig iron is not a saleable product, but rather an intermediate step in the production of cast iron and steel from iron ore. Cast iron contains 2–4% carbon, 1–6% silicon, and small amounts of manganese. Contaminants present in pig iron that negatively affect material properties, such as sulfur and phosphorus, have been reduced to an acceptable level. It has a melting point in the range of 1420–1470 K, which is lower than either of its two main components, and makes it the first product to be melted when carbon and iron are heated together. Its mechanical properties vary greatly, dependent upon the form carbon takes in the alloy.

"White" cast irons contain their carbon in the form of cementite, or iron carbide. This hard, brittle compound dominates the mechanical properties of white cast irons, rendering them hard, but unresistant to shock. The broken surface of a white cast iron is full of fine facets of the broken carbide, a very pale, silvery, shiny material, hence the appellation.

In gray iron the carbon exists free as fine flakes of graphite, and also renders the material brittle due to the stress-raising nature of the sharp edged flakes of graphite. A newer variant of gray iron, referred to as ductile iron is specially treated with trace amounts of magnesium to alter the shape of graphite to spheroids, or nodules, vastly increasing the toughness and strength of the material.

Wrought iron contains less than 0.25% carbon.[53] It is a tough, malleable product, but not as fusible as pig iron. If honed to an edge, it loses it quickly. Wrought iron is characterized by the presence of fine fibers of slag entrapped in the metal. Wrought iron is more corrosion resistant than steel. It has been almost completely replaced by mild steel for traditional "wrought iron" products and blacksmithing.

Mild steel corrodes more readily than wrought iron, but is cheaper and more widely available. Carbon steel contains 2.0% carbon or less,[54] with small amounts of manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon. Alloy steels contain varying amounts of carbon as well as other metals, such as chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, etc. Their alloy content raises their cost, and so they are usually only employed for specialist uses. One common alloy steel, though, is stainless steel. Recent developments in ferrous metallurgy have produced a growing range of microalloyed steels, also termed 'HSLA' or high-strength, low alloy steels, containing tiny additions to produce high strengths and often spectacular toughness at minimal cost.

Apart from traditional applications, iron is also used for protection from ionizing radiation. Although it is lighter than another traditional protection material, lead, it is much stronger mechanically. The attenuation of radiation as a function of energy is shown in the graph.

The main disadvantage of iron and steel is that pure iron, and most of its alloys, suffer badly from rust if not protected in some way. Painting, galvanization, passivation, plastic coating and bluing are all used to protect iron from rust by excluding water and oxygen or by cathodic protection.

Of compounds[link]

Although its metallurgical role is dominant in terms of amounts, iron compounds are pervasive in industry as well being used in many niche uses. Iron catalysts are traditionally used in the Haber-Bosch Process for the production of ammonia and the Fischer-Tropsch process for conversion of carbon monoxide to hydrocarbons for fuels and lubricants.[55] Powdered iron in an acidic solvent was used in the Bechamp reduction the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline.[56]

Iron(III) chloride finds use in water purification and sewage treatment, in the dyeing of cloth, as a coloring agent in paints, as an additive in animal feed, and as an etchant for copper in the manufacture of printed circuit boards.[57] It can also be dissolved in alcohol to form tincture of iron.[31] The other halides tend to be limited to laboratory uses.

Iron(II) sulfate is used as a precursor to other iron compounds. It is also used to reduce chromate in cement. It is used to fortify foods and treat iron deficiency anemia. These are its main uses. Iron(III) sulfate is used in settling minute sewage particles in tank water. Iron(II) chloride is used as a reducing flocculating agent, in the formation of iron complexes and magnetic iron oxides, and as a reducing agent in organic synthesis.

Biological role[link]

Iron is abundant in biology. Iron-proteins are found in all living organisms, ranging from the evolutionarily primitive archaea to humans. The color of blood is due to the hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein. As illustrated by hemoglobin, iron often is bound to cofactors, e.g. in hemes. The iron-sulfur clusters are pervasive and include nitrogenase, the enzymes responsible for biological nitrogen fixation. Influential theories of evolution have invoked a role for iron sulfides in the iron-sulfur world theory.

Structure of Heme b, in the protein additional ligand(s) would be attached to Fe.

Iron is a necessary trace element found in nearly all living organisms. Iron-containing enzymes and proteins, often containing heme prosthetic groups, participate in many biological oxidations and in transport. Examples of proteins found in higher organisms include hemoglobin, cytochrome (see high-valent iron), and catalase.[58]

Bioinorganic compounds[link]

The most commonly-known and studied "bioinorganic" compounds of iron (i.e., iron compounds used in biology) are the heme proteins: examples are hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome P450. These compounds can transport gases, build enzymes, and be used in transferring electrons. Metalloproteins are a group of proteins with metal ion cofactors. Some examples of iron metalloproteins are ferritin and rubredoxin. Many enzymes vital to life contain iron, such as catalase, lipoxygenases, and IRE-BP.

Health and diet[link]

Iron is pervasive, but particularly rich sources of dietary iron include red meat, lentils, beans, poultry, fish, leaf vegetables, watercress, tofu, chickpeas, black-eyed peas, blackstrap molasses, fortified bread, and fortified breakfast cereals. Iron in low amounts is found in molasses, teff and farina. Iron in meat (heme iron) is more easily absorbed than iron in vegetables.[59] Although some studies suggest that heme/hemoglobin from red meat has effects which may increase the likelihood of colorectal cancer,[60][61] there is still some controversy,[62] and even a few studies suggesting that there is not enough evidence to support such claims.[63]

Iron provided by dietary supplements is often found as iron(II) fumarate, although iron sulfate is cheaper and is absorbed equally well. Elemental iron, or reduced iron, despite being absorbed at only one third to two thirds the efficiency (relative to iron sulfate),[64] is often added to foods such as breakfast cereals or enriched wheat flour. Iron is most available to the body when chelated to amino acids[65] and is also available for use as a common iron supplement. Often the amino acid chosen for this purpose is the cheapest and most common amino acid, glycine, leading to "iron glycinate" supplements.[66] The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for iron varies considerably based on age, gender, and source of dietary iron (heme-based iron has higher bioavailability).[67] Infants may require iron supplements if they are bottle-fed cow's milk.[68] Blood donors and pregnant women are at special risk of low iron levels and are often advised to supplement their iron intake.[69]

Uptake and storage[link]

Iron acquisition poses a problem for aerobic organisms, because ferric iron is poorly soluble near neutral pH. Thus, bacteria have evolved high-affinity sequestering agents called siderophores.[70][71][72]

After uptake, in cells, iron storage is carefully regulated; "free" iron ions do not exist as such. A major component of this regulation is the protein transferrin, which binds iron ions absorbed from the duodenum and carries it in the blood to cells.[73] In animals, plants, and fungi, iron is often the metal ion incorporated into the heme complex. Heme is an essential component of cytochrome proteins, which mediate redox reactions, and of oxygen carrier proteins such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and leghemoglobin.

Inorganic iron contributes to redox reactions in the iron-sulfur clusters of many enzymes, such as nitrogenase (involved in the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen) and hydrogenase. Non-heme iron proteins include the enzymes methane monooxygenase (oxidizes methane to methanol), ribonucleotide reductase (reduces ribose to deoxyribose; DNA biosynthesis), hemerythrins (oxygen transport and fixation in marine invertebrates) and purple acid phosphatase (hydrolysis of phosphate esters).

Iron distribution is heavily regulated in mammals, partly because iron ions have a high potential for biological toxicity.[74]

Regulation of uptake[link]

Iron uptake is tightly regulated by the human body, which has no regulated physiological means of excreting iron. Only small amounts of iron are lost daily due to mucosal and skin epithelial cell sloughing, so control of iron levels is mostly by regulating uptake.[75] Regulation of iron uptake is impaired in some people as a result of a genetic defect that maps to the HLA-H gene region on chromosome 6. In these people, excessive iron intake can result in iron overload disorders, such as hemochromatosis. Many people have a genetic susceptibility to iron overload without realizing it or being aware of a family history of the problem. For this reason, it is advised that people do not take iron supplements unless they suffer from iron deficiency and have consulted a doctor. Hemochromatosis is estimated to cause disease in between 0.3 and 0.8% of Caucasians.[76]

MRI finds that iron accumulates in the hippocampus of the brains of those with Alzheimer's disease and in the substantia nigra of those with Parkinson disease.[77]

Permeable reactive barriers[link]

Zero-valent iron is the main reactive material for permeable reactive barriers.[citation needed]

Precautions[link]

NFPA 704
NFPA 704.svg
Fire diamond for powdered iron metal

Large amounts of ingested iron can cause excessive levels of iron in the blood. High blood levels of free ferrous iron react with peroxides to produce free radicals, which are highly reactive and can damage DNA, proteins, lipids, and other cellular components. Thus, iron toxicity occurs when there is free iron in the cell, which generally occurs when iron levels exceed the capacity of transferrin to bind the iron. Damage to the cells of the gastrointestinal tract can also prevent them from regulating iron absorption leading to further increases in blood levels. Iron typically damages cells in the heart, liver and elsewhere, which can cause significant adverse effects, including coma, metabolic acidosis, shock, liver failure, coagulopathy, adult respiratory distress syndrome, long-term organ damage, and even death.[78] Humans experience iron toxicity above 20 milligrams of iron for every kilogram of mass, and 60 milligrams per kilogram is considered a lethal dose.[79] Overconsumption of iron, often the result of children eating large quantities of ferrous sulfate tablets intended for adult consumption, is one of the most common toxicological causes of death in children under six.[79] The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) lists the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for adults as 45 mg/day. For children under fourteen years old the UL is 40 mg/day.

The medical management of iron toxicity is complicated, and can include use of a specific chelating agent called deferoxamine to bind and expel excess iron from the body.[78][80]

See also[link]

References[link]

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  73. ^ Rouault, Tracey A. (2003). "How Mammals Acquire and Distribute Iron Needed for Oxygen-Based Metabolism". PLoS Biology 1 (1): e9. DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000079. PMC 212690. PMID 14551907. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=212690. 
  74. ^ Nanami, M.; Ookawara, T; Otaki, Y; Ito, K; Moriguchi, R; Miyagawa, K; Hasuike, Y; Izumi, M et al. (2005). "Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced iron sequestration and oxidative stress in human endothelial cells". Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 25 (12): 2495–2501. DOI:10.1161/01.ATV.0000190610.63878.20. PMID 16224057. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17328512. 
  75. ^ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K; Fausto, Nelson (2005). "Anemia". Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th edition. Elsevier Saunders. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/book/body/90234262-4/0/1249/121.html. Retrieved 2008-03-14. 
  76. ^ Durupt, S; Durieu, I; Nové-Josserand, R; Bencharif, L; Rousset, H; Vital Durand, D (2000). "Hereditary hemochromatosis". Rev Med Interne 21 (11): 961–71. DOI:10.1016/S0248-8663(00)00252-6. PMID 11109593. 
  77. ^ Brar, S; Henderson, D; Schenck, J; Zimmerman, EA (2009). "Iron accumulation in the substantia nigra of patients with Alzheimer disease and parkinsonism". Archives of neurology 66 (3): 371–4. DOI:10.1001/archneurol.2008.586. PMID 19273756. http://archneur.highwire.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/3/371. 
  78. ^ a b Cheney, K.; Gumbiner, C.; Benson, B.; Tenenbein, M. (1995). "Survival after a severe iron poisoning treated with intermittent infusions of deferoxamine". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 33 (1): 61–6. DOI:10.3109/15563659509020217. PMID 7837315. 
  79. ^ a b "Toxicity, Iron". Medscape. http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic285.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-23. 
  80. ^ Tenenbein, M (1996). "Benefits of parenteral deferoxamine for acute iron poisoning". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34 (5): 485–489. DOI:10.3109/15563659609028005. PMID 8800185. 

Books[link]

  • H. R. Schubert, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry ... to 1775 AD (Routledge, London, 1957)
  • R. F. Tylecote, History of Metallurgy (Institute of Materials, London 1992).
  • R. F. Tylecote, 'Iron in the Industrial Revolution' in J. Day and R. F. Tylecote, The Industrial Revolution in Metals (Institute of Materials 1991), 200–60.
  • Weeks, Mary Elvira; Leichester, Henry M. (1968). "Elements Known to the Ancients". Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 29–40. ISBN 0-7661-3872-0. LCCCN 68-15217. 

External links[link]

vep:Raud

http://wn.com/Iron




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Calvin Harris
Background information
Birth name Adam Richard Wiles
Born (1984-01-17) 17 January 1984 (age 28)
Dumfries, Scotland
Genres Electropop, electro house, nu-disco, synthpop, Eurodance
Occupations Singer-songwriter, record producer, DJ
Instruments Vocals, keyboards, synthesizer
Years active 1999–present
Labels Fly Eye, Columbia, Ministry of Sound, Ultra
Website www.calvinharris.co.uk

Adam Richard Wiles[1] (born 17 January 1984)[2], better known by his stage name Calvin Harris, is a Scottish DJ, singer, songwriter, and record producer. His gold-selling debut album, I Created Disco, was released in 2007 and contained the top ten singles "Acceptable in the 80s" and "The Girls". His second studio album, Ready for the Weekend (2009), reached number one in the UK Album Chart and includes the chart-topper "I'm Not Alone", the UK top five hit "Ready for the Weekend", and the singles "Flashback" and "You Used to Hold Me".

A remix album titled L.E.D. Festival was released in July 2010 as a free album in the August issue of Mixmag. Harris is currently working on his third studio album—due for release in 2012—which has produced the singles "Awooga", "Bounce", "Feel So Close", and "Let's Go". He has written and produced records for other recording artists including Kylie Minogue, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Dizzee Rascal, Rihanna (on the international chart topper "We Found Love"),[3] and Kesha.[4]

Contents

Biography[link]

Early life and career[link]

Harris was born in Dumfries, Scotland. He states that his childhood hero was football star Steve McManaman,[5] but because he could not play [the game] nor have McManaman's 'curly hair', music was the next best option for a career.[6] He was first attracted to electronic music in his teens and was recording bedroom demos by 1999.[7] According to an interview with News of the World, all the while he created music, he started becoming an antisocial person, which affected his personality.[8] His earliest success was when he was 21: the songs "Da Bongos" and "Brighter Days" were released as a 12" club single and CD-EP by the Prima Facie label in early 2002 under the name Stouffer.[9] He released one song in 2004, "Let Me Know", with artist Ayah Marar. The song appears on The Unabombers' Electric Soul 2.

[edit] 2006–08: I Created Disco

Harris performing in 2008

Harris signed contracts with EMI (publishing) and Sony BMG (recording) in 2006 after he had been discovered by Tommie Sunshine on the social networking website MySpace and his music was released on Sunshine's label Xylophone Jones Recordings previous to his album on Sony BMG.[10] Harris had recently moved back from London to his hometown of Dumfries because he was unable to find a job.[11] Later in 2006, Harris produced a remix of All Saints' hit single "Rock Steady".

Harris' first album, I Created Disco, was released in June 2007. The album contains uptempo electroclash songs that were influenced by music from the 1980s. To promote I Created Disco, Harris embarked on a tour of the UK, supporting Faithless and Groove Armada.[12][13] I Created Disco has been certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for sales of 100,000 copies in the UK, where it reached number eight on the UK Albums Chart.

The first single, "Vegas", was issued on limited edition vinyl; the first wide-release single from the album was "Acceptable in the 80s", a tribute to the style and culture of the decade. The song reached the top ten on the UK Singles Chart, remaining on the chart for fifteen weeks.[14] "The Girls", the album's third single, peaked at number three in the UK, although the fourth release, "Merrymaking at My Place", reached only number forty-three. The fifth and final single, "Colours", was featured in television advertisements for DFS sofas and Kia Motors. In October 2008, Harris was featured on BBC Radio 1's Essential Mix with a two-hour set.

[edit] 2008–10: Ready for the Weekend

In April 2008, Harris stated that the only existing copy of his upcoming album work was lost when his was misplaced during the baggage handling problems at the opening of London Heathrow Terminal 5.[15] Harris later admitted that this was a lie as the album was not in his luggage at all, and that he hoped that what he said would buy him some more time to finish recording the LP.[16] The album, Ready for the Weekend, was released in August 2009 in the United Kingdom[17] and debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, eventually being certified gold by the BPI for selling 100,000 copies. The first single, "I'm Not Alone", released in April 2009, debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number one and was shortlisted for the Popjustice £20 Music Prize. The follow-up single, "Ready for the Weekend" (featuring singer Mary Pearce), went to number three. Other tracks included on the album are "Worst Day" featuring Izza Kizza[18] and "Yeah Yeah Yeah La La La", which was used in a Coca-Cola advertisement.[19]

Harris toured around the UK, Ireland, France, the Netherlands and the United States promoting the album. In June 2009, Harris appeared at the Summertime Ball at the Emirates Stadium, and in August, he made an appearance on the first Soccer AM show of the season. Harris performed at Wembley Stadium in October 2009 as part of the pre-game entertainment for the NFL International Series game between the New England Patriots and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The third single from Ready for the Weekend, "Flashback", reached the top twenty in the UK, and the fourth, "You Used to Hold Me", entered the top forty. During promotion of the album, Harris hosted a series of videos on YouTube titled JAM TV, in which musicians such as Florence Welch, Goldie and Katy Perry tried to open pots of jam.[20] In 2010, Harris received a BRIT Award nomination for British Male.

On 14 November, Harris invaded the stage of The X Factor during a performance by John & Edward, holding a pineapple on his head and bending over to point at his buttocks. He was subsequently evicted from the studio by the security team and told not to return to have his say on the ITV2 programme The Xtra Factor—in which he was to have been a "Celebrity Guest". He later apologised on Twitter, saying he was a fan of the boys, "At the end of the day, I had a pineapple on my head. Sorry if I caused anyone embarrassment. PS, I love Jedward (sic)".[21] The same week, Harris spoke to The Chris Moyles Show and revealed that he had been "inspired to make a mockery of the show", as well as stating that "If you look at music it's a frightening stranglehold that Simon Cowell has got over the entire music chart in the UK at the moment."[22] On the same day, John and Edward's "mentor" Louis Walsh, appearing on The Paul O'Grady Show, accused Harris of trying to "cash in" on John & Edward's fame, and claimed to not know who he was.[23]

2010–present: Third album and touring[link]

Harris performing in Australia

Harris played at the 2010 Big Day Out, a music festival which takes place in several major cities in Australia and Auckland, New Zealand. In May 2010, he performed at Evolution Festival, UK in Newcastle upon Tyne, Quayside, and in July he played at Nottingham Splendour and headlined at the Stockton International Riverside Festival in Stockton-on-Tees. In July 2010, Harris released a mix, titled L.E.D. Festival (short for L.E.D. Festival Presents... Calvin Harris). It was available for one month as a free covermount CD in Mixmag.

Harris appeared at the tenth birthday of Our:House in Auckland, New Zealand, in November 2010, alongside Afrojack,[24] and performed an hour-long DJ set at Australia's Steresonic Festival alongside Tiesto, Carl Cox, Afrojack and Major Lazer in November/December 2010, in several major Australian cities including Sydney and Melbourne. In 2011, he toured with Rihanna in Australia, Poland and the UK as a support act on her Loud Tour; Rihanna was quoted to say that "Calvin is the perfect fit for the Loud tour. He is going to bring something unique and fun for the fans."[25] Harris headlined the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras 2011 party.

During March and April 2011, Harris was scheduled to be an opening act/DJ for Katy Perry on the UK leg of her California Dreams Tour, but he withdrew from the tour shortly before his first date, citing production issues and difficulties with Perry's management in his apology to her fans.[26] Perry publicly criticised Harris via her Twitter feed, stating that the tour's other support acts had expressed no problems with their production arrangements,[27] but Harris later said "it's all fine" between them and that he would still like to work with her in the future.[28]

Harris headlined Limelite at Metropolis Fremantle (Western Australia) in March 2011 in celebration of the event's fourth birthday, where he played small samples of his new track, "Awooga", which was subsequently uploaded onto YouTube via his channel, icreateddisco.[29] Following "Awooga", Harris released the single "Bounce", a collaboration with Kelis that debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart in June 2011. Another single, "Feel So Close", was released in August 2011 and also reached number two, as did the third single, "Let's Go" featuring Ne-Yo (released in April 2012), commissioned for a Pepsi Max advertising campaign. "Feel So Close" became Harris's first solo entry on the Billboard Hot 100 in America, peaking at number twelve. These singles precede Harris's third studio album, which will be released in 2012;[30] he has said of the LP, "I'm going for pretty epic-sounding dance records. I guess the whole sound has just moved on in terms of production as I've got a new studio and some new gear to make the sounds I wasn't able to make before."[31] Singer/rapper Example announced via Twitter that he will be featured on Harris's next single, "We'll Be Coming Back".[citation needed]

Harris performed at the 2011 Jingle Bell Ball concert, and has been announced as one of the headline acts at a number of Southern Hemisphere 2011/2012 new year music festivals, including Shore Thing and Field Day[32] in Sydney, as well as Rhythm and Vines in New Zealand.[33]

Productions and songwriting[link]

In 2007, Harris caught the attention of pop singer Kylie Minogue after his recordings had been passed on to her by another record producer.[12] This led to him co-writing and producing two songs on her 2007 album X—"Heart Beat Rock" and "In My Arms", the latter a top ten hit in the UK. Harris said that working with Minogue was "surreal, but fun" although he admitted to Mixmag in 2007 to "needing a few drinks before meeting her". Harris returned to work with Minogue on her album Aphrodite (2010), co-producing the track "Too Much".

In 2008, Harris collaborated with rapper Dizzee Rascal on his single "Dance wiv Me", producing the track and singing the hook. The single reached number one in the UK and has been certified platinum by the BPI, selling 300,000 copies. It was shortlisted for the 2008 Popjustice £20 Music Prize and, in 2009, received a BRIT Award nomination for British Single and an Ivor Novello Award nomination for Best Contemporary Song. In 2009, he produced Dizzee Rascal's next single entitled "Holiday", which also reached number one. He was supposed to make an appearance in its music video, but objected to dancing along in some scenes, wearing a certain shirt for the video and not wearing his "fly eye" glasses.[1] Also in 2009, Harris made a guest appearance on Tiësto's song "Century" on the Dutch producer's album Kaleidoscope.[34] Harris produced a track for English singer/rapper Example for his second album Won't Go Quietly (2010), "Time Machine", and mixed The Ting Tings' UK top forty single "Hands", having previously remixed the band's singles "Great DJ" (2008) and "We Walk" (2009).

In 2011, Harris featured on LMFAO's album Sorry for Party Rocking, appearing on the track "Reminds Me of You" which is based on Harris's own song "Awooga". Harris produced Tinchy Stryder's second single, "Off the Record" from his fourth studio album, Full Tank. The track had its première on 15 September 2011, and was released in the UK on 6 November 2011. Following a stint as her support act on the Australian leg of her tour, Harris produced "We Found Love" and "Where Have You Been" for Barbadian singer Rihanna. The former is the lead single from her sixth studio album, Talk That Talk, and was premiered in September 2011. It has reached number one in countries such as the UK and the United States, becoming Harris's first charting appearance on the Billboard Hot 100. He co-wrote and co-produced the bonus track "One Life" for R&B singer Mary J. Blige's album My Life II... The Journey Continues (Act 1) (2011).

In mid April 2012, Billboard published an article on their website claiming that Harris had contributed several tracks to Kesha's upcoming album Spandex on the Distant Horizon, with their specific recording date being left unknown.[35] Calvin Harris worked with American pop band Scissor Sisters on the single "Only the Horses" from their fourth studio album, Magic Hour. He wrote and produced Cheryl Cole's comeback single "Call My Name", the lead single from her upcoming third album A Million Lights.[36]. It was also revealed that Calvin is to collaborate with singer/rapper Example again on his upcoming album titled 'Coming Back'.

Failed collaborations[link]

In 2007, Harris contributed the song "Off & On" to Róisín Murphy's album Overpowered, but it was cut from the album; Harris later gave the song to Sophie Ellis-Bextor to record for her 2011 album Make a Scene. He said that Murphy was "a bit mental", "crazy" and a "twat" to reject the songs,[37] though subsequently apologized in person to Murphy "for throwing my toys out of the pram because I said things that weren't very nice. She said: 'That's all right, we all say silly things sometimes.'"[38] Harris also produced a remix of Dragonette's debut single "I Get Around" that was rejected by the band, whom he said "weren't very nice to me [...] they said, 'by the way, it's s—t', and then asked me to change everything about it. I told them I couldn't because I was on a bus and that they could basically F--- OFF. That's where we left it."[37]

In 2007, Kelis discussed plans to work with Harris on her fifth studio album, Flesh Tone (2010), saying that he was "very creative and exciting [...] very, very talented". Although she said they were "looking at doing something together" for the album,[39] this did not materialise; Harris did, however, produce a remix of Flesh Tone's second single, "4th of July (Fireworks)" and later collaborated with her on his 2011 single "Bounce".

Harris has said that in early 2008, he turned down the opportunity to work with American singer Lady Gaga before the release of her top-selling debut album, The Fame. He recalled: "When Lady Gaga first came out, her name rang a bell, so I checked my emails—and it turns out that on 1 January 2008, I got an email asking to work with her. I thought, 'Lady Gaga, what sort of name is that?' So I replied saying, 'Nah, I’m not into that.' Fast forward a year and she's the biggest thing. But I don't regret turning her down as I didn't think the song I heard then was that good."[40] In a later interview, Harris stated he considers Gaga to be a "good artist".[41]

American singer Katy Perry expressed an interest in working with Harris in 2009,[42] and at one point they had pencilled recording sessions for her second album, Teenage Dream (2010),[43] but no material was released. Harris worked with boyband JLS on songs for their second album, Outta This World (2010), but none of his work appeared on the released LP.[44] The third single from that album, "Eyes Wide Shut", was said to copy heavily from Harris's own single "I'm Not Alone", but Harris said that it "wasn't [JLS's] fault and had nothing to do with them".[45]

Concert tours[link]

  • Groove Armada: Soundboy Rock tour (2007)
  • Faithless: To All New Arrivals tour (2007)
  • Ready for the Weekend tour (2009–2010)
  • Deadmau5 & Skrillex: 'Unhooked' tour (2010)
  • Rihanna: Loud Tour (2011)

Discography[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

Year Award Category Title Result
2007 BT Digital Music Awards Best Electronic Artist or DJ Nominated
Q Awards Best Breakthrough Artist Nominated
2008 Xfm New Music Award I Created Disco Nominated
Shortlist Music Prize I Created Disco Nominated
Popjustice £20 Music Prize "Dance Wiv Me" Nominated
2009 The Music Producers Guild Awards Best Remixer Won
2009 BRIT Awards British Single "Dance Wiv Me" Nominated
NME Awards Best Dancefloor Filler "Dance Wiv Me" Won
Ivor Novello Awards Best Contemporary Song "Dance Wiv Me" Nominated
Popjustice £20 Music Prize Best Contemporary Song "I'm Not Alone" Nominated
2010 2010 BRIT Awards Best British Male Nominated

References[link]

  1. ^ a b "Calvin Harris: How the non-dancing, foul-mouthed, anti-social apricot became the 'Caledonian Justin Timberlake'". The Independent (Independent News & Media). 2 August 2009. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/calvin-harris-how-the-nondancing-foulmouthed-antisocial-scot-became-the-caledonian-justin-timberlake-1764506.html. Retrieved 2 August 2009. 
  2. ^ "Calvin Harris Biography". starpulse.com. http://www.starpulse.com/Music/Harris,_Calvin/Biography/. Retrieved 16 January 2009. 
  3. ^ Rihanna's 'Found' Her Way Back to Hot 100 Summit Billboard. Retrieved 3 November 2011
  4. ^ http://www.billboard.com/news/calvin-harris-is-done-singing-lead-despite-1006758152.story#/news/calvin-harris-is-done-singing-lead-despite-1006758152.story
  5. ^ "Calvin Harris – BCM Reunion Artist Profile". Bcmreunion.co.uk. http://www.bcmreunion.co.uk/artist-136-Calvin-Harris.php#all. Retrieved 2011-01-29. 
  6. ^ "Calvin Harris – Nightlife Features". TimeOutDubai.com. 24 August 2009. http://www.timeoutdubai.com/nightlife/features/10161-calvin-harris. Retrieved 2011-01-29. 
  7. ^ Mason, Stewart (9 September 2008). "allmusic ((( Calvin Harris > Overview )))". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p918608. Retrieved 26 October 2009. 
  8. ^ "Calvin Harris prefers playing alone, does not mix well (with others)". News of the World. http://www.newsoftheworld.co.uk/entertainment/music/439812/Calvin-Harris-prefers-playing-alone-Does-not-mix-well-with-others.html. Retrieved 29 October 2009. 
  9. ^ "Calvin Harris Biography". starpulse.com. http://www.starpulse.com/Music/Harris,_Calvin/Biography/. Retrieved 10 August 2007. 
  10. ^ "http://www.discogs.com/Calvin-Harris-Rock-Band/release/959613"
  11. ^ Liam Ronan, "Acceptable In The Noughties – Calvin Harris" gigwise.com, 26 March 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
  12. ^ a b "Web wonder Calvin wins over Kylie" BBC, 19 February 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
  13. ^ "Calvin To Support Groove Armada On UK Tour" calvinharris.tv. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
  14. ^ "Acceptable in the 80s" World Charts acharts.us. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
  15. ^ "DJ loses album in baggage backlog". BBC News. 4 April 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/south_of_scotland/7328513.stm. Retrieved 28 April 2010. 
  16. ^ "Calvin Harris: 'I Lied about losing my new album at Heathrow'". NME.com. http://www.nme.com/news/calvin-harris/44171. Retrieved 24 April 2009. 
  17. ^ Calvin Harris announces new album details nme.com, 12 June 2009
  18. ^ Want to dance wiv Calvin Harris? metro.co.uk, 5 April 2009
  19. ^ Calvin Harris soundtracks Coca-Cola ad The Guardian, 7 May 2009
  20. ^ It’s JAM TV from Calvin Harris…genius. – The GYEO Times. Getyourearsout.com (2009-07-16). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  21. ^ Calvin sorry for Jedward stunt Irish Independent, Saturday 14 November 2009
  22. ^ Calvin Harris wanted X Factor 'mockery' BBC Newsbeat, 16 November 2009
  23. ^ Louis Walsh, Television interview with Paul O'Grady, The Paul O'Grady Show, Channel 4, 16 November 2009
  24. ^ "Event details – Events". George FM. http://www.georgefm.co.nz/OURHOUSE-10-Years/tabid/73/articleID/52876/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2011-01-29. 
  25. ^ Calvin Harris Supporting Rihanna On UK Tour. welovepopmag.co.uk. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  26. ^ Newsbeat – Calvin Harris pulls out of DJ slot on Katy Perry tour. BBC (2011-03-29). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  27. ^ Katy Perry slams Calvin Harris on Twitter – Showbiz News. Digital Spy (2011-03-28). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  28. ^ Calvin Harris: I'd work with Dizzee Rascal in a heartbeat.. but I'm worried he's cut me off. The Daily Record. Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  29. ^ "Harris' YouTube channel, icreateddisco". http://www.youtube.com/user/icreateddisco#p/a/u/0/ubRu70CRHEc. Retrieved 2011-03-12. 
  30. ^ Newsbeat – Calvin Harris says he's 'not a front man any more'. BBC (2011-07-13). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  31. ^ Interview: Calvin Harris on his new single, Twitter and touring with Rihanna. Beatportal (2011-04-14). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  32. ^ Coming Up: Field Day 2012 Entire Line-Up Revealed. fuzzy.com.au. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  33. ^ 2011 RhythmandVines, New Zealand.
  34. ^ Sigur Rós's Jónsi, Bloc Party's Kele Okereke on New Tiësto Album Pitchfork, 4 August 2009
  35. ^ Hampp, Andrew (2012-04-13). "Calvin Harris Is Done Singing Lead, Despite Solo Hits". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/calvin-harris-is-done-singing-lead-despite-1006758152.story#/news/calvin-harris-is-done-singing-lead-despite-1006758152.story. Retrieved 2012-04-13. 
  36. ^ Goodacre, Kate (20 April 2012). "Cheryl Cole new single 'Call My Name' – listen now". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a377494/cheryl-cole-new-single-call-my-name-listen-now.html. Retrieved 21 April 2012. 
  37. ^ a b Calvin Harris Interview. Popjustice. Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  38. ^ 60 SECONDS: Calvin Harris. Metro.co.uk (2007-10-29). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  39. ^ Kelis to Work with Calvin Harris? | Showbiz Spy – Celebrity News, Rumors & Gossip. Dev.showbizspy.com (2007-05-13). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  40. ^ "Calvin Harris: 'I turned down Lady GaGa' | News". Nme.Com. http://www.nme.com/news/calvin-harris/43985. Retrieved 2011-11-05. 
  41. ^ Calvin Harris BBC Online Interview. BBC News (2009-08-19). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  42. ^ Calvin Harris to work with Katy Perry? | News. Nme.Com (2009-04-07). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  43. ^ Calvin Harris confirms Katy Perry collaboration | Orange UK. Web.orange.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  44. ^ Boyband stars JLS recruit Scots dance guru Calvin Harris to work on new album. The Daily Record. Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  45. ^ Calvin Harris: I won't be singing on my tracks anymore – I'll just DJ the songs. The Daily Record. Retrieved on 2011-11-07.

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Calvin_Harris




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Harris

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Arnold Schwarzenegger
Schwarzenegger in January 2010.
38th Governor of California
In office
November 17, 2003 – January 3, 2011
Lieutenant Cruz Bustamante
Mona Pasquil (acting)
John Garamendi
Abel Maldonado
Preceded by Gray Davis
Succeeded by Jerry Brown
Personal details
Born Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger
(1947-07-30) July 30, 1947 (age 64)
Thal, Austria
Citizenship Austria
United States
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Maria Shriver (1986–2011)
Relations Gustav Schwarzenegger
(father, deceased)
Aurelia Jadrny
(mother, deceased)
Children Katherine (b. 1989)
Christina (b. 1991)
Patrick (b. 1993)
Christopher (b. 1997)
Joseph Baena (b. 1997)
Alma mater Santa Monica College
University of Wisconsin–Superior
Profession Bodybuilder, actor, businessman, investor, politician
Religion Roman Catholic
Signature
Website Personal website
Military service
Service/branch Austrian Armed Forces
Years of service 1965

Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (play /ˈʃwɔrtsənɛɡər/; German: [ˈaɐnɔlt ˈalɔʏs ˈʃvaɐtsənˌʔɛɡɐ]; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian and American former professional bodybuilder, actor, businessman, investor, and politician. Schwarzenegger served as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011.

Schwarzenegger began to weight train at the age of 15 years old. He was awarded the title of Mr. Universe at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in the sport of bodybuilding and he has written several books and numerous articles on the sport. Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. He was nicknamed the "Austrian Oak" and the "Styrian Oak" in his bodybuilding days, "Arnie" during his acting career and more recently the "Governator" (from "Governor" and "Terminator").[1]

As a Republican, he was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. Schwarzenegger was sworn in on November 17, 2003, to serve the remainder of Davis's term. Schwarzenegger was then re-elected on November 7, 2006, in California's 2006 gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor, defeating Democrat Phil Angelides, who was California State Treasurer at the time. Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on January 5, 2007.[2]

Schwarzenegger was married to Maria Shriver. The couple separated in 2011 after 25 years of marriage.

Contents

Early life[link]

Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, Austria, a small village bordering the Styrian capital Graz, and was christened Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger.[3] His parents were the local police chief, Gustav Schwarzenegger (1907–72), and Aurelia (née Jadrny; 1922–1998). His father served in World War II, after he voluntarily applied to join the Nazi Party in 1938.[4] He served with the German Army as a Hauptfeldwebel of the Feldgendarmerie and was discharged in 1943 after contracting malaria. They were married on October 20, 1945 – Gustav was 38, and Aurelia was a 23-year-old widow with a son, Meinhard. According to Schwarzenegger, both of his parents were very strict: "Back then in Austria it was a very different world, if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared."[5] He grew up in a Roman Catholic family who attended Mass every Sunday.[6][7]

Gustav had a preference for his stepson Meinhard, over his son, Arnold.[8] His favoritism was "strong and blatant," which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Arnold was not his child.[9] Schwarzenegger has said his father had "no patience for listening or understanding your problems."[6] Schwarzenegger had a good relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death.[10] In later life, Schwarzenegger commissioned the Simon Wiesenthal Center to research his father's wartime record, which came up with no evidence of atrocities despite Gustav's membership in the Nazi Party and SA.[8] Schwarzenegger's father's background received wide press attention during the 2003 California recall campaign.[11] At school, Schwarzenegger was apparently in the middle but stood out for his "cheerful, good-humored and exuberant" character.[6] Money was a problem in their household; Schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator.[9]

As a boy, Schwarzenegger played several sports, heavily influenced by his father.[6] He picked up his first barbell in 1960, when his football (soccer) coach took his team to a local gym.[3] At the age of 14, he chose bodybuilding over football as a career.[12][13] Schwarzenegger has responded to a question asking if he was 13 when he started weightlifting: "I actually started weight training when I was 15, but I'd been participating in sports, like soccer, for years, so I felt that although I was slim, I was well-developed, at least enough so that I could start going to the gym and start Olympic lifting."[5] However, his official website biography claims: "At 14, he started an intensive training program with Dan Farmer, studied psychology at 15 (to learn more about the power of mind over body) and at 17, officially started his competitive career."[14] During a speech in 2001, he said, "My own plan formed when I was 14 years old. My father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was. My mother wanted me to go to trade school."[15] Schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in Graz, where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park, Steve Reeves and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen. "I was inspired by individuals like Reg Park and Steve Reeves."[5] When Reeves died in 2000, Schwarzenegger fondly remembered him: "As a teenager, I grew up with Steve Reeves. His remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible, when others around me didn't always understand my dreams ... Steve Reeves has been part of everything I've ever been fortunate enough to achieve." In 1961, Schwarzenegger met former Mr. Austria Kurt Marnul, who invited him to train at the gym in Graz.[3] He was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into the local gym on weekends, when it was usually closed, so that he could train. "It would make me sick to miss a workout ... I knew I couldn't look at myself in the mirror the next morning if I didn't do it."[5] When Schwarzenegger was asked about his first movie experience as a boy, he replied, "I was very young, but I remember my father taking me to the Austrian theaters and seeing some newsreels. The first real movie I saw, that I distinctly remember, was a John Wayne movie."[5]

In 1971, his brother Meinhard died in a car accident.[3] Meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly. Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral.[9] Meinhard was due to marry Erika Knapp, and the couple had a three-year-old son, Patrick. Schwarzenegger would pay for Patrick's education and help him to immigrate to the United States.[9] Gustav died the following year from a stroke.[3] In Pumping Iron, Schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father's funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest. Later, he and the film's producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport and to make Schwarzenegger's image more cold and machine-like in order to fan controversy for the film.[16] Barbara Baker, his first serious girlfriend, has said he informed her of his father's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother.[17] Over time, he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father's funeral.[9]

In an interview with Fortune in 2004, Schwarzenegger told how he suffered what "would now be called child abuse" at the hands of his father:[4][18]

My hair was pulled. I was hit with belts. So was the kid next door. It was just the way it was. Many of the children I've seen were broken by their parents, which was the German-Austrian mentality. They didn't want to create an individual. It was all about conforming. I was one who did not conform, and whose will could not be broken. Therefore, I became a rebel. Every time I got hit, and every time someone said, 'you can't do this,' I said, 'this is not going to be for much longer, because I'm going to move out of here. I want to be rich. I want to be somebody.'

Early adulthood[link]

Schwarzenegger served in the Austrian Army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18-year-old Austrian males.[3][14] During his army service, he won the Junior Mr. Europe contest.[13] He went AWOL during basic training so he could take part in the competition and spent a week in military prison: "Participating in the competition meant so much to me that I didn't carefully think through the consequences." He won another bodybuilding contest in Graz, at Steirer Hof Hotel (where he had placed second). He was voted best built man of Europe, which made him famous.

"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America – the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich."[15] Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London.[14] He would come in second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorton.[14]

Charles "Wag" Bennett, one of the judges at the 1966 competition, was impressed with Schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him. As Schwarzenegger had little money, Bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in Forest Gate, London, England. Yorton's leg definition had been judged superior, and Schwarzenegger, under a training program devised by Bennett, concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs. Staying in the East End of London helped Schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the English language.[19][20] Also in 1966, Schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol Reg Park, who became his friend and mentor.[21] The training paid off and, in 1967, Schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever Mr. Universe at the age of 20.[14] He would go on to win the title a further three times.[13] Schwarzenegger then flew back to Munich, training for four to six hours daily, attending business school and working in a health club (Rolf Putzinger's gym where he worked and trained from 1966–1968), returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title.[14] He frequently told Roger C. Field, a friend in Munich at that time, "I'm going to become the greatest actor!"

Move to the U.S.[link]

Schwarzenegger with President Ronald Reagan in 1984.

Schwarzenegger, who dreamed of moving to the U.S. since the age of 10, and saw bodybuilding as the avenue through which to do so,[22] realized his dream by moving to the United States in September 1968 at the age of 21, speaking little English.[3][13] "Naturally, when I came to this country, my accent was very bad, and my accent was also very strong, which was an obstacle as I began to pursue acting."[5] There he trained at Gold's Gym in Venice, Los Angeles, California, under Joe Weider. From 1970 to 1974, one of Schwarzenegger's weight training partners was Ric Drasin, a professional wrestler who designed the original Gold's Gym logo in 1973.[23] Schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler "Superstar" Billy Graham. In 1970, at age 23, he captured his first Mr. Olympia title in New York, and would go on to win the title a total of seven times.[14]

Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa.[24] LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who "overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s".[22]

In 1977, Schwarzenegger's autobiography/weight-training guide Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder was published and became a huge success.[3] After taking English classes at Santa Monica College in California, he earned a BA by correspondence from the University of Wisconsin–Superior, where he graduated with a degree in international marketing of fitness and business administration in 1979.[25]

Bodybuilding career[link]

Arnold Schwarzenegger
Personal Info
Nickname The Austrian Oak
Born (1947-07-30) July 30, 1947 (age 64)
Thal, Styria, Austria
Height 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)[26]
Weight 250 pounds (113 kg)
Professional Career
Pro-debut NABBA Mr. Universe, 1968
Best win IFBB Mr. Olympia, 1970–1975, 1980, Seven Times
Predecessor Sergio Oliva ('69), Frank Zane ('79)
Successor Franco Columbu ('76, '81)
Active Retired 1980
Competition record
Men’s Bodybuilding
Competitor for Austria
Mr Universe (amateur)
1st 1967
Mr Universe (pro)
1st 1968
1st 1969
1st 1970
Mr. Olympia
2nd 1969
1st 1970
1st 1971
1st 1972
1st 1973
1st 1974
1st 1975
1st 1980
Powerlifting[27]
Competitor for Austria
International Powerlifting Championships
1st 1966 +80 kg
German Powerlifting Championships
2nd 1967 +80 kg
1st 1968 +80 kg
Graz-Paradise Keller Powerlifting Championships
2nd 1967 +80 kg
Men's Weightlifting[28]
Competitor for Austria
Styrian Junior Weightlifting Championships
1st 1964
German Austrian Weightlifting Championships
1st 1965

Schwarzenegger is considered among the most important figures in the history of bodybuilding, and his legacy is commemorated in the Arnold Classic annual bodybuilding competition. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent face in the bodybuilding sport long after his retirement, in part because of his ownership of gyms and fitness magazines. He has presided over numerous contests and awards shows.

For many years, he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines Muscle & Fitness and Flex. Shortly after being elected Governor, he was appointed executive editor of both magazines, in a largely symbolic capacity. The magazines agreed to donate $250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiatives. The magazine MuscleMag International has a monthly two-page article on him, and refers to him as "The King".

One of the first competitions he won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965.[3] He won Mr. Europe the following year, at age 19.[3][14] He would go on to compete in, and win, many bodybuilding contests. His bodybulding victories included five Mr. Universe (4 – NABBA [England], 1 – IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991.

Schwarzenegger continues to work out even today. When asked about his personal training during the 2011 Arnold Classic he said that he was still working out a half an hour with weights every day.[29]

  • Competition Weight: 235 lb (107 kg) (top 250 lb (113 kg))
  • Off Season Weight: 255 lb (116 kg) (top 260 lb (118 kg))

Powerlifting/Weightlifting[link]

During Arnold's early years in bodybuilding, he also competed in several Olympic weightlifting & Powerlifting contests. Arnold won 2 weightlifting contests in 1964 & 1965, as well as 2 powerlifting contests in 1966 & 1968.[28]

In 1967, Schwarzenegger competed in and won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254 kg/560 lbs.) is lifted between the legs while standing on two foot rests.

Personal records[link]

Mr. Olympia[link]

Schwarzenegger presented awards at the USA Weightlifting Hall of Fame in 2011 in Columbus, Ohio. In photo: 1987 world champion American Karyn Marshall.

Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia.[3][14] His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day.[14]

He continued his winning streak in the 1971–74 competitions.[14] In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time,[14] beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding.[14]

Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called Pumping Iron. Schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition, after losing significant weight to appear in the film Stay Hungry with Jeff Bridges. Lou Ferrigno proved not to be a threat, and a lighter-than-usual Schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 Mr. Olympia.

Schwarzenegger came out of retirement, however, to compete in the 1980 Mr. Olympia.[3] Schwarzenegger was training for his role in Conan, and he got into such good shape because of the running, horseback riding and sword training, that he decided he wanted to win the Mr. Olympia contest one last time. He kept this plan a secret, in the event that a training accident would prevent his entry and cause him to lose face. Schwarzenegger had been hired to provide color commentary for network television, when he announced at the eleventh hour that while he was there: "Why not compete?" Schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation. After being declared Mr. Olympia for a seventh time, Schwarzenegger then officially retired from competition.

Steroid use[link]

Schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal, writing in 1977 that "steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest. I did not use them for muscle growth, but rather for muscle maintenance when cutting up."[30] He has called the drugs "tissue building."[31]

In 1999, Schwarzenegger sued Dr. Willi Heepe, a German doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems. As the doctor had never examined him personally, Schwarzenegger collected a US$10,000 libel judgment against him in a German court.[32] In 1999, Schwarzenegger also sued and settled with The Globe, a U.S. tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder's future health.[33]

Height[link]

His official height of 6'2" (1.88 m) has been brought into question by several articles. In his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s, he was measured to be 6'1.5" (1.87 m), a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders.[34][35] However, in 1988 both the Daily Mail and Time Out magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter.[36] More recently, before running for Governor, Schwarzenegger's height was once again questioned in an article by the Chicago Reader.[37] As Governor, Schwarzenegger engaged in a light-hearted exchange with Assemblyman Herb Wesson over their heights. At one point Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, "[s]ettle this once and for all and find out how tall he is"[38] by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor. Schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words "Need a lift?" on the five-foot-five inch (165 cm) Wesson's chair before a negotiating session in his office.[39] Bob Mulholland also claimed Arnold was 5'10" (1.78 m) and that he wore risers in his boots.[40] The debate on Schwarzenegger's height has spawned a website solely dedicated to the issue,[41] and his page remains one of the most active on CelebHeights.com, a website which discusses the heights of celebrities.[34]

Acting career[link]

Arnold Schwarzenegger
Other names Arnold Strong
Arnie
Occupation Actor, director, producer
Years active 1969–2004, 2012–present (acting)

Schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting, finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of Hercules in 1970's Hercules in New York. Credited under the name "Arnold Strong," his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production.[13] His second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit-man for the mob in director Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973), which was followed by a much more significant part in the film Stay Hungry (1976), for which he was awarded a Golden Globe for New Male Star of the Year. Schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career. "It was very difficult for me in the beginning – I was told by agents and casting people that my body was 'too weird', that I had a funny accent, and that my name was too long. You name it, and they told me I had to change it. Basically, everywhere I turned, I was told that I had no chance."[5]

Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film Pumping Iron (1977),[12][13] elements of which were dramatized. In 1991, Schwarzenegger purchased the rights to the film, its outtakes, and associated still photography.[42] Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of The Incredible Hulk, but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy The Villain. In 1980 he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay.

Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, which was a box-office hit.[12] This was followed by a sequel, Conan the Destroyer in 1984, although it was not as successful as its predecessor.[43] In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video "Carnival in Rio".

In 1984, he made the first of three appearances as the eponymous character and what some would say was the signature role in his acting career in director James Cameron's science fiction thriller film The Terminator.[12][13][44] Following The Terminator, Schwarzenegger made Red Sonja in 1985.[43]

During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars.[13] Schwarzenegger's roles reflected his sense of humor, separating his roles from more serious action hero fare. His alternative-universe comedy/thriller Last Action Hero featured a poster of the movie Terminator 2: Judgment Day which, in the fictional alternate universe, had Sylvester Stallone as its star.

He made a number of successful films: Commando (1985), Raw Deal (1986), The Running Man (1987), and Red Heat (1988). In Predator (1987), another successful film, Schwarzenegger led a cast which included future Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura (Ventura also appeared in The Running Man and Batman & Robin with Schwarzenegger) and future candidate for governor of Kentucky Sonny Landham.

Footprints and handprints of Arnold Schwarzenegger in front of the Grauman's Chinese Theatre

Twins (1988), a comedy with Danny DeVito also proved successful. Total Recall (1990) netted Schwarzenegger $10 million and 15% of the gross, and was a science fiction script directed by Paul Verhoeven, based on the Philip K. Dick short story, "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale". Kindergarten Cop (1990) reunited him with director Ivan Reitman, who directed him in Twins.

Schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing, first with a 1990 episode of the TV series Tales from the Crypt, entitled "The Switch", and then with the 1992 telemovie Christmas in Connecticut. He has not directed since.

Schwarzenegger's commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991's Terminator 2: Judgment Day, which was the highest-grossing film of 1991.[citation needed] In 1993, the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the "International Star of the Decade."[3] His next film project, the 1993 self-aware action comedy spoof Last Action Hero was released opposite Jurassic Park, and did not do well at the box office. His next film, the comedy drama True Lies (1994) was a popular spy film, and saw Schwarzenegger, reunited with James Cameron, appearing opposite Jamie Lee Curtis.

That same year the comedy Junior (1994) was released, the last of his three collaborations with Ivan Reitman and again co-starring Danny DeVito and also for the second time featuring Pamela Reed. This film brought Schwarzenegger his second Golden Globe nomination, this time for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy. It was followed by the action thriller Eraser (1996), the Christmas comedy Jingle All The Way (1996) with Arnold playing the main character, Howard Langston, and the comic book-based Batman & Robin (1997), where he played the villain Mr. Freeze. This was his final film before taking time to recuperate from a back injury. Following the critical failure of Batman & Robin, Schwarzenegger's film career and box office prominence went into decline.

He returned with the supernatural thriller End of Days (1999), later followed by the action films The 6th Day (2000) and Collateral Damage (2002) all of which failed to do well at the box office. In 2003, he made his third appearance as the title character in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, which went on to earn over $150 million domestically.[citation needed]

In tribute to Schwarzenegger in 2002, Forum Stadtpark, a local cultural association, proposed plans to build a 25-meter (82 ft) tall Terminator statue in a park in central Graz. Schwarzenegger reportedly said he was flattered, but thought the money would be better spent on social projects and the Special Olympics.[45]

His film appearances after becoming Governor of California include a 3-second cameo appearance in The Rundown (a.k.a., Welcome to the Jungle) with The Rock, and the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days, where he appeared onscreen with action star Jackie Chan for the first time. In 2005 he appeared as himself in the film The Kid & I. Schwarzenegger voiced Baron von Steuben in Episode 24 ("Valley Forge") of Liberty's Kids.

Schwarzenegger had been rumored to be appearing in Terminator Salvation as the original T-800 model, alongside Roland Kickinger. Schwarzenegger denied his involvement,[46] but it was later revealed that although he would appear briefly he would not be shooting new footage, and his image would be inserted into the movie from stock footage of the first Terminator movie.[47][48] Schwarzenegger's most recent appearance was in Sylvester Stallone's The Expendables, where he made a cameo appearance alongside Stallone and Bruce Willis.[citation needed]

Return to acting[link]

Arnold Schwarzenegger's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

In January 2011, just weeks after leaving office in California, Schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films, one of them being the World War II action drama With Wings as Eagles, written by Randall Wallace, based on a true story.[49][50]

On March 6, 2011, at the Arnold Seminar of the Arnold Classic, Schwarzenegger revealed that he was being courted for several films, including sequels to The Terminator and remakes of Predator and The Running Man, and that he was "packaging" a comic book character.[51] The character was later revealed to be the Governator, star of the comic book and animated series of the same name. Schwarzenegger inspired the character and co-developed it with Stan Lee, who would have produced the series. Schwarzenegger would have voiced the Governator.[52][53][54][55]

On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted. "Governor Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines."[56] However, the Daily Star reported on May 29 that Schwarzenegger had been offered $40 million to star in two Terminator films.[57]

On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger is considering a comeback film despite his legal problems.[58] He has reportedly signed to star in Last Stand as a dishonored Los Angeles cop.[59] On September 6, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger had signed on to The Expendables 2, in which he will play a larger cameo.[60] He will later star in Unknown Soldier and The Tomb, thought to be released in 2013.[61]

Political career[link]

Vice President Dick Cheney meets with Schwarzenegger for the first time at the White House.

Early politics[link]

Schwarzenegger has been a registered Republican for many years. As an actor, his political views were always well known as they contrasted with those of many other prominent Hollywood stars, who are generally considered to be a liberal and Democratic-leaning community. At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Schwarzenegger gave a speech and explained why he was a Republican:[62]

I finally arrived here in 1968. What a special day it was. I remember I arrived here with empty pockets but full of dreams, full of determination, full of desire. The presidential campaign was in full swing. I remember watching the Nixon-Humphrey presidential race on TV. A friend of mine who spoke German and English translated for me. I heard Humphrey saying things that sounded like socialism, which I had just left. But then I heard Nixon speak. He was talking about free enterprise, getting the government off your back, lowering the taxes and strengthening the military. Listening to Nixon speak sounded more like a breath of fresh air. I said to my friend, I said, "What party is he?" My friend said, "He's a Republican." I said, "Then I am a Republican." And I have been a Republican ever since.

In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in Stop the Madness, an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 Presidential election, accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally.[63]

Schwarzenegger's first political appointment was as chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, on which he served from 1990 to 1993.[3] He was nominated by George H. W. Bush, who dubbed him "Conan the Republican". He later served as Chairman for the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports under Governor Pete Wilson. Yet, political analysts have identified Schwarzenegger as a liberal, as he has become more left-leaning since his election.[64]

Between 1993 and 1994, Schwarzenegger was a Red Cross ambassador (a ceremonial role fulfilled by celebrities), recording several television/radio public service announcements to donate blood.

In an interview with Talk magazine in late 1999, Schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office. He replied, "I think about it many times. The possibility is there, because I feel it inside."[65] The Hollywood Reporter claimed shortly after that Schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for governor of California.[65] Following his initial comments, Schwarzenegger said, "I'm in show business – I am in the middle of my career. Why would I go away from that and jump into something else?"[65]

Governor of California[link]

Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy in the 2003 California recall election for Governor of California on the August 6, 2003 episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.[13] According to Schwarzenegger, he did not decide to run until the day of the announcement:

The recall happens and people are asking me, ‘What are you going to do?’ I thought about it but decided I wasn’t going to do it. I told Maria I wasn’t running. I told everyone I wasn’t running. I wasn’t running. I just thought [en route to the Tonight Show], This will freak everyone out. It’ll be so funny. I’ll announce that I am running. I told Leno I was running. And two months later I was governor. What the fuck is that? All these people are asking me, ‘What’s your plan? Who’s on your staff?’ I didn’t have a plan. I didn’t have a staff. I wasn’t running until I went on Jay Leno.[66]

Schwarzenegger had the most name recognition in a crowded field of candidates, but he had never held public office and his political views were unknown to most Californians. His candidacy immediately became national and international news, with media outlets dubbing him the "Governator" (referring to The Terminator movies, see above) and "The Running Man" (the name of another one of his films), and calling the recall election "Total Recall" (yet another Schwarzenegger starrer). Schwarzenegger declined to participate in several debates with other recall replacement candidates, and appeared in only one debate on September 24, 2003.[67]

President George W. Bush meets with Schwarzenegger after his successful election to the California Governorship

On October 7, 2003, the recall election resulted in Governor Gray Davis being removed from office with 55.4% of the Yes vote in favor of a recall. Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the first foreign-born governor of California since Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862.

As soon as Schwarzenegger was elected governor, Willie Brown said he would start a drive to recall the governor. Schwarzenegger was equally entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch "Hans and Franz" from Saturday Night Live (which partly parodied his bodybuilding career), Schwarzenegger called the Democratic State politicians "girlie men".[68]

Schwarzenegger's early victories included repealing an unpopular increase in the vehicle registration fee as well as preventing driver's licenses being given out to illegal immigrants, but later he began to feel the backlash when powerful state unions began to oppose his various initiatives. Key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in November 2005, in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated. Schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeats and vowed to continue to seek consensus for the people of California. He would later comment that "no one could win if the opposition raised 160 million dollars to defeat you".

Schwarzenegger then went against the advice of fellow Republican strategists and appointed a Democrat, Susan Kennedy, as his Chief of Staff. Schwarzenegger gradually moved towards a more politically moderate position, determined to build a winning legacy with only a short time to go until the next gubernatorial election.

Schwarzenegger ran for re-election against Democrat Phil Angelides, the California State Treasurer, in the 2006 elections, held on November 7, 2006. Despite a poor year nationally for the Republican party, Schwarzenegger won re-election with 56.0% of the vote compared with 38.9% for Angelides, a margin of well over one million votes.[69] In recent years, many commentators have seen Schwarzenegger as moving away from the right and towards the center of the political spectrum. After hearing a speech by Schwarzenegger at the 2006 Martin Luther King, Jr. breakfast, San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom said that, "[H]e's becoming a Democrat [... H]e's running back, not even to the center. I would say center-left".

It was rumored that Schwarzenegger might run for the United States Senate in 2010, as his governorship would be term-limited by that time. This turned out to be false.[70][71]

With Schwarzenegger and Senator Dianne Feinstein behind him, President George W. Bush comments on wildfires and firefighting efforts in California, October 2007

Wendy Leigh, who wrote an unofficial biography on Schwarzenegger, claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as building blocks to escape a depressing home.[8] Leigh portrays Schwarzenegger as obsessed with power and quotes him as saying, "I wanted to be part of the small percentage of people who were leaders, not the large mass of followers. I think it is because I saw leaders use 100% of their potential –I was always fascinated by people in control of other people."[8] Schwarzenegger has said that it was never his intention to enter politics, but he says, "I married into a political family. You get together with them and you hear about policy, about reaching out to help people. I was exposed to the idea of being a public servant and Eunice and Sargent Shriver became my heroes."[22] Eunice Kennedy Shriver was sister of John F. Kennedy, and mother-in-law to Schwarzenegger; Sargent Shriver is husband to Eunice and father-in-law to Schwarzenegger. He cannot run for president as he is not a natural born citizen of the United States. In The Simpsons Movie (2007), he is portrayed as the President, and in the Sylvester Stallone movie, Demolition Man (1993, ten years before his first run for political office), it is revealed that a constitutional amendment passed which allowed Schwarzenegger to run for President.[citation needed]

Schwarzenegger is a dual Austria/United States citizen.[72] He holds Austrian citizenship by birth and has held U.S. citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983. Being Austrian and thus European, he was able to win the 2007 European Voice campaigner of the year award for taking action against climate change with the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 and plans to introduce an emissions trading scheme with other US states and possibly with the EU.[73]

Schwarzenegger during his visit to Naval Medical Center in San Diego, July 2010

Because of his personal wealth from his acting career, Schwarzenegger did not accept his governor's salary of $175,000 per year.[74]

Schwarzenegger's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. Presidential election was highly sought; despite being good friends with candidates Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain, Schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008. Giuliani dropped out of the Presidential race on January 30, 2008, largely because of a poor showing in Florida, and endorsed McCain. Later that night, Schwarzenegger was in the audience at a Republican debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California. The following day, he endorsed McCain, joking, "It's Rudy's fault!" (in reference to his friendships with both candidates and that he could not make up his mind). Schwarzenegger's endorsement was thought to be a boost for Senator McCain's campaign; both spoke about their concerns for the environment and economy.[75]

In its April 2010 report, Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Schwarzenegger one of 11 "worst governors" in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Schwarzenegger's term as governor.[76][77]

Governor Schwarzenegger played a significant role in opposing Proposition 66, a proposed amendment of the Californian Three Strikes Law, in November 2004. This amendment would have required the third felony to be either violent or serious to mandate a 25-years-to-life sentence. In the last week before the ballot, Schwarzenegger launched an intensive campaign[78] against Proposition 66.[79] He stated that "it would release 26,000 dangerous criminals and rapists".

Schwarzenegger did not run for re-election in 2010.

Allegations of sexual misconduct[link]

Code Pink protesting against Schwarzenegger

During his initial campaign for governor, allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger, dubbed "Gropegate".[80] Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the Los Angeles Times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories.[81]

Three of the women claimed he had grabbed their breasts, a fourth said he placed his hand under her skirt on her buttock. A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off her bathing suit in a hotel elevator, and the last said he pulled her onto his lap and asked her about a sex act.[80]

Schwarzenegger admitted that he has "behaved badly sometimes" and apologized, but also stated that "a lot of [what] you see in the stories is not true". This came after an interview in adult magazine Oui from 1977 surfaced, in which Schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and using substances such as marijuana.[82] Schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana joint after winning Mr. Olympia in the 1975 documentary film Pumping Iron. In an interview with GQ magazine in October 2007, Schwarzenegger said, "[Marijuana] is not a drug. It's a leaf. My drug was pumping iron, trust me."[83] His spokesperson later said the comment was meant to be a joke.[83]

British television personality Anna Richardson settled a libel lawsuit in August 2006 against Schwarzenegger, his top aide, Sean Walsh, and his publicist, Sheryl Main.[84] A joint statement read: "The parties are content to put this matter behind them and are pleased that this legal dispute has now been settled."[84] Richardson claimed they tried to tarnish her reputation by dismissing her allegations that Schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press event for The 6th Day in London.[85] She claimed Walsh and Main libeled her in a Los Angeles Times article when they contended she encouraged his behavior.[84]

Citizenship[link]

In 2005, Peter Pilz, from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.[72] Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system.

Environmental record[link]

On September 27, 2006 Schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions. The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere. Schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that prohibits large utilities and corporations in California from making long-term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state's greenhouse gas emission standards. The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California's emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020. In 2005, Schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.[86]

Schwarzenegger signed another executive order on October 17, 2006 allowing California to work with the Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. They plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states. Any power plants that exceed emissions for the amount of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference. The plan is set to be in effect in 2009.[87] In addition to using his political power to fight global warming, the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint. Schwarzenegger has adapted one of his Hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels. He has also installed solar panels to heat his home.[88]

In respect of his contribution to the direction of the US motor industry, Schwarzenegger was invited to open the 2009 SAE World Congress in Detroit, on April 20, 2009.[89]

In 2011, Arnold Schwarzenegger founded the R20 Regions of Climate Action to develop a sustainable, low carbon economy.[90]

Electoral history[link]

California Gubernatorial Recall Election 2003
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger 4,206,284 48.6
Democratic Cruz Bustamante 2,724,874 31.5
Republican Tom McClintock 1,161,287 13.5
Green Peter Miguel Camejo 242,247 2.8
California Gubernatorial Election 2006
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger 4,850,157 55.9 +7.3
Democratic Phil Angelides 3,376,732 39.0
Green Peter Miguel Camejo 205,995 2.3 -0.5

Business career[link]

Schwarzenegger has also had a highly successful business career.[8][22] Following his move to the United States, Schwarzenegger became a "prolific goal setter" and would write his objectives at the start of the year on index cards, like starting a mail order business or buying a new car – and succeed in doing so.[17] By the age of 30, Schwarzenegger was a millionaire, well before his career in Hollywood. His financial independence came from his success as a budding entrepreneur with a series of successful business ventures and investments.

Bricklaying business[link]

In 1968, Schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder Franco Columbu started a bricklaying business. The business flourished thanks to the pair's marketing savvy and an increased demand following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake.[91][92][66] Schwarzenegger and Columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail order business, selling bodybuilding and fitness-related equipment and instructional tapes.[3][91]

Real estate investing[link]

Schwarzenegger rolled profits from the mail order business and his bodybuilding competition winnings into his first real estate investment venture: an apartment building he purchased for $10,000. He would later go on to invest in a number of real estate holding companies.[93][94]

Restaurant[link]

In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called Schatzi On Main. Schatzi literally means "little treasure," colloquial for "honey" or "darling" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant.[95]

Planet Hollywood investment[link]

Schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants (modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe) along with Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore. Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000.[96][97] Schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for, claiming he wanted to focus his attention on "new US global business ventures" and his movie career.[96]

Other ventures and investments[link]

He also invested in a shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio. He has talked about some of those who have helped him over the years in business: "I couldn't have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me... from Milton Friedman to Donald Trump... and now, Les Wexner and Warren Buffett. I even learned a thing or two from Planet Hollywood, such as when to get out! And I did!"[15] He has significant ownership in Dimensional Fund Advisors, an investment firm.[98]

Personal life[link]

Early love life[link]

In 1969, Schwarzenegger met Barbara Outland (later Barbara Outland Baker), an English teacher he lived with until 1974.[99] Schwarzenegger talked about Barbara in his memoir in 1977: "Basically it came down to this: she was a well-balanced woman who wanted an ordinary, solid life, and I was not a well-balanced man, and hated the very idea of ordinary life."[99] Baker has described Schwarzenegger as "[a] joyful personality, totally charismatic, adventurous, and athletic" but claims towards the end of the relationship he became "insufferable – classically conceited – the world revolved around him".[100] Baker published her memoir in 2006, entitled Arnold and Me: In the Shadow of the Austrian Oak.[101] Although Baker, at times, painted an unflattering portrait of her former lover, Schwarzenegger actually contributed to the tell-all book with a foreword, and also met with Baker for three hours.[101] Baker claims, for example, that she only learned of his being unfaithful after they split, and talks of a turbulent and passionate love life.[101] Schwarzenegger has made it clear that their respective recollection of events can differ.[101] The couple first met six to eight months after his arrival in the U.S—their first date was watching the first Apollo Moon landing on television.[17] They shared an apartment in Santa Monica for three and a half years, and having little money, would visit the beach all day, or have barbecues in the back yard.[17] Although Baker claims that when she first met him, he had "little understanding of polite society" and she found him a turn-off, she says, "He's as much a self-made man as it's possible to be—he never got encouragement from his parents, his family, his brother. He just had this huge determination to prove himself, and that was very attractive ... I'll go to my grave knowing Arnold loved me."[17]

Schwarzenegger met his next paramour, Sue Moray, a Beverly Hills hairdresser's assistant, on Venice Beach in July 1977. According to Moray, the couple led an open relationship: "We were faithful when we were both in LA ... but when he was out of town, we were free to do whatever we wanted."[9] Schwarzenegger met Maria Shriver at the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament in August 1977, and went on to have a relationship with both women until August 1978, when Moray (who knew of his relationship with Shriver) issued an ultimatum.[9]

Marriage and family[link]

Schwarzenegger with his wife Maria Shriver at the 2007 Special Olympics in Shanghai, China

On April 26, 1986, Schwarzenegger married television journalist Maria Shriver, niece of President John F. Kennedy, in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The Rev. John Baptist Riordan performed the ceremony at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church.[102] They have four children: Katherine Eunice Shriver Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989 in Los Angeles); Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991 in Los Angeles);[103] Patrick Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993 in Los Angeles);[104] and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997 in Los Angeles).[105] Schwarzenegger lives in a 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) home in Brentwood.[106][107] The divorcing couple currently own vacation homes in Sun Valley, Idaho and Hyannis Port, Massachusetts.[108] They attended St. Monica's Catholic Church.[109]

Son in serious accident[link]

Schwarzenegger's 13-year-old son Christopher Schwarzenegger was seriously injured in a boogie-boarding accident in Malibu, on July 17, 2011. In a joint statement, Schwarzenegger and estranged wife Shriver described it as "scary," and that "he is expected to make a full recovery." Christopher had been in intensive care after suffering a collapsed lung and broken bones in the accident.[110]

Marital separation[link]

On May 9, 2011, Shriver and Schwarzenegger separated after 25 years of marriage, with Shriver moving out of the couple's Brentwood mansion.[111][112][113] On May 16, 2011, the Los Angeles Times revealed that Schwarzenegger had fathered a son more than fourteen years earlier with an employee in their household, Mildred Patricia 'Patty' Baena.[114][115][116] "After leaving the governor's office I told my wife about this event, which occurred over a decade ago," Schwarzenegger said in a statement issued to The Times. In the statement, Schwarzenegger did not mention that he had confessed to his wife only after Shriver had confronted him with the information, which she had done after confirming with the housekeeper what she had suspected about the child.[117]

Fifty-year-old Baena, of Guatemalan origin, was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in January.[118] The pregnant Baena was working in the home while Shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple’s four children.[119] Baena's son with Schwarzenegger, Joseph,[120] was born on October 2, 1997;[121] Shriver gave birth to Christopher on September 27, 1997.[122] Schwarzenegger found ways to spend time with this child: in one instance, in 1998, Shriver and Schwarzenegger's children unexpectedly accompanied Schwarzenegger to the lovechild's baptism;[123] and he was photographed teaching the boy how to play golf and swinging him playfully above his head.[124] Despite Schwarzenegger's interactions with the child, the boy was never told that Schwarzenegger was his father, and he was unaware of the fact until it was revealed by the press.[125] Schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child "from the start and continued to provide support."[126] KNX 1070 radio reported that he bought a new, four-bedroom house, with a pool, in Bakersfield, about 112 miles (180 km) north of Los Angeles, in 2010 for Baena and their son.[127] Baena separated from her husband, Rogelio, in 1997, a few months after Joseph's birth, and divorced him in 2008.[128] Baena's ex-husband says that the child's birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue Schwarzenegger and his ex-wife for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document, a serious crime in California.[129]

Schwarzenegger has consulted an attorney, Bob Kaufman. Kaufman has earlier handled divorce cases for celebrities such as Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon.[130][131] Schwarzenegger will keep the Brentwood home as part of their divorce settlement and Shriver has purchased a new home nearby so that the children may travel easily between their parents' homes. They will share custody of the two minor children.[132] Schwarzenegger came under fire after the initial petition did not include spousal support and a reimbursement of attorney's fees.[59] However, he claims this was not intentional and that he signed the initial documents without having properly read them.[59] Schwarzenegger has filed amended divorce papers remedying this.[59][133]

In the aftermath of Schwarzenegger's infidelity scandal, actress Brigitte Nielsen came forward and stated that she too had an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was in a relationship with Shriver,[134] saying, "Maybe I wouldn't have got into it if he said 'I'm going to marry Maria' and this is dead serious, but he didn't, and our affair carried on."[134]

Accidents and injuries[link]

Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve, an aortic valve with only two leaflets (a normal aortic valve has three leaflets).[135][136] Schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade. Schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve, the only permanent solution available at the time of his surgery, because it would have sharply limited his physical activity and capacity to exercise.[137]

On December 9, 2001, he broke six ribs and was hospitalized for four days after a motorcycle crash in Los Angeles.[138]

Schwarzenegger saved a drowning man's life in 2004 while on vacation in Hawaii by swimming out and bringing him back to shore.[139]

On January 8, 2006, while Schwarzenegger was riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle in Los Angeles, with his son Patrick in the sidecar, another driver backed into the street he was riding on, causing him and his son to collide with the car at a low speed. While his son and the other driver were unharmed, the governor sustained a minor injury to his lip, requiring 15 stitches. "No citations were issued", said Officer Jason Lee, a Los Angeles Police Department spokesman.[140] Schwarzenegger did not obtain his motorcycle license until July 3, 2006.[141]

Schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, Idaho, with his family on December 23, 2006.[142] On December 26, 2006, he underwent a 90-minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together. He was released from the St. John's Health Center on December 30, 2006.[143]

Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009, after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit, according to a statement released by the governor's press secretary. No one was harmed in the incident.[144]

Net worth[link]

Schwarzenegger's net worth has been conservatively estimated at $100–$200 million.[145] But with his recent split from his wife, Maria Shriver in 2011, it has been estimated that his net worth has been hovering around the $400 million mark and even as high as $800 million, based on tax returns he filed in 2006.[146][147] Over the years as an investor, he invested his bodybuilding and movie earnings in an array of stocks, bonds, privately controlled companies, and real estate holdings worldwide, so a more accurate estimation of his net worth is difficult to calculate, particularly in light of declining real estate values owing to economic recessions in the United States and Europe. In June 1997, Schwarzenegger spent $38 million of his own money on a private Gulfstream Jet.[148] Schwarzenegger once said of his fortune, "Money doesn't make you happy. I now have $50 million, but I was just as happy when I had $48 million."[8] He has also stated, "I've made many millions as a businessman many times over."[15]

Activism[link]

He bought the first Hummer manufactured for civilian use in 1992, a model so large, 6,300 lb (2,900 kg) and 7 feet (2.1 m) wide, that it is classified as a large truck and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to it. During the Gubernatorial Recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about US$21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost.[149] California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004.[150]


Arnold Schwarzenegger has been involved with the Special Olympics for many years after they founded by his ex-mother-in-law, Eunice Kennedy Shriver.[151] In 2007, Schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the Special Olympics which were held in Shanghai, China.[152] Schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them.[153] In 1995, he founded the Inner City Games Foundation (ICG) which provides cultural, educational and community enrichment programming to youth.[153] ICG is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250,000 children in over 400 schools countrywide.[153] He has also been involved with After-School All-Stars, and founded the Los Angeles branch in 2002.[154] ASAS is an after school program provider, educating youth about health, fitness and nutrition.


On February 12, 2010, Schwarzenegger took part in the Vancouver Olympic Torch relay. He handed off the flame to the next runner, Sebastian Coe.[155]

Honors[link]

Schwarzenegger's home town of Graz had its soccer stadium named The Arnold Schwarzenegger Stadium in his honor. It is the home of both Grazer AK and Sturm Graz. After the Stanley Williams execution and street protests in Schwarzenegger's hometown, several local politicians began a campaign to remove his name from the stadium. In response, Schwarzenegger said "to spare the responsible politicians of the city of Graz further concern, I withdraw from them as of this day the right to use my name in association with the Liebenau Stadium", and set a deadline of two days to remove his name. Graz officials removed Schwarzenegger's name from the stadium in December 2005.[156] It is now officially titled UPC-Arena.

The Sun Valley Resort has a short ski trail called Arnold's Run, named after Schwarzenegger in 2001.[157] The trail is categorized as a black diamond, or most difficult, for its terrain.

People in Thal, Austria, celebrated Schwarzenegger's 60th birthday by throwing a party. Officials proclaimed "A Day for Arnold" on July 30, 2007. The mayor sent Schwarzenegger the enameled sign, Thal 145, the number of the house where Schwarzenegger was born, declaring "This belongs to him. No one here will ever be assigned that number again".[158]

Bibliography[link]

  • Schwarzenegger, Arnold (1977). Arnold: Developing a Mr. Universe Physique. Schwarzenegger. 
  •  – with Douglas Kent Hall (1977). Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-22879-8. 
  •  – with Douglas Kent Hall (1979). Arnold's Bodyshaping for Women. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-24301-2. 
  •  – with Bill Dobbins (1981). Arnold's Bodybuilding for Men. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-25613-5. 
  •  – with Bill Dobbins (1998). The New Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding (rev. ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-84374-2. 
  • Andrews, Nigel (2003). True Myths: The Life and Times of Arnold Schwarzenegger: From Pumping Iron to Governor of California (rev. ed.). New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-58234-465-2. 
  • Blitz, Michael; and Louise Krasniewicz (2004). Why Arnold Matters: The Rise of a Cultural Icon. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-03752-0. 
  • Borowitz, Andy (2004). Governor Arnold: A Photodiary of His First 100 Days in Office. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-6266-8. 
  • Brandon, Karen (2004). Arnold Schwarzenegger. San Diego: Lucent Books. ISBN 978-1-59018-539-1. 
  • Saunders, Dave (2008). "Arnie": Schwarzenegger and the Movies. London: I. B. Tauris. 
  • Sexton, Colleen A. (2005). Arnold Schwarzenegger. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. ISBN 978-0-8225-1634-7. 
  • Zannos, Susan (2000). Arnold Schwarzenegger. Childs, Md.: Mitchell Lane. ISBN 978-1-883845-95-7. 
  • Schwarzenegger, Arnold (2012). Total Recall. United States: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84983-971-6. 

Interviews[link]

Film[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ "Biography for Arnold Schwarzenegger". IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000216/bio. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  2. ^ Kurtzman, Laura (January 5, 2007). "Schwarzenegger Sworn in for Second Term". The Washington Post. Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/05/AR2007010501386.html. Retrieved April 23, 2008. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Time of His Life". Schwarzenegger.com. http://schwarzenegger.com. Retrieved April 18, 2007. 
  4. ^ a b "Arnie: 'I was abused as child'". The Scotsman (Edinburgh). August 4, 2004. http://news.scotsman.com/arnoldschwarzenegger/Arnie-I-was-abused-as.2551492.jp. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Ask Arnold". Schwarzenegger.com. 2000. http://www.schwarzenegger.com/en/news/askarnold/news_askarnold_eng_legacy_444.asp?sec=news&subsec=askarnold. Retrieved April 18, 2008. [dead link]
  6. ^ a b c d Andrews, Nigel (2003). True Myths of Arnold Schwarzenegger. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-58234-465-2. 
  7. ^ Herman, Eric (August 11, 2003). "Ah-nold in cross hairs Rivals blast Calif. front-runner". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2003/08/11/2003-08-11__ah-nold_in_cross_hairs__riv.html. Retrieved September 14, 2010. 
  8. ^ a b c d e f Brooks, Xan (August 8, 2003). "The Governator". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2003/aug/08/usa.politicsandthearts. Retrieved April 19, 2007. 
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Leigh, Wendy (1990). Arnold: An Unauthorized Biography. Pelham. ISBN 978-0-7207-1997-0. 
  10. ^ "Arnold Schwarzenegger: Mr. Olympia – 1970–1975, 1980". BodyBuild.com. http://www.bodybuildbid.com/articles/mrolympia/arnold-schwarzenegger.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  11. ^ "Records: Arnold's father was member of Nazi storm troops". USA Today. August 24, 2003. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/2003-08-24-arnold-father_x.htm. 
  12. ^ a b c d Katz, Ephraim (2006). Film Encyclopedia. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-074214-0. 
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Profile: Arnold Schwarzenegger". BBC. August 31, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3131155.stm. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Mr. Everything". Schwarzenegger.com. http://www.schwarzenegger.com/en/athlete/mreverything/index.asp?sec=athlete&subsec=mreverything. Retrieved April 18, 2008. [dead link]
  15. ^ a b c d Schwarzenegger, Arnold (October 3, 2001). "ARNOLD'S "PERSPECTIVES"". Schwarzenegger.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080523204808/http%3A//www.schwarzenegger.com/en/life/hiswords/words_en_sac_perspectives.asp%3Fsec%3Dlife%26subsec%3Dhiswords. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  16. ^ Interview in Pumping Iron – 25th Anniversary Edition DVD extras
  17. ^ a b c d e Poole, Oliver (October 6, 2003). "The girl who can't escape Arnie". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2003/10/02/bfarni02.xml&page=1. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  18. ^ "Arnie: I was abused as a child". Daily Mail (London). August 4, 2004. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-312729/Arnie-I-abused-child.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  19. ^ McIntosh, Lindsay (October 2, 2008). "Wag Bennett bodybuilder who helped Arnold Schwarzenegger". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article4862637.ece. 
  20. ^ Staff, Arnold Schwarzenegger: Made in Britain, British Film Institute. Retrieved October 3, 2008. "Wag and Dianne Bennett, an East End couple who gave Arnie a home for three years,"
  21. ^ "A tribute by Arnold Schwarzenegger". Regpark.net. http://www.regpark.net/. Retrieved April 3, 2011. 
  22. ^ a b c d Bradley, Bill (November 20, 2002). "Mr. California". LA Weekly. http://www.laweekly.com/2002-11-28/news/mr-california/. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  23. ^ Jennings, Randy (2003, October 21). Ric Drasin: Arnold's lifting partner! The Arnold Fans Website. Retrieved on December 16, 2009.
  24. ^ Bland, Siskind (September 4, 2007). "Schwarzenegger May Have Violated Terms Of Non-Immigrant Visa". VISALAW.COM. http://www.visalaw.com/03sep4/15sep403.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  25. ^ "Campus Connection: Superior list of famous alumni?". Wisconsin State Journal. November 11, 2009. http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/education/campus_connection/article_d8646d66-ce45-11de-ba14-001cc4c03286.html. Retrieved April 11, 2012. 
  26. ^ "Mr. Everything". Schwarzenegger.com. http://www.schwarzenegger.com/en/athlete/mreverything/index.asp?sec=athlete&subsec=mreverything. Retrieved December 29, 2009. [dead link]
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  138. ^ "Schwarzenegger, son get in motorcycle accident". USA Today. Associated Press. January 9, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-01-09-schwarzenegger-accident_x.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  139. ^ "Movie Heroes to the (Real-Life) Rescue!". Netscape celebrity. April 10, 2004. http://channels.isp.netscape.com/celebrity/becksmith.jsp?p=bsf_heroesrescue. Retrieved July 24, 2010. 
  140. ^ "No Charges Against Schwarzenegger". http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10811025/. Retrieved July 13, 2008. 
  141. ^ Navarro, Mireya (July 7, 2006). "Schwarzenegger Finally Gets a License". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/07/us/07arnold.html?_r=2&oref=slogin. Retrieved February 2, 2011. 
  142. ^ "Calif. Gov. Schwarzenegger Breaks Leg in Skiing Accident in Idaho". Associated Press. FOX News. December 24, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,238562,00.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  143. ^ "Schwarzenegger cleared to resume duties after surgery". Los Angeles Times. December 26, 2006. 
  144. ^ Santa Cruz, Nicole (June 19, 2009). "Governor's plane makes emergency landing in Van Nuys". The Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/06/governors-plane-makes-emergency-landing-in-van-nuys.html. Retrieved June 20, 2009. 
  145. ^ Williams, Lance (August 17, 2003). "Schwarzenegger worth $100 million, experts say". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/08/17/TAXES.TMP. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  146. ^ May 10, 2011 (May 10, 2011). "Arnold and Maria's Surprise Split: How Much is at Stake in Divorce?". Extratv.warnerbros.com. http://extratv.warnerbros.com/2011/05/arnold_and_marias_surprise_split_how_much_is_at_stake_in_divorce.php. Retrieved October 9, 2011. 
  147. ^ Matthews, Mark (April 15, 2006). "Gov. Schwarzenegger's Tax Returns Released". Abclocal.go.com. http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/politics&id=4085877. Retrieved October 9, 2011. 
  148. ^ Fleming, Charles (1999). High concept: Don Simpson and the Hollywood Culture of Excess. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-4262-9. 
  149. ^ "Thanks to Arnold, California to Pave the Hydrogen Highway". BMW World. http://www.usautoparts.net/bmw/hydrogen/schwarzenegger.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  150. ^ Wickell, Dale. "HUMMER H2H Hydrogen Powered Experimental Vehicle". About.com. http://trucks.about.com/od/hybridcar/a/hummer_h2h.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  151. ^ "Arnold Schwarzenegger Charity: Special Olympics, After-School All-Stars". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2006/05/04/cx_me_0505featslide_8.html?thisSpeed=undefined. Retrieved 2012-03-22. 
  152. ^ "Arnold Schwarzenegger Charity Work, Events and Causes". http://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/12-arnold-schwarzenegger. Retrieved 2012-03-22. 
  153. ^ a b c "Board of Directors". http://www.afterschoolallstars.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=enJJKMNpFmG&b=854711&ct=1126543. Retrieved 2012-03-22. 
  154. ^ "After-School All-Stars, Los Angeles". http://www.la-allstars.org/index.php/about-joomla. Retrieved 2012-03-22. 
  155. ^ "How Vancouver almost lost the 2010 Olympics —Vancouver 2010 Olympics". Toronto: Olympics.thestar.com. February 12, 2010. http://olympics.thestar.com/2010/article/764519--how-vancouver-almost-lost-the-2010-olympics. Retrieved March 8, 2010. 
  156. ^ "Graz removes Schwarzenegger name". BBC News. December 26, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4560182.stm. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 
  157. ^ "And ... here's Arnold's Run". http://www.mtexpress.com/2001/01-12-05/01-12-05arnoldsrun.htm. Retrieved July 13, 2008. 
  158. ^ "Strudel, schnitzel shower Schwarzenegger at 60th birthday bash". USA Today. Associated Press. July 30, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-07-30-schwarzenegger_N.htm?csp=34. Retrieved April 18, 2008. 

External links[link]

Party political offices
Preceded by
Bill Simon
Republican nominee for Governor of California
2003, 2006
Succeeded by
Meg Whitman
Political offices
Preceded by
Gray Davis
Governor of California
2003–2011
Succeeded by
Jerry Brown

http://wn.com/Arnold_Schwarzenegger




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger

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Mickey Rourke

Rourke at the 2009 premiere of City Island
Born Philip Andre Rourke, Jr.
(1952-09-16) September 16, 1952 (age 59)
Schenectady, New York
Other names Sir Eddie Cook
Occupation Actor, professional boxer, screenwriter, music supervisor
Years active Actor (1979–present)
Boxer (1991–1994)

Philip Andre "Mickey" Rourke, Jr. (born September 16, 1952)[1] is an American actor, screenwriter and retired boxer, who has appeared primarily as a leading man in action, drama, and thriller films.

During the 1980s, Rourke starred in Diner, Rumble Fish, and the erotic drama 9½ Weeks, and received critical praise for his work in Barfly and Angel Heart. In 1991, Rourke, who had trained as a boxer in his early years, left acting and became a professional boxer for a period.[2] He had supporting roles in several later films, including The Rainmaker, Buffalo '66, The Pledge, Get Carter, Once Upon a Time in Mexico and Man on Fire.

In 2005, Rourke made his comeback in mainstream Hollywood circles with a lead role in Sin City, for which he won awards from the Chicago Film Critics Association, the Irish Film and Television Awards and the Online Film Critics Society. In the 2008 film The Wrestler, Rourke portrayed a past-his-prime wrestler, and received a 2009 Golden Globe award, a BAFTA award, and a nomination for an Academy Award.[3]

In 2010, he appeared in the blockbusters Iron Man 2 and The Expendables.

Contents

Early life[link]

Philip Andre Rourke, Jr., was born in Schenectady, New York,[1] to a family of Irish and French descent.[4] He was raised Roman Catholic and still practices his faith.[5][6][7] His father, Philip Andre Rourke, Sr., an amateur body builder, left the family when Mickey was six years old.[8] After his parents divorced, his mother, Annette,[9] married Eugene Addis, a Miami Beach police officer with five sons, and moved Rourke, his younger brother (Joey), and their sister (Patricia) to south Florida. There, he graduated from Miami Beach Senior High School in 1971.[10]

Amateur Boxing[link]

During his teenage years, Rourke focused his attention mainly on sports. He took up self-defense training at the Boys Club of Miami.[citation needed] It was there that he learned boxing skills and decided on an amateur career.

At age 12, Rourke won his first boxing match as a 112-pound flyweight,[11] fighting some of his early matches under the name Phil Rourke. He continued his boxing training at the famed 5th Street Gym, in Miami Beach, Florida, where Muhammad Ali began his career. In 1969, Rourke, then weighing 140 lbs. (63.5 kg),[citation needed] sparred with former World Welterweight Champion Luis Rodríguez. Rodriguez was the number one-rated middleweight boxer in the world and was training for his match with world champion Nino Benvenuti. Rourke boxed Rodriguez and claims to have received a concussion in this sparring match.[12]

At the 1971 Florida Golden Gloves, Rourke suffered another concussion in a boxing match. After being told by doctors to take a year off and rest, Rourke temporarily retired from the ring.

From 1964 to 1972, Rourke compiled an amateur boxing record of 27 wins (17 by knockout) and 3 defeats, which included first round knock out wins over Sherman Bergman, John Carver, and Ronald Robinson,[11] and decision victories over Ron Carter, Charles Gathers, Joe Riles, and Javier Villanueva.[11]

[edit] Amateur Boxing Record[11][13]

Mickey Rourke's amateur boxing record was 27 (wins) and 3 (losses), as mentioned on "Mickey Rourke on Inside the Actors Studio hosted by James Lipton" season 15, episode 12, original airdate 2009-08-31.

Amateur Boxing record
Result Record Opponent Type Rd., Time Date Location Notes
Win 13-0-0 United StatesDeon Harris KO 1 1972 Aug 27 United States Liberty City, Florida, USA
Win 12-0-0 United StatesSherman Bergman KO 1 1972 Aug 20 United States Miami, Florida, USA Rourke climbs off canvas to win in 31 seconds.
Win 11-0-0 United StatesJohn"Two Dice"Carver KO 1 ():39) 1972 May 7 United States Miami, FloridaUSA Rourke scores 39 second knockout.
Win 10-0-0 United StatesRon"22nd Street"Robinson KO 1 (0:18) 1972 Feb 15 United States Miami, Florida, USA Rourke wins in 18 seconds.
Win 9-0-0 United StatesLeroy Harrington KO 1 1971 Jul 04 United States Miami, Florida, USA Rourke wins in 15 seconds.
Win 8-0-0 United StatesPaul Malsoh KO 1 ():29) 1970 Jun 22 United States Miami, FloridaUSA Rourke scores 29 second knockout.
Win 7-0-0 United StatesKenny Jacobs KO 1 (0:14) 1970 Jun 15 United States Miami Beach, Florida, USA Rourke wins in 14 seconds.
Win 6-0-0 United StatesJoe Riles PTS 3 () 1964 Aug 26 United States Miami, Florida, USA
Win 5-0-0 United StatesCharles Gathers PTS 3 1964 Aug 12 United States Miami, Florida
Win 4-0-0 United StatesRonnie Carter PTS 3 1965 Jun 16 United States Miami, Florida, USA
Win 3–0-0 CubaJavier Villanueva PTS 3 (3) 1964 United States Miami, Florida, USA
Win 2-0-0 CubaJesus"KoKo"Carranza PTS 3 United States Miami, Florida, USA
Win 1–0-0 United StatesRoger Hough PTS 3 (3) 1964 July United States Miami, Florida, USA

Early acting roles[link]

In 1971, as a senior at Miami Beach Senior High School, Rourke had a small acting role in the Jay W. Jensen-directed school play, The Serpent.[14] However, Rourke's interests were geared to boxing, and he never appeared in any other school productions. Soon after he temporarily gave up boxing, a friend at the University of Miami told Rourke about a play he was directing, Deathwatch, and how the man playing the role of Green Eyes had quit. Rourke got the part and immediately became enamored with acting. Borrowing 400 dollars from his sister, he went to New York to take private lessons with an acting teacher from the Actors Studio, Sandra Seacat. It is she who actually motivated Rourke to go and find his father, whom he had been separated from for more than 20 years and had no idea as to what or whom he was looking for. During his visit as a guest to the Actors' Studio, after the release of The Wrestler (2008 film), while Rourke was talking to James Lipton, Lipton disclosed the fact that Rourke had been selected to the Actor's Studio in his first audition, which Elia Kazan is reported to have said that it was the "best audition in 30 years". Similarly, later director Adrian Lyne would go on to say that had Mickey died after the release of Angel Heart, he would have become a bigger phenomenon than James Dean.[12]

Rourke's film debut was a small role in Steven Spielberg's film 1941. However, it was his portrayal of an arsonist in Body Heat that received significant attention, despite his modest time on screen. He mostly appeared in television films in his early career. During the early 1980s, Rourke starred in Diner, alongside Paul Reiser, Daniel Stern, Steve Guttenberg, Tim Daly and Kevin Bacon, and yet again drew further critical notices for his portrayal as the suave compulsive gambler "Boogie" Sheftell; The National Society of Film Critics named him "Best Supporting Actor" that year. Soon thereafter, Rourke starred in Rumble Fish, Francis Ford Coppola's follow-up to The Outsiders.

Rourke's performance in the film The Pope of Greenwich Village alongside Daryl Hannah and Eric Roberts also caught the attention of critics, although the film was not financially successful. In the mid-1980s, Rourke earned himself additional leading roles. His role alongside Kim Basinger in the erotic drama 9½ Weeks helped him gain "sex symbol" status.[15] He received critical praise for his work in Barfly as the alcoholic writer Henry Chinaski (the literary alter ego of Charles Bukowski) and in Year of the Dragon. In 1987, Rourke appeared in Angel Heart. The film was nominated for several awards. It was seen as controversial by some owing to a sex scene involving Cosby Show cast member Lisa Bonet, who won an award for her part in the film.[16] Although some of Rourke's work was viewed as controversial in the U.S., he was well-received by European, and especially French, audiences, who loved the "rumpled, slightly dirty, sordid ... rebel persona"[17] that he projected in Year of the Dragon, 9½ Weeks, Angel Heart, and Desperate Hours.

In the late 1980s, Rourke performed with David Bowie on the Never Let Me Down album. Around the same time he also wrote his first screenplay, Homeboy, a boxing tale in which he starred. In 1989, Rourke starred in the docu-drama Francesco, portraying St. Francis of Assisi. This was followed by Wild Orchid, another critically panned film, which gained him a nomination for a Razzie award (also for Desperate Hours). In 1991, he starred in the box office bomb Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man as Harley Davidson, a biker whose best friend, Marlboro, was played by Don Johnson. In his last role before departing for the boxing ring, Rourke played an arms dealer chased by Willem Dafoe and Samuel Jackson in White Sands, a film noir which reviewers found to be stylish but incoherent.[18][19]

Rourke's acting career eventually became overshadowed by his personal life and career decisions. Directors such as Alan Parker found it difficult to work with him. Parker stated that "working with Mickey is a nightmare. He is very dangerous on the set because you never know what he is going to do."[17] In a documentary on the special edition DVD of Tombstone, actor Michael Biehn, who plays the part of Johnny Ringo, mentions that his role was first offered to Rourke.[20]

Professional Boxing Career[link]

In 1991, Rourke decided that he "had to go back to boxing" because he felt that he "was self-destructing ... (and) had no respect for (himself as) an actor."[2] Rourke was undefeated in eight fights, with six wins (four by knockout) and two draws. He fought internationally in countries including Spain, Japan and Germany.[21]

During his boxing career, Rourke suffered a number of injuries, including a broken nose, toe, ribs, a split tongue, and a compressed cheekbone.[22] He also suffered from short term memory loss.[23]

His trainer during most of his boxing career was Hells Angels member, actor and celebrity bodyguard Chuck Zito.[24] Freddie Roach also trained Rourke for seven fights.[25] Rourke's entrance song into the ring was often Guns N' Roses' "Sweet Child o' Mine."[26]

Boxing promoters said that Rourke was too old to succeed against top-level fighters. Indeed, Rourke himself admits that entering the ring was a sort of personal test: "[I] just wanted to give it a shot, test myself that way physically, while I still had time."[27] In 1995, Rourke retired from boxing and returned to acting.

Rourke's boxing career resulted in a notable physical change in the 1990s, as his face needed reconstructive surgery to mend his injuries. His face was later called "appallingly disfigured."[28] In 2009, the actor told The Daily Mail that he had gone to "the wrong guy" for his surgery, and that his plastic surgeon had left his features "a mess."[22]

Professional Boxing Record
6 Wins (4 knockouts, 2 decisions), 0 Losses, 2 Draws[29]
Result Record Opponent Type Rd., Time Date Location Notes
Draw 6-0-2 United States Sean Gibbons MD 4 September 8, 1994 United States Davie, Florida, USA
Win 6-0-1 United States Thomas McCoy TKO 3 (4) November 20, 1993 Germany Hamburg, Germany
Win 5-0-1 United States Bubba Stotts TKO 3 (4) July 24, 1993 United States Joplin, Missouri, USA
Win 4-0-1 United States Tom Bentley KO 1 (4) March 30, 1993 United States Kansas City, Missouri, USA
Win 3-0-1 Canada Terry Jesmer PTS 4 December 12, 1992 Spain Oviedo, Spain
Draw 2-0-1 United States Francisco Harris MD 4 April 25, 1992 United States Miami Beach, Florida, USA Scoring was 38-39 for Harris, 38-38 and 38-38.
Win 2–0 United States Darrell Miller KO 1 (4), 2:14 June 23, 1991 Japan Tokyo, Japan
Win 1–0 United States Steve Powell UD 4 May 23, 1991 United States Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA In his professional boxing debut, Rourke jabbed and uppercut, but he also danced, clowned and taunted the crowd throughout the fight. The boxers were constantly in clinches, two of which sent Powell through the ropes. Rourke managed to land several solid rights, particularly in the final two rounds. Scoring was 38-37, 38-37 and 39-37.

1990s: Return To Acting[link]

In the early 1990s, Rourke was offered and declined the role of Butch Coolidge, which later became Bruce Willis' role in Pulp Fiction.[30] After his retirement from boxing, Rourke did accept supporting roles in several 1990s films, including Francis Ford Coppola's adaptation of John Grisham's The Rainmaker, Vincent Gallo's Buffalo '66, Steve Buscemi's Animal Factory, Sean Penn's The Pledge and Sylvester Stallone's remake of Get Carter. Rourke also has written several films under the name "Sir Eddie Cook", including Bullet, in which he co-starred with close friend Tupac Shakur.[31]

While Rourke was also selected for a significant role in Terrence Malick's The Thin Red Line; his part ended up on the editing room floor. Rourke also played a small part in the film Thursday, in which he plays a crooked cop. He also had a lead role in 1997's Double Team, which co-starred martial arts actor Jean-Claude Van Damme. It was Rourke's first over-the-top action film role, in which he played the lead villain. During that same year, he filmed Another 9½ Weeks, a sequel to 9½ Weeks, which only received limited distribution. He ended the 1990s with the direct-to-video films Out in Fifty, Shades and television film Shergar, about the kidnapping of Epsom Derby-winning thoroughbred racehorse Shergar. Rourke has expressed his bitterness over that period of his career, stating that he came to consider himself a "has-been" and lived for a time in "a state of shame."[28]

2000s[link]

In 2001, he appeared as the villain in Enrique Iglesias's music video for "Hero," which also featured Jennifer Love Hewitt. In 2002, Rourke took the role of The Cook in Jonas Åkerlund's Spun, teaming up once again with Eric Roberts. His first collaborations with directors Robert Rodriguez and Tony Scott in Once Upon a Time in Mexico and Man on Fire, were for smaller roles. Nonetheless, these directors subsequently decided to cast Rourke in lead roles in their next films.

In 2005, Rourke made his comeback in mainstream Hollywood circles with a lead role (Marv) in Robert Rodriguez's adaptation of Frank Miller's Sin City. Rourke received awards from the Chicago Film Critics Association, the IFTA and the Online Film Critics Society, as well as "Man of the Year" from Total Film magazine that year. Rourke followed Sin City with a supporting role in Tony Scott's Domino alongside Keira Knightley, in which he played a bounty hunter.

Rourke played the role of "The Blackbird" in an adaptation of Elmore Leonard's Killshot, and appeared as Darrius Sayle in the adaptation of the Alex Rider novel Stormbreaker.

In addition, in 2004, Rourke provided the voice for "Jericho" in the third installment of the Driver video game series. Rourke also recently appeared in a 40-page story by photographer Bryan Adams for Berlin's Zoo Magazine. In an article about Rourke's return to steady acting roles, entitled "Mickey Rourke Rising",[32] Christopher Heard stated that actors/musicians Tupac Shakur, Johnny Depp, Sean Penn and Brad Pitt have "...animated praise for Rourke and his work." During a roundtable session of Oscar-nominated actors held by Newsweek, Brad Pitt cited Rourke as one of his early acting heroes along with Sean Penn and Gary Oldman.[33]

Despite having withdrawn from acting at various points, and having made films that he now sees as a creative "sell-out" (the action film Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man), Rourke has stated that "...all that I have been through...[has] made me a better, more interesting actor." Rourke's renewed interest in pursuing acting can be seen in his statement that "... my best work is still ahead of me."[34]

Rourke had a role in the film version of The Informers, playing Peter, an amoral former studio security guard who plots to kidnap a small child.

In 2008, Rourke played the lead in The Wrestler, winner of the Golden Lion Award for Best Film at the Venice Film Festival, about washed-up professional wrestler Randy "The Ram" Robinson. Regarding first reading the screenplay, he stated that he originally "didn't care for it."

I didn't really care for the script, but I wanted to work with Darren and I kind of thought that whoever wrote the script hadn't spent as much time as I had around these kind of people and he wouldn't have spoken the way the dude was speaking. And, so Darren let me rewrite all my part and he put the periods in and crossed the Ts. So once we made that change I was OK with it.[35]

He also spoke on personal concern and hesitance of being in a film about wrestling, for he perceived it as being "pre-arranged and pre-choreographed." However, as he trained for the film, he developed an appreciation and respect for what real-life pro wrestlers do to prepare for the ring:

I kept getting hurt. I think I had three MRIs in two months because I wasn't landing right. These guys take several years to learn how to land and I think after I started getting hurt doing it, I started to realize these guys are really suffering and I kind of gained a respect for their sport.[36]

He trained under former WWE wrestler Afa the Wild Samoan for the part, and has received a British Academy (BAFTA) award, a Golden Globe award, an Independent Spirit Award, and an Oscar nomination as Best Actor. Rourke was pessimistic about his chances to win the Oscar, as he had burned many bridges in Hollywood as a result of his past behavior.[22] Rourke lost the Oscar to Sean Penn, while Penn did acknowledge Rourke in his acceptance speech.

Rourke has written or co-written six scripts: Homeboy, The Last Ride, Bullet, Killer Moon, Penance and the latest, Pain. Of these, the first three were produced as films between 1988 and 1996.

Rourke with Ric Flair at WrestleMania XXV.

In early 2009, Rourke developed a small feud with WWE Superstar Chris Jericho, as part of a storyline. The storyline climaxed at WrestleMania XXV, when Rourke knocked out Jericho with a left hook after Jericho won his match against Jimmy Snuka, Ricky Steamboat, and Roddy Piper, with Ric Flair in their corner.

In 2009, Rourke starred in John Rich's music video for Shuttin' Detroit Down alongside Kris Kristofferson.

In 2009, Rourke voiced protagonist U.S. Navy SEAL Dick Marcinko in the video game Rogue Warrior. The game received very poor reviews from critics.

In 2010, Rourke played the role of the main villain Whiplash in the film Iron Man 2, in an interview with Rip It Up Magazine he revealed that he prepared for the role by visiting Russian jail inmates.[37] He also had a supporting role playing 'Tool' in Sylvester Stallone's The Expendables.

Just before the end of the year, he confirmed on a British TV talk show that he would play Gareth Thomas in an upcoming film about the Welsh rugby star who came out as gay the previous year.[38] As of February 2011, he had begun research on the film, but noted, "We're not going to make this movie until we've done all the proper research. We need to do our homework and I need to train for from nine to eleven months."[39]

In 2011, Rourke was cast in the film Java Heat as an American citizen shadowing terrorists group in Java, Indonesia. The film will be released in 2013.[40]

Personal life[link]

Rourke has dated several celebrities, including Terry Farrell and Sasha Volkova. He has been married twice. In 1981, he married Debra Feuer, whom he met on the set of Hardcase (1981) and who co-starred with him in Homeboy (1988) as his love interest. The marriage ended in 1989, with Rourke subsequently commenting that making the film 9½ Weeks "was not particularly considerate to my wife's needs."[41] The two have remained good friends, according to an interview Feuer gave in 2009.[42]

Andy García and Rourke at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.

Wild Orchid co-star Carré Otis was briefly a cause célèbre following the release of the film owing to rumors that she and then-lover Rourke filmed an unsimulated sex scene. Otis married Rourke on June 26, 1992. In 1994, Rourke was arrested for spousal abuse. The charges were later dropped. The couple reconciled and also starred together in Exit in Red, but their marriage ended in December 1998. In November 2007, Rourke was arrested again, this time on DUI charges in Miami Beach.[43]

In numerous TV and print interviews, he attributes his comeback after fourteen years to his agent David A. Unger,[44][45] weekly meetings with a psychiatrist, "Steve," and a Catholic priest he identified as "Father Pete."[citation needed]

Since 2009, Rourke has been dating the Russian model Anastassija Makarenko. In mid-2011, he bought an apartment in Wiesbaden, Germany which is close to his girlfriend's parents' place of residence.[46]

Rourke is also a motorcycle enthusiast and uses motorcycles in some of his films.[citation needed]

Dogs[link]

In addition to his faith and his psychiatric treatment, Rourke has publicly attributed his comeback to his dogs. He is well known as a pet lover, particularly fond of small-breed dogs. A spay/neuter advocate, Rourke participated in a protest outside of a pet shop in 2007[47] and has done a public service announcement for PETA.[48]

His first little dog was reportedly a gift from his second wife.[47] Though Rourke's dogs are generally referred to as "chihuahuas," some are not pure-bred. Loki, his most-publicized dog whom he described as "the love of my life,"[47] was a chihuahua-terrier mix.[49][50] So reliant was Rourke on Loki's companionship, he spent US$5,400 to have her flown to England while he was on the set of the film Stormbreaker.[50]

Rourke gave his dogs credit during his Golden Globe Best Actor acceptance speech January 11, 2009: "I'd like to thank all my dogs. The ones that are here, the ones that aren't here anymore because sometimes when a man's alone, that's all you got is your dog. And they've meant the world to me."[51] The day of the 2009 Golden Globes show, he told Barbara Walters that "I sort of self-destructed and everything came out about fourteen years ago or so ... the wife had left, the career was over, the money was not an ounce. The dogs were there when no one else was there." Asked by Walters if he had considered suicide, he responded:

Yeah, I didn't want to be here, but I didn't want to kill myself. I just wanted to push a button and disappear....I think I hadn't left the house for four or five months, and I was sitting in the closet, sleeping in the closet for some reason, and I was in a bad place, and I just remember I was thinking, 'Oh, man, if I do this,' [and] then I looked at my dog, Lowjack, and he made a sound, like a little almost human sound. I don't have kids, the dogs became everything to me. The dog was looking at me going, 'Who's going to take care of me?'

—Mickey Rourke[52]

Despite being identified as "Lowjack" in the transcription above, the dog in the anecdote was apparently Beau Jack, who sired two of Rourke's later pets, Loki and her littermate Chocolate.[53] Beau Jack died in 2002, though Rourke gave him 45 minutes of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.[50][54] Chocolate was the subject of a children's book, Chocolate at the Four Seasons, about his temporary stay with producer Bonnie Timmerman.[55] Chocolate returned to Rourke and died in 2006.[55] In addition to those dogs and several other past pets, Rourke currently owns a chihuahua named Jaws who appeared with him in his 2009 PETA ad, as well as in the film "Man on Fire."[48] He has had as many as seven dogs at one time, back in 2005.[54] At the time of his Golden Globes tribute to his pets, Rourke owned five chihuahuas: Loki, Jaws, Ruby Baby, La Negra and Bella Loca.[50] About a month later, on February 18, 2009, Loki died in Rourke's arms at the age of 18.[56]

Filmography[link]

Career Awards[link]

List of awards
Year Award Nomination Film Result
1983 Boston Society of Film Critics Award Best Supporting Actor Diner Won
National Society of Film Critics Best Supporting Actor
1988 Independent Spirit Awards Best Actor Barfly Nominated
1991 Razzie Award Worst Actor Desperate Hours Nominated
Wild Orchid
2006 Saturn Award Best Supporting Actor Sin City Won
Chicago Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor
Irish Film and Television Awards Best International Actor
Online Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actor
Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor Nominated
Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Best Ensemble Nominated
Critics' Choice Award Best Ensemble Nominated
Total Film magazine Man of the Year Voted
2008 Moviefone Sexiest Movie Couple 9½ Weeks Voted
Golden Orange Award Honorary Award Won
Satellite Awards Best Actor - Drama The Wrestler Nominated
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Best Actor Won
San Francisco Film Critics Best Actor Won
Broadcast Film Critics Best Actor Nominated
San Diego Film Critics Society Best Actor Won
Toronto Film Critics Association Best Actor Won
Chicago Film Critics Association Best Actor Won
Florida Film Critics Circle Best Actor Won
Detroit Film Critics Society Best Actor Won
2009 Golden Globe Award Best Actor - Drama Won
Independent Spirit Award Best Male Lead Won
BAFTA Award Best Actor Won
Academy Awards Best Male Actor Nominated
Chlotrudis Awards Best Actor Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Best Male Actor Nominated
Santa Barbara International Film Festival Riviera Award Awarded
2010 Scream Awards Best Villain Iron Man 2 Won
2011 MTV Movie Awards Best Villain Iron Man 2 Nominated

Critical Acclaim[link]

Only two films of Mickey Rourke’s are in the IMDb Top 250. Sin City is #85 and The Wrestler is #78. According to Rotten Tomatoes, Mickey’s most “fresh” film is The Wrestler and most "rotten" film is Wild Orchid.

Rotten Tomatoes[link]

Mickey Rourke films which rated as "fresh" on Rotten Tomatoes.

Rank Title %
1 The Wrestler 98%
2 Body Heat 97%
3 Diner 96%
4 The Pope of Greenwich Village 89%
5 The Rainmaker 88%
6 Animal Factory 83%
7 Barfly 80%
8 Sin City 77%
Rank Title %
9 Buffalo '66 77%
10 The Pledge 77%
11 Angel Heart 76%
12 Iron Man 2 74%
13 Rumble Fish 70%
14 Once Upon a Time in Mexico 68%
15 A Prayer for the Dying 63%
16 9½ Weeks 62%
17 Year of the Dragon 60%

Metacritic[link]

Mickey Rourke films which rate "fresh" on Metacritic.

Rank Title %
1 Diner 86%
2 The Wrestler 81%
3 Body Heat 78%
4 The Rainmaker 72%
5 The Pledge 71%
6 Buffalo '66 68%
7 The Animal Factory 65%
8 Rumble Fish 63%

Previous collaborations[link]

During his career, Rourke worked with directors including Steven Spielberg, Lawrence Kasdan, Francis Ford Coppola, Barry Levinson, Stuart Rosenberg, Nicolas Roeg, Michael Cimino, Adrian Lyne, Alan Parker, Mike Hodges, Barbet Schroeder, Walter Hill, Tsui Hark, Jonas Åkerlund, Wong Kar-wai, Tony Scott, Robert Rodriguez and John Madden, as well as actors-turned-directors Sean Penn, Vincent Gallo and Steve Buscemi. Rourke also starred in the films which also stars popular actors including Kim Basinger, Jean Claude Van Damme, Helena Bonham Carter, Matt Damon, Danny DeVito, Tupac Shakur, Bruce Willis, Benicio del Toro, Alicia Silverstone, Anthony Hopkins, Jack Nicholson, Willem Dafoe, Johnny Depp, Denzel Washington, Antonio Banderas, Salma Hayek, Robert De Niro and so on. Rourke worked with actor Christopher Walken 5 times. They starred together in the films Heaven's Gate, Homeboy, Man on Fire, Domino and voice acting in video game True Crime: New York City (2005).

Christopher Walken stated to the Film Comment on August, 1992 that destiny to make Homeboy with Mickey Rourke:

Mickey Rourke and I were in Heaven's Gate together; he had this tiny part and I was playing whatsisname. We were sitting up there in the mountains talking about...dinosaurs. And I told him about this thing I had read in some science magazine, that there's a theory that dinosaurs really never disappeared at all. That in fact all they did was get smaller and smaller, their scales turned into feathers and they flew away-and that in fact dinosaurs are still with us, they're just birds. And Mickey said, ‘That's interesting,’ and he started telling me about this movie that he was going to do someday about a boxer and it was called Homeboy. You know, I remember also he told me at the time, ‘There's this guy, the fighters manager, and you're gonna play this part.’ I said, ‘Okay Mickey, let's go.’ So almost ten years went by and there we were making it. And I said to him, ‘Why don’t I tell that story about the birds and dinosaurs?’ He said. ‘Right.’ And there is that scene at the beach with all the seagulls, talking about dinosaurs. It's completely disconnected from anything going on in the movie, but I think it's one of the things in the movie...It's real. Here are these two guys who are really kind of victims, talking about the origin and destiny of dinosaurs.[57]

Other works[link]

Mickey Rourke made his stage debut in a revival of Arthur Miller's A View From the Bridge. Rourke also lent his voice to the video games Driv3r (2004) as Jericho and True Crime: New York City (2005) as Terrence "Terry" Higgins, which was the his fifth and last work with actor Christopher Walken. He also appeared in a Japanese TV commercial for Suntory Reserve (early 90s) and a commercial for Daihatsu and Lark (cigarette). More recently, in 2009, Rourke voiced the character of Dick Marcinko for the biographical video game Rogue Warrior, which was released on December 1, 2009.[58] Ironically, Rourke's portrayal of Marcinko was a source of humorous praise from a few critics (although many others criticized Rourke's role to the same degree that they did every other aspect of the game).

Rourke starred in a music video, "Hero." He played a gangster in this Enrique Iglesias music video. Actress Jennifer Love Hewitt also made an appearance in this clip. Rourke also provided the mid-song rap on the David Bowie song "Shining Star (Makin' My Love)" on his album Never Let Me Down (1987).

References[link]

  1. ^ a b "Rourke's arrest report for November 17, 2007". TMZ. http://www.aolcdn.com/tmz_documents/1217_mickey_rourke_wm.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-13. 
  2. ^ a b "Rourke mania: Darren Aronofsky directs portrait of aging wrestler". Filmjournal.com. 2008-11-25. http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/content_display/news-and-features/filmmakers/e3ifcb7b0c6e00764408fab87945d105104. Retrieved 2009-07-05. 
  3. ^ Wloszczyna, Susan (2008-12-16). "'Wrestler' role puts Rourke back in awards ring". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2008-12-15-wrestler-side_N.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-13. 
  4. ^ Reed, Jebediah (October 20, 2006). "Living in Oblivion". Radar Online. http://www.radaronline.com/features/2006/10/humble_fish.php. Retrieved 2009-01-13. [dead link]
  5. ^ "Actor Mickey Rourke "saved" by his Catholic faith". CathNews. 2005-10-07. http://cathnews.acu.edu.au/510/32.php. Retrieved 2009-01-13. 
  6. ^ "Mickey Rourke Saved By Priest". FemaleFirst. 2009-10-07. http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/celebrity/Mickey+Rourke-28942.html. Retrieved 2010-05-08. 
  7. ^ "'Saved By Priest and his catholic faith' says Hollywood actor Mickey Rourke". CNA. http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/saved_by_priest_and_his_catholic_faith_says_hollywood_actor_mickey_rourke/. Retrieved 2010-05-08. 
  8. ^ Leve, Ariel (2005-04-10). "The Rourke's progress". Times Online (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article441301.ece. Retrieved 2009-01-13. 
  9. ^ "Archives - New York Post Online Edition". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 2002-02-26. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nypost/access/109742228.html?dids=109742228:109742228&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+26%2C+2002&author=&pub=New+York+Post&desc=ROURKE'S+MOB+CONNECTION&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2011-10-30. 
  10. ^ Santiago, Roberto (2006-08-04). "The Importance (and Roller-Coaster Ride) of Being Mickey Rourke". The Miami Herald. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-8812771_ITM. Retrieved 2009-01-13. 
  11. ^ a b c d http://www.boxing-scoop.com/show_boxer.php?boxer_ID=7018
  12. ^ a b Cadwalladr, Carole (2008-11-23). "'I've been to hell. I'm not going back there'". The Observer (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2008/nov/23/mickey-rourke-interview. Retrieved 2009-01-13. 
  13. ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000620/bio
  14. ^ Biography for Mickey Rourke at the Internet Movie Database
  15. ^ VinCy Thomas. "Ecran Noir - Mickey Rourke". Ecrannoir.fr. http://www.ecrannoir.fr/stars/stars.php?s=692. Retrieved 2009-07-05. 
  16. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092563/awards.
  17. ^ a b "Mickey Rourke Biography". Yahoo. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800010853/bio. Retrieved 2009-01-13. 
  18. ^ (Posted: Apr 18, 2001) (2001-04-18). "White Sands : Review". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5948289/review/5948290/white_sands. Retrieved 2009-07-05. 
  19. ^ "White Sands". Deseret News. 1992-05-01. http://dn.familymediaguide.net/movies/2000001743/White-Sands. Retrieved 2009-07-05. 
  20. ^ Mickey Rourke - Rotten Tomatoes Celebrity Profile.
  21. ^ BoxRec Professional Record.
  22. ^ a b c Mickey Rourke: I've hacked off so many people in Hollywood, who the hell would give me an Oscar?, The Daily Mail, 2009-02-20.
  23. ^ Interview: Mickey Rourke, The Scotsman, 2009-01-10.
  24. ^ Cinergy AG. "Entertainfo - Mickey Rourke". Cineman.ch. http://www.cineman.ch/fr/entertainfo/mickey-rourke.html. Retrieved 2009-07-05. 
  25. ^ "Pacquiao Hatton HBO 24/7 Episode 2¾ @ 6:40". HBO channel @ youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjHO9uHOKbo. Retrieved 2009-04-18. [dead link]
  26. ^ "Amy's Robot: Mickey Rourke at the Golden Globes". Amysrobot.com. 2009-01-12. http://amysrobot.com/archives/2009/01/mickey_rourke_at_the_golden_gl.php. Retrieved 2009-07-05. 
  27. ^ Interview with Christopher Heard in The Gate.
  28. ^ a b Rourke triumphs over demons in "The Wrestler" , CNN.com, 2008-09-24.
  29. ^ "Mickey Rourke's career boxing record". Boxrec.com. http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=29155&cat=boxer. Retrieved 2009-01-28. 
  30. ^ "Rourke Is Back, But For How Long? - The 81st Annual Academy Awards on Yahoo! Movies". Oscars.movies.yahoo.com. http://oscars.movies.yahoo.com/blog/19-rourke-is-back-but-for-how-long?nc. Retrieved 2009-07-05. [dead link]
  31. ^ "Mickey Rourke". Imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000620/. Retrieved 2009-07-05. 
  32. ^ Article in The Gate.
  33. ^ YouTube clip.
  34. ^ Article in The Gate[volume & issue needed]
  35. ^ "Rourke didn't 'care for' 'Wrestler' script". Upi.com. http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/12/08/Rourke-didnt-care-for-Wrestler-script/UPI-68981228764682. Retrieved 2010-06-02. 
  36. ^ "Rourke didn't 'care for' 'Wrestler' script". UPI.com. http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/12/08/Rourke-didnt-care-for-Wrestler-script/UPI-68981228764682/. Retrieved 2010-06-02. 
  37. ^ INTERVIEW: Mickey Rourke Talks Iron Man 2 - Rip It Up Magazine retrieved 15-09-2010
  38. ^ "Rourke Confirms Gareth Thomas Biopic". The Advocate. December 28, 2010. http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/12/28/Rourke_Confirms_Gareth_Thomas_Biopic/. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 
  39. ^ "Rourke begins research for Thomas biopic". ESPN Scrum. February 14, 2011. http://www.espnscrum.com/wales/rugby/story/134544.html. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 
  40. ^ "Tio to star alongside Mickey Rourke". October 28, 2011. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/10/28/tio-star-alongside-mickey-rourke.html. 
  41. ^ Hind, John (2009-02-15). "Mickey Rourke: Did I say that?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/feb/15/mickey-rourke-did-i-say-that. Retrieved 2009-02-15. 
  42. ^ "Mickey Rourke: 'He was a shy mummy's boy.. fame drove him to drink, drugs & too much plastic surgery. But now he's back on top'". The Daily Mirror. 2009-01-18. http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2009/01/18/mickey-rourke-he-was-a-shy-mummy-s-boy-fame-drove-him-to-drink-drugs-too-much-plastic-surgery-but-now-he-s-back-on-top-115875-21049704/. 
  43. ^ "Mickey Rourke Arrested for DUI – on a Vespa". People. 2007-11-08. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20159158,00.html. Retrieved 2009-01-13. 
  44. ^ Lyman, Rick (2003-04-13). "FILM; Mickey Rourke Is Sorry. Very, Very, Very Sorry". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/13/movies/film-mickey-rourke-is-sorry-very-very-very-sorry.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Retrieved 2012-01-22. "For the first three years, no one wanted to hire him, no one wanted to meet with him. He was living on what he could raise by selling off the last of his movie-star possessions. And then, a couple of years ago, he got a call out of the blue from David Unger, a young and ambitious agent at I.C.M. He saved me, Mr. Rourke says." 
  45. ^ Janofsky, Michael (2009-01-21). "Rourke's Agent Rehabilitates Bad-Boy Actor Into Oscar Contender". Bloomberg L.P.. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aeQ_DkcMtuYs. Retrieved 2012-01-22. 
  46. ^ "Mickey Rourke wohnt jetzt in Wiesbaden (German)". FAZ. 2011-05-06. http://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/immobilien-mickey-rourke-wohnt-jetzt-in-wiesbaden-1637977.html. Retrieved 2011-11-02. 
  47. ^ a b c Slideshow: Mickey Rourke and His Family of Little Dogs, at PeoplePets.Com, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  48. ^ a b Mickey Rourke Says Don't Get Your Dogs Knocked Up, 2009-01-15 at PeoplePets.Com. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  49. ^ Lyman, Rick. FILM: Mickey Rourke Is Sorry. Very, Very, Very Sorry., April 13, 2003, New York Times.'.' Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  50. ^ a b c d Coren, Stanley. Dogs as Therapists: The Case of Mickey Rourke, 2009-01-16, Psychology Today. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  51. ^ Comeback King Mickey Rourke Thanks His Dogs, 2009-01-12, at PeoplePets.Com. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  52. ^ Mickey Rourke: My Dogs Saved My Life, 2009-02-17. People Magazine. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  53. ^ Mickey Rourke's Dog Saved His Life?, 2008-11-29. StarPulse. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  54. ^ a b Rourke still grieving over dogs's death, 2005-03-26, ContactMusic.Com. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  55. ^ a b Little, Brown Memorializes Chihuahua Chucked by Sozzled Actor Mickey Rourke—That Punk!. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  56. ^ Finn, Natalie. Mickey Rourke Loses a Prized Pooch, 2009-02-17. E! News Online. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  57. ^ Walken, Christopher (August 1992). (Interview). Film Comment. 
  58. ^ Crecente, Brian (April 27, 2009). "Rogue Warrior Carpet F-Bombs With Rourke". Kotaku. http://kotaku.com/5227415/rogue-warrior-carpet-f+bombs. Retrieved 2009-07-20. 

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Mickey_Rourke




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Rourke

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Mark Wahlberg

Wahlberg at the 2011 Time 100 gala
Born Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg
(1971-06-05) June 5, 1971 (age 41)
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Other names Marky Mark
Monk D
Occupation Actor
Producer
Rapper (former)
Years active 1989–present
Spouse Rhea Durham
(m. 2009–present; 4 children)
Relatives Donnie Wahlberg, Robert Wahlberg (brothers)

Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg (born June 5, 1971) is an American actor, film and television producer, and former rapper. He was known as Marky Mark in his earlier years, and became famous for his 1989 debut as frontman with the band Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch. He was named No. 1 on VH1's 40 Hottest Hotties of the 90's. Wahlberg is well known for his roles in films such as Boogie Nights (1997), Three Kings (1999), The Perfect Storm (2000), Planet of the Apes (2001), Rock Star (2001), The Italian Job (2003), I Heart Huckabees (2004), Four Brothers (2005), The Departed (2006), Invincible (2006), Shooter (2007), and The Fighter (2010), Date Night (2010). He has also served as the executive producer of the TV series Entourage, Boardwalk Empire and How to Make It in America.

Contents

Early life[link]

Wahlberg was born in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, the youngest of nine children,[1] with siblings Arthur, Jim, Paul, Robert, Tracey, Michelle, Debbie (died in 2003 at age 44), and Donnie. His father was of half Swedish and half Irish ancestry, and his mother is of Irish, English, and French Canadian descent.[2] Maternally, Wahlberg is distantly related to author Nathaniel Hawthorne.[3] Wahlberg's mother, Alma Elaine (née Donnelly), was a bank clerk and nurse's aide, and Wahlberg's father, Donald Edward Wahlberg, was a Teamster who worked as a delivery driver. His parents divorced in 1982.[4] Wahlberg had a Roman Catholic[5][6] upbringing and attended Copley Square High School (but never graduated) on Newbury Street in Boston.

Racist assaults and attempted murder charges[link]

Wahlberg claims to have been in trouble 20–25 times with the Boston Police Department as a youth. By the age of 13, Wahlberg had developed an addiction to cocaine and other substances.[7][8] At 15, he harassed a group of black school children on a field trip by throwing rocks and shouting racial epithets.[9] When he was 16, while high on PCP, Wahlberg approached a middle-aged Vietnamese man on the street and, using a large wooden stick, knocked him unconscious (while calling him "Vietnam fucking shit"). He also attacked another Vietnamese man, leaving him permanently blind in one eye, and attacked a security guard (using foul language).[10][11]

For these crimes, Wahlberg was charged with attempted murder. He pleaded guilty to assault and was sentenced to two years in jail at Boston's Deer Island House of Correction, of which he served 45 days.[10][12] In another incident, the 21-year-old Wahlberg fractured the jaw of a neighbor in an unprovoked attack.[13] "I did a lot of things that I regretted and I certainly paid for my mistakes," Wahlberg says. "You have to go and ask for forgiveness and it wasn't until I really started doing good and doing right, by other people as well as myself, that I really started to feel that guilt go away. So I don't have a problem going to sleep at night. I feel good when I wake up in the morning."[14]

[15]

Career[link]

Music[link]

Wahlberg first came to fame as the younger brother of Donnie Wahlberg of the successful 1980s and 1990s boy band New Kids on the Block. Mark, at age thirteen, had been one of the group's original members, along with Donnie, Danny Wood, Jordan Knight, and Jonathan Knight. However, he soon quit. It was his departure that eventually allowed Joe McIntyre to take his place as the fifth member of the group.

Wahlberg began recording as Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch, earning a hit with "Good Vibrations" from the album Music for the People. The record was produced by brother Donnie and later hit No.1 on The Billboard Hot 100, later becoming certified as a Platinum single. The second single, "Wildside," peaked at No.5 on Billboards Hot Singles Sales chart and at No.10 on The Billboard Hot 100.[16] It was certified as a Gold Single. Marky Mark opened for the New Kids on the Block during their last tour. The second Marky Mark and The Funky Bunch LP, You Gotta Believe, was not as successful as the prior, yielding only a minor hit single in the title track. Wahlberg later collaborated with the late reggae / ragga singer Prince Ital Joe on the album Life in the Streets. The project combined rap and ragga vocals with strong eurodance music (as in the singles Happy People, German No.1 hit United, Life in the Streets, and Babylon) courtesy of Frank Peterson and Alex Christensen as producers.

He was also featured in the Black Label Society music video for "Counterfeit God", as a stand-in for the band's bassist.[17]

Advertising[link]

Wahlberg first displayed his physique in the Good Vibrations music video and most prominently in a series of underwear ads for Calvin Klein shot by Herb Ritts, following it with Calvin Klein television advertisements.[18] Magazine and television promotions would sometimes feature Mark exclusively or accompanied by model Kate Moss. Annie Leibovitz also shot a famous session of Mark Wahlberg in underwear for Vanity Fair's annual Hall of Fame issue.[19] He also made a workout video titled The Marky Mark Workout: Form... Focus... Fitness (ISBN 1-55510-910-1).

Film[link]

Wahlberg at the 83rd Academy Awards in 2011.

Wahlberg dropped the "Marky Mark" moniker and began an acting career, making his debut in the 1993 TV movie The Substitute. His big screen debut came the next year, with the Danny DeVito feature Renaissance Man. A basketball fanatic, he caught the attention of critics after appearing in The Basketball Diaries in 1995, playing the role of Mickey alongside Leonardo DiCaprio, in a film adaptation of the Jim Carroll book of the same name. He also starred in the 1996 James Foley thriller Fear.

He has earned many positive reviews after successful movies like Boogie Nights as Dirk Diggler, Three Kings, The Perfect Storm, The Italian Job, and Four Brothers. His performance in I ♥ Huckabees was voted best supporting performance of the year in the 2004 Village Voice Critics Poll. Wahlberg was originally cast as Linus Caldwell in Ocean's Eleven; Matt Damon played the role instead. The two later worked together in The Departed.[20] Wahlberg was also considered for a role in the film Brokeback Mountain. It was originally intended to star him and Joaquin Phoenix, but Wahlberg was uncomfortable with the film's sex scenes and his role ultimately went to Jake Gyllenhaal.[21]

Wahlberg starred in the American football drama, Invincible, based on the true story of bartender Vince Papale. He is also the executive producer of the HBO series Entourage which is loosely based on his experiences in Hollywood. He also appeared as a foul-mouthed Massachusetts State Police detective in Martin Scorsese's critically acclaimed thriller, The Departed in 2006, which netted him an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, a Golden Globe nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture, and an NSFC Best Supporting Actor award. Wahlberg has confirmed that he was approached to star in a sequel to The Departed, but it is still early in development. The sequel would reportedly revolve around the Staff Sergeant played by Wahlberg.[22]

Wahlberg at the Shooter premiere in London, March 2007
Wahlberg at the premiere of Max Payne.

To prepare for his role in Shooter, Wahlberg attended long-range shooting training at Front Sight Firearms Training Institute near Pahrump, Nevada, and was able to hit a target at 1100 yards on his second day, a feat which usually takes weeks to achieve.[23] He has said in a number of interviews that he will retire at the age of 40 to concentrate on parenthood[24] and professional golf. However, in early 2007 he indicated that the latter was no longer the plan as "his golf game is horrible".[25] He played Jack Salmon, a leading role in Peter Jackson's film of The Lovely Bones.[26] In 2007, he starred opposite Joaquin Phoenix in We Own the Night, a movie about a family of police officers in New York City.

He starred in M. Night Shyamalan's The Happening as Eliot Moore, which premiered in movie theatres on June 13, 2008. The same year, he played the title role in Max Payne, based on a video game of the same name. While promoting Max Payne, Mark became involved in a playful feud with Saturday Night Live's Andy Samberg and threatened to "crack that big fucking nose of his." Samberg had done an impression of Wahlberg in a Saturday Night Live skit titled "Mark Wahlberg Talks To Animals."[27][28] However, Wahlberg later appeared in a follow-up skit parodying both the original skit, Samberg's impression of Wahlberg, and his own threats to Samberg.[29][30]

Personal life[link]

Family and relationships[link]

In the early '90s, Wahlberg dated former child actress Soleil Moon Frye.[31] Wahlberg and model Rhea Durham have been together since 2001 and were married on August 1, 2009 at the Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills. The couple have four children, Ella Rae (born September 2, 2003), Michael Robert (born March 21, 2006), Brendan Joseph (born September 16, 2008) and Grace Margaret (born January 11, 2010). In a 2011 interview with USA Weekend, Wahlberg stated that he had taken his children to visit his old Dorchester neighborhood, saying "I want them to know that not everyone is as fortunate and how important it is to work hard and give back."[32]

His father, a US Army veteran of the Korean War, died on February 14, 2008.[33]

Religion[link]

Wahlberg is a committed Roman Catholic,[34] who attends daily Mass, credits his faith and a priest from his childhood for helping him turn his life around, and recognizes the seriousness of his faith.[6]

Charity work[link]

Actively involved in charity, Wahlberg established the Mark Wahlberg Youth Foundation in May 2001 for the purpose of raising and distributing funds to youth service and enrichment programs.[35]

Wahlberg is also active with The Good Shepherd Center for Homeless Women and Children. In an interview, Mark said that it's important to let the homeless know that people care about them and are working to help the impoverished get back on their feet.[36]

Tattoos[link]

Wahlberg has four tattoos done by various artists including Paul Timman.[37] The tattoos include Sylvester the cat with Tweety Bird in his mouth on his ankle, a design of his initials "MW" with his surname "Wahlberg" on his upper right arm, and a Bob Marley tattoo with "One Love" on his upper left arm.[38] The final tattoo, which Wahlberg holds as his most meaningful, is the rosary tattooed around his neck, with a crucifix and the words "In God I Trust" resting over his heart.[38] On January 9, 2012 Wahlberg was a guest on The Late Show With David Letterman. He spoke about his tattoos and stated he is in the process of having them removed. Initially he was told it would take 8-10 laser treatments however he required over 30 treatments and is still in the process of getting them removed. He cited his career and children as the reason for the removal of the tattoos. His first tattoo was as a young teenager and it was of a shamrock. Because it was not professionally done, he said the shamrock was not straight and had the Tweety Bird tattoo placed over it after arriving in Los Angeles.

Discography[link]

Filmography[link]

List of acting performances in film and television
Title Year Role Notes
Substitute, TheThe Substitute 1993 Ryan Westerberg Credited as "Marky Mark"
Renaissance Man 1994 Private Tommy Lee Haywood
Basketball Diaries, TheThe Basketball Diaries 1995 Mickey
Fear 1996 David McCall Nominated — MTV Movie Award for Best Villain
Traveller 1997 Pat O'Hara
Boogie Nights 1997 Eddie Adams/Dirk Diggler Nominated — Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
Big Hit, TheThe Big Hit 1998 Melvin Smiley
Corruptor, TheThe Corruptor 1999 Detective Danny Wallace
Three Kings 1999 Troy Barlow
Yards, TheThe Yards 2000 Leo Handler
Perfect Storm, TheThe Perfect Storm 2000 Robert "Bobby" Shatford
Planet of the Apes 2001 Captain Leo Davidson
Rock Star 2001 Chris "Izzy" Cole
Truth About Charlie, TheThe Truth About Charlie 2002 Joshua Peters
Italian Job, TheThe Italian Job 2003 Charlie Croker Main role
I Heart Huckabees 2004 Tommy Corn Village Voice Film Poll – Best Supporting Performance
Nominated — Chlotrudis Award for Best Supporting Actor
Nominated — Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Four Brothers 2005 Robert "Bobby" Mercer Main role
Invincible 2006 Vincent "Vince" Francis Papale Main role
Departed, TheThe Departed 2006 Sgt. Sean Dignam Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor
National Board of Review Award for Best Cast
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor
Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture
Nominated — Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
Nominated — Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor
Nominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
Nominated — Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor
Shooter 2007 GySgt. Bob Lee Swagger Main role
We Own the Night 2007 Captain Joseph "Joe" Grusinsky
Happening, TheThe Happening 2008 Elliot Moore Nominated — Razzie Award for Worst Actor
Max Payne 2008 Max Payne
Lovely Bones, TheThe Lovely Bones 2009 Jack Salmon
Date Night 2010 Holbrooke Grant
Other Guys, TheThe Other Guys 2010 Detective Terry Hoitz Lead role
Fighter, TheThe Fighter 2010 "Irish" Micky Ward African-American Film Critics Association for Best Actor
Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Ensemble
Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast
Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
Nominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
Nominated — San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble
Nominated — Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble
Contraband 2012 Chris Farraday
Ted 2012 John
Broken City 2013 Billy Taggart filming
Pain & Gain 2013 pre-production
List of credits as producer
Title Year Role Notes
Entourage 2004–11 Executive producer
We Own the Night 2007 Producer
In Treatment 2008–10 Executive producer
How to Make It in America 2010–11 Executive producer
Boardwalk Empire 2010–present Executive producer
Fighter, TheThe Fighter 2010 Producer
Contraband 2012 Producer

References[link]

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  2. ^ "Ancestry of Mark Wahlberg". Wargs.com. http://www.wargs.com/other/wahlberg.html. Retrieved 2012-01-15. 
  3. ^ Pierce, Kathleen (May 14, 2011). "Just call him pop culture's sleuth". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2011/05/14/just_call_chris_child_pop_cultures_genealogy_sleuth/?p1=Upbox_links. 
  4. ^ "Changing Room". Forbes. June 30, 2008. http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2008/0630/104.html. Retrieved August 14, 2010. 
  5. ^ Robin Lynch, Ileana Young (September 21, 2008). "Mark of a man". Herald Sun (Australia). http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/movies/mark-of-a-man/story-e6frf9h6-1111117540758. Retrieved September 9, 2010. 
  6. ^ a b "Reformed bad boy Mark Wahlberg goes to church during Australian tour". Herald Sun (Australia). August 17, 2010. http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/confidential/reformed-bad-boy-mark-wahlberg-goes-to-church-during-australian-tour/story-e6frf96o-1225906318411. Retrieved September 9, 2010. 
  7. ^ "Vanity Fair. Rogue Star". Markwahlbergfan.com. http://www.markwahlbergfan.com/article_vanityfair.htm. Retrieved August 14, 2010. 
  8. ^ Burke, Monte (June 30, 2008). "Changing Room". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2008/0630/104.html. 
  9. ^ "Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Michael Guilfoyle, Derek Furkart, and Mark Wahlberg". http://thesmokinggun.com/archive/markymark1.html. Retrieved September 29, 2007. 
  10. ^ a b "Criminal Complaint In the Suffolk County Superior Court, Commonwealth of Massachusetts 1988". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928140845/http://www.modelminority.com/article225.html. Retrieved September 29, 2007. 
  11. ^ "Commonwealth v. Mark R. Wahlberg". http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/markymark7.html. Retrieved September 29, 2007. 
  12. ^ "A Candid Chat With Mark Wahlberg – ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. September 29, 2006. http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=2509542&page=1. Retrieved August 14, 2010. 
  13. ^ "Crehan vs. Mark Wahlberg and Derek McCall". http://thesmokinggun.com/archive/markymark9.html. Retrieved September 29, 2007. 
  14. ^ "A Candid Chat With Mark Wahlberg – ABC News Sept. 29, 2006". Abcnews.go.com. September 29, 2006. http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/Oscars2007/story?id=2509542&page=1. Retrieved August 14, 2010. 
  15. ^ Mark Wahlberg: I left the mean streets for Hollywood, The Daily Mail, December 26, 2009
  16. ^ [1][dead link]
  17. ^ Wahlberg's "Dragon," Megadeth, More To Play L.A. | News. VH1.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-17.
  18. ^ Wilson, Eric (May 12, 2010). "Stretching a Six-Pack". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/13/fashion/13calvin.html. Retrieved 28 July 2011. 
  19. ^ "Annie Leibovitz / Jossip". Jossip.com. http://www.jossip.com/category/annie-leibovitz/. Retrieved October 27, 2008. 
  20. ^ "filmfodder.com: archive: ocean's 11". Filmfodder.com. http://www.filmfodder.com/archive/oceans11. Retrieved October 27, 2008. 
  21. ^ "'Brokeback Mountain' Script 'Creeped Out' Mark Wahlberg – Starpulse Entertainment News Blog". Starpulse.com. http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/02/28/brokeback_mountain_script_creeped_out_ma. Retrieved October 27, 2008. 
  22. ^ Stax (February 5, 2007). "IGN.com article about Departed 2 problems. Retrieved February 9, 2007". Movies.ign.com. http://movies.ign.com/articles/761/761346p1.html. Retrieved January 28, 2011. 
  23. ^ "Wahlberg goes to sniper school: About training as a shooter". visualhollywood.com. http://www.visualhollywood.com/movies/shooter/about4.php. 
  24. ^ "Actor Mark Wahlberg says he plans to retire at age 40". http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/actor-mark-wahlberg-says-he-plans-retire-at-age-40-1004076.php. 
  25. ^ "HBO interview". Archived from the original on 2008-03-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20080307223359/http://www.hbo.com/entourage/interviews/mark_wahlberg.html?ntrack_para1=insidehbo6_text. 
  26. ^ Cardy, Tom (October 23, 2007). "Lovely Bones' Gosling in shock exit". Dominion Post. http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/4247770a10.html. Retrieved October 23, 2007. 
  27. ^ RedEye (October 26, 2008). "Wahlberg threatens to punch SNL's Samberg over impression". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/red-101808-samberg,0,4155250.story. Retrieved October 27, 2008. 
  28. ^ "Saturday Night Live - Mark Wahlberg Talks to Animals - Video". Nbc.com. http://www.nbc.com/Saturday_Night_Live/video/clips/mark-wahlberg-talks-to-animals/727504/. Retrieved October 27, 2008. 
  29. ^ "Saturday Night Live - Mark Wahlberg Backstage - Video". Nbc.com. http://www.nbc.com/Saturday_Night_Live/video/clips/mark-wahlberg-backstage/773862/. Retrieved October 27, 2008. 
  30. ^ "Mark Wahlberg Cracks Jokes, Not Noses". Popeater.com. http://www.popeater.com/television/article/mark-wahlberg-cracks-jokes-not-noses/217025. Retrieved October 27, 2008. 
  31. ^ Rosen, Marjorie (April 26, 1993). "'Now I Can Be Free'". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20110250,00.html. Retrieved April 23, 2011. 
  32. ^ "Mark Wahlberg traded golf and glam for kids." USA Weekend news insert. Page 12. Published 2012-01-06.
  33. ^ "Donald E. Wahlberg". Boston Herald. http://www.bostonherald.com/news/obituaries/death_notices/view.bg?articleid=1073799. Retrieved October 27, 2008. 
  34. ^ "The religion of Mark Wahlberg, singer and film actor". Adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/people/pw/Mark_Wahlberg.html. Retrieved October 27, 2008. 
  35. ^ "The Mark Wahlberg Youth Foundation". Markwahlbergyouthfoundation.com. http://markwahlbergyouthfoundation.com. Retrieved October 27, 2008. 
  36. ^ Mark Wahlberg on How He Helps the Homeless[2]
  37. ^ Dunlop Tires (November 1, 2005). "Sunset Strip Artist To Ink Dunlop Treads At SEMA Show". Press release. Retrieved on June 3, 2008.
  38. ^ a b Schmeikal, David. "Mark Wahlberg Tattoos Pictures Images Pics Photos Of His Tattoos". Vanishingtattoo.com. http://www.vanishingtattoo.com/tattoo/celeb-wahlberg.htm. Retrieved January 28, 2011. 

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Mark_Wahlberg




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.




Left in the darkness, here on your own
Woke up a memory, feeling the pain
You cannot deny it, there's nothing to say
It's all that you need to find the way
Oh damn, the war is coming
Oh damn, you feel you want it
Oh damn, just bring it on today
You can't live without the fire
It's the heat that makes you strong
'Cause you're born to live
And fight it all the way
You can hide what lies inside you
It's the only thing you know
You're embracing that, never walk away
Don't walk away, don't walk away
Don't walk away, don't walk away
Raised in this madness, you're on your own
It made you fearless, nothing to lose
Dreams are a drug here, they get in your way
That's what you need to fight day by day
Oh damn, the war is coming
Oh damn, you feel you want it
Oh damn, just bring it on today
You can't live without the fire
It's the heat that makes you strong
'Cause you're born to live
And fight it all the way
You can hide what lies inside you
It's the only thing you know
You're embracing that, never walk away
Don't walk away
You need not to fear us
Unless you're a dark heart
A vile one, who preys on the innocent
I promise
You can't hide forever even into the darkness
For we'll hunt you down like the animals you are
And pull you in the very bowels of hell
Oh damn, the war is coming
Oh damn, you feel you want it
Oh damn, just bring it on today
You can't live without the fire
It's the heat that makes you strong
'Cause you're born to live
And fight it all the way
You can hide what lies inside you
It's the only thing you know
You're embracing that, never walk away
Don't walk away, don't walk away

You come around, I close my eyes
lay on the ground and I'm eating up your lies
so hard I try to fade you out
the only button you have makes yon loud
And now you're on, the tape is running
your words are crashing down
you know it better, and all your words are gold
Yon hate my friends, and you also hate it when fun never ends
I drink too much, I talk too less
and when I try to do it you give me the rest
You know it better what really matters!
Iron my life !!!
You ironed hard and almost all
but one part of me has survived
I dig a hole, It's just for you
Goodbye, and thanks for all the years
I hear the silence,
I can't believe it
did my favourite dream came true ?
and now the-re's no one who comes to trie to...

The silence breaks the ground
A shadow is riding the horizon
An arcane man arrives to town
Remorseless and condemned
Tasted the snake's poison
Broken every bone
Felt a thousand gunshot wounds
But there's nothing that whiskey can't cure
Ride! Through the crossfire
Ride! Through the flames, like a predator in the night
The eagles fly into eternal sunset
The heroes die, dying for their pride
Awoken to heavy galloping
I heard the blasting whiplash
Eyes are filled with lust to kill
Beware, he's crying out your name
Now the time has come
When the iron tears the heart
And the trumpets will ring loudly
As the stars are painted with blood
Blazing fire under the moon
Burning taste of lead
We'll ride forever

Love the way I feel
just treat you ways with fields why awaking here, you should
ran away from golds left you in the cold
nothing's in our way, tonight
You know that you'll never be replaced
and everyone here made the same mistakes as me
and either way our time are go to waste
our hearts will never be the same again
Our hearts will never be the same again

Well it's iron that he hangs
He loves his work
He drives hours each day
He's never been hurt
Got a back of steel
Got burns on the sleeves of his shirt
He drinks too much when stuff gets heavy
He can't think straight his mind gets hazy
He stops at a sports bar and everybody knows he's a
flirt
So he's driving to work
With his head split open
From last nights drinking and last nights smoking
And he never got home
And now there will be hell to pay
'Cause she'll be yelling and he'll be screaming
And the kids will be crying
Like a house full of demons
Says to himself, "Why do people live this way?'
She says to Lou Ann, "He's the father of my babies
I know you think I'm wrong, I know you think I'm crazy
Sticking around while he's drunk all over town
But you don't see he can be so sweet
He only gets mean when he gets in his drink
He's good to the kids
It's just sometimes he gets down"
Iron drops bad
You know it just seems to fit
He gets busted on his wells
He wants to just quit
He wants to curl up tight on a cold white ground and
But he works full shift
Picks up a six
It's almost Christmas
The roads are getting slick
She's gonna be at the door
Gonna be hell of a fight
So he's an hour out of Lincoln
No shoulder on the road
Its dark and its snowing
He oughtta go slow
But he pushes it forward
Planes and slides like a sled
The tires hit the edge
He spins at the top
The truck slides low in the ditch till it stops
It hurts where he banged his head
So he sits in the cab
He can't read the gauges
The wipers whip like wind over pagers
It's loud
There's static on the radio
It gets too light to see
He just stares
It gets too light to see
And then he gets scared
Then the light was gone
Just wipers, wind turned snow
Well she says to Lou Ann, "He's the father of my babies
I know you think I'm wrong, I know you think I'm crazy
Sticking around when he's drunk all over town
But you don't see, he can be so sweet
He only gets mean when he gets in his drink
He's good to the kids
Its just sometimes he gets down"
So he pulls back on
He drives real slow
Throws the last of the six out the window in the snow
Something's changed
Saw light, he should have seen dark
That's the last time he drank
Still a hell of a fight
She knew he wasn't lying when he told her about the
light
She knew he wasn't lying about the light
(Girl)
"It's iron that he hangs
He loves his work
Drives hours each day
He's never been hurt
Got a back of steel

Deep in the ocean, dead and cast away
Where innocence is burned in flames
A million mile from home, I'm walking ahead
I'm frozen to the bones, I am...
A soldier on my own, I don't know the way
I'm riding up the heights of shame
I'm waiting for the call, the hand on the chest
I'm ready for the fight, and fate
The sound of iron shots is stuck in my head,
The thunder of the drums dictates
The rhythm of the falls, the number of dead's
The rising of the horns, ahead
From the dawn of time to the end of days
I will have to run, away
I want to feel the pain and the bitter taste
Of the blood on my lips, again
This deadly burst of snow is burning my hands,
I'm frozen to the bones, I am
A million mile from home, I'm walking away